ʻO ka maʻi Comorbidity o ka Pūnaewele e hoʻohana ai i ka maʻi a me ka maʻi hyperactivity deficit attention: ʻElua mau aʻo ʻana i ka hihia hihia (2017)

ʻO J Behav Addict. 2017 Dec 1; 6 (4): 490-504. hoʻopiʻi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.073.

Bielefeld M¹, Nā ʻĀina M², Putzig I³, Nā Bottel L¹, Steinbüchel T¹, Dieris-Hirche J¹, Szycik GR⁴, Müller A⁵, Roy M⁶, Ohlmeier M⁷, Theodor Te Wildt B¹.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Nä Pahuhopu

Loaʻa i nā hōʻikeʻepekema eʻikeʻia ka maʻi o ka maʻi hyperactivity (ADHD) i mua o ka maʻi a me ka hopena o nā maʻi hōʻailona i ka wā'ōpio. ʻAʻole kēia mau pilina e pili ana i nā mea hōʻailona pili wale i ka piliʻana i ka lāʻau ma ka piliʻana i nāʻano e like me ka maʻi pili pili kālā a me ka hoʻokele i ka Internet (IUD). No ka IUD, uaʻikeʻia nāʻano hoʻohālikelike i ka ADHD ma keʻano he hoʻokahi o nā hihia iʻoi loa ma waho o nā maʻi kaumaha a me nā pilikia. Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo hou i ka pilina ma waena o nā maʻiʻelua e loaʻa ai ka hopena no kahi maʻamau a me ka paleʻana. ʻO kēia keʻano nui loa i ka hihia o nā kānaka'ōpiopio ke loaʻa kahi mea liʻiliʻi e pili ana i kēia mau pilina a hiki i kēia manawa. Uaʻimiʻia kēia aʻoʻana no kaʻimi houʻana i kēia kūlana ma keʻano o nā kuhiakau ma muli o ke kuhiakau nui e pili ana i ka hoʻokele a me ka maioho i waena o ka IUD a me ADHD.

Nā Papahana

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻelua hihia no ka hoʻokele kulanui. Holo ka poʻe ADHD a me ka IUD nā mea maʻi ma waena o kahi hana olakino a me ka hana psychometrical.

Results

ʻIke mākou i ke kākoʻo no ka hypothesis e kaʻana a ADHD a me IUD i nā hiʻohiʻona psychopathological. Ma waena o nā mea maʻi o kēlā me kēia hui, ʻike mākou i nā helu prevalence nui o kahi ADHD a comorbid i IUD a me kēlā Eia kekahi, pili pono nā hōʻailona ADHD i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pāpā i nā manawa a me nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i nā ʻelua ʻelua.

kūkākūkā

E hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe lawelawe lāʻau lapaʻau i ka pilina pili loa ma waena o nā maʻi ʻelua ma ka diagnostical a me ka therapeutically. Ke hiki mai e loaʻa hou ka kaohi ma luna o ka hoʻohana Pūnaewele ʻana ma loko o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, pono e hoʻomanaʻo i kahi loli o ka hoʻowalewale ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā loio a me nā mea maʻi.

KEYWORDS:Hoʻopilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele; mālama pono ʻana i ka maʻi pōpilikia; hoʻohui kūlohelohe pūnaewele

PMID: 29280392

DOI: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.073

Introduction

Aia kekahi kino kino o nā hōʻike ʻepekema i ka nānā ʻana i ka hemahema hyperactivity maʻi (ADHD) he mea wānana (Biederman et al., 1995) a me ka comorbidity hiʻohiʻona no nā maʻi addictive he nui (Gillberg et al., 2004). I loko o kahi hoʻohālike nui i waena o ʻEulopa no nā maʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana, ua ʻike ʻia ka 13.9% me nā pākē ADHDvan Emmerik-van Oortmerssen et al., 2014) me ka loli like me ka ʻāina a me nā mea waiwai mua i hoʻohana ʻia (van de Glind et al., 2014). ʻO ADHD kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo i hele a characteristically me ka pilikia no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana, ka hana nui loa, a me nā pilikia me ka kāohi ʻana i kahi ʻano, kahi kūpono ʻole no ka pā ʻana o kekahi kanaka. Kūlike loa, akā ʻaʻole naʻe ka hōʻike, ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ADHD i ka wā holoʻokoʻa a me ka pākeke, ʻo ia ke kūlana ma kahi o 36.3% o nā hihia (Kessler et al., 2005), nā pilikia no ke kūkulu i kahi hoʻohui i ka waiʻona (Biederman et al., 1995), nicotine (Wilens et al., 2008), ai 'ole nā mea kanu kino e like me ka cocaine.ʻO Carroll & Rounsaville, 1993) kiʻekiʻe. Mai ka mea e hoʻoulu ai e like me ka methylphenidate (MPH) lawelawe i ka lāʻau lapaʻau maikaʻi (Van der Oord, Prins, Oosterlaan, & Emmelkamp, 2008), ʻo ka hoʻohana nui a me ka hōʻino ʻia i nā mea maʻi ADHD ua unuhi ʻia i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ponoʻī (Han et al., 2009). Eia hou, he mau hiʻohiʻona o ka impulsivity no nā maʻi ʻelua me ADHD (ʻO Winstanley, ʻEeto, & Robbins, 2006) a me ka pilikia pili i ka maʻi (De Wit, 2009).

ʻO ADHD kekahi comorbidity ʻano no ka petological gaming, e like me ka ICD-10 (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 1992) e kāʻalo ʻia o nā puʻuwai pale luhi. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ma 2013, ka lima ʻelima o ka Ka Papa Hana Hoʻonaʻauao a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō (DSM-5; AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013) hoʻokumu i kahi kumu maʻamau no ka pilikia o nā hana a me nā mea ʻole lehulehu. Ma loko o ka pauku "Haumaha pili a me ke komo ʻole" i kēia manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Gambling Disorder" ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻoiho pono ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o Pauku III o DSM-5, ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia ka pilikia ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD) ma ke ʻano he kūlana e hōʻoia ai i nā noiʻi hauka a me ka ʻike ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana e like me ke ʻano ʻokoʻa.Petry & O'Brien, 2013). ʻO IGD ka hoʻokahi o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele i aʻo ʻia i ka hapa nui (ʻO Young, 1996) a hōʻike ʻia i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe (Rehbein, Kliem, Baier, Mößle, & Petry, 2015). ʻAʻole hele mai kēia hanana e like me ka pīhoihoi, ka liʻiliʻi no ka mea ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele e hoʻomau like nei i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau.

ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa mai ka Pūnaewele, ua pili pū kekahi mea pili i ke pāʻani wikiō me ka psychopathology ADHD i kekahi mau ala (ʻO Arfi & Bouvard, 2008; Yen et al., 2017). Ua hōʻike ka loiloi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho ADHD i ka wānana maʻamau (Weiss, Baer, Allan, Saran, & Schibuk, 2011) a me ka hoʻōla nui (Weinstein & Weizman, 2012) no ka IGD i nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma kahi ʻano subactinical level hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, deficits i ka nānā ʻana, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā hana kognitive i hōʻike ʻia e hui me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō, ʻelua a ma ka pūnaewele.Swing, Gentile, Anderson, & Walsh, 2010). Loaʻa nā ʻike like like ma mua no ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka TV (Miller et al., 2007), ke kau nei i kahi kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pā media i ka laulā a me ka pāʻani wikiō ʻokoʻa ʻaʻole ia he hōʻailona wale nō of akā, he kūlana koʻikoʻi hoʻi no ka mea, ka hoʻolālāʻana o ADHD (Weiss et al., 2011).

ʻAʻole maopopo i nā pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o kekahi mau noiʻi pūnaewele a me ADHD. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia na nā hana pūnaewele, e like me ka pāʻani, a me ke kahe mau ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka uku koke, a no ia hoʻi, mahalo nui ʻia e nā poʻe me ADHD, ʻoluʻolu e hoʻohālikelike ʻia (ʻO Castellanos & Tannock, 2002) a hōʻalo i ke kala ʻana i ke kala ʻana (Diamond, 2005). Nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ua hypothesized e hiki ke wehewehe i kēia loulou e ka hana hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka hana ma ADHD i ʻike ʻia he koʻikoʻi endophenotype o ADHD (ʻO Castellanos & Tannock, 2002). E pili ana i kēia, hāʻawi nā noi pūnaewele pūnaewele e like me nā pāʻani online i ke kōkua ʻana ma o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pahuhopu misiona e lanakila ai i kēia hōʻino, a no laila e lanakila ai ka huhū a me ka hana ʻole i ka ola maoli. ʻO ke kumu, makemake paha nā poʻe me ADHD i nā noi ʻana i nā pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele, e hōʻemi ana iā lākou e hoʻomohala i kahi hoʻohana media pathological (ʻO Yen, Yen, Chen, Tang, & Ko, 2008). ʻO ka mea hoihoi, Koepp et al. (1998) ua hōʻike e hōʻike ana ka pāʻani wikiō i kahi hoʻokuʻu dopamine striatal e hiki ke hopena i ka hoʻoikaika maikaʻi a me ka hana, a ʻike ʻia ia he mea hōʻoluʻolu e nā poʻe i ʻike ʻia ko lākou mau akamai i ka ola maoli. Pēlā kūpono ia me ka noi o nā mea kiko nā pāʻani koʻikoʻi no ka mālamaʻana i ka poʻe ma waena o nā mea maʻi me ADHD a me nā noi neurofeedback (Lau, Smit, Fleming, & Riper, 2017). I kēia manawa, hoʻolaha nui nā pāʻani wikiō ma nā polokalamu pūnaewele a me nā ʻano pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, hoʻomohala pinepine nā pāʻani pūnaewele i nā ʻāpana o ka pāʻani, ke kūʻai ʻana, a me nā ʻoihana pūnaewele.ʻO Gainsbury, Hing, Delfabbro, & King, 2014), aia nā hiʻohiʻona hou aku i nā hiʻohiʻona. ʻO nā mea pili i nā ʻano hoʻohālike, e like me ka pili ʻana i ka pili i ka palaka, ke kūʻai pono ʻana, a me ka maʻi hypersexual, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka ADHD kekahi (Blankenship & Laaser, 2004; Brook, Chenshu, Brook, & Leukefeld, 2016), hōʻike iā lākou iho a ʻoi aku ma ka pūnaewele a ma kēia loaʻa i kahi hana hou a me ka phenomenology (Dittmar, Long, & Bond, 2007; ʻO Young, 2008). Ke noʻonoʻo nei i kēia mau holomua hoʻomohala e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻina kalepili a me ka hoʻohui ʻana, pono ke nānā pono i kekahi mau ʻano kūikawā a me ka laulā nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka mea e hoʻohana ma mua o ka IGD. I kēia manawa, makemake ka poʻe loea e hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo hoʻohana hoʻohana pūnaewele (IUD; AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013), e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele nui mau loa i ke kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua pili pū ʻo IUD i ADHD. Ma hope o ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha o ka hopohopo, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia kahi ʻano comorbidity o IUDs ma ka laulā (Ko, Yen, Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012). Eia nō kekahi, ʻike ʻia nā mea maʻi e pili ana i ka ADHD a me ka IUD e loaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano hoʻohui ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi ʻepekema ʻōlelo maʻamau, he ʻike kūpono ʻole kēia, no ka mea, ua koi kēia mau maʻi i kahi ʻike maopopo e pili ana i kahi loli hiki i ka addiction pathology ma loko o ka haʻalele a me ka hoʻoponopono. Eia naʻe, ʻike liʻiliʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka overlaps a me nā pilina ma waena o IUD a me ADHD e pili pū ana i ka pākuʻi lāʻau lapaʻau makua. No laila, he mea kūpono loa e nānā hou ai i nā pilina ma waena o ADHD a me IUD mai kahi kiki noʻonoʻo. Nui nā noiʻi me nā cohorts nui e pili ana i kēia mau pilikia i ka pae subclinical (Yen et al., 2008). Eia nō naʻe, ua hana wale ʻia nā haʻawina me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i kekahi o ADHD (Han et al., 2009) a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele pilikia (PIU)Bernardi & Pallanti, 2009). I ko mākou ʻike, ʻo ia ka noiʻi mua e hoʻohālikelike i kahi pūʻulu o nā mea maʻi ADHD o nā pākēpē me kahi hui o nā maʻi IUD o ʻōpio ʻaʻole wale nō me nā kaohi, akā pū kekahi me kekahi e noʻonoʻo hou ai i kā lākou mea maʻamau a me nā ʻokoʻa. Kuhi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana mai i ka hypothesis kahi paʻa kahi kiko o ka psychopathology e pono ai e kūkākūkā i nā mea ʻokoʻa i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau pale. ʻOi aku ka mea kūpono, ke manaʻo nei mākou e hoʻopili ʻia nā ana o ka ADHD me nā ana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele i kahi nui nui.

Nā Papahana

ʻElua mau pūʻulu lāʻau lapaʻau (ADHD a me IUD) a me ʻelua mau pūʻulu mana i kiʻi ʻia ma Hannover Medical School (MHH). Ke kuhi nei i nā mea hui o 25 i kēlā me kēia, ua ʻae ʻia kēia kaʻina e hoʻohālikelike i kēlā me kēia hui puʻupaʻa me ko lākou hui pūpū āpau a me nā hui lapaʻau ʻelua me kekahi. I loko o kahi manawa koho mua, ʻike paʻa ʻia nā mea maʻi me ka manaʻo e mālama ʻia. ʻO ka poʻe e hoʻokō ana i nā mana o ka ADHD a me IUD, ka mea, ua kono ʻia e komo i ke aʻo ʻia e hana nei ma kahi wā ʻelua.

Pūʻulu ADHD a me kāna pūʻulu mana

Ua lawe wale ʻia ka poʻe hele o ka pūʻulu ADHD i kahi puka makua ʻo ADHD outpatient o MHH. Loaʻa i nā mea maʻi nā loiloi diagnostic e pili ana i kā lākou mau hōʻailona ADHD a me comorbidities. I loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻokolohua, ua kono ʻia nā mea ninaninau no ka mea noi nui o ka diagnostic, ka hālāwai ninaninau ʻo Conner 'Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview no DSM-IV (CAADID; Epstein, Johnson, & Konners, 2001). Maanei, ua māhelehele ʻia nā paila 18 DSM-IV o ADHD i nā kālai ʻāina ʻelua o ka hakakā (ʻeiwa mau mea) a me ka hyperactivity / impulsivity (6 / 3 mau mea e pili ana i ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka pākeke. Hoʻopau wale ʻia ʻo ADHD inā ua hoʻokō ʻia nā koina DSM-IV, ʻo ia hoʻi he ʻeʻeono mau maʻiʻehā mau maʻi i loaʻa i loko o hoʻokahi a ʻelua wale nō nā kūlana no ka wā ʻōpiopio a me ka pākeke. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka loiloi ʻana i nā nīnau nīnau pili pono (e ʻike i lalo). I ka manawa o 1.5 mau makahiki, ua kuhi ʻia nā kete noiʻi 50 i nā mea maʻi i loaʻa ka ADHD, ʻelemakule ma waena o 18 a me 65 mau makahiki a hōʻike i kahi pae mākaukau waha ʻōlelo maʻamau [maʻamau-koho huaʻōlelo akamai koho (MWT-B) IQ o 100 ± 15]. Hoʻihoʻi ka nui o nā maʻi 25 i kā lākou kālele ʻana, kahi e kūlike me ka helu pane o 50%. I ka manawa like, ua ʻike ʻia ka pūʻulu hui ma nā leka i loko o ka MHH e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ana i ka wahine, ka makahiki, a me ke kula hoʻonaʻauao. ʻO nā mea pono o ka hoʻohui ʻana no ka hui kāohi: nā awelika ʻike kūlohelohe waha ʻole a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka moʻolelo o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kiʻi kalepa no ADHD a me IUD.

ʻO IUD hui a me kāna pūʻulu mana

Ua lawe ʻia ka pūʻulu IUD i loko o ka hale haukapila o ka MHH no nā pilikia pili i ka pāpā, ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka addiction pūnaewele. ʻO nā helu e hoʻopili ʻia ai: ka maʻi o IUD e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻoi aʻe o ʻAi (1996Nā Lālio)ʻO Beard & Wolf, 2001) (Pākaukau 1) a me kahi manaʻo e mālama, i ka makahiki ma waena o 18 a me 65, a me ka nui o ka ʻike waha wahaheʻe. Inā i hoʻokō ʻia nā kūlike o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ua kono ʻia nā poʻe ʻikepili i kahi hālāwai ninaninau i loaʻa ka ʻohi ʻana o ka ʻike anamnestic. Ua lawe ʻia ka mea i komo i ka hui o ka puʻukū i loko o ka MHH a ua kau ʻia no ka hoʻolaha like ʻana o ka wahine, a me kona mau makahiki. ʻO nā mea pono o ka hoʻohui ʻana no ka hui kāohi: nā awelika ʻike kūlohelohe waha ʻole a me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka moʻolelo o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia nā kiʻi kalepa no ADHD a me IUD. I ka huakaʻi, ua lawe hou ʻia nā mea komo 25 me IUD a me 25 a komo ʻia i loko o ke aʻo ʻana.

1 Pūnaewele. Hoʻolālā Diagnostic no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele

E loaʻa nā mea a pau (1 – 5):

1. Hoʻopili ʻia me ka Pūnaewele (e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hana pūnaewele ma mua a i ʻole e kakali i ke kau pūnaewele aʻe).

2. Pono e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka ʻoluʻolu.

3. Ua hana kūleʻa ʻole e kāohi, ʻoki a oki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele.

4. Hoʻomaha ʻole, huhū, kaumaha, a huhū paha i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e ʻoki a hoʻōki paha i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.

5. Ua noho lōʻihi ma ka pūnaewele ma mua o ka manaʻo mua.

Ma kahi o kēia;

1. Ua hoʻopilikia a hopohopo paha i ka nalo ʻana o kahi pilina koʻikoʻi, ka hana, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a i ʻole ka manawa kūpono ʻoihana.

2. Ua wahaheʻe i nā lālā o ka ʻohana, therapist, a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe e hūnā i ka nui o ke komo pū ʻana me ka Pūnaewele.

3. Hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he mea e pakele ai i nā pilikia a i ʻole ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i kahi ʻano kīnā ʻole (e laʻa me nā manaʻo kōkua ʻole, hewa, hopohopo, a me ke kaumaha).

'Ōlelo Aʻo. Hoʻāla ʻia mai ka ʻōpio (1996) a me ke Aliʻi a me Wolf2001).

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea komo o nā pūʻulu ʻehā e pili ana i ka hana paʻa ʻana o kā lākou ʻikepili a me ke kumu o ke kūkā ʻana. Pākaukau 2 Hāʻawi i kahi ʻike hohonu e pili ana i ka ʻike demographic o nā hōʻike.

2 Pūnaewele. Nā papa lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻĀina kumu (SD)

	ʻEpiha ADHD (n = 25)	Kāpena hui (n = 25)	LIKE	IUD (n = 25)	Kāpena hui (n = 25)	LIKE	ʻIkepili (ADHD vs. IUD)
ISS	36.36 (17.45)	23.00 (4.34)	U = 117.0 **	53.28 (12.99)	24.88 (6.62)	U = 28.0 **	U = 135.0 *
Loaʻa ka mana	9.68 (4.09)	4.84 (1.41)	U = 72.0 **	11.92 (3.49)	5.28 (2.01)	U = 41.0 **	U = 216.0, ns
Lawe i nā hōʻailona	6.56 (3.66)	4.24 (0.72)	U = 72.0 *	10.12 (3.27)	4.28 (0.74)	U = 34.0 **	U = 140.50 *
Ke ʻano o ke ahonui	7.92 (4.06)	5.72 (2.51)	U = 208.0, ns	12.64 (3.29)	6.56 (2.95)	U = 64.0 **	U = 114.50 **
ʻO nā pilina pili	6.32 (3.73)	4.12 (0.44)	U = 192.0 *	10.28 (3.61)	4.36 (1.08)	U = 50.0 **	U = 137.50 *
Hoʻomaʻo i ka hana hana	5.88 (3.66)	4.08 (0.40)	U = 221.50, ns	8.32 (3.57)	4.40 (1.44)	U = 76.0 **	U = 164.50 *
ʻURlelo WāʻI-k	41.68 (16.52)	10.20 (9.97)	U = 26.0 **	27.29 (17.30)	13.84 (11.35)	U = 131.50, ns	U = 125.0, ns
CAARS (kahi ʻokoʻa T)
ʻO ka pilikia hana hoʻokipa / hoʻomanaʻo	80.05 (11.82)	46.56 (8.91)	U = 2.50 **	61.77 (13.55)	45.08 (8.36)	U = 67.50 **	U = 69.50 **
Hoʻolaha / hoʻomaha mau	69.86 (18.19)	48.32 (10.68)	U = 93.00 **	49.77 (13.81)	49.38 (10.13)	U = 254.50, ns	U = 93.00 *
Hana / Huʻihuhu	77.29 (14.21)	47.36 (10.96)	U = 33.00 **	58.48 (16.55)	48.13 (10.44)	U = 153.00, ns	U = 84.00 *
ʻO nā pilikia me ka manaʻo pilikino	67.14 (12.11)	44.40 (10.80)	U = 44.00 *	58.68 (13.93)	43.13 (9.82)	U = 95.50 **	U = 146.00, ns
DSM-IV: kūpono	80.43 (11.91)	45.16 (7.48)	U = 4.50 **	57.41 (14.69)	43.79 (7.47)	U = 112.00 *	U = 53.00 **
DSM-IV: hyperactive-impulsive	73.29 (14.34)	50.48 (8.90)	U = 50.00 **	53.14 (14.96)	51.21 (8.83)	U = 255.00, ns	U = 76.50 **
DSM-IV: Nā hōʻailona ADHD	80.29 (12.95)	47.76 (8.51)	U = 17.50 **	56.27 (14.51)	47.42 (8.40)	U = 161.00, ns	U = 56.00 **
Kohoʻo ADHD	82.00 (10.19)	47.56 (9.92)	U = 13.00 **	61.09 (15.47)	48.08 (10.95)	U = 127.50 *	U = 60.00 **
Pākuʻi helu helu DSM-IV No kahi ADHD
Hoʻohui ʻia	9 (36%)	-		3 (12%)	-
Uiaina	8 (38%)	-	χ² (3) = 31.28 **	2 (8%)	2 (8%)	χ² (3) = 4.03, ns	χ² (3) = 14.05 *
Hāpehu-paʻakikī	1 (4%)	1 (4%)	χ² (3) = 31.28 **	2 (8%)	2 (8%)	χ² (3) = 4.03, ns	χ² (3) = 14.05 *
ʻAʻole	3 (12%)	23 (92%)		15 (60%)	15 (60%)
BDI	16.96 (9.91)	2.76 (3.66)	U = 46.50 **	18.54 (8.40)	2.92 (3.42)	U = 16.50 **	U = 277.0, ns
SCL-90-R / correlation T waiwai
GSI	0.94 (0.50) / 63	0.23 (0.35) / 49	U = 61.0 **	0.88 (0.45) / 62	0.25 (0.36) / 50	U = 74.0 **	U = 269.00, ns
PST	42.20 (16.92) / 59	14.28 (15.78) / 48	U = 70.0 **	40.68 (19.48) / 59	15.40 (16.23) / 48	U = 99.50 **	U = 301.0, ns
PSD	1.89 (0.43) / 63	1.19 (0.33) / 49	U = 59.50 **	1.82 (0.43) / 62	1.25 (0.31) / 52	U = 63.50 **	U = 258.0, ns
MWT-B	29.71 (3.54)	29.40 (3.49)	U = 287.50, ns	28.65 (3.66)	26.84 (4.39)	U = 236.50, ns	U = 236.0, ns

'Ōlelo Aʻo. Hoʻohui ʻia nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho i loko o ka pūʻulu ADHD mai n = 20-25 a i kāna hui hoʻomalu mai n = 24-25. Ma loko o ka hui IUD, nā ʻikepili i hoʻopili ʻia mai n = 20-25 a i loko o kāna hui kāohi mai 24 a 25. ʻO nā wahi i hina ʻia e hōʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike helu ma waena o ka hui olakino a me ka pae. ʻO ke kolamu hope loa ka hoʻohālikelike helu ma waena o nā hui maʻi. ADHD: maʻi maʻi deficit hyperactivity; IUD: Mea hoʻohana maʻi Pūnaewele; ISS: Internetsuchtskala; WURS-k: Pākuʻi Heluhelu ʻo Wender Utah; CAARS: Pālākiō 'ADHD Rating Scales; BDI: ʻO Beck Depression Inventory; SCL-90-R: Hōʻailona-hōʻoia-90 - Hoʻoponopono; GSI: Palapala Hōʻike Manaʻo Honua; PST: Positive Symptom Total; MWT-B: hōʻoia hōʻoia ʻike huaʻōlelo he nui; SD: ʻōleʻa kūlike; ns: ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi.

*p <.01. **p <.001.

Nūpepa Palepa

ʻO ka nīnau nīnau nui

Hoʻonohonoho kūikawā ʻia ka nīnau nīnau no nā noi. ʻO ka mahele mua i pili i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka ʻike demographic e pili ana i ka hoohana, aʻo, a me ka ʻoihana. Ma kahi o kēlā, ua noi ʻia nā mea e noiʻi e hōʻike i nā maʻi preexisting a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma mua. Ua hoʻolālā ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua e nānā i ke ʻano o ka media. Maanei, hiki i nā mea hoʻohana ke wehewehe i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kā lākou media i nā huaʻōlelo o ka ʻike, ʻike, a me ka lōʻihi. Eia nō naʻe, ua nīnau ʻia lākou e pili ana i nā mea hoʻoikaika a me ka makemake e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana a me ka mea i ʻike lākou iā lākou iho he mea i hoʻohui ʻia i kahi hoʻohana pilikino.

Pākuʻi helu helu DSM-IV No kahi ADHD

ʻO ka papa inoa DSM-IV o kahi hōʻailona he mea retrospektif hou no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ADHD i kona wā kamaliʻi a me kona wā ʻōpiopio. Basically, he adaptation o na diagnostic koiʻe o ka DSM-IV (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2000). ʻO ia i nā huahana 18 i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā kahua lapaʻau o ka inattention (ʻeiwa mau mea), hyperactivity (ʻeono mau mea), a me ka impulsivity (ʻekolu mau mea). Hāʻawi ka mea hana i ka nānā ʻana i ka mea i kāwili ʻia, ma ka nānā nui a i ʻole ka nui hyperactive subtype o ADHD. E hōʻike i ka ADHD, ma ka liʻiliʻi o ʻeono mau hōʻailona hōʻailona e kū nei no nā mahina 6 i ka makahiki o 6-12 mau makahiki. Me ka hoʻoneʻe pololei ʻana i nā koina DSM-IV, hōʻike kēia mea kani i ka mana kiʻekiʻe-kaila nui.

Ka Waihona Uli ʻO Wender Utah (WURS-k)

ʻO ka Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) kahi mea hana i makemake nui ʻia no ka loiloi hou ʻia o ADHD i ka wā kamaliʻi no nā mākua a ua hoʻohana ākea ʻia i kēia ʻano. Retz-Junginger et al. (2002) ua hoʻomohala i kahi palapala pōkole Kelemania (WURS-k) o nā WURS e loaʻa ana i nā huahana 25 e hōʻike ana i kahi loiloi retrospective hoʻokele o nā hōʻailona ADHD i kona wā kamaliʻi. E loaʻa nā mea i kahi papa inoa o nā ʻōlelo a lākou e noi ʻia ai e nānā i ka ikaika o kahi ʻano i wehewehe ʻia, ʻano, a i ʻole ka pilikia i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o ka makahiki ma waena o 8 a me 10 (e hoʻohālikelike ai. ʻOiai he kamaliʻi ma waena o 8 a me 10 ua loaʻa iaʻu nā pilikia e noʻonoʻo ai a maʻalahi hoʻi ke maʻalahi i ka maʻalahi). Maanei, hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā pane ma kahi 5-point Likert scale mai [0] ʻaʻole i pili iā [4] i ʻōlelo ikaika ʻia. No ka helu holoʻokoʻa, he hōʻoki ʻia nā helu 30 e hōʻike ana i kahi ADHD preexisting i kona wā kamaliʻi. Hōʻike ka pōkole pōkole i nā waiwai psychometrical hōʻoluʻolu i loko o nā hua o ka palena kumu, ka hilinaʻi (hoʻokaʻawale-hapalua: r12 = .85) a me ka kūloko kūloko (α = 0.91) (Retz-Junginger et al., 2003).

Nā Poʻomanaʻo ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS)

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma 1999 e nā Conners [ʻike Macey (2003) no kahi palapala kikoʻī kikoʻī], ua lilo ka CAARS i hoʻokahi mea hana pono i hōʻoia ʻia e nānā a nānā i ka ADHD symptomatology i ka wā ʻelemakule. Eia, i nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke kūlana lōʻihi o ka hōʻike hōʻike pono me nā mea 66. Noi ʻia nā pane pane e loiloi, pehea ka nui, a i ʻole e hāʻawi ʻia i kahi ʻōlelo (e hoʻohālike, ʻAʻohe oʻu huhū) pili i ko lākou ʻike pilikino. Hāʻawi ʻia nā hāʻina ma ka pālākiō Likert 4 kikoʻī e kiki ana [0] ʻaʻole loa / ʻaʻole loa, [1] liʻiliʻi / i kekahi manawa, [2] ikaika / pinepine, a [3] ikaika loa / pinepine pinepine. ʻO ka mana lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ponoʻī e ʻae ai i kahi ʻāpana i ʻewalu mau subscales, e laʻa, no ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, hyperactivity / impulsivity, a me ADB hōʻailona āpau e pili ana i nā pae hoʻohālikelike DSM-IV no ADHD. ʻO ka Kelemania hoʻololi ʻana o Christiansen, Hirsch, Abdel-Hamid, a me Kis (2014) ua hōʻike i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me ka hōʻoia.

Nā koho ʻai no IUD

ʻOiai he ʻano mea hou loa ka IUD a ma muli o ka helu ʻana o ka phenomenological no ke kakali he ʻano hoʻomāpaʻa ʻole a i ʻole kekahi ʻano hana hoʻohālike, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ke ʻano olakino haumanu i loko o ICD-10 a / a i DSM-IV. Eia nō naʻe, kahi ulu kino o ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā loina no ka maʻi pili i nā pili pili i ka pili i nā pili pili i ka pili pono i ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele. ʻO kahi ala hoʻokahi i laina me kēia noiʻi e hele mai mai Young (1996) nāna i kūkulu i ʻewalu mau mai laila ma kahi o ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelima e hele i kahi e ʻike ai i ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele. Aliʻi2001) i hoʻolako ʻia i ka hoʻololi o ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻewalu mau mau palena. Wahi a ko lākou wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ka hele mua ʻana o nā huahana ʻelima mua, e kū ana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike mua, ke kuleana o ka hoʻokolohua ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻāina. A, aia i hoʻokahi o nā koina hope ʻekolu e pono ai, aia i ka wehewehe i ka hopena o ka hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā ma muli o ke ʻano hoʻomohala. I loko o ke noiʻi, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā koina stricter e like me ka ʻōlelo a Beard a me Wolf 1).

Pūʻali Hoʻoiho (ISS)

Ma waena o nā ʻāina kua ʻōlelo Kelemānia, ʻo ka ISS [unuhi unuhi: Internet Addiction Scale, mai kuhihewa ʻole me ka Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) o Griffiths (1998)) e Hahn a me ka Ierusalema (2003) he mea pono i hōʻoia ʻia e hōʻoia maikaʻi ai i ka IUD. He iwakālua mau mea e uhi ai i nā ʻano elima o IUD: nā nalowale o ka kaohi (a, e hoʻohālikelike ai. Ua hoʻolōʻihi au i ka manawa ma ka Pūnaewele e like me ka manaʻo mua), huki mai nā hōʻailona (pēkē, Ke hiki ʻole wau ma ka pūnaewele, manaʻo wau i ka huhū a nānā ʻole), ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ahonui. Ua hoʻonui ʻia koʻu ola i kēlā me kēia lā e ka Pūnaewele), hopena kino i ka hana hana (ke kumu, Hoʻokomo ʻia kaʻu hana i loko o ke kula a i ʻole ka hana ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kaʻu pūnaewele), a me ka hopena maikaʻiʻole i ka pilina o ke kaiāulu (e like me, Mai koʻu ʻike ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, Hāpai wau i nā hana i lalo me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe). Loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻehā i kēlā me kēia papa hana. Hana ʻia nā pane i ka pālākiō Likert 4-kiko i hoʻopili ʻia [1] ʻaʻole pili, [2] pili iki, [3] pili pono, a [4] pili pono. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka helu hōʻoki e ʻike i ka IUD i> 59 (ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana o 3), akā he helu ma waena o 50 a me 59 (manaʻo pane o 2, 5) e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana hewa ʻole a me ka makaʻu e hoʻomōhala IUD. Ua hōʻike ka ISS i nā waiwai psychometrical maikaʻi e pili ana i ka likelika o α = 0.93 no ka helu holoʻokoʻa a me α = 0.80 no nā ʻelima pae ʻelima a me ka pono me nā pae kūwaho, e laʻa, impulsivity (no ka loiloi, ʻike Hahn & Ierusalema, 2010).

ʻO Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

ʻO ka BDI hoʻokumu DSM (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) kekahi o nā mea hana maʻamau no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kaumaha i ka ʻimi loiloi a me ka hana ʻana. ʻO kāna mau waiwai psychometrical maikaʻi loa e ʻae i kahi loiloi a hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kaumaha kaumaha. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana Kelemania (ʻO Hautzinger, Keller, & Kühner, 2006) ka mea o 21 mea e ʻae ana e helu i kahi helu holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaopopo nā pane i kahi pāpaʻa Likes 4-point Likert. ʻO nā waiwai mai 0 a 13 i hōʻike ʻole i ka minamina, nā kumu mai ka 14 a i ka 19 code ke kaumaha, nā kumu mai 20 a i 28 e hōʻike i kahi kaumaha kaumaha, a me nā waiwai ma mua o 28 e hōʻike i kahi kaumaha kaumaha. Ua hōʻike ka Kelemānia Hoʻohālikelike i ka BDI i kahi hilinaʻi nui kiʻekiʻe a me ka hōʻoia criterion (ʻO Kühner, Bürger, Keller, & Hautzinger, 2007).

Nā inoa hōʻailona-90 - Hōʻailona (SCL-90-R)

AINoe SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1977) ana i ka hoʻopilikia kumuhana e nā hōʻailona o ke kino a me ka noʻonoʻo i loko o nā lā 7 i hala. Aia nā nīnau i loko o 90 mau mea mai kahi 83 mau mea e uhi i nā ʻāpana ʻeiwa: somatization, obsessive – compulsive, interpersonal sensitive, depression, hopohopo, inaina, phobic hopohopo, paranoid ideation, a me psychoticism. Hoʻohui ka huina o nā mea eiwa i nā helu honua (ʻike ma lalo). Nīnau ʻia nā mea pane e hōʻike i ka ikaika o lākou i ʻeha ai ma lalo o kahi hōʻailona ʻokoʻa i loko o nā lā 7 i hala. Hana ʻia nā pane i kahi pae Likert he 5 kiko. ʻAe ka papa helu waiwai e hana i ʻekolu mau ʻikepili honua: Global Severity Index, Positive Symptom Total, a Positive Symptom Distress Index. ʻO ka hoʻololi Kelemania o Franke (2016) hōʻike i nā kūlana kūloko kūloko kiʻekiʻe no ka pae honua a me nā subscales a pau a me nā hōʻoia hoʻololi maikaʻi (Schmitz et al., 2000).

Hōʻea ka hōkeo ʻia ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo naʻau ʻai koho (MWT-B)

Na MWT-B e Lehrl, Triebig, a me Fischer (1995) he papa helu waiwai e loiloi ana i ka pae ʻike laulā e pili ana i ka ʻike waha aniani i waena o nā mākua mai ka makahiki 20 a 64 makahiki. Loaʻa iā ia he 37 mau mea mai kahi e noi ʻia ai nā mea pane e loaʻa a māka i ka huaʻōlelo Kelemania wale nō i ka lālani o ʻelima mau huaʻōlelo i kū maoli. . He lako waiwai nui ia ma ke ʻano he 5 mau min wale nō ka pau ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka helu maka (helu o nā pane pololei) i waiwai IQ ma o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka makahiki o ke kanaka.

KaʻIkepiliʻIkepili

E noiʻi inā ʻaeʻae ka ʻikepili i nā loiloi parametric o ke ʻano, ua koho ʻia kahi ʻano kāwili. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo mua, ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi (Kolmogorov-Smirnov a me Shapiro-Wilk i nā loiloi o nā hoʻoili. Eia kekahi, nā kikoʻī (histograms, Q-Q plots, a P-P plots) a me nā pūkua helu, kahi e loaʻa ai ka helu ʻana o ka hiehue a me ka kurtosis o nā puʻunui, i hoʻohana ʻia e kūkākūkā i ka maʻamau o ka ʻike. No ka heluʻana i nā ana lāʻau lapaʻau, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike maʻalahi. Ma nā wahi kūpono i hoʻokō ʻia a pili ponoʻī t- Ua lawe ʻia nā hōʻike. No nā hoʻokokoke non-parametric, Mann-Whitney U ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua. Hoʻomanaʻo ʻia nā hoʻonohonoho ʻike i nā nīwī ma nā wāwae o nā papa. No nā ʻano hoʻohālike, χ² ua helu ʻia nā hoʻokolohua. Ma muli o nā lula liʻiliʻi a me nā hoʻohālikelike he nui i loko o nā hiʻohiʻona, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pae koʻikoʻi ma 0.01 (ʻelua ʻāpana) no ka nānā āpau. No laila, hōʻike nā helu hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻokele hoʻokele conservative.

nā mea pono

Ua hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana noiʻi e like me ka Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Helsinki a e like me nā koi o nā kūlana kūloko āpau a me nā hoʻokele āpau. Ua ʻae ke komite e pili ana i ke kaʻina kaulike no ka Hannover Medical School. Hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana āpau e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana a hāʻawi ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia a hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia ʻaʻole i uku ʻia no ko lākou komo ʻana.

Results

Nā papa lāʻau lapaʻau

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā maʻi āpau o ADHD ma ke kumu o ka CAADID e alakaʻi ʻia e nā mea lapaʻau loea. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nīnau nīnau he hoʻohui hou. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokolohua ʻia ka maʻi ma ka hapanui ma ke ʻano he ninaninau i hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻia. 3).

3 Pūnaewele. Nā hōʻailona hoʻohālike

	ʻEpiha ADHD (n = 25)	Kāpena hui (n = 25)	LIKE	IUD (n = 25)	Kāpena hui (n = 25)	LIKE	ʻIkepili (ADHD vs. IUD)
ʻIke (kāne / wahine)	14/11	14/11		19/6	19/6
Nā makahiki [ma ke ʻano he mau makahiki (SD)]	38.8 (10.22)	38.16 (10.84)	U = 301.0, ns	29.36 (10.76)	29.48 (9.96)	U = 302.0, ns	U = 158.5, ns
[IQ]SD)]	109.92 (14.43)	108.36 (11.22)	U = 289.50, ns	106.61 (13.11)	101.72 (10.10)	U = 236.50, ns	U = 236.0, ns
ʻIke kula (%)
Haumana kula	-	-	χ² (2) = 2.03, ns	1 (4%)	1 (4%)	χ² (3) = 0.36, ns	χ² (3) = 5.92, ns
Ke kula lua	8 (32%)	5 (20%)		2 (8%)	2 (8%)
Kula kiʻekiʻe	10 (40%)	15 (60%)		10 (40%)	12 (48%)
Loaʻa i ke kula kiʻekiʻe / grammar	7 (28%)	5 (20%)		12 (48%)	10 (40%)
ʻAmelika i ka aʻo (%)
None	4 (16%)	2 (8%)	χ² (5) = 3.47, ns	9 (36%)	-	χ² (6) = 13.61, ns	χ² (6) = 12.92, ns
I ka hoʻonaʻauao (ʻokoʻa)	-	-		3 (12%)	4 (16%)
ʻIke ʻia o ka apono	14 (56%)	16 (64%)		6 (24%)	11 (44%)
Koleʻo ʻenehana	4 (16%)	2 (8%)		1 (4%)	2 (8%)
Ke kulanui kulanui	2 (8%)	4 (16%)		5 (20%)	5 (20%)
Other	-	-		-	3 (12%)
Ke kūlana hana / hana (%)
Ae, aʻo	9 (36%)	16 (64%)	χ² (5) = 5.00, ns	9 (36%)	15 (60%)	χ² (6) = 12.41, ns	χ² (7) = 10.29, ns
ʻAe, ʻokoʻa	6 (24%)	5 (20%)		2 (8%)	3 (12%)
ʻAe, pale ʻia	1 (4%)	-		-	-
ʻAe, hoʻomaha ka ʻohana	2 (8%)	1 (4%)		-	2 (8%)
ʻAʻole, ʻaʻohe hana	5 (20%)	2 (8%)		6 (24%)	1 (4%)
No, haʻalele maʻi mau loa	-	-		4 (16%)	-
ʻAʻole, i ka penikala	-	-		1 (4%)	-
ʻAʻole, nā mea'ē aʻe	2 (8%)	1 (4%)		3 (12%)	4 (16%)
ʻAno ʻona (%)
Single	6 (24%)	4 (16%)	χ² (3) = 3.09, ns	11 (44%)	9 (36%)	χ² (4) = 8.38, ns	χ² (4) = 12.77, ns
Ma ka hui pū	7 (28%)	6 (24%)		12 (48%)	10 (40%)
mare	8 (32%)	14 (56%)		-	6 (24%)
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia / haʻalele ʻia	3 (12%)	1 (4%)		1 (4%)	-
wahine kāne make	-	-		1 (4%)	-
ʻO nā maʻi kūlohelohe [n (%)]
kaumaha	14 (56%)	0%	-	12 (48%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 0.32, ns
ʻO ka maʻi kaumaha	7 (28%)	0%	-	6 (24%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 0.10, ns
OCD	1 (4%)	0%	-	1 (4%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 0, ns
Kaʻaiʻana i ka maʻi	4 (16%)	0%	-	2 (8%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 0.76, ns
Hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā maʻi	1 (4%)	0%	-	-	0%	-	χ² (1) = 1.02, ns
Hū ʻia ka pilikia Somatization	1 (4%)	0%	-	-	0%	-	χ² (1) = 1.02, ns
ʻO ka maʻi noʻonoʻo	5 (20%)	0%	-	3 (12%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 0.60, ns
PTSD	2 (8%)	0%	-	-	0%	-	-
ʻO ka wehe ʻokoʻa lohi	-	0%	-	2 (8%)	0%	-	-
Kālena kūʻokoʻa	1 (4%)	0%	-	-	0%	-
ʻO nā maʻi ʻē aʻe	1 (4%)	0%	-	2 (8%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 0.36, ns
Hoʻohālikelike i nā pilikia	3 (12%)	0%	-	1 (4%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 1.09, ns
'O Schizophrenia	1 (4%)	0%	-	1 (4%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 0, ns
ADHD	10 (40%)	0%	-	0 (0%)	0%	-	χ² (1) = 12.50 *
Other	0 (0%)	0%		4 (16%)	0%		χ² (1) = 4.35

'Ōlelo Aʻo. ʻO nā wahi ʻulaʻula hina ka mea i hōʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike heluʻāina ma waena o nā hui like a me nā pūʻulu kuleana. ʻO ka kolamu hope e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohālikelike helu ʻana ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. SD: ʻōleʻa kūlike; IUD: Hoʻopilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele; ADHD: nānā deficit hyperactivity maʻi; OCD: ka hana hoʻopiʻi kūlohelohe; PTSD: maʻi hōʻeha o ka posttraumatic.

ʻEhā mau ʻikepili ʻehā i hala, hoʻokahi nū helu ʻike i nalowale, ʻekolu mau hōʻike data nalowale.

*p <.01. **p <.001.

Pākuʻi helu helu DSM-IV No kahi ADHD

Ma kahi o 18 o nā maʻi 25 ADHD (72%) i hōʻoki i kēia ʻokiʻoki ma kēia mākaukau ʻana ponoʻī. Ua hoʻokō nui ʻia kēia hui i nā kūmole no ka subtype i hoʻohui ʻia (36%) a ukali ʻia e ka inattentive subtype (32%). I hoʻokahi hihia, ua loaʻa kahi subtype hyperactive-impulsive (4%) a ʻekolu mau mea komo i hōʻoki ʻia (12%). ʻEhā mau ʻikepili ʻikepili e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana o nā manaʻo DSM i nalowale (16%).

Ma kahi o 7 o nā maʻi 25 IUD (28%) i ho'āʻo maikaʻi no ADHD i nā koina DSM. Eia, ʻo ka subtype i hoʻohui ʻia i hoʻohana nui ʻia (12%). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hanana ʻelua ma ka maikaʻi o ka subtype inattent (8%) a me ka hyperactive-impulsive subtype (8%). Ma nā hihia 15 (60%), ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka ʻokiʻoki i ka psychometrical no ADHD a ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā kikowaena data ʻekolu (12%). ʻAʻohe kumu nui ma waena o ka IUD hui a me kā lākou kāohi e pili ana i ka mana o ka DSM. I ka hopena hope loa, he ʻokoʻa nā hui kulekele ʻē aʻe o kēlā me kēia me ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ka subtype hui ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia i ke aloha ʻana i ka pūʻulu ADHD. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano nui e pili ana i ka subtype hyperactive-impulsive.

ʻURlelo WāʻI-k

Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa ma WURS-k i kahi ADHD preexisting no ka hui ADHD ma ke kumu o ka helu kī (M = 41.68, SD = 16.52). Ma kēlā me kēia pae, ua hōʻike nā mea komo he 18 (72%) i ka waiwai i like a ma luna paha o ka ʻoki o 30. I ka huina, ua ʻokoʻa ka hui ADHD mai kā lākou mau kāohi (U = 26.00, p <.001). Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka mākia maʻamau, ua hōʻike ka hui IUD i kahi waiwai nui ma ka WURS-k kokoke i ka ʻokiʻoki i hāpai ʻia e hōʻike ana i kahi simomatology ADHD kiʻekiʻe i ka wā kamaliʻi.M = 27.29, SD = 17.30). Ma ka pae pākahi, ʻewalu mau hihia IUD (32%) i hōʻea i kahi waiwai, i like a ma luna paha o ka ʻokiʻoki. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa nā hui olakino ʻelua mai kekahi me kekahi e pili ana i kā lākou hōʻike pilikino ADHD i hōʻike ʻia i ka wā kamaliʻi.

CAARS

ʻAʻole hāʻawi ka CAARS i kahi ʻoki ʻoki ma ke kumu o nā hiʻona maka a loaʻa wale ke ʻano i nā ʻano maʻamau. t-ni ʻia o ka manual e Christianen et al. ((2014) ua hōʻike ʻia e nānā i nā wana o ka ADHD symptomatology o kēia manawa. Eia, t-ʻokana ʻia a ʻoi paha i ko 65 ka helu ʻana ma ka pili pono i kahi maʻi. O ka t-ʻOihana ma waena o 60 a me 65 e kuhi nei i kahi hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ia ma luna o ke pae maʻamau a hōʻailona ʻia ma ka palena o nā dimensional pili pono. Hōʻike ka pūʻulu ADHD kiʻekiʻe i nā helu kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻoihana paʻa i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka CAARS a ʻokoʻa nui mai kā lākou mau pulima. Ma kahi pae pākahi, 19 pākahi (76%) o nā pūʻulu ADHD i hōʻike i nā pae lapaʻau e pili ana i ka DSM-IV e kau nei i kahi ADHD e hoʻomau ana i ka hapa nui o nā hihia. Hōʻike liʻiliʻi ka hui IUD i nā helu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka CAARS. Hoʻolaha nui lākou mai kā lākou mau mana i nā ʻokoʻa āpau koe wale nō ka hyperactivity subscales, impulsivity, DSM-IV hyperactive-impulsive, a me nā hōʻailona DSM-IV ADHD. Ma ka pae pālua, ʻelima mau hihia (20%) i hoʻokō i nā koina ma ka ana ʻo CAARS DSM-IV ADHD. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike pololei ma waena o nā pūʻulu koa ʻelua, ua ʻokoʻa ka pūʻulu ADHD ma ka hapa nui o ka dime o ka CAARS koe wale nō nā pilikia me ke ana o ka noʻonoʻo iho mai ka pūʻulu IUD.

ISS

Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, hōʻike nā mea maʻi ADHD i ka nui o ka helu ISS kiʻekiʻe nui e like me kā lākou mau kāohi.M = 36.36, SD = 17.45) vs. (M = 23.00, SD = 4.34)], ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hōʻea ke ʻano i ka ʻokiʻoki no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele pilikia a i ʻole pathological. Ma ka pae subscale, ua hōʻike nui ka hui ADHD i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe no ka nalo ʻana o ka kaohi (M = 9.68, SD = 4.09), haʻalele ʻōuli (M = 6.56, SD = 3.66), a me ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā pilina kaiaulu (M = 6.32, SD = 3.73) hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kā lākou kāohi. Ma kēlā me kēia pae, ʻelima mau mea maʻi (20%) i hōʻike i nā helu kaulike a i ʻole ma luna o ka ʻoki no ka makaʻu e hoʻomōhala i kahi hōʻolo ma ka Pūnaewele. ʻEkolu mau maʻi (12%) i hōʻike maoli i nā waiwai i like a i ʻole ma luna o ka ʻoki no ka hoʻōla. Ma loko o ka hui IUD, hōʻike ka ISS i kahi hoʻohana pilikia no ʻehā mau mea maʻi (16%) a me kahi hoʻohana pūnaewele pathological no 10 mau maʻi (40%). Ma ka pae pae honua, ua hōʻike ka hui IUD i kahi lilo o ke kaohi ʻoi loa kiʻekiʻe (M = 11.92, SD = 3.49), haʻalele ʻōuli (M = 10.12, SD = 3.27), hoʻomohala o ke ahonui (M = 12.64, SD = 3.29), hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā pilina pilikanaka (M = 10.28, SD = 3.61), a me ka hana hana (M = 8.32, SD = 4.40) hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kā lākou kāohi. I ka hoʻohālikelike pololei, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hui IUD i ka hui ADHD ma nā ana o ka ISS koe wale nō ka ka hopena o ka mana subscale.

BDI a me SCL-90-R

Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike nā mea maʻi ADHD i nā mea hōʻike e hōʻike ana i kahi hina haʻahaʻa.M = 16.96, SD = 9.91). Eia kekahi, ua ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa lākou i kā lākou kāohi. Ma waena o nā maʻi ADHD, 13 (52%) i loiloi ʻia e like me ke kaumaha kaumaha. Ua hōʻike ka hui IUD i kahi simtomatology kaumaha ʻoi aku ka kaumaha, a akahai hoʻi e pili ana i ka BDI (M = 18.54, SD = 8.40). Maʻaneʻi, 15 mau maʻi (60%) i loiloi ʻia e like me ke kaumaha kaumaha. Eia hou, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa kēia hui i kā lākou kāohi. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā hui maʻi. E pili ana i ka SCL-90-R, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa nā hui olakino ʻelua mai kā lākou kāohi i nā ʻike āpau. I ka hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻana, ʻaʻole hōʻike nā hui lapaʻau ʻelua i nā ʻokoʻa nui akā hōʻike i nā helu kiʻekiʻe, i kū pono ma ka lihi e pili pono i ka lāʻau. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike nā pūʻulu lapaʻau ʻelua i kahi halihali hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i kahi pae kūpono o ke kanana.

Nā ʻano ʻano Sociodemographic

Ma kahi pōkole, ua hōʻike ka loiloi ma ka hapa nui o nā hihia, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o ka ʻike i hiki ke hopu ʻia (ʻike i ka Papa 4). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi wale nō o nā loli e puʻunaue maʻamau, akā ma ke ʻano he non-parametric hoʻokokoke (e laʻa me, Mann – Whitney U hiki i nā hoʻokolohua) hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma kēia mau hihia, kahi i koho ʻole ʻia non-parametric no ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa.

4 Pūnaewele. Hoʻohana ʻo Media. Pili (SD)

	ʻEpiha ADHD (n = 25)	Kāpena hui (n = 25)	LIKE	IUD (n = 25)	Kāpena hui (n = 25)	LIKE	ʻIkepili (ADHD vs. IUD)
Nā pāʻani wikiō [n (%)	15 (60)	9 (36)	χ² (1) = 2.89, ns	21 (87.5)^a	10 (40)	χ² (1) = 11.89 **	χ² (1) = 4.75, ns
Hoʻohana nā pāʻani wikiō mai (mau makahiki)	9.3 (5.95)	13.3 (6.98)	U = 47.0, ns	13.15 (6.26)	12.9 (6.15)	U = 93.00, ns	U = 99.00, ns
Hoʻohana ʻia nā pāʻani wikiō (mau lā / wiki)	4.61 (2.34)	2.31 (2.05)	U = 55.0, ns	5.90 (2.02)	2.75 (2.53)	U = 240.00, ns	U = 88.50 *
Hoʻohana nā pāʻani wikiō (mau hola / lā)	3.69 (3.12)	1.81 (1.31)	U = 32.50, ns	6.47 (5.41)	1.94 (0.95)	U = 18.00 **	U = 81.50, ns
Ke kuhi nei e pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō [n (%)]
ka ukupanee	7 (46.7)	4 (44.4)		10 (47.6)	5 (50)
Entertainment	10 (66.7)	7 (77.8)		16 (76.2)	9 (90)
He mana	5 (33.3)	3 (33.3)		14 (66.7)	4 (40)
Hōʻuluʻulu hou	7 (46.7)	1 (11.1)		5 (23.8)	1 (90)
Kaomi	1 (6.7)	0 (0)		1 (4.8)	0 (0)
Loneliness	3 (20)	0 (0)		3 (14.3)	0 (0)
Socialization	1 (6.7)	0 (0)		5 (23.8)	0 (0)
Kahalaha ihon (%)]	11 (73.3)	0 (0)	χ² (1) = 12.76 **	12 (57.1)	1 (10)	χ² (1) = 7.60 *	χ² (1) = 0.52, ns
Pūnaewele (n (%)]	24 (96)	21 (84)	χ² (1) = 2.00, ns	23 (95.8)	23 (92)	χ² (1) = 0.31, ns	χ² (1) = 0.001, ns
Hoʻohana pūnaewele pūnaewele mai (mau makahiki)	5.08 (2.86)	5.86 (2.20)	U = 208.50, ns	7.43 (3.67)	5.65 (2.60)	U = 203.50, ns	U = 181.50, ns
Hoʻohana pūnaewele (mau lā / wiki)	4.96 (2.20)	3.48 (2.52)	U = 168.00, ns	6.96 (0.21)	3.96 (2.57)	U = 143.00 **	U = 121.00 **
Hoʻohana pūnaewele (hola / lā)	2.50 (2.43)	1.64 (1.97)	U = 134.50, ns	6.47 (4.07)^a	2.20 (2.52)	U = 66.00 **	U = 65.00 **
Hoʻoikaika e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele [n (%)]
ka ukupanee	22 (91.7)	21 (100)		16 (69.6)	22 (95.7)
Entertainment	10 (41.7)	4 (19)		14 (60.9)	8 (34.8)
He mana	5 (20.8)	2 (9.5)		14 (60.9)	4 (17.4)
Hōʻuluʻulu hou	2 (8.3)	0 (0)		4 (17.4)	0 (0)
Kaomi	6 (25)	7 (33.3)		5 (21.7)	6 (26.1)
Loneliness	1 (4.2)	0 (0)		6 (26.1)	0 (0)
Socialization	10 (41.7)	2 (9.5)		11 (47.8)	2 (8.7)
Kahalaha ihon (%)]	6 (25)	2 (9.5)	χ² (1) = 2.02, ns	17 (73.9)	3 (13)	χ² (1) = 20.42 **	χ² (1) = 14.03 **

^aKekahi 'ikepili kahi i nalowale, ʻehā mau hōʻike data i hala.

*p <.01. **p <.001.

Mākaukau ma ka hui ADHD

Hōʻaike ka hōʻike loea i ka ʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo o ke kāne, ka makahiki, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ke kūlana noho hana, a me ka hui ʻana ma waena o ka pūʻulu ADHD a me kāna pūʻulu mana. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ma ka ʻaoʻao me ke kumu o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ua ʻokoʻa ka hui ADHD mai kāna kāpena kumupaʻa ma nā huaʻōlelo o nā maʻi preexisting i hōʻike ʻia. Eia, ʻo ke kaumaha a me nā hopohopo i loaʻaʻole nā kūlana maʻamau. I kahi hōʻemi, ʻo ka ʻai a me ka maʻi psychosomatic i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka pūʻulu ADHD.

ʻUD IUD hui e hui pū ana i ka hui

Hōkeo ʻia ka loiloi ʻole he mau ʻokoʻa nui e pili ana i nā loli demographic ma waena o ka IUD me ka hui ʻona. Ua hōʻike i ka hui IUD i nā maʻi preexisting nui e like me kā lākou mana. Eia hou kekahi, ʻo ke kaumaha a me nā hopohopo i nā maʻi maʻamau.

Kahi a ADHD ma IUD

Ma ka nui o ka nui o nā ʻōnaehana sociodemographic, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. E like me ka mea i manaʻoʻia, hōʻike ʻo ka pūʻulu ADHD i kahi preexisting ADHD pinepine pinepine ia.

Hoʻohana ʻo Media

Mākaukau ma ka hui ADHD

ʻAʻole i ʻokoʻa nā ʻano like ʻole ma waena o nā loli o ka pūnaewele ma waena o ka pūʻulu ADHD a me kā lākou kāohi. Nā moʻolelo like ʻole no nā hoʻololi no nā pāʻani wikiō. E pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana e hoʻohana i nā pāʻani wikiō, aia kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi. Ua hōʻike aku nā mea maʻi ADHD e hoʻohana i nā pāʻani wikiō e hoʻoikaika ai, e lanakila ai ka hōʻoluʻolu, a me / a i ʻole no nā ponoʻohana, akā ʻaʻole i hana kekahi. ʻO kekahi kumu hoʻoikaika nui e hoʻohana ai i nā pāʻani wikiō ma waena o nā mea maʻi ADHD no ka hoʻomaha. ʻO ka kumu e hoʻohana ai i ka Pūnaewele i waena o nā poʻe āpau i loko o ka pūʻulu ADHD ma muli o ka makemake nui. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka hui ADHD e like me ko kā lākou mau mana i ʻike ai iā lākou iho e hoʻohui ʻia mai nā wikiō wikiō [11 a me 0,,² (1) = 12.76, p <.001].

IUD ʻae kūʻē i ka hui

Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hui IUD me nā pāʻani wikiō i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻana me kā lākou mana [21 vs 10, χ² (1) = 11.89, p <.001]. Aia kekahi ʻokoʻa nui e pili ana i nā hola i hoʻolilo ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā me nā pāʻani wikiō ma ke ʻaoʻao o ka hui IUD [(M = 6.47, SD = 5.41) vs. (M = 1.94, SD = 0.95), U = 18.00, p <.001]. E pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, hoʻolilo ka hui IUD i mau hola hou aʻe i kēlā me kēia lā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kā lākou kāohi [(M = 6.47, SD = 4.07) vs. (M = 2.20, SD = 2.52), U = 66.0, p <.001]. ʻO ke kumu hoʻoikaika ʻokoʻa e hoʻohana i nā pāʻani wikiō i loaʻa ma waena o nā mea maʻi ADHD i loaʻa pū i waena o nā mea maʻi IUD. ʻO nā kumu e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele ma waena o nā kānaka me IUD ma muli o ka hoihoi. Ua hōʻike ka poʻe maʻi IUD e ʻike iā lākou iho me he mea lāʻaina mai nā pāʻani wikiō [12 vs. 1,² (1) = 7.60, p = .006] ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou mau kāohi.

Kahi a ADHD ma IUD

Ua lilo nā mea i komo i ka hui IUD i mau lā i kēlā me kēia pule me ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō ((M = 5.90, SD = 2.02) vs. (M = 4.61, SD = 2.34), U = 88.50, p <.05], ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i lilo i mau hola i kēlā me kēia lā me ia [(M = 6.47, SD = 5.41) vs. (M = 3.69, SD = 3.12), U = 81.50, p > .05]. ʻO ka hoʻonāukiuki e hoʻohana i nā pāʻani wikiō ma waena o ka hui IUD i ʻokoʻa mai ka hui ADHD e pili ana i ka makemake kiʻekiʻe e pale i ka luhi. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumu i makemake ʻia i loko o ka hui IUD. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō no ka hoʻonanea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma waena o ka hui ADHD. I ka hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻana o nā hui maʻi ʻelua, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui e pili ana i nā pāʻani wikiō hoʻoweliweli manaʻo ʻia iā ʻoe iho. Ua hoʻohana ka hui IUD i ka Pūnaewele no nā hola hou aʻe i kēlā me kēia lā [(M = 6.47, SD = 4.07) vs. (M = 2.5, SD = 2.43), U = 65.0, p <.001]. ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele ma ka ʻōlelo o ka luuluu, ka mehameha, ka leʻaleʻa, a me ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha no ka hui IUD.

Loaʻa

E nānā hou a kūkā i nā laina o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me nā hui ma waena o nā maʻi āpau, nā mea maʻi i hōʻea i kēlā me kēia hōʻoki i nā ʻoi o ka ADHD a me ka IUD a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. Maanei, nā mea maʻi i hōʻike i kahi waiwai iʻoi aku ma mua a i ʻole ka like me ke 50 ma ka ISS a me kahi T-waiwai iʻoi aku ma mua a i ʻole a ua like me ka 65 ma ka CAARS DSM-IV ADHD ana i hoʻokomo ʻia i kēia kolamu. Ma muli o kēia kaʻina hana ʻewalu mau maʻi maʻi mai ka hui ʻana i nā māhele like like. Ua ʻelima hui ʻia o kēia pūʻulu pūlima kāne a ʻekolu wahine paha me kahi makahiki 41.6 mau makahiki (SD = 10.23). Ma kahi o 75% i hana a 62.5% he hoa. Wahi a ka WURS-k, ua hoʻokō ʻo 87.5% i nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ADHD i ka wā kamaliʻi (ʻano subtype i hui pū ʻia. No laila, ua hōʻike kēia hui i kahi waiwai WURS-k kiʻekiʻe (M = 49.88, SD = 16.19) ke hōʻike pū nei hoʻi i ka ADHD preexisting i ka wā kamaliʻi. No kā lākou hoʻohana pāpāho, 62.5% o kēia hui i hōʻike e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō ma ka awelika no 4.40 mau makahiki (SD = 2.07) ma nā lā 6 / pule (SD = 1.73) ma ka awelika o 4.60 hr (SD = 4.22) no ka hoʻokipa (60%) a me ka hoʻomaha (60%). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Pūnaewele e nā mea maʻi i kēia hui ma ka awelika mai ka manawa o 7.75 makahiki (SD = 3.77). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike lākou e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele ma ka mean ma 6 hr / day (SD = 5.90) no ka hoʻokipa (62.5%), hoihoi (62.5%), a me ka launa pū ʻana (50%). Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hui i ka ʻokiʻoki no ka hoʻāo ma ISS (M = 61.50, SD = 9.53). ʻO nā kumukūʻai ma ka CAARS DSM-IV: hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke ana ADHD ma ke ʻano he ʻano lāʻau nui (M = 81.75, SD = 7.72). ʻO ka hope, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia subgroup me ke ʻano kaumaha (M = 17.13, SD = 7.10).

Nā hoʻoponopono

Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, hōʻike nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā koikoi o loko kūloko a hopu i nā kumu hana i lalo i ke ala ʻoluʻolu 5).). I loko o ka pūʻulu ADHD, nā WURS-k a me nā hola o ka Pūnaewele i hōʻike i kahi pilina ikaika a koʻikoʻi (r = .630, p <.01). ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua nāwaliwali wale kēia hui i loko o ka IUD hāpana a ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi (r = .264, ns). ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka pāʻani wikiō e hoʻohana nei i nā hola a me ka WURS-k i loko o ka ADHD hiʻohiʻona he kiʻekiʻe akā ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi (r = .564, p = .056). ʻO ka mea e hoʻoleʻaleʻa ai, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia i waena o ka IUD hāpana (r = .297, ns). Ma loko o ka laʻana ADHD, aia kahi kaulike kūpono ʻole akāka ʻole ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ISS a me ka Pūnaewele i nā hola (r = .472, ns), ʻaʻole ia ka hihia i loko o ka laʻana IUD (r = .171, ns). Ma loko o ka hāpana IUD, ua pili ka ana o ka CAARS hyperactivity me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i nā hola i kahi kekona kaulike a koʻikoʻi ʻole (r = .453, ns). Ma loko o ka hui o nā mea maʻi e ʻike ʻia me ADHD a me IUD, aia kahi pilina ikaika a koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka WURS-k a me ka ISS (r = .884, p <.01) (ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i ka Papa 5).

5 Pūnaewele. Nā pākuʻi kaulike a me nā kūlike o loko (hema: ADHD a me ka IUD kūpono) i ka diagonal no ka ADHD (ma lalo o ke diagonal) a me ka IUD sample (ma luna o ke diagonal)

*pālākiō*	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9
1. WURS-k	0.919	0.907	-0.022		0.627		0.223		0.715*		0.208		0.611*		0.264		0.297
2. ISS	0.394		0.977	0.918	0.232		0.218		0.159		0.169		0.236		0.171		-0.319
3. CAARS DSM-IV: ADHD	0.509		0.364		0.932	0.929	0.771*		0.830*		-0.281		0.442		0.315		-0.147
4. CAARS DSM-IV: nānā ʻole	0.389		0.396		0.891*		0.888	0.866	0.285		-0.315		0.159		-0.017		-0.200
5. CAARS DSM-IV: hyperactive	0.523		0.271		0.919*		0.640*		0.838	0.898	-0.147		0.525		0.453		-0.077
6. BDI	-0.011		0.357		0.176		0.143		0.174		0.881	0.820	0.294		0.216		-0.050
7. SCL-90 (GSI)	-0.206		0.104		0.276		0.304		0.203		0.580*		0.962	0.945	0.298		-0.042
8. Hoʻohana pūnaewele (hr)	0.630*		0.472		0.418		0.385		0.392		0.025		-0.223		-	-	-0.078
9. Hoʻohana nā pāʻani wikiō (hr)	0.564		0.418		0.313		0.231		0.342		0.209		-0.158		0.818*		-	-

'Ōlelo Aʻo. ʻO nā kaukau ʻana o Pearson, e hoʻopili ʻia nā pae ʻike mai 12 a i 25 (pūʻulu ADHD) a me 17 a i 24 (hui i IUD). WURS-k: Wender Utah Rating Scale; ISS: Internetsuchtskala; IUD: Hoʻopilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele; ADHD: nānā deficit hyperactivity maʻi; CAARS: Nā Hōʻailona Koho Hana ADHD Rating; BDI: Hoʻopuka ʻo Beck Depression; SCL-90-R: Hōʻailona-hōʻailona-90; GSI: Hoʻohanohano honua.

*p <.01; p waiwai pālua ʻelua.

kūkākūkā

IUD hui

E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻike nui ʻia nā maʻi i ka IUD e pili ana i nā helu āpau o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele mai kā lākou kaohi. ʻIke mākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona like e pili ana i kekahi mau ana o ka makua ADHD.

ʻO ka hōʻike ADHD i loko o ka IUD

Ma loko o nā mea maʻi i hōʻike ʻia me IUD, ua ʻike mākou i ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ADHD. ʻO nā helu prevalence kiʻekiʻe o ka ADHD kamaliʻi ma waena o ka hui o nā mea maʻi IUD e hōʻike nei e hōʻike ana ʻo ADHD i kahi kumu pilikia nui no ka hoʻomaka a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka IUD. Kākoʻo i kēia kumu manaʻo, e laʻa, mai ka wahi o ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka nikotine a me ka ʻalekohola. Eia, Ohlmeier et al. (2007) ʻike i ka aneane ʻehā i loko o kahi hui o nā mea inu wai paulele e hiki ke loaʻa ke maʻi me ADHD i kona wā kamaliʻi. Kākoʻo kākoʻo hou ʻia mai ka wahi o ka hoʻohui pūnaewele ma ka pūnaewele ʻo Dalbudak a me Evren (2014).). I kā lākou noiʻi ʻana i nā haumāna kula kulanui, ua ʻike lākou i kahi correlation ikaika a koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka helu WURS-25 a me ka IAS. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo 20% o nā mea maʻi IUD me nā hōʻailona o ka makua ADHD. Ke lawe nei i kēia mau helu, ʻike mākou i ke kākoʻo no ka ʻike ʻana o nā pilina ikaika ma waena o nā maʻi like ʻole. E like me ke kino o ka puke ʻana ma kēia kumuhana, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka ʻikekikini maʻi ʻōpiopio, ʻo ia hoʻi ka liʻiliʻi, ʻo Bernardi lāua ʻo Pallanti (2009) hāʻawi i nā ʻikepili e hoʻohālikelike ai i kēia mau ʻike. Eia, ʻike lākou ua 20% o kā lākou mau pākeke makua, i ʻike ʻia i hoʻohui ʻia e ka Pūnaewele i nā ʻōlelo ʻo Young's (1998) IAS, hoʻokō i nā kūmole no ka makua ADHD. Ma muli o kā lākou ʻike e pili ana i kā mākou hopena, ua ʻike mākou i ka mana o kā mākou ʻike. Ua loaʻa nā ʻike hou mai Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen, a me Yen (2008) nā mea nāna i noiʻi i ka comorbidity psychiatric ma kahi hoʻohālike o nā haumāna haumana makua makua me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele. Maanei, holo nā haumāna ma kahi ninaninau psychiatric diagnostic a ʻike ʻia ʻo 32.2% i loaʻa ka ADHD. ʻOiai ʻaʻole kūlike o ka maʻi lapaʻau, ʻike ʻia kēia mau hopena i hōʻike ʻia ka ADHD a me ka IUD i nā hui nui.

IUD - Nā hiʻohiʻona kumu a me nā hoʻoponopono

E pili ana i nā kumu kumu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau noiʻi pūnaewele, ua ʻike mākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona kūpono i loko o ka pūʻulu o nā mea maʻi i hōʻike ʻia me ka IUD. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pāʻani wikiō e hoʻowalewale, e lanakila ai ka noho wale ʻana, a e launa pū me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hui IUD, ʻaʻole naʻe i hōʻike i kekahi o kā lākou mau hoʻokaumaha i ke ʻano. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hopohopo kahi kumu kumu nui ma waena o nā poʻe maʻi e loaʻa ana me ka IUD. Ma kahi hoʻohālike o nā haumāna kula kulanui, ʻo Skues, Williams, Oldmeadow, a me Wise (2016) identified boredness proneness ʻo kahi mea wanana o PIU. Eia kekahi, pili ka ʻoluʻolu me ka leʻaleʻa a me ka PIU akā ʻaʻole ia he wānana koʻikoʻi ma ka hoʻohālike. Ua hopena ka hopena o nā haumāna o ke kulanui e ʻike i ka hōʻeha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele e ʻimi no ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hauʻoli e like me ka uku. Hoʻokumu i kā mākou ʻike, ke kaʻana like mākou i kēia ʻike a ua ʻike mākou i ka huhū a me nā ʻoliʻoli ke kumu nui i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā hana pūnaewele, no nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka Pūnaewele ma ka laulā. E pili ana i ka pilina o ka laina, ua ʻike mākou i ka nāwaliwali wale nō a i ʻole nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻaoʻao waho e like me nā manawa hoʻohana o ka pāpā ʻana. Ma aneʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā hola hoʻohana ʻana i nā hola i kūpono ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka IUD. Nā kulekele maʻi e like me nā mea e Young (1996) a me ke Aliʻi a me Wolf2001) he ke gula gula e komo pū ana i nā hopena maikaʻi loa o ka IUD i nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino a me nā loea. Kuhi ʻia kēia ʻano e ka hoʻokolokolo a Hahn a me Ierusalema (2010) ka mea nāna i hōʻike kahi pili wale nō r = .40 ma waena o ka ISS a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pāpaho i nā manawa ma loko o hoʻokahi pule. Eia naʻe, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ua hana ʻia kēia hoʻokolokolo ma kahi laʻana maʻi ʻole.

Aū kā ADHD

E pili ana i nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe maʻi o ka ADHD mai kā lākou mau kāohi ma ka hapa nui.

ʻO IUD ka maʻi maʻamau i loko o ADHD

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka anamanaʻo o ka ISS 20% o nā maʻi i ʻike ʻia me ADHD i hōʻike i nā waiwai, aia ma luna o ke oki no ka pilikia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele pathological. I ko mākou ʻike, ʻo kēia ka noiʻi mua e hāʻawi nei i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pāpāho ma waena o ka poʻe mākua a me ka lehulehu ADHD. No laila, paʻakikī ka hoʻohālikelike pololei ʻana i kēia mau hopena. Han et al. (2009) ua noiʻi i kahi hōʻike o nā keiki i loaʻa me ka ADHD a loaʻa iā 45% e hoʻohui ʻia i ka Pūnaewele i nā ʻōlelo kiʻekiʻe o ke IAS. ʻOiai ʻokoʻa kā mākou hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka wā o ka makahiki a me nā mea pili i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻike mākou ke kākoʻo no ko mākou manaʻo no ka manaʻo nui o IUD ʻaʻole wale nō i nā keiki akā i ka pākeke a me ADHD. Pono nā haʻawina o ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā ʻōpiopio holomua maʻaila e hāʻawi i nā ʻike hou e pili ana i nā pae hoʻonui. Hoʻopau nā ISS ʻokiʻoki e wehewehe i kahi pilikia a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka media pathological i ʻike ʻia e kiʻekiʻe loa ma muli o nā kuli lehulehu. No laila, aia kahi kūpono i ka manaʻo e kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka IUD ma waena o nā pākē i hōʻike ʻia me ADHD.

ADHD - ʻO nā kumu kumu a me nā hoʻoponopono

E pili ana i nā ʻano hoʻoikaika o ka pāpā ʻana i loko o nā poʻe maʻi i hōʻike ʻia me ka ADHD, ʻike mākou i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi. ʻO kekahi kumu hana nui ma waena o nā poʻe maʻi ADHD e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō no ka hoʻomaha. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole kēia neʻaleʻa i loko ona, akā mau nō ka hoihoi ʻana ma ke ʻano he maʻamau kēia i loaʻa i loko o nā poʻe maʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ADHD hoʻohālikelike i nā hui like ʻole. Mai kahi kuhi o nā hana olaʻike, ʻike maopopo ʻia ua pili ʻia ka ADHD me ka hana dopamine haʻahaʻa (Friedel et al., 2007; ʻO Gold, Blum, Oscar-Berman, & Braverman, 2014; Volkow et al., 2009). I ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i pili i ka striatal dopamine hoʻokuʻu (Koepp et al., 1998) ke pāʻani nei i ka pāʻani ke ala o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ponoʻī ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻomaha. Ua hōʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau pono iho e wehewehe i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana kino ʻana i nā maʻi me nā mea e pili ana i ka ADHD (no ka ʻike ʻana, ʻike. Biederman et al., 1995). No laila, eia ʻae, ke kumu hōʻike ʻia e hoʻohana ai i nā pāʻani wikiō no ka hoʻomaha ʻana i hiki ke hoʻākāka ʻia i ka hopena o ke ʻano o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o dopamine i ka wā e pāʻani ana. E like me ka nui o ke kino o ka puke i loko o nā mea maʻi a me nā mea maʻi ADHD ma ka liʻiliʻi, ua hoʻomau kēia manaʻo. Ma ka pae o nā loulou, ʻike mākou i nā hui nui ma waena o ka WURS-k a me nā manawa hoʻohana. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o WURS-k a me nā pāʻani wikiō e hoʻohana ana i nā hola he mau mea nui ʻole ia akā ke kiʻekiʻe loa. Maanei, keʻae ʻia ka nui lahilahi liʻiliʻi a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka konservative i pale aku i ka manaʻo nui. Eia nō naʻe, he mea hoihoi kēia mau pilina kiʻekiʻe e like me kekahi mau hōʻike ke hōʻike ʻia nei nā hōʻike ADHD i pili i nā hopena hopena o ka hopena o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike. Ma kahi ʻāpana nui, e pili ana i ka heluna kanaka makua o Kollins, McClernon, a me Fuemmeler (2005) loaʻa i kahi pilina linear nui ma waena o nā maʻi i hōʻike ʻia e ka ADHD i loko o nā makahiki o 5-12 a me ka nui o nā mau poki i ulaula i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma ka kikoʻī hou aku, ʻo ka nui o nā maʻi i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka nānā aku i ka maikaʻi me ka huina o nā sigarahi i kēlā me kēia lā. Eia, ʻike mākou i kekahi mau mea hoʻohuli i kā mākou ʻikepili, i hiki ke kākoʻo hou i ka hypothesis o ka lāʻau ponoʻī iho.

ʻO ka maʻi ʻelua - ADHD a me IUD

I loko o nā pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā maʻi e hōʻike ana i ka pilikia ma nā māka pathological ma ka ISS a me nā helu koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka ana ʻana o ka CAARS ADHD, ʻike mākou i ka hopena ikaika a koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka WURS-k a me ka ISS. Ua hoʻokaʻawale kēia pilina ma kēia kolamu mai nā hui kaukau i ʻike ʻia me ADHD a i IUD paha, kahi nāwaliwali ka pilina like ʻole. ʻIke aku nei kēia ʻike i ka mea nui o ke keiki ADHD ma mua no ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka IUD.

Nā ikaika a me nā palena

ʻO kēia, i ko mākou ʻike, ka noiʻi mua e hāʻawi i kahi hoʻokolokolo pili kokoke i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā tauira o nā poʻe maʻi e loaʻa ana me ADHD a me IUD (a me kā lākou mau mana) e hāʻawi ana i nā hōʻike hou no ka hilinaʻi a me ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana i ka noiʻi hou aʻe i kēia ʻike. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia noiʻi i kahi ʻano psychometrical a me ke kikowaena lapaʻau, i hana pū me ka ʻano ākea o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā lako hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hopu ʻia i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e ʻae iā mākou e noiʻi a loiloi i nā hui lehulehu. ʻOiai kēia he hoʻopaʻa ʻāpana ʻāpana, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā kumu kumu. E like me ADHD maʻamau ma kona hoʻomaka ʻana i ka makahiki o 7, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia inā i ka liʻiliʻi loa o kekahi o nā pilina ʻike i pili i nā hōʻailona ADHD. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia ke hoʻololi i kahi hoʻolālā lōʻihi, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana a loiloi i nā kamaʻilio holomua ma waena o ADHD a me IUD. ʻO kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i kaupalena i ko mākou wehewehe ʻana, ʻo ia ka nui o nā helu ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka nalowale o ka ʻike. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i noi ʻia nā maʻi lapaʻau kūikawā maʻamau no ka ADHD a me ka poʻe maʻi IUD, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻopili ʻia, ʻoiaiʻo ia ka pilikia mai ka hopena o nā nīnau nīnau pili pono ʻole. No laila, e unuhi ʻia ko mākou mau ʻike a me ke akaʻala a hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻāpana nui. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻoi aku ka ʻoihana ADHD ma mua o ka hui IUD, ʻoiai he ʻokoʻa ka helu statistic. Mai ka wā i hoʻonui nui ʻia ai ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka pāʻoihana uila ma waena o nā hanauna ʻōpio, ʻaʻole paha e hui paha ka hui ADHD i nā ʻōlelo o kā lākou hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike kā kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i ka pilikia pilikia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele i ʻike ʻia i waena o nā poʻe ʻelemakule i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka pūnaewele pūnaewele mai ko lākou mau makahiki mua ma mua. Inā pono e hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pāpā me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ADHD, ʻike ʻia ko mākou mau hualoaʻa e like me ke kākuhi ʻana o kēia hopena i loko o kā mākou ADHD.

Nā hopena lapaʻau a me nāʻike ʻepekema

Mai kahiʻike olakino a ma muli o nā kiʻekiʻe comorbidity rate, ʻike nā maʻi me ka IUD i ka ADHD i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai nā hōʻailona. ʻO nā maʻi me ADHD e hana i ka Pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō ma ke ʻano he lāʻau pale. Ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā lapaʻau, ʻo Park, Lee, a me Han (2016) hiki ke hōʻike mai i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau 12-pule me ka atomoxetine a i ʻole MPH hiki ke hōʻemi i ka nui o ka IGD, i hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka hōʻemi o ka impulsivity. No laila, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻokūkū psychotherapeutic hoʻi e kuhikuhi ana i ka hōʻemi o ka inattention, hyperactivity, a me ka impulsivity ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohiki i mea e hoʻohiki ai a hiki i kēia manawa. ʻOiai me ka poʻe maʻi me ka ADHD ka nui aʻe o ka maʻi o ka mea e hoʻomohala i nā mea ʻē aʻe, pono e ʻike nā kauka i kahi hiki ke hoʻololi i ka addiction i loko o ka mālama ʻana a ma waho aʻe. Ma ke ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia e lilo ka make ʻana o ka pāpā nui ma loko o ka wā kamaliʻi.

hopena a

ʻIke mākou i ke kākoʻo no ka hypothesis i hoʻohana nui ʻia a i ʻole ka pāpā ʻana i ka pāpā i waena o nā poʻe maʻi e hōʻike ana i ka ADHD a me / a i ʻole ʻo IUD he maʻamau a koʻikoʻi nui ka pathological a pono e hoʻopili pono ʻia i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻomau. Ma waena o nā mea maʻi, ʻike ka pāʻani wikiō ma ke ʻano he koho koho i ke lanakila ʻana i nā wahi i loko o ke ʻano dysphoric, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Pūnaewele no kēia mau kumu i waena o nā poʻe olakino. ʻO kēia ka hihia ma waena o nā poʻe maʻi me ADHD e hoʻohana ana i nā pāʻani wikiō no ka hoʻomaha ʻana i kahi ikaika ikaika, e pili ana i kā lākou hemahema i ka hana dopamine. E like me ka mea kupanaha nā helu comorbidity, pono e noiʻi ka mua e noiʻi i nā ʻenehana ma waena o nā maʻi āpau a no laila e pono e hana i nā hoʻolālā longitudinal ʻoi loa i nā limahana maʻi a me nā pākeke. Pono nā mea maʻi lapaʻau e hoʻomaopopo i ka pilina pili ma waena o nā maʻi like, ʻelua a me ka therapeutically. Loaʻa nā loina i hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia i ka mālama ʻana o ADHD i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea maʻi IUD. Eia kekahi, ke kiʻi nei i ka hoʻomohala i ka hoʻohana o ka pūnaewele me ka hoʻomau a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, pono e hoʻokau ʻia kahi loli o ka hoʻohui i ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea maʻi.

ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana

BTW: nui noiʻi nui; Nā MB: ka ʻikepili helu a me ka mea kākau mua; MD a me IP: nā hoʻokolohua ma nā poʻe maʻi me IUD; MR a me MO: nā hoʻokolohua ma nā poʻe maʻi me ADHD; LB, TS, JD-H, GRS, a me AM: mau kalepa me ka ʻike ma ka IUD.

Kōkua hihia

ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e nā mea kākau i ka paʻi kālā.

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Ke hoʻohana nei ka Comorbidity o ka Internet i ka maʻikino a me ke kūlana maʻi o ka maʻi hauā: "ʻElua mau hanana hoʻonaʻauao hihia (2017)

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Introduction

Nā Papahana

Results

kūkākūkā

hopena a

E hoʻomaopopo '

hoopoina koke ana Loulou