ʻO ke kūlike o ke Kaulike Hana Hana Hoʻohālikelike (Revised (VGFA-R) a me ka Internet Gaming Disorder Test (2019)

Introduction

No ka loiloi i ka pono diagnostic o ka prosed DSM-5 koi Puka a me nā Griffiths (2014) hoʻomohala ʻia ka 20-item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20), kahi nīnau nīnau pōkole e pili ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui (Griffiths, 2005). Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Griffiths e pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka pili ʻana i nā ʻano e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona nui e kū pono ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilikia a me nā ʻano hana (salience, ʻano hoʻololi, ʻoluʻolu, hoʻihoʻi, hoʻoili a hoʻāliʻi). Pontes et al. hoʻohālikelike i kēia mau sub-kumu i kahi hōʻike nui o nā mea pāʻani i ka loiloi DSM-5 o IGD a loaʻa ka loiloi holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa ka loaʻa pono a kūpono hoʻi. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi IGD e pili ana i nā kikoʻī i hoʻokumu ʻia no ka wehewehe DSM-5 o ka IGD [ʻo ia hoʻi, Salience - Criterion (a), Mood Modification - Criterion (h), Tolerance - Criterion (c), Withdrawal - Criterion (b ), Kūmaka - Nā Kūlana (e, f, g, i), Kaʻi ʻana - Criterion (d)]. Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia ke ʻano o ka loiloi ma mua o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā ʻōkuhi lapaʻau, ʻano ʻole e ʻike ʻole ai i ka leka ʻana i ka mea kū hoʻokahi. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaopopo ka IGD-20 i kēlā kanaka i ke kumu i lilo ai ka pilikia a nele i ka hiki ke kōkua i nā mea noiʻi i ka hoʻokūkū a hōʻemi i ka hoʻowalewale e komo i ka pāʻani pilikia.

Ua loiloi ka loiloi o ka hana noi i hoʻokau ʻia i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana e pili ana i ka maikaʻi maladaptive e like me ka petological gaming, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka moekolohe, a i ʻole ka pāʻani wikiō pilikia.Cooper et al., 2007; Vollmer et al., 2015). Hoʻomaopopo kēia noiʻi i ka hoʻoulu ʻia e ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea i kekahi ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kekahi o nā hana e like ai: (i) nānā kaiāulu, (ii) nā kumu i loaʻa a i ʻole ka hopena, (iii) pakele / pale ʻana i nā koi a ʻehaʻeha, a me (iv) sensory hoʻokaumaha. Ma o ka loiloi loiloi o nā antecedents a me nā hopena o kahi ʻano i hāʻawi ʻia, hiki ke nānā i ka hoʻoikaika a hoʻokaʻawale i ke hana nui o kahi ʻano hana hewa, hoʻokaʻawale, a i ʻole nā ​​mea makemake ʻole. ʻO kēia kahi mau hana 'pepa-a-penikala' kahi i hoʻonoho ai nā kānaka i nā ʻano e hoʻohālike ana i ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi. ʻO ka Pāʻani Hoʻolilo Hōʻali Video-Hoʻohui (VGFA-R; Buono et al., 2016) ua hoʻolālā ʻia a ʻo ia wale nō ka loiloi e loiloi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻowalewale kūlele ʻana i nā mea pāʻani wikiō ma ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o kā lākou wikiō pāʻani. ʻO kēia manawa hou, Buono et al. (2017) i loaʻa i nā poʻe e hōʻike ana i nā pae kiʻekiʻe "nui (e laʻa, 24 h o ka pāʻani i ka hebedoma a ma luna aʻe) ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka pakele / ʻauhau a i ʻole nā ​​hana lima pili. ʻOiai ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i ka manaʻo o kēlā kanaka no ka hoʻoheheʻeʻana, e koi hou aku ka hana ma ka VGFA-R e hoʻoholo inā he kiʻekiʻe nā pāʻani kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokō i nā kūlike o ka IGD e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka DSM-5.

ʻO ka pae hoʻokele diagnostic o IGD e hoʻopuni ai i ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia me ka pāʻani addictive gameplay, a me nā ʻano e like me ke alualu ʻana i ka atamai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilikia ma ka pūnaewele.Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2018). Hoʻohui ʻia, nā kaʻana e kaʻana like i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe e like me nā papa pili patele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pili i ka pūnaewele.Wood et al., 2007; Oggins a me Sammis, 2010; Puka a me Griffiths, 2014; Kuss a me Griffiths, 2017; ʻO Potenza, 2017). ʻOiai ʻo kekahi mau modalities mālama e pili ana i ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maʻi e hōʻike ana i ka ʻōlelo mua (Torres-Rodriguez et al., 2017a,b; ʻO ʻōpio a me Brand, 2017), aia mau ka pono no ka hana ʻana i ka maʻi hānai, hōʻoia e hōʻoia ʻia no ka IGD. He mea koʻikoʻi loa ia e hoʻolako i ka maʻi kūpono a me ka hoʻopōmaikaʻi, hōʻoia ʻia e hōʻoia ʻia i ka poʻe e hakakā nei me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wikiō wikiō. No laila, ʻo ka manaʻo o ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa e hoʻohālikelike i ka loiloi loiloi loiloi DSM-5 a me ka IGD-20 me ka hana hoʻoikaika mua o ka hana pono e loiloi ʻia e VGFA-R. ʻOi aku ka kikoʻī, ʻike ka haʻawina i nā mea kikoʻī i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka IGD-20 (salience, mood change, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse) a me nā kiʻina o VGFA-R (nānā kaiāulu, ʻike aʻaia / intangible makana, pakele / pale. o nā koi, a me ka hoʻoweliweli sensory) e ka hana ʻana i kahi hōʻoia hōʻoia hōʻoia (CFA) o nā mea pāʻani pāʻani wikiō ma ke kikowaena waena waena o United States. Ma ka hoʻokau paʻa ʻana i ka VGFA-R i paʻa me ka ʻōlelo paʻa o ka DSM-5 i kēia manawa no ka IGD, ʻo ka hōʻike i kēia manawa e hōʻike nei i kahi hoʻokolokolo o ka hiki ke kūleʻa ma waena o ka hoʻoweliweli kūpono a me ka maʻi maʻamau o ka IGD. Eia kekahi, makemake mākou i ka nānā ʻana inā loaʻa kahi pili pololei ma waena o nā minuke i pāʻani ʻia i kahi pāʻina pāʻani a me kēlā me kēia meahana.

Nā Pono a me nā Una

i komo

Ke hōʻike nei kahi nui o 320 mau mea i makemake i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka loiloi. ʻO ka huina o nā helu i komo, ua hoʻopau ʻo 304 i ke aʻo holoʻokoʻa a loaʻa iā lākou kahi makahiki 29.82 mau makahiki (SD = 9.82). He nui o nā hui o 178 i hōʻike ʻia he wahine lākou (58.55%) me ka hōʻike ʻana ma 126 he kāne (41.45%). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haumāna i hōʻike ʻia ʻo White Non-Hispanic (n = 190, 62.50%). Hōʻailona ka nui o nā hui 37 i hōʻike ʻia he Black or African American (12.17%), ua hōʻike nā mea komo 23 ma Asia (7.57%), a ua hōʻike ka poʻe 30 mau mea i hōʻike ʻia he Hispanic a i Latino (9.87%). Ua pāʻani nā mea komo i ka awelika o 13.78 h i kēlā me kēia pule (SD = 11.79), a me awelika o 175.75 min (2.93 h) kēlā me kēia manawa ke komo ka mea i komo i kahi ʻāpana pāʻani. ʻO ka awelika o ka wā e hoʻomaka mua ana nā mea pāʻani i ka pāʻani ʻo 10.94 mau makahiki (SD = 7.54). See 1 Pūnaewele no nā ʻike demographic ʻē aʻe.

No ka mea e pili ana i ka hana kōkua kaiāulu o Qualtrics a me ka ukuhi hoʻi i ke kula waena oʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā helu like ʻole a me nā kūlike. Ma ka helu, ʻo ka hoʻokomo no ka ʻoniʻoni he pāʻani pāʻani wikiō i hōʻike iā lākou iho e hōʻike ana i nā pāʻani wikiō ma ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi hola i kēlā me kēia pule, a ʻo ka poʻe he 18 mau makahiki a keu paha i ka manawa o ke aʻo. ʻO nā kuleana no ka wehe ʻia he poʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia i loko o kahi kamepiula pūnaewele, papa, a kelepona paha e hoʻokō ai i ka ʻike.

nā pono

ʻO ka VGFA-R kahi pahu kākala 24-item i hoʻolālā ʻia e nānā i nā hana ʻehā (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka makaʻu, ka pakele, ʻike ʻia, hoʻoweliweli ka naʻau) e mālama ai i ka pāʻani wikiō (Buono et al., 2016). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea i komo aku i kahi nīnau (e laʻa, ke koho nei wau e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō i ke kuʻeuʻe a hopohopo paha) a noi ʻia e koho i kekahi o nā pane ʻehiku (1 = ʻAʻole loa, 2 = ʻAʻohe loa, 3 = Seldom, 4 = Hōʻalua o ka manawa, 5 = maʻamau, 6 = ʻAno mau ai, 7 = Mau mau. E pili ana i kēlā me kēia ʻano hana i ʻeono mau nīnau e pili ana iā ia, a ua hui ʻia nā helu no kēlā me kēia nīnau a hui ʻia ma waena o 7 a me 42, me nā helu he nui ma waena o 7 a me 168. Hōʻike nā helu kiʻekiʻe i ke ʻano hana. He hōʻailona ikaika o ka hoʻoikaika no ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō wikiō. Loaʻa ka VGFA-R i ka kūloko kūloko kūloko kūloko (α = 0.927) a ma waena o nā hana ʻehā: ka nānā ʻana (α = 0.911), pakele (α = 0.796), hiki ke loaʻa (α = 0.835), sensory (α = 0.795) (Buono et al., 2016).

ʻO ka IGD Test kahi kāʻina 20-item Likert-style kāʻei e loiloi ʻeono mauʻano o ka ʻano hana addictive (e like me, salience, ʻano hoʻololi, ʻoluʻolu, hoʻihoʻi i nā hōʻailona, ​​hakakā, a me ka hoʻi hou) i pili me ka paila DSM-5 no ka hoʻokūkū IGD (Puka a me Griffiths, 2014). Aia kēlā me kēia māhele i nā nīnau he ʻekolu a i ʻelima no kēlā me kēia kikowaena: salience (3), ke hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano (3), ʻae (3), mauʻano haʻalele (3), hakakā (5), a me ka hoʻihoʻi (3). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea i komo aku i kahi nīnau (e hoʻohālike, ua hala pinepine wau i ka hiamoe ma muli o nā papa pāʻani pāʻani lōʻihi) a noi ʻia e koho i kekahi o nā pane ʻelima (1 = i makemake nui ʻia, 2 = ʻae, 3 = a i ʻole a i ʻole a i ʻole a makemake ʻole, 4 = i kūlike ʻole, 5 = ʻokoʻa kūlike ʻole). A hoʻohuli ʻia nā helu a pau me ka ʻole o nā mea a 2 a me 19, no laila ua hoʻohuli ʻia kahi helu o 5 ma 1, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka 4 a me 2, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo 2 i 4, a ua hoʻohuli ʻia ʻo 1 i 5. He ikaika kūlike o ka IGD (α = 0.925), a ua loaʻa kēlā me kēia subscale i ke ʻano kūloko o loko, me ka salience (α = 0.796), ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manaʻo (α = 0.880), ke ahonui (α = 0.844), ka haʻalele ʻana i nā hōʻailona (α = 0.921) ), hakakā (α = 0.821), a hoʻomaha (α = 0.701).

Ke Kaʻina hana

ʻO ka ʻae ʻia mai ka papa loiloi a ka mea kākau kumu pilikino (IRB) i noi ʻia ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka poʻe i komo no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. I ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia (code protocol code HS17-0060), ua kūkulu ʻia nā mea noiʻi i loko o ka Nā Qualtrics polokalamu polokalamu pūnaewele. Nā Qualtrics he polokalamu polokalamu pūnaewele mālama ʻia i ka password e hiki ai i kahi mea noiʻi ke hoʻokele i nā hoʻokele uila. Ma ke ʻāpana o nā lawelawe ʻē aʻe i hāʻawi ʻia e Nā Qualtrics, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hana me ke kaiāulu pūnaewele no ke aʻo ʻana. Ua noi ʻia ka lawelawe ma o ka komo ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka aʻo ʻana (e laʻa, nā ʻano o nā poʻe noiʻi e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei mākou), ka palapala noiʻi a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka palapala hōʻoia IRB. Hāʻawi ʻia nā poʻe komo i kahi leka uila i hōʻike ʻia i ke kumu o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻo ka manawa manawa e lawe ai ʻo ia i ka hōʻike, ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ke komo ʻana, (e like me nā makahiki 18 mau makahiki), ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ka hoʻokolokolo, a me kēlā e uku hou ʻia lākou no ko lākou komo ʻana.

Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ʻae ʻia kahi leka uila i hāʻawi ʻia e ka IRB o ke komohana waena e hoʻohana ʻia no ka loaʻa hou ʻana. Ua kehele ʻia ka papa leka uila e loaʻa ai i ka leka uila ma ke kōkua o ke kōkua loea o ka ʻikepili ʻike ʻia i nā haumāna kula āpau o 2017-2018 i hoʻokahi mahina. Ua aʻo ʻia nā poʻe e komo e komo i ka ʻikepili e kāomi i ka loulou ma ka lalo o ka leka uila hoʻoili. Hoʻopili hou ka pilina ma nā ʻikepili i ʻike ʻia i loko Nā Qualtrics. Ua lawelawe ʻia ka VGFA-R e aʻo i nā mea i komo, a ukali ʻia e ka ʻike demographic, a hoʻopau ʻia me ka loiloi IGD. Ua lawelawe ʻia nā kumuwaiwai ma kēia ʻano no ka hoʻolako ʻana i kahi wā ma waena o ka pane ʻana i nā nīnau e pili like ai i nā huaʻōlelo. I ka manawa e pau ai nā mea komo i nā haʻawina hoʻonaʻauao ʻia, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻōlelo noʻonoʻo ma ka Nā Qualtrics uku pololei iā lākou no ko lākou komo ʻana.

KaʻIkepiliʻIkepili

Ua hoʻokau ʻia ka CFA e loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o nā hana ʻehā o ka VGFA-R a me nā mea eono o nā mea kaulike IGD. ʻ literaturelelo mua (inā, Buono et al., 2016, Buono et al., 2017) ua hoʻonohonoho mua i nā hana o ka VGFA-R, a Puka a me nā Griffiths (2014) ua kuhikuhi i nā haʻawina mua ua hoʻokumu i nā kumu o ke kāʻei IGD. ʻO Holtzman lāua ʻo Vezzu (2011) manaʻo ʻia i kahi manawa i hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hoʻohālike mua, pono ia e hana i ka CFA e hōʻoia i ka maʻi hypothesized e hāʻawi i kahi kūpono o ka ʻikepili. Inā hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili o ka hopena, e like me nā māka, ka hoʻohālike ʻana o ka hoʻohālikelike struktment (SEM) e noiʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka wānana o ka loiloi i kēia mau hana. He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo he ʻāpana ka CFA. Inā paha i hoʻoholo ʻia ke kumu hana kumu o ka ʻike ʻole kuhi ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenekema ʻikepili a i ʻole ka noiʻi empirical, he mea nui ia e hana ai i ka CFA, he ʻāpana kūikawā ia o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo SEM. Kuhi pinepine ka SEM i nā hiʻohiʻona kahi e hoʻokele ʻia ai nā hopena kumu ma waena o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike.

Results

Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hōʻike i ʻike ʻia e exploratory Factor i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kekahi mau noiʻi ʻē aʻe e loiloi ana i ka VGFA-R (ʻo ia hoʻi, Buono et al., 2016, 2017) e hōʻike ana i kahi hopena ʻehāʻehā, ua hana ʻia kahi CFA e hōʻoia i ka hōʻike hypothesized i kahi kūpono o ka ʻikepili i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hōʻike IGD-20. No laila, ua kūkulu mākou ʻehā a priori nā mea (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike, pakele, ʻike ʻia, sensory) no ka VGFA-R. Hoʻohui ʻia, kūkulu mākou i ʻeono a priori mau mea no ka IGD-20 (eg, salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal sintomas, conflict, and relapse) i hāʻawi ʻia i nā haʻawina mua i loaʻa i nā mea ʻeono (e like me, Puka a me Griffiths, 2014).

Ka Hoʻolālā Factor hōʻoia

Ua koho ʻia ka CFA no VGFA-R me ka hoʻohālikelike nui (ML) paha. ʻO ka hōʻike hōʻike Chi-square hōʻano maikaʻi kūpono loa, χ²(34, N = 304) = 271.64, p <0.0001; χ²/df = 7.99; CFI = 0.88; RMSEA = 0.15 (90% interval interval [CI]; 0.14, 0.17). He koʻikoʻi nā hahana āpau (mai ka 5.30 a me 6.63), ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻike i ke kahakaha ʻana no nā māka. No ka ʻaʻole kokoke e like me ka Chi-square statistic i ka zero a nui paha, e ʻike ʻia ana nā ʻāpana nāwaliwali.ʻO Holtzman lāua ʻo Vezzu, 2011). Eia nō naʻe, hilinaʻi nui nā māka Chi-square e like me ka laulā, no laila e hōʻike ʻia ai nā mākaʻikaʻi kūpono ʻē aʻe. No laila, ʻōwili ʻia nā huahana ʻē aʻe a hōʻike ʻia i luna (e like me, CFI, RMSEA). ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana i kū ʻole e hana i kahi helu o 0.68, e hōʻike ana i kahi maʻalahi i ka pilina maikaʻi ma waena o nā pae ʻelua (ʻike. Hōʻike 1). ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i nā correlations i koe, ʻo ia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nānā a me ka hoʻohālikelike-i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i hōʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole i hōʻike i kekahi pilikia e pili ana i nā kuhikuhi ʻana o nā loli maʻamau.Weston a me Gore, 2006). Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻolālā VGFA-R e hoʻokokoke i nā pae kūpono (CFI = 0.88, kahi e pono ai ka 0.90 no kahi kūpono), e hōʻike ana i nā hemahema ʻē aʻe e pono ai nā huakaʻi. Hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻoponopono ʻia ma waena o nā loli mua a me nā ukana kumu o ke ana ʻana 2 Pūnaewele.

Hōʻikeʻike

I ka nānā pono piha ʻana i nā hana ʻano o ka VGFA-R, ua hoʻohana mākou i SEM e hōʻike i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea hana VGFA-R a me ka IGD-20. Ua hana ʻia kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i PROC CALIS ma SAS. ʻOiai ʻo nā noi i hala ua hāʻawi aku i nā hōʻike hōʻoia no ka noi ʻana o ka VGFA-R i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana e mālama ai i ka pāʻani wikiō, ua palena ʻia ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hana pono a me nā kumu o ka IGD-20 i hoʻokumu i nā mea i kūlike me nā kuleana DSM-5. no ka hoʻokolohua IGD. Hōʻike ka VGFA-R i kūpono i ka ʻikepili, χ²(42, N = 304) = 304.57, p <0.0001; χ²/df = 7.25; CFI = 0.88; RMSEA = 0.14 (90% interval interval [CI]; 0.13, 0.16). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka VGFA-R a me IGD-20 Hōʻike 1. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike o nā laina laina 3 Pūnaewele.

Ua pāʻani ʻia ʻo VGFA-R a me nā Miniona i kēlā me kēia Session pāʻani a me nā hola e pāʻani ʻia ma kēlā me kēia pule

Nui nā mau loiloi linear regression i hoʻoholo ʻia inā paha e wānana ʻia kēlā me kēia hana o ka VGFA-R mai nā minuke i pāʻani ʻia i kēlā me kēia pā pāʻani a me ka helu o nā hola i pāʻani ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule. Ka hoʻāʻo ʻia ka null hypothesis i ka neʻe ʻana o ka regression (ʻo ia hoʻi, slope) e like me ka ʻoliva. Hapa ʻia nā ʻikepili no ka nalo ʻana a me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma mua o ka loiloi. ʻAʻohe mea i nele ka ʻike. Hōʻike nā hopena o ka loiloi regression i wānana ʻia nā hana āpau e nā minuke i pāʻani ʻia i kēlā me kēia pā pāʻani, me ka nānā ʻana [F(2,311) = 19.47, p <0.001, r² = 0.41], pakele [F(2,311) = 28.765, p <0.001, r² = 0.67], ʻike ʻia [F(2,311) = 21.957, p <0.001, r² = 0.54], a i ka ʻike [F(2,311) = 22.412, p <0.001, r² = 0.69]. Ua nānā ʻia nā mea wānana pilikino no ka nānā nui a hōʻike ʻia he mau minuke i kēlā me kēia pā pāʻani.t = 2.44, p = 0.015) a me nā hola i hoʻokani ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule (t = 4.02, p = 0.015) nā wānana nui i ka hoʻohālike. Ua nānā ʻia nā mea hoʻopiʻi pilikino no ka hana pakele a hōʻike ʻia nā minuke e pāʻani ana i kēlā me kēia kau pāʻani.t = 2.68, p = 0.008) a me nā hola i hoʻokani ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule (t = 6.16, p <0.001) he wānana koʻikoʻi i ke k .kohu. Ua nānā hou ʻia kēlā me kēia wānana no ka hana hiki ke ʻike ʻia a kuhikuhi ʻia e pāʻani ana nā minuke i kēlā me kēia kau pāʻani ʻana (t = 0.132, p = 0.03) a me nā hola i hoʻokani ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule (t = 5.51, p <0.001) he wānana koʻikoʻi i ke k .kohu. Ua nānā hou ʻia kēlā me kēia wānana no ka hana sensory a hōʻike ʻia e pāʻani ana nā minuke i kēlā me kēia kau pāʻani ʻana (t = 3.58, p <0.001) a me nā hola i pāʻani i kēlā me kēia pule (t = 4.54, p <0.001) he wānana koʻikoʻi i ke k .kohu.

kūkākūkā

Hoʻohālikelike ka haʻawina o kēia manawa i ka manaʻo DSM-5 o 20-item IGD Test (IGD-20) me nā hana e loiloi ʻia e 24-kumuhana VGFA-R. ʻOi aku ka kikoʻī, ua hoʻohālikelike ia i nā mea waiwai o ka IGD-20 (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse) me ka VGFA-R subscales (ʻike makaʻāina, ʻike maka a loaʻa / intangible uku, pakele / pale aku i nā koi, sensory hoʻonāukiuki) ma ka hana ʻana i kahi CFA o 304 ʻOihana Hui Pū ʻIa Hui Pū ʻIa ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loaʻa ʻana ka pilina nui ma waena o nā mea hana ʻelua. Kuhi ʻia ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea hana like ʻole i nā ala ʻē aʻe no nā kumuhana like ʻole, a ʻo ke ʻano he kumu ʻae nui loa lākou e hōʻike nei i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka VGFA-R e nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa e pili ana i ka IGD-20 a hāʻawi i nā ʻike hou aʻe. pili i nā mea hoʻoikaika i lalo o ka pāʻani pilikia ʻana i waena o kā lākou mea kūʻai.

E nānā ana i nā hoʻoponopono pilikino i loko 2 Pūnaewele, ke ʻike ʻia nei ka neʻe ʻana i ka pihoihoi me ka paena a ʻo ka ʻoihana IGD-20 ʻeono ka mea i pakele ai (ʻo nā mea ʻeono i kau ʻia ma luna o 0.53). Hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka noiʻi mua e hōʻike ana i ka pakele ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea nui e koi ʻia ana i waena o ka poʻe e ʻike nei i ka pāʻani wikiō pilikia, ʻoi aku ka mea e hoʻohana nei ma ke ʻano hana kope e hoʻopoina i nā ʻike maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola o ka mea hana. Sattar a me Ramaswamy, 2004; Wan a me Chiou, 2006a,b; Wood et al., 2007; Hussain a me Griffiths, 2009; Griffiths, 2010). ʻO ka neʻe i pakele kekahi mea wānana nui i ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i waena o ka hālāwai ma waena o ka hopena a ʻo ka holo ʻana o ka hebedoma (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke ʻano nui o ka manawa. ʻOiai ke kumu kūpono e like me ke kumu e hoʻonui ai ka lōʻihi o ka pāʻani wikiō i nā poʻe komo e ʻae loa i ka pakele ʻoihana pakuhi, nā haʻawina mua (ma mua, Kim et al., 2017) ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka i hiki ke koho ʻia e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pāʻani pūnaewele i ke ʻimi nei e pakele i nā manaʻo ʻino ʻole e like me ke kaumaha kaumaha nui, dysthymia, a me nā pilikia kaumaha. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka noiʻi mua ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pāʻani wikiō ma muli o kekahi o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike e like me ke ana ʻana e ka VGFA-R. O kahi laʻana, Ka Hoʻopuu et al. (2013) ua loaʻa ʻo ka hana pilikino (e like me ka hana o ka nānā ʻana mai ka VGFA-R), ka hoʻokō (e like me ke ʻano e ʻike ʻia ana mai ka VGFA-R), a me ka leleism a me / a me ke kaumaha (e kūlike ana i ka hana holo mai ke VGFA-R) i āpau mau mea e pili ana i ke kumu e hoʻomau ʻia ai ka poʻe e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō. ʻO nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, e like me Hilgard et al. (2013) kalepo i nā mea pili i ka pili o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pathological (i wehewehe ʻia ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana a lōʻihi paha) a loaʻa ʻekolu mau mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani o ka pathological, a me (1) ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani e pakele ai i ke ola maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā, (2) ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani e like me he kahua kūwaho, a (3) mau ʻano maikaʻi i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā uku i loko o ka pāʻani (ʻoi paha ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻano makemake e hōʻike i ka manaʻo a ka mea mana i manaʻo ai ko lākou ola maoli).

ʻAʻole ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēia manawa. He hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike ka ʻikepili a ua lawe ʻia ka poʻe komo ma ka hoʻonaninani ʻoluʻolu e hiki ʻole ke koho ʻia i ka lehulehu o ko ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a i ʻole nā ​​kānaka i ka gamer. ʻIke ʻia ka nui o nā ʻike olakino ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā hōʻike i ʻike ʻia (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā biases e pili ana i ka makemake ʻepekema a me nā hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo). Eia naʻe, eia nō kēia ma nā noiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikepili a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea heluhelu e lawe i kēia mea i ka wā e wehewehe nei i ka ʻike. He ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka lāʻau hoʻohālike (ʻoiai ke kūpono no nā ʻano o ka nānā ʻana). Pono nā haʻawina o hope e hoʻohuli i ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa me nā kumu nui a ʻoi aku ka ʻelele (ʻoi aku ka poʻe o nā ʻenekele o ke kaiāulu ma mua o kahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai he ʻano like ʻole nā ​​ʻokoʻa.

Hōʻike ka hōʻike ʻana o nā haʻawina kiʻekiʻe ma VGFA-R a me ka IGD-20 ka pilikino i kēlā me kēia a ʻo kēlā me kēia hōʻike e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻike no ka hana pono no kēlā me kā lākou e loiloi ana i ka mea a lākou e manaʻo ʻia e loiloi ʻia. ʻO ke kumu ka mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pāʻani pili i ka hōʻike a me ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa e hōʻike ana i ka pakele ʻo ia ka mea koʻikoʻi e koi i ka pāʻani. ʻIke mākou i nā mākaukau ʻehā ma ke ʻano o ka VGFA-R (ʻo ia hoʻi, pakele, nānā, ʻike ʻole, ʻike ʻia) he mau mea kuhi ikaika lākou o ka manawa o ke kau e pāʻani ai ka mea pāʻani i kahi hālāwai pāʻani hoʻokahi (i ʻike ʻia e mau minuke e pāʻani ana i kēlā me kēia pā pāʻani. Hāʻawi i nā ʻike mai nā noiʻi mua a me nā ʻike mai ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, hiki i ke VGFA-R he mea waiwai ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hōʻeha ʻana o nā lapaʻau ʻana a me nā noiʻi hou aʻe e noiʻi ana i nā hana o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pāʻani no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka pilikia o ka pāʻani wikiō.

Ka'ōlelo Kaumaha

Komite Ethics: Jeanette Gommel (Ka Hoʻomehōka Hōʻahaʻo Polokalamu), ke Keʻena o ka Pūnaʻi ʻimi noiʻi, kūlike a me ka palekana, ka mahele o nā noiʻi noiʻi a me nā ʻano hana hou ʻana. Ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke kaʻina ʻae ʻana i loko o ka huaʻōlelo akā ua lawe ʻia nā mea ʻelua i ʻelua mau haumāna (nā haumāna ma ke Kulanui Midwestern - he leka uila leka uila i hoʻouna ʻia i kā mākou leka uila e kūkākūkā ana i nā kumu aʻo a me nā pono e komo ai, a ʻo Qualtrics kaiaulu ka papahana hōʻola). Ua ʻae ʻia nā poʻe komo i ka loulou i ka loulou inā makemake lākou e komo a pani ʻole i kā lākou mau polokalamu inā ʻaʻole makemake lākou e komo. Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka leka uila hou ʻia, ua lawe ʻia lākou i kahi ʻaoʻao ʻae ʻia e hōʻike hou ʻia ai lākou i ko lākou kuleana e komo a haʻalele i kēlā me kēia manawa me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole. ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou ka mea i komo a ʻike ʻole ʻia nā ʻike āpau. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā puʻupaʻa e pili ana (ʻaʻole maopopo mākou inā he mau haʻalulu ko mākou poʻe komo a ʻaʻole paha no ka mea ʻaʻole mākou i nīnau).

Nā mea kōkua i kākau

Hoʻokumu ka MS a me FB i ka noi ʻana a kākau i nā māhele i nā ʻōna. Ua kōkua ʻo MG me ka hoʻopuka a kākau i ka māhele kūkākūkā. Ua nānā ʻo EP a me MS i ka ʻike. Ua kākau ʻo MS i ka māhele hopena. Kuhi ʻo DL i ka hoʻomaka ʻana a hana i ka loiloi palapala.

Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana

Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.

E hoʻomaopopo '