Ke kuhi a me nā hanana diagnostics i kēia manawa no nā Disorder Gaming: He Nānā Kūikawā (2019)

Nā papahana

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wikiō wikiwiki ka wikiwiki e ulu nei ma nā wahi o ka honua e pili i ka poʻe o nā makahiki āpau. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o nā pūleʻa pāʻani pāʻani (e laʻa, console hoʻolaʻa, nā kamepiula pilikino, nā kelepona, papa, a me nā kamepiula) a me ka ulu ʻana o ka noi, ua kōkua i ka ʻoihana pāʻani e lilo i ʻoihana punahele maikaʻi loa (Kuss et al., 2017). Ua hoʻonui hou ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana me ka ʻenehana Pūnaewele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wikiō wikiō, e ʻoi aku ana i ka ʻike o ka pāʻani ma ke ʻano a me ka lawena ʻana. ʻO Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) a me Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā pāʻani e hoʻokūkū ana i nā kamaʻilio kūloko i kahi ʻenemi hohonu a me ka paʻakikī. ʻOiai ke pāʻani nei he hana ʻoluʻolu e hiki ke hāʻawi pū i nā ʻano aʻo.De Freitas a me Griffiths, 2007; Hainey et al., 2016), no ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā mea pāʻani e hiki ke hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hōʻailona me ka pili pono i nā mea e pili ana i ka waiwai. ʻOiai, ʻo ia ka pāʻani he hana hana wale nō no ka poʻe liʻiliʻi o nā poʻe e pāʻani nui nei a hoʻomohala i nā hōʻailona maikaʻiʻole, hopohopo ʻia ka lehulehu e pili ana i ka ʻatikala i ka pāʻani. no ka mea he hana maʻamau ka pāʻani ma nā hana pastime (Billieux et al., 2017; Griffiths et al., 2017). Eia kekahi, ua mau ʻia nā wikiō ma waena o kahi kūkākūkā lehulehu me ka pili i nā ola olakino e hiki ai iā lākou, akā ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ʻO ka pilikia i nā puke diagnostic ua hoʻonui i nā hopohopo makua a me ka lehulehu e pili ana i ka pāʻani nui (Ferguson, 2010).

I ka mea iʻike nui ʻia i kā lākou manual diagnostic no ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, ka DSM-5, (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013) i hoʻohui ʻia Pūnaewele Palekana Pūnaewele (IGD) i kāna hoʻopuka e like me ke ʻano e pono ai nā noiʻi hou aku. E like me ka wehewehe a DSM-5, ʻike ʻia ka maʻi lapaʻau o ka IGD e ka hoʻomau ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wikiō pūnaewele pūnaewele e hoʻokumu ana i nā pilikia nui me ka pilikino, kanaka pili, a me ka hana hana. Hālāwai ʻelima o kēia mau mana maʻi ma waena o 1 makahiki he hōʻike no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi: (a) nānā, (b) haʻalele, (c) kāhea, (d) hoʻomaha, (e) lilo o ka hoihoi, (f) hoʻomau ʻoiai ka ʻike pilikia pilikia, (g) ka hoʻopunipuni, (h) ʻano hoʻololi, a (i) hōʻino mea hana / hoʻonaʻauao / pili. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau palena o kēia mau loiloi diagnostic, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo “Internet” i ka pauku ʻana o ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani, ʻaʻole i ka koho ke hiki i ka pāʻani hoʻomohala ke hiki mai i ka pūnaewele a me ka wahoKirály et al., 2015; Kuss et al., 2017). Ma hope o kēia hana mua i ka American Psychiatric Association, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka World Health Organization (WHO) e kau i kahi maʻi loiloi o ka maʻi la. ʻO ka pilikia (GD) i kā lākou manual diagnostic, ka ICD-11. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi he GD ka pilikia o ka honua e pili ana i ka nui o nā puʻuwai noʻonoʻo (Kuss a me Griffiths, 2012). ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka hiamoe, ka hoʻomāinoino, kaohi i ka hana a i ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hoʻomaopopo, nā pilikia i ka pilina interpersonal, hoʻonui i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ke kaumaha, ka hana ʻino ʻana, a me ka huhū, aia wale nō kekahi o nā hopena koʻikoʻi no ka olakino psychophysical o kekahi kanaka e pili ana. e GD (Kuss a me Griffiths, 2012).

Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā noiʻi o mua i ka pilikia nui i loko o ka pā e hoʻowahāwahā nui ana i ka holomua noiʻi ʻo ka hapanui o nā haʻawina ua kiʻi mai i kā lākou ʻike mai nā kulekele ʻole kai a me nā normative.Kuss et al., 2017). ʻO ka hopena, ke ulu nei ka makemake i nā haʻawina hoʻokele ma ke GD, a ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi me nā ʻōiwi hauoli. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka nele o nā kaʻina hana maʻamau no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā maʻi ma GD, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hoʻoholo e pili ana i nā ala a me nā ʻōnaehana ma o ka poʻe noiʻi a me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa, me ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala heterogeneous a me nā kaʻina hana e hoʻowalewale ana i ka hoʻohaunaele nui a me ka hilahila hoʻi i kahi kahua ulu.Kuss et al., 2017). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nele o nā alakaʻi kūpono a me ka ʻae e hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi hoʻohālikelike o ka pilikia me ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, akā, ʻo ka hopena kū'ē e ʻike ʻole a ʻaʻole pono e mālama pono i ka poʻe e pono ana ka mālama mālama (Billieux et al., 2017; Griffiths et al., 2017). Ka mea, he kaʻao loiloi ʻōnaehana i mea nui no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana lapaʻau i māhele ʻia ma waena a me nā maʻamau o nā kauka, a no nā noiʻi hou ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hiki ke komo i nā kulekele GD maʻamau. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā kulekele i hiki ke hōʻemi i ka kānalua ʻole o nā hana ma muli o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka holomua o nā kulekele hou.Baker a me Feder, 1997; Fervers et al., 2006). Ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau ʻoihana loiloi me nā haʻawina hoʻokele (King a me Delfabbro, 2014; Kuss lāua ʻo Lopez-Fernandez, 2016; King & al., 2017; Zajac et al., 2017), akā, ua pili kēia mau loiloi ʻōnaehana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea maʻi i loaʻa me ka GD a me / a i ʻole ka loiloi ʻana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, me ka ʻole e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kaʻina loina.

I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā loiloi mua ʻana i kaupalena ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā haʻawina i komo ai nā hopena hopena (King a me Delfabbro, 2014; King & al., 2017; Zajac et al., 2017), a no laila, ʻaʻole ia i hāʻawi i kahi hoʻopiha piha a pau i ka ʻike o ke ʻano maʻi i hoʻopili ʻia, a ʻaʻole i manaʻo kēia mau noiʻi e hōʻoia i nā hopena hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i kēia mau noiʻi ua pono ke hoʻomaopopo i ke kaʻina hana a me ka hoʻoweliweli diagnostic e hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka poʻe me ka hoʻoiho pāʻani. I kū pili ai i nā haʻawina pili hou (Király et al., 2015; Kuss et al., 2017), ka noiʻi ʻana ma GD e pono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana a me ke kaʻina hana maʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pōʻaiapili. Eia kekahi, i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻikepili ikaika i ke kaʻina diagnostic o GD, pono e hoʻomaopopo a hoʻomohala i nā hana lapaʻau i kēia manawa e hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala ʻepekema. No laila, pono kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana, i hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hana lapaʻau maʻamau, aʻo ka ʻokoʻa a me nā hana hou e hiki ai ke aʻo ʻia a hohonu. No kēia kumu, komo pū nā haʻawina loiloi i loiloi i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana he mea nui ia e hana i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike piha ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana i kēia manawa.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā loiloi e pili ana i ka hana pāʻani me nā poʻe maʻi e pili ana i nā maʻi lapaʻau e pili ana i nā haʻawina i loaʻa i ka ʻikepili kuʻuna.King a me Delfabbro, 2014; King & al., 2017; Zajac et al., 2017). ʻOiai ke koi nei kēia mau koi i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻokūkū ʻano o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka GD, ʻaʻole ia i ka manawa e hoʻokomo i nā haʻawina kualima a me nā hōʻike hihia e hiki ai i nā ʻike kūpono e pili ana i ka ʻike kuʻuna o ka poʻe mea kūʻai aku me GD. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pono e ʻike i ka ʻikekahi i ka ʻāpana o ka maʻi diagnostic o GD (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka laʻana ʻoihana, nā hana diagnostic, nā limahana e pili ana, ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana, a me ke ʻano hana lapaʻau) pono ʻia e uhi i nā haʻawina i loiloi i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka nā maʻi maʻi haukapila. Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i kahi maʻi maʻamau, ʻo ka wehe ʻana i nā noi qualitative, hoʻokahi mau hihia a me nā hihia hihia e hiki ai i ke kūkulu i kahi wā ma waena o ka noiʻi a me nā hana lapaʻau. Ke manaʻo nei ka loiloi i kēia manawa e hoʻoponopono i kēia a hoʻopiha i ka lehelehe i ka ʻike ma o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili o ka maʻi kulekele, nā laikini diagnostic, nā hana hoʻoponopono, nā limahana hoʻonaʻauao i hoʻopili ʻia, a me nā hanana kūlohelohe pili i kau ʻia. ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea pono, nā hōʻike maʻi, a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻoneʻe (me nā limahana pili i hoʻohana ʻia) i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea maʻi GD e ʻae i ka hana ʻana i nā hana o kēia manawa no ka loiloi a me ka nānā ʻana, a hiki ke kōkua i ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻikepili ākea ma ka maʻi GD, aʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa i ka maʻi GD. . ^ E Ha yM. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka loiloi ʻōnaehana ma ka ʻano o ke ʻano lapaʻau a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā modalities o kēia manawa no ka GD e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā kulekele pono a me nā ʻōkuhi no ka poʻe hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Eia kekahi, e nānā kēia loiloi i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu a me nā ʻāina i hana ʻia nā haʻawina ʻoihana ma ke ʻano. He kūpono kēia ʻokoʻa no ka pae ākea o ka pae ākele ma waena o nā moʻomeheu (Kuss et al., 2014) a no ka mea, hiki i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu ke hāʻawi i nā manaʻo i nā hana pāʻani e pili ana i ka hana o ka nohona, nā kai like a me nā hana maʻamau.Kuss, 2013).

Pahuhopu

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, manaʻo ko kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana e hoʻolako i kahi kiʻi ākea ma ka moʻomeheu o nā kaʻina diagnostika o nā hana a me nā manawa a inā hoʻi i hoʻohana i nā mea maʻi GD ma ka hana lapaʻau. Ka mea, ua nānā pono mākou i nā haʻawina kualima a me ka quantitative i komo i nā poʻe maʻi me ka maʻi pāʻani, e nānā ana i nā kaʻina loea i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohālikelike ai a mālama i nā maʻi maʻi me GD, me ka ʻano moʻomeheu a me ka ʻāina kahi i hana ʻia ai nā haʻawina, nā mea hoʻohana i hana ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ka GD, ka. nā ʻōlelo maʻi, ka hana diagnostic i hoʻohana ʻia (me nā limahana pili i pili), a kau ʻia ka protocol mālama mālama ʻia.

hana

Palekana, hoʻopaʻa inoa, a me nā helu koi

Kūpono ka loiloi ʻōnaehana ʻōiwi i nā mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka maʻi me ka GD, a ua kau ʻia ma nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua a me ka helu kuʻikahi e wehewehe ana i nā hana diagnostic a intervention i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hana lapaʻau. Ua apono ʻia ka ʻōlelo PRISMA no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā loiloi ʻōnaehana helu (Liberati et al., 2009), a, ʻaʻole i kākau inoa ʻia ka protocol no kēia loiloi. Ke komo nei nā kikoʻī i hoʻopili ʻia e nā mea kākau ʻelua e pili ana i kahi kuʻikahi e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana a: a (a) e komo ai i nā mea lapaʻau a me / a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano olakino haukaʻa no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pāʻani; (b) e pili ana i ka helu kuʻuna a me / a i ʻole nā ​​kūhelu data; (c) i paʻi ʻia ma kahi nūhou i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka paʻahana; (d) i loaʻa ma ka piha o nā huaʻōlelo i loko o kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe (ʻōlelo a ka poʻe kākau ʻōlelo): English, German, Polish, and Italian.

Nā Waihona ʻikepili a me ka Hoʻolālā ʻimi

Ua ʻike ʻia nā pepa i loaʻa e ka huli ʻana i ka ʻikepili haʻawina Scopus, WoS, PubMed, PsycINFO, a me ka psycARTICLES mai Pepeluali a ʻApelila 2018. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi kānana no ka makahiki o ka hoʻopuka. Ua wehewehe nā mea kākau ʻelua i kahi papa inoa o nā huaʻōlelo Pelekane i ʻae ʻia no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā māhele ʻelua o nā huaʻōlelo (a me kā lākou ʻano. Ua loaʻa i ka hui mua nā huaʻōlelo penei: pāʻani * addict; pāʻani pāʻani pāʻani; pāʻani * pāʻani; nā pāʻani pāʻani; pāʻani * hilinaʻi; ka pāʻani pāʻani; koiuo * pāʻani *; koi · pāʻani; ke patula * 'o mū *; paleke * pā pāʻani; nā pāʻani lehulehu *; pāʻani pāʻani nui; pilikia pāʻani *; pilikia pāʻani. ʻElua mau huaʻōlelo e pili ana i kēia mau huaʻōlelo: klinik *; hoʻokolohua *; pono*; kuʻuna *; hoʻomanawanui *; psychotherap *; hooikaika *; taraiwa *; ʻōlelo '; kūleʻa *; aʻoi aku; Psychoeduc *.

Ke Hana ʻ Sellelo Hōʻailona a me nā ʻAna Hoʻohui ʻikepili

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hulina mua ma PsycInfo i nā pepa 106, ʻo ka lua o ka ʻimi ma WOS i loaʻa nā pepa 181, ua loaʻa ka noiʻi Scopus i nā pepa 181, i nā pepa PUBMED 13, a loaʻa, pepa 4 i loaʻa e ka huli ʻana ma ka psyARTICLES. Ma ka lua ona, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻia nā pepa kānalua, a no ka pālahalaha nui loa, huli kahi ʻimi e hoʻohana nei iā Google Scholar a me nā papa inoa o nā pepa ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻekolu mau pepa. Koho ʻia ke koho ʻana i nā pepa no ka loiloi ʻōnaehana ʻana me ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻokae ʻana i hoʻokō ʻia i hōʻike mua ʻia nei. Ma hope o ka hoʻolālā hulina i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kahe o ke kahe i loko Hōʻike 1, ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻatikala a me nā abstract i hoʻopau me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi nui o nā pepa 28.

Hōʻike 1. ^ E Ha yM. Kuhi kaila e pili ana i nā kulekele PRISMA (Liberati et al., 2009).

Nā ʻikepili helu, Ka pilikia o nā Bias, a me ka Synthesis o nā Hualoaʻa

ʻO nā ʻikepili e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu, nā mea kani i hoʻohana ʻia e ana iā GD, nā pae diagnostic, nā kaʻina hana diagnostic i mālama ʻia, a me ka protocol lapaau i noi ʻia mai nā noiʻi ʻana. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka ʻano exploratory o kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana a me ka ʻike ākea e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana o kēia manawa i noi ʻia i nā hoʻonohonoho maʻi me nā mea maʻi GD, ʻaʻole i kānana ʻia nā noiʻi e like me ko lākou ʻano, a noʻonoʻo ʻia nā loiloi qualitative a me nā nui. Eia kekahi, ua loiloi ʻia ka nānā ākea o ka hopena o ka bias ma waena o nā noiʻi e like me nā kuhikuhi PRISMA. Loiloi ʻia kēlā me kēia haʻawina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hana a Cochrane Collaboration (ʻO Higres a me Green, 2011) no ka nānā ʻana i ke kūpilikia o kēia ʻano biases: koho koho (e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hui a i ʻole hui); ka hana hana (e wehewehe ana i ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ka wawa a me ka loiloi ʻana i ka hui ʻana; hōʻike ʻike (wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana i ka hopena hopena); ka hoʻākāka hoʻāliʻi (e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana i ka hoʻokele o nā nalo, hoʻihoʻi a me ka ʻike kīnā ʻole). hōʻike hōʻike hoʻohaʻahaʻa (ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o nā kaʻina hana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hopena a me nā hopena). Hoʻokomo ʻia hoʻokahi hewa a oi aʻe paha Ka Papa Hana 1.

Kuhi ʻia i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka heterogeneity o ka ʻike ma waena o nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā ʻano noiʻi, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia kahi meta-analima a hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka ʻike ma o ka papa kuhikuhi a me kahi ʻano moʻoolelo e hoʻohana nei i kēia mau kumuhana: (1) ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o ka ʻāina. kahi i hana ai ka noiʻi; (2) nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e helu ai i ka GD; (3) nā hōʻailona maʻi no ka GD; (4) nā hana hoʻokūkū i hoʻohana ʻia; a me (5) ua noi ka protocol hoʻomalu.

Results

Ke koho koho ʻana a me nā ʻano

Ma kēia loiloi, ʻike ʻia ka pūʻulu hui mua o nā pepa 485 ma ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻōlelo huaʻōlelo ma ka ʻikepili ʻepekema. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka kahawai kaila, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pepa 225 no ka mea ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ua haʻalele ʻia nā pepa 88 no ka mea ʻaʻole GD, ua wehe ʻia nā moʻolelo 65 no ka mea he mau lawehala lākou i ka helu ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​loiloi puke (ʻaʻole nā ​​noiʻi ʻepekema i ʻike ʻia), 73 ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pepa no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i wehewehe i nā maʻi lapaʻau me GD, ua haʻalele nā ​​pepa 6 no ka mea ua kākau ʻia i kahi ʻōlelo ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo, a ua waiho ʻole ʻia ʻekolu mau pepa no ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka moʻolelo piha. Loaʻa kahi hapa o 28 noiʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā koina i hoʻopili ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia lākou i loko Ka Papa Hana 1. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻomaka nā lā lōlani mai 2010 a 2018 a loaʻa nā tauira haukapila me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi GD.

ʻO ka maʻi o kaʻikeʻole ma loko o kaʻike

Kekahi mau haʻawina (Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018; Deng et al., 2017; King & al., 2018) ua manaʻo ʻia no ka pilikia no ka koho koho ʻana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i manu koka ʻia ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua a i ʻole hoʻokolohua ai ʻole, a no ka mea, ua hana ʻia ka hui hoʻokolohua wale nō i nā poʻe maʻi e ʻae e komo mai kahi kaiaulu. Ma nā haʻawina āpau, ʻaʻole hiki ke kuhi i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hana no ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻina makapō o nā poʻe a me nā limahana no ka mea hoʻokahi wale nō o nā hui i loaʻa kahi kikowaena (e la. Ua hōʻike ʻia nō ka pilikia o ka ʻike ʻeha i loko o kahi haʻawina hoʻokahi (Eickhoff et al., 2015) no ka mea, pili wale nā ​​hopena i pili i nā hōʻike o ke ʻano ʻoihana ʻoihana nāna i hoʻokae. He mau mau haʻawina (Eickhoff et al., 2015; van Rooij et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018; King & al., 2018) hiki i ka pilikia no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻokoʻa no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻopapa ʻia nā ʻikepili, a i ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā helu i nele a ʻike ʻole paha. Kekahi mau haʻawina (Eickhoff et al., 2015; Park et al., 2016b, 2017; ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile, 2017) hōʻike i ka hōʻike hōʻike luhi no ka mea ʻaʻole ka ʻike āpau e pili ana i ka hopena a me ka loiloi ʻia o ka mālama nei i hōʻike ʻia, a no ka mea ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka nui o nā hopena.

Ke Kuhi o nā Hualoaʻa

Aʻo kēia loiloi e pili ana: (1) ʻo ia ka ʻāina i hoʻokele ʻia nā haʻawina a me ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ke ʻano moʻomeheu; (2) nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e helu ai i ka GD; (3) nā hōʻailona maʻi no ka GD; (4) ke kaʻina hana i hoʻoponopono ʻia i hana ʻia; a me (5) ua noi ka protocol hoʻomalu.

Hōʻike hanana

Mai nā loiloi o nā noi i komo pū ʻia, nā ʻano moʻomeheu like ʻole. ʻOiai ʻo ka loiloi e pili wale ana ma nā pepa 28, hōʻike nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina ma ka ʻāina o ʻAsia, me South Korea ʻo ia ka ʻāina kaulana loa me ka noiʻi 12. Elima mau haʻawina i hana ʻia ma Kina, ʻelua ma Taiwan a hoʻokahi i Iapana. ʻElima mau haʻawina i hana ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, a ua lawe ʻia ʻelua mau mea i Sepania, aʻo ke koena o nā haʻawina hoʻokahi i lawe ʻia ma Kelemānia, ma Netherlands a me Norewai. Ma ka hope loa, ua holo ʻia kahi haʻawina ma USA a ma Australia, kēlā. I ke aʻo ʻana (ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile, 2017), ʻo ka ʻāina kahi i hana ʻia ai ka noiʻi ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, e hōʻike ana nā hopena ʻoi loa ka nui o nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia, me ke kūleʻa ʻo Korea me ka mea i kuʻāina. Ua liʻiliʻi ʻia ka nui o nā haʻawina ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Aia aia ka ʻokoʻa nui o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o GD, e hōʻike ana i ka pono e noiʻi hou ʻia ka GD mai kahi ʻano kuhi palapala.

huahelu

Ma nā haʻawina i komo pū i kēia loiloi, ana ʻia ʻo GD me nā mea hana like ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina (n = 16) i hoʻohana i nā mea kūlike o ka GD, akāʻo nā mea laulā o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele. He ʻumikūmākahi mau haʻawina (Han et al., 2010, 2012a,b; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012, 2015; Park et al., 2016a,b, 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Nam et al., 2017) ua hoʻohana ʻo Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT; ʻO Young, 1996), ʻoiai ʻeono mau noiʻi i hoʻohana i kā Chen's Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS; Chen et al., 2003). ʻO ka IAT kahi nīnau inoa 20 e hoʻohana ana i kekahi mau ʻokiʻoki e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele. ʻEwalu mau haʻawina (Han et al., 2010, 2012a,b; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Park et al., 2016a,b; Lee et al., 2017; Nam et al., 2017) i mea i hōʻoki ʻia o 50, Kim et al. (2015) ua hoʻohana i kahi ʻokiʻoki o 70, ʻoiai i ke aʻo ʻana o Park et al. (2017), ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ke oki. ʻO ka pālākiʻi hoʻowalewale pūnaewele a Chen (CIAS; Chen et al., 2003) he mea hōʻike pilikino 26-item e loaʻa ana i ʻelima mau wahi o ka pili pūnaewele e pili ana i ka pono (ka hoʻohana 'ana, hoʻihoʻi, hoʻokaʻawale, ʻae ʻana, pilikia pili i ka pilina, a me ka hoʻokele ola). ʻEhā mau haʻawina (Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018; Deng et al., 2017) i loko o kēia loiloi i hoʻohana ʻia ke CIAS e noi ana i kahi hōʻoki o 67 no ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana, ʻoiai Ko et al. (2014) a Yao a al. (2017) ʻaʻole i hōʻike i kahi mea oki ʻia. Ua hoʻohana nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e loiloi ai i ka GD. Müller et al. (2014) ua hoʻohana i ka palapala hōʻike hōʻike 13-item no ka loiloi o ka pūnaewele pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele kamepiula (AICA-S; Wölfling et al., 2011) e loaʻa mai i nā mana o ka maʻi addict a hiki iā ia ke hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano GD i loko o kahi maʻamau (0-6.5 mau māka), nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa (7 – 13 kiko), a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka hoʻohaumia (≥ 13.5 kiko). Pallesen et al. (2015) ua hoʻohana i ka pākeke ʻo Game Addiction no nā ʻōpio (GASA; Lemmens et al., 2009) nā limahana o 21 i helu ʻia i kahi kāmele 5-point Likert e pili ana i ʻehiku mau wahi o ka hoʻohui (salience, ʻokoʻa, hoʻonaninani, hoʻoliʻi kūlohelohe, hoʻihoʻi, hakakā, a me nā pilikia), a me ka Pāʻani Pāʻani o ka pāʻani o ke Video Video (PVGPS; Tejeiro Salguero lāua ʻo Morán, 2002) nā mea e ʻeiwa i nā huahana dichotomous. ʻO ka ʻoki ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia e Pallesen et al. (2015) he helu i like a i ʻole a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka Pāʻina o ka Hoʻolaha Game ma ke ʻano he ʻōpio (GASA; Lemmens et al., 2009). Torres-Rodríguez et al. (2017) ua hoʻohana ʻelua ma ka palapala nīnau ʻĀina hōʻike e pili ana i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hōʻailona (CERV; Chamarro Lusar et al., 2014), a me ka hōʻike pūnaewele hōʻaele pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD-20 Test; Pontes et al., 2014). ʻO ka Nīnau Mua Pūnaewele Hoʻohuiʻauhau ʻAla Pūnaewele (CERV; Chamarro Lusar et al., 2014) is he 17-item 4-point Likert scale a hoʻohana i kahi ʻoki ʻoki a i ʻole a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 39, aʻo ka Pūnaewele Kuhi Pūnaewele Pūnaewele (IGD-20 Test; Pontes et al., 2014) is a 20-item self-report scale ma ke kikoo 5-point Likert me kahi hōʻoki ʻia o ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe a i ʻole a i like me 71. van Rooij et al. (2017) ua hoʻohana i ka pāʻani Hōʻikeʻike Hoʻolaha Lika (C-VAT 2.0) a me ka Pāʻani Hoʻohui Hoʻokipa Video (VAT; van Rooij et al., 2012). Pākuʻi ʻia ʻo ka haukapila ʻo The Clinical Video Addiction Test (C-VAT 2.0) ʻekolu mau nīnau e pili ana i ka pāʻani, a me nā nīnau dichotomous 11 e pili ana i nā hanana GD i hala iho nei e pili ana i ka paona 9 DSM-5 no IGD. ʻO ka pāʻani wikiō wikiō ʻokoʻa (VAT; van Rooij et al., 2012) he 14-item self-report scale ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka nui o ka hōʻino o nā ʻano mea pāʻani pāʻani pilikia (ʻoi aku, nalowale o ka hoʻokūkū, hakakā, preoccupation / salience, coping / mood modification, a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā hōʻailona).

ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile (2017) ua hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohālikelike Wīwī Palekana Pūnaewele (IGDS-SF; Sarda et al., 2016) e kiko ana i kahi hōʻike ponoʻenehana 9-kumuhana e pili ana i ka mana o ka DSM-5 i kāka ʻia ma kahi kiko 6 a mai ke 1 (ʻaʻole i pau) a 6 (pau loa). King et al. (2018) ua hoʻohana i ka papa inoa o ka Pūnaewele Kuhi Pū ʻIa Pūnaewele (papa inoa IGD; AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013) ka i hui ʻia ʻana no kahi hōʻike pilikino 9 ka helu i helu ʻia ma kahi ʻano dichotomous (ʻAe / ʻAe) e loiloi i nā hōʻailona IGD e like me ka DSM-5 IGD papa (preoccupation, tolerance, withdrawal, unsuccessful sukses to limit the gaming, frauding or make. wahaheʻe e pili ana i ka pāʻani, nalo i ka makemake i nā hana ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana ma ka ʻike o ka hōʻeha, hoʻohana no ka pakele a hōʻoluʻolu paha i ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka hōʻino. King et al. (2018) ua komo pū me ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Pūnaewele (IGWS; Flannery et al., 1999) i kā lākou haʻawina, kahi e ana ai i ka pinepine a me ka lōʻihi o nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka pāʻani, ka nui o ka leʻaleʻa o ka pāʻani ʻana i kona ikaika ikaika, hiki ke pale aku i ka pāʻani, a me ka ikaika holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hope, ʻekolu mau haʻawina (Mallorquí-Bagué et al., 2017; Sakuma et al., 2017; Yeh et al., 2017) i hoʻohana i nā kūkā haukapila semi-hoʻonohonoho me ka ʻenehana i koho ʻia a DSM-5 e like me ke alakaʻi ʻana a ʻoki ʻia i nā palena 5 a i ʻole he nui aʻe. Sakuma et al. (2017) Ua hoʻohana pū ʻo Griffith i ʻeono mau ʻāpana o ka mea hōʻalo ma ke ʻano he kulekele no ka nīnauele hoʻokolohua semi-hanganga (Griffiths, 2005).

ʻOiai ke nānā ʻia nei kēia loiloi ma nā noi he 28 wale nō, ma ke ʻano he heterogeneous a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono hana no ka loiloi o GD me he mea lā ma ke kahua lapaʻau. ʻOiai nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pono hana i pili i nā wā like ʻole i kākau ʻia ai a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā haʻawina, ua hoʻololi ʻia ke kaʻina loiloi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma mua a ma hope o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o ka DSM-5), e hōʻike pū ana hoʻi i ka lā, nā pae hoʻohālikelike a me nā kaʻana like no ke ana ʻana iā GD ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa, a ʻaʻohe ʻae ʻia i pili i kēlā mau mea. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau mea hana no ka ʻike maʻi ʻana i ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā ʻōuli o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka APA o ka IGD ma ka DSM-5, a i ʻole DSM IV-TR pae no ka hōʻino / hilinaʻi a me nā pathological piliwaiwai. Hoʻopilikia kēia mau ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka loiloi loiloi i ka loiloi a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka prevalence a me nā helu i loaʻa i nā haʻawina.

Ka Waihona Diosis

ʻO nā kaʻina ʻē aʻe a me nā ala e hoʻopili ai i nā kumuhana i loko o nā maʻi lapaʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā haʻawina. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina (Han et al., 2010, 2012a,b; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012, 2015; Müller et al., 2014; Park et al., 2016a,b; van Rooij et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Mallorquí-Bagué et al., 2017; Sakuma et al., 2017; Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2017) kiʻi i kā lākou mau ʻāpana mai nā kikowaena lapaʻau a mahele ma waena o nā mea lapaʻau i loiloi i nā mea maʻi no GD, a no kēia kumu ʻaʻole nui ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana i hōʻike ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻeiwa o kēia mau noiʻi (Han et al., 2010, 2012a,b; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012, 2015; Park et al., 2016a,b; Lee et al., 2017Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia kahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua me ke kūkākūkā kanalaka ʻo Structured no DSM – IV e loiloi i ka hoʻopili ʻana a me nā kulekele kulekele. ʻElua mau haʻawina (van Rooij et al., 2017; Mallorquí-Bagué et al., 2017ua hana) i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o kekahi koʻi DSM-IV kānana e hoʻokō e like me nā DSM-V koiʻa, aʻo nā haʻawina ʻehā (Müller et al., 2014; Park et al., 2017; Sakuma et al., 2017; Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2017) i hoʻohana i kahi loiloi loea e waho (i hana ʻia e nā ʻomaʻemaʻi a me nā psychiatrists) e wehewehe i ka paʻu hoʻohui komo e like me ka DSM-5.

Eono noiʻi (Pallesen et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018; Deng et al., 2017) ua hōʻike i nā mea i koho ʻia ma o nā nīnau ninaninau, nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha nūnū, a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kelepona, a hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaha seminal i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e loiloi ai i ka nui o ka hui ʻana o ka hoʻokā ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano o ka hana i wehewehe ʻia e nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā psychologists, ʻaʻole i wehewehe pono ʻia ka limahana o nā diagnostic. Pēlā nō King et al. (2018) nā ʻelele i hōʻike ʻia me nā pilikia pāʻani i wehewehe ʻia i kipa ma ke aniani i kipa i kahi pūnaewele e hoʻolako i nā kumuwaiwai e haʻalele ai i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pāʻani. Hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea hana psikometric me nā nīnau e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana e hālāwai me nā poʻe hui e hui i ʻelima a i ʻole nā ​​pae DSM-5 IGD a ʻike pono ko lākou mau pāʻani pāʻani.

ʻEhā mau haʻawina (ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Ko et al., 2014; Yao et al., 2017; Yeh et al., 2017) kiʻi i ko lākou poʻe i komo ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, a ma hope o ka loiloi ʻana i kekahi mau laʻana i ka hoʻokolohua, ua hana ʻia kahi nīnau e ka ʻepikemaʻikepili e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka IGD. Nā mea komo o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Nam et al. (2017) ua hōʻike ma hope o ke kūkā hauā ʻana me kahi psychiatrist. Eickhoff et al. (2015) i wehewehe i nā hihia o ʻekolu mau pūʻali koa i loaʻa ka maʻi mai ke GD ma o ka mea mālama olakino noʻonoʻo, ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻailona he nui i hoʻopili ʻia me kā lākou hana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā pūʻali koa ʻekolu i ka wā i hālāwai ʻia e nā limahana lawelawe koa. ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile (2017) ua hele i kahi hālāwai psychiatric e hana i kahi maʻi. Kim et al. (2013) ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ke kaʻina hana diagnostic i mālama ʻia i kā lākou aʻo ʻana, akā ʻo ke kāinoa diagnostic kā lākou i hoʻohana.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ke kaʻina āpau āpau, a ʻo ia kahi mea e pono ai nā kaupalena lapaʻau e hiki mai ana. ʻOiai ʻo ka loiloi ma muli o nā haʻawina 28 wale nō, he aha ka mea e kū nei, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i komo ai kahi nīnau ninaninau e alakaʻi ʻia ana e ka psychiatrist. ʻOiai he ʻaeʻae ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā limahana limahana e pili ana i ka hana diagnostic, ʻo ka mea o nā nīnau ninaninau a me nā pae o ka hoʻolālā ana e ʻike nui ʻia.

Nā Palapala Poʻomanaʻo

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina o kēia loiloi e hui pinepine ʻia nā ʻano koina no ka diagnose GD. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina (Han et al., 2010, 2012a,b; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012, 2013, 2015; Ko et al., 2014; Park et al., 2016a,b; Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018; Deng et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Nam et al., 2017; ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile, 2017; Yao et al., 2017; Yeh et al., 2017) ua hōʻike i ka manawa pāʻani ma ke ʻano he laʻana ʻo ka diagnostic, me ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi o kēia mau kūlana: (a) iʻoi aʻe a i like me ka pae ma waena o 2 a me 4 h i kēlā me kēia lā; (b) 8 h a i ʻole ka pāʻani i ka manawa pāʻani i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hopena pule; (c) ma waena o 14 a me 40 h ma kēlā me kēia pule. Eia kekahi, mau haʻawina (Han et al., 2010, 2012b; Deng et al., 2017; Yeh et al., 2017) wehewehe pū ka wā liʻiliʻi o ka mālama ʻana i kahi papa o ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma waena o 1 a me 2 mau makahiki.

Hoʻohana pū ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i nā pono DSM-IV no ka hōʻino kino mea.Han et al., 2010; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012, 2013, 2015; Park et al., 2016a,b; Lee et al., 2017; Nam et al., 2017), ke nānā aku nei i nā mea i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻino a i ʻole ka hopohopo ma muli o ka pāʻani wikiō pāʻani. He ʻumi mau haʻawina (Ko et al., 2014; Müller et al., 2014; Eickhoff et al., 2015; van Rooij et al., 2017; Deng et al., 2017; Mallorquí-Bagué et al., 2017; Park et al., 2017; Sakuma et al., 2017; Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2017; Yeh et al., 2017; King & al., 2018) ua hōʻike i ka mālama ʻana o ka IGD i ka hoʻomau ʻana ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻelima a i ʻole mau aʻeiwa paha o ka eiwa o ka DSM- (ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana a i ʻole a i ʻole ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani; hoʻohemo i nā hōʻailona; ke hana ʻole e hōʻoki a hōʻemi paha i ka pāʻani; hoʻolilo i ka hoihoi i nā hana ʻē aʻe; Hoʻohana ma ka hopena o ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole; e hoʻopunipuni ana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka nui o ka pāʻani pūnaewele; pāʻani e hoʻohana ai i pakele ai a hōʻoluʻolu paha i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole;

Ua hōʻike pū kekahi mau noiʻi i nā hōʻailona IGD kikoʻī i loiloi ʻia. Eickhoff et al. (2015) ua hōʻike i ka maikaʻi hana hana, ka uha ʻana, ka momona, ka ʻilihune, ka huhū a me ke kaumaha e like me ka hopena o ka pāʻani. ʻEhā mau haʻawina (Han et al., 2010, 2012b; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012) ka wehewehe i hōʻike ʻia e nā kumuhana nā makemake makemake i ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma kahi hiki ʻole ke hōʻemi i ka pāʻani. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka hana a i ka hana hoʻonaʻauao paha, hoʻopilikia ʻia o ka pilina o ka interpersonal, kahi kinai o ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā mele diurnal. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole a / ai ʻole i nā ʻano kū kūʻē ke noi aku kekahi iā lākou e hoʻōki i ka pāʻani. Kim et al. (2013) ua hōʻike ʻo nā maʻi e hoʻomau i ka hōʻike i nā hāʻule nui ma ke kūlana hoʻonaʻauao, social phobic a / a i ʻole he lethargic amio. Torres-Rodríguez et al. (2017) ua hōʻike i nā hihia hoʻomāʻeono ʻehā i lilo i ka huhū a hiki ʻole iā lākou ke pāʻani, ʻo ka mea i hāʻawi i kā lākou mau leʻaleʻa, ua pau ka launa pū me nā hoa, hoʻonui i nā hakakā ma ka hale, loaʻa ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, hoʻokaumaha lākou e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō, ka hilinaʻi kūlohelohe, a me kahi mea. ka hiki ʻole ke kāohi i kā lākou hana. van Rooij et al. (2017) hōʻike ʻo nā mea hoʻohana i mālama i ko lākou manawa āpau a waiho pū ma ke ʻano o ko lākou wā kula i ka pāʻani. Eia nō naʻe, ua pilikia ka hapa nui o nā mea maʻi me ka ʻohana a me nā ʻalā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe a ua emi hoʻi ka hana o ke kula. ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile (2017) ua hōʻike i kahi hihia no ka mea maʻi e hoʻonui mālie ana i nā hola o kēlā me kēia lā i nā hana pāʻani me ka hopena maikaʻiʻole o ka makahiki, ka manaʻo o ka nalo ʻana o ka mālama i nā hana e pili ana i ka pāʻani, ka haʻalele ʻana i kāna mau hana a puni ka hale a me kona pili ʻana i ka pilina (hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai kāna kapuwai. a nalowale ka hapanui o kāna mau hoaaloha pāʻani ʻole).

ʻO ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka nānā nui ʻana o ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka maʻi (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi e hana ana i ka hana / hoʻonaʻauao / pilina, nā hana hoʻohālikelike). ʻO kēia paha ma muli o ka mea i noi ʻia e kākoʻo ke kōkua loea i ka wā e alakaʻi ana ka ʻike pāʻani i nā mea nui i loko o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe o kēia kikoʻī kikoʻī, nā loiloi i komo pū i kēia loiloi e hoʻohana i nā hōʻokoʻa like no ka hoʻokae ʻana i ka GD. Ua hoʻohana kekahi mau noiʻi i ka ʻōlelo hoʻohana DSM IV-TR no ka hōʻino o ka mea, nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i nā koina IGD i ka DSM-5, a me kekahi mau noiʻi e pili ana i ka maʻi maʻi ma ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka pāʻani. ʻO ke kūlohelohe paha e hūnā ʻia nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole i nā manawa like ʻole i lawe ʻia a hoʻopuka ʻia nā ʻatikala. ʻOiai ma kēia loiloi ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā i ka pilina ma waena o nā manawa o ka paʻi ʻana a me ke koho ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi, ʻeiwa mau pepa i paʻi ʻia ma hope o 2015 (Kim et al., 2015; Park et al., 2016a,b; Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018; Deng et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2017; Nam et al., 2017), a hōʻike i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a me / a i ʻole nā ​​māka ma ka pūnaewele laulima nui e like me ke koi ʻana i ka diagnostic. Lawe lōʻihi nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā mea maʻi maʻi a no laila ua maʻamau ke hoʻololi i ka wā i hele ʻia ai ka ʻike a hoʻomaka ʻia paha ka ʻike. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana i kahi o nā loiloi diagnostic e hoʻokō ai nā kumuhana maʻi i mea e hana ai i kahi maʻi maʻi, hanaʻole e ʻike i ka hōʻoia a me ka hilinaʻi o nā hopena diagnostic no GD.

lapaʻau

He ʻumikumamāwalu mau haʻawina i alakaʻi i kahi hana no ka GD, a ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea (Han et al., 2010; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012, 2013; Eickhoff et al., 2015; Pallesen et al., 2015; Nam et al., 2017; Park et al., 2017; Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2017; ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile, 2017) i hoʻohana i kahi ala pilikino, i noi ʻia i nā poʻe maʻi maʻi, ʻokoʻa ʻehiku mau haʻawina (Park et al., 2016b; Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018; Deng et al., 2017; Sakuma et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2017) nā mea hoʻohana i hoʻokūkū hui, a (Han et al., 2012a) hana lāʻau no ka ʻohana.

Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau pilikino e ke ʻano a me kekahi mau mea, e hoʻohana ai i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa psycho-hoʻonaʻauao, mālama ʻana i ka hiamoe, a me ka noʻonoʻo maoli ʻana o ka maʻi (Kim et al., 2013; Eickhoff et al., 2015; Park et al., 2016b; Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2017). ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka maʻamau maʻamau ʻo ka Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) no ka maʻi pilikino (Kim et al., 2012; Pallesen et al., 2015; Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2017; ʻO Vasiliu a me Vasile, 2017), A Yao a al. (2017) a Park et al. (2016b) i hoʻohana ai i kahi hui hoʻoweliweli hui. Pane aku ka CBT mai 8 a hiki i ka 10 i nā papa, a ua mau kēlā me kēia ma waena o 1 a me 2 h. ʻO Craving Behaviour Intervention (CBI) ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui maʻamau e lilo ana i ka 2.5-3 h o kekahi mau papa kumuhana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i: (1) e hōʻoluʻolu ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, (2) i kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hana i ka home mai ka hālāwai hope loa, (3) a hana hana nui, (4) kahi pōkole puʻupuʻu, (5) a me ka hana hana i ka hale. Elima mau noiʻi i hoʻohana i kahi hōʻiliʻili laila. ʻO ka hapanui kēia e pili ana i ka mālama mālama bupropion (SR).Han et al., 2010; ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Nam et al., 2017), oiai Park et al. (2017) pharmacotherapy hoʻohana me kahi serotonin reuptake selective a.

ʻO nā haʻawina a pau 18 i hoʻohana i ka hana lapaʻau i hōʻike i ka hōʻemi o nā hōʻailona o ka GD a me / a i ʻole ka leʻa o ka pāʻani e hōʻoia i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana. I kēia mau ʻeono,ʻO Han a me Renshaw, 2012; Kim et al., 2012; Nam et al., 2017; Sakuma et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2017; Yeh et al., 2017) ua nānā pū i nā hōʻailona palekana olakino e like me ke kaumaha, impulsivity, hopohopo, manaʻo paʻa, a me ka leʻaleʻa ola. Eia kekahi, i ʻelima mau haʻawina (Han et al., 2010; Park et al., 2016b; Zhang et al., 2016a,b, 2018) nā loiloi neuropsychological i loiloi ma fMRI. Han et al. (2012a) ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kō ʻana o ka ʻohana, ʻoiai Kim et al. (2013) hōʻike i kahi holomua i ke kākau a me ka hiki ke ʻōlelo. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā loiloi loiloi āpau e hōʻike ana i ka huli ʻana i ka holomua o nā mea maʻi me GD, e hoʻomākuhi ana i ke ʻano o ka pono o nā wawao e kōkua i ka pilikia pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka pāʻani.Griffiths et al., 2017).

Lawe pū ʻia, nā hopena e hōʻike ana i ka noiʻi lāʻau lapaʻau mua e hoʻohana i nā kikowaena CBT a me ka psycho-pharmacotherapy. Eia nō naʻe, ke komo ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻikepili a me nā hōʻike kulekele hōʻike e hōʻike ʻia nei nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, e like me ke aʻo ʻana no psycho-hoʻonaʻauao, ʻekaumaha hiamoe a me ka hoʻonaninani ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli, i kēia manawa i ka hana lapaʻau. Manaʻo ia i kēia paha he mea pono e nānā hou i nā hana lapaʻau e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana ai a hōʻoia i nā alakaʻi kūpono pono a paʻa.

kūkākūkā

Mai ka wehe o ka DSM-5 mau hopena diagnostic no IGD ma 2013, ua puka mai ʻo ia ka hapa o nā haʻawina ma muli o ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻike o GD (Griffiths et al., 2016). No kēia kumu, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia loiloi ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hopena o nā haʻawina i hoʻohana i nā kumuhana i hōʻike ʻia me GD. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ulu ʻana i kahi kiʻi piha o nā hana lapaʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia mau ʻāina i kēlā me kēia mau ʻāina ʻē, pono ia e komo pū me nā haʻawina kualima a me ka quantitative i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻōkuhi hana GD ma ka pūnaewele a me ka pūnaewele hoʻi, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i nā haʻawina e komo ai i nā hopena lapaʻau. Ua hū ʻia nā hopena o kēia noiʻi i ka ʻike ʻana o nā haʻawina 28 i hohonu hohonu a unuhi ʻia i pili i: (a) ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu kahi i hana ʻia ai nā haʻawina; (b) nā ana o ka GD; (c) nā palena maʻa no ka maʻi maʻi; (d) ke kaʻina hana i hoʻoponopono ʻia; a (e) ua noi ʻia ke protocol mālama mālama ʻia.

Ka Hōʻuluʻulu o nā hōʻike

Ma nā ʻōlelo o ka nohona moʻomeheu, ua hōʻike pono nā hualoaʻa i ka hapanui o nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia (ʻo 20 nā loiloi ma ka huina o 28), me ka hapalua i alakaʻi ʻia ma South Korea. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i nā noʻonoʻo ʻana ma mua e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻōkole hōʻike (Király et al., 2015; Kuss lāua ʻo Lopez-Fernandez, 2016) ka mea i hōʻike i ka holomua o nā kulekele e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻenehana ma Korea Hema, nāna i hoʻokumu i kahi kikowaena a me nā ʻoi nui e hana pū ai me ka pilikia e hoʻomaka ana ma 2002, ʻoiai i ka US a i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia ka maʻi GD. e ka pōʻai kālā olakino.

E pili ana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi ai i ka GD, ʻo ka ʻāpana kūlike ka mea i manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ke kūkā ʻana (King & al., 2013) i ʻike ʻia o nā pono hana 18 no ka loiloi o ka GD symptomatology, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi me nā mea maʻi haukapila e hoʻohana i nā hāmeʻa laulima ma lalo o ka pūnaewele, e like me ka IAT (ʻO Young, 1996), a me CIAS (Chen et al., 2003). He kūlohelohe paha kēia hilahila no ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi lapaʻau e pili ana i ka manawa lōʻihi e hoʻopaʻa ʻia a paʻi ʻia, a no kēia kumu ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i loaʻa ai i kēia manawa ma muli o nā ʻano a me nā kuleana e hiki mai nei i kēia ʻano he loiloi, akā he mea maʻamau a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kula. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hāmeʻa ʻokoʻa pili honua ma ke ʻano he hopena e noʻonoʻo ai i ka GD he subdomain o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele. ʻO kēia hihihi, nā mea i loaʻa mai ke kumu noʻonoʻo o ke ʻano nui o GD (Puka a me Griffiths, 2014), ua hoʻonui ʻia e ka DSM-5 o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo "Internet" i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā koʻī o GD. ʻOiai i kēia ʻano hoʻomanawanui, ʻike mau i ka pehea o ka noi ʻana e hoʻohana ana i nā pono hana GD ma ka hana diagnostic e hoʻonui ai i nā mea, a me kēia mau mea hana: AICA-S (Wölfling et al., 2011), GASA (Lemmens et al., 2009), PVGPS (Tejeiro Salguero lāua ʻo Morán, 2002), CERV (Chamarro Lusar et al., 2014), IGD-20 Hōʻike (Pontes et al., 2014), VAT (van Rooij et al., 2012), a me IGDS-SF (Sarda et al., 2016). Eia nō naʻe, e noho mau ana ka hopena o ka nui a me ka nui o nā mea hana pono ʻole ke kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi kūlana maʻamau no ka loiloi. Ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi neʻe i mua e pili ana i ka nīnau no ke ana van Rooij et al. (2017), ka mea i hana i ka hoʻokahiki haukapila o ka C-VAT 2.0, e hoʻohana ana i kahi hōʻike kulana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i ka nānā ʻana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā maʻi i loaʻa me ka GD. ʻOiai ʻo nā mea hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei i hōʻike i ka waiwai psychometric maikaʻi, e like me ka hilinaʻi a kūkulu ʻia i ka hōʻoia, ʻo ka C-VAT 2.0 wale nō i hōʻike i ka hopena lapaʻau maikaʻi.

Ma nā mea i hōʻike i ke kaʻina, hiki i ka paʻakikī ke kiʻi i kahi kiʻi holoʻokoʻa o ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kumuhana, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe maʻi e kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i nā kikowaena maʻi a laila hoʻi hou ʻia no nā pahuhopu aʻo, ʻaʻole i ukali ʻia e ka hui noiʻi ma o ka ke kaʻina hana āpau. ʻOiai i kēia kau palena ʻana, hiki ke loaʻa nā manaʻo hoʻonani hoihoi i ke kaʻina hana i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia mau noiʻi lapaʻau. ʻO kahi mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina ʻo ia kahi nīnauele (me nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻokolohua) me ka poʻe loea e like me ka psychologist a i ʻole a psychiatrist a i ʻole ka loiloi ʻana o ka limahana multidisciplinary i mea e pono ai no ka maʻi maʻi. I loko o nā haʻawina he nui, ua loaʻa i kahi ʻikepili ka hana no ka loiloi ʻana i ka mana o ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana i nā poʻe i hui no ka ʻimi noiʻi, a hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he hana maikaʻi no ka loiloi piha.AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013). ʻO kekahi mea e noʻonoʻo ai ʻo kaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka nui o nā haʻawina i hoʻohana pinepine i nā pono diagnostic o DSM-IV-R i kā lākou loiloi ʻana a aia i kekahi o nā hihia ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou i nā koina DSM-5. Na kēia hōʻiliʻili mai nā mea maʻi i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā kikowaena kikowaena ʻia ma mua o nā kūmole DSM-5 a hoʻokuʻu ʻia, a i kekahi mau hihia, ua hoʻopuka ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻōmole hōʻike ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka manual diagnostic hou. Hoʻomaopopo hou kēia ʻano i ka mea nui e hana i nā hoʻokele pinepine pinepine i nā ʻenehana haumanu e hiki ai i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā loiloi hou diagnostic a hoʻokumu i kahi kūlana kūʻokoʻa no ka loiloi a me ka nānā ʻana o ka GD (Kuss lāua ʻo Lopez-Fernandez, 2016; Kuss et al., 2017).

Hoʻokaʻa ʻia ka pili o ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā koʻo DSM IV-TR no ka hōʻino a me ke hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea waiwai a me ka hilinaʻi. . ^ E Ha yM. Aia he liʻiliʻi nā haʻawina (ʻumi i kēia loiloi i kēia manawa) i hoʻohana i nā kuleana DSM-5 e wehewehe i ka maʻi ma ke ʻano: (a) nānā, (b) haʻalele, (c) ʻae ʻia, (d) hoʻomaha, (e) lilo o makemake, (f) hoʻomau no ka pilikia, (g) hoʻopunipuni, (h) loli hoʻololi, a me (i) hana hōʻino / hana / pili. Ma kahi o nā kikoʻī DSM, ua hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i ka hele ʻana o nā mea iʻike ʻole ʻia a i ʻole ke kaumaha no ka poʻe videogames e like me nā mea diagnostic a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wikiogame me kēia mau ʻoki ʻoki: (a) ʻoi aku ka nui a like paha me kahi ākea ma waena o 2 a me 4 h i kēlā me kēia lā; (b) 8 h a i ʻole ka pāʻani i ka manawa pāʻani i kēlā me kēia lā i ka hopena pule; a (c) ma waena o 14 a me 40 h o ke pāʻani i kēlā me kēia pule. Ua hōʻike pū kekahi mau haʻawina hihia i nā maʻi me ka maʻi GD i ʻike i kēia mau hōʻailona: ka heʻe o ke kula a i ka hana ʻana, ka hewa maikaʻi, ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā pilina interpersonal, hāʻawi ʻia i kahi hopohopo, hana ʻino ʻia nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā mele diurnal, nā manaʻo ʻino, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano kūʻē. o ke noi e pani i ka pāʻani, a me ka hoʻoluhi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā hana pili pili i ka pāʻani. Eia ka hope, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā noi i ka huki a me ka hoʻohaʻomaʻi ʻana i nā hōʻailona no ka ʻae ʻole ʻana o nā ʻepekema ʻokoʻa a hiki i kēia lā (Király et al., 2015). Wahi a, nui nā manawa i paʻi ʻia e noʻonoʻo pono. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia, ʻoiai, ua wehewehe ʻia a hoʻokele ʻia inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā palena DSM-5. He kūpono ke kūpono i ka neʻe ʻana o ka maʻi a me ka mālama ʻana i ka GD i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, e lilo ʻo ia i pololei a kūpono hoʻi me ka wā e hala ai ka manawa. Eia nō naʻe, inā i kēia manawa hiki ke mālama i kahi heterogeneity koʻikoʻi o nā kaʻina i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā i hala, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o DSM-5 a me ka ICD-11, aia paha he meaʻino paha i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka uhaʻi nui ʻana i ka wā ʻoi.

Hōʻoia ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ke alakaʻi mau nei nā alakaʻi o ka DSM i ka maʻi a me ka mālama ʻana. Inā i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka maʻi GD ma mua e alakaʻi ʻia ana e ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā koina no ka hilinaʻi o nā mea, ua hoʻokomo pono ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka IGD i ka DSM-5. Eia nō naʻe, mai ka loiloi o nā hualoaʻa, ʻike ʻia e pono ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia o nā loiloi diagnostic i loko o nā hoʻonohonoho maʻi. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo pono i ka demarcate i nā hana pathological mai nā mea pili ʻole aku. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻike hoʻohālike e ke ʻano laʻana o ka nui o ka manawa e pāʻani ai. ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i kēia loiloi i hoʻohana i kēia mākeke no ka maʻi o GD, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ma mua e pono i nā mea pāʻani ma ke ʻano he nui nā manawa pāʻani (Faust et al., 2013), akā ʻaʻole kēia e kuhikuhi i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea pono (Kuss et al., 2012). Ma kēia loiloi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hiki ke huli i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a me nā hewa maikaʻi ʻole i hui ʻia e nā psychologists a me nā psychiatrists. Eia nō naʻe, e hohonu iho nā noiʻi o hope i kēia kaʻina hana no ka mea nui o ka waiwai nui e ʻike i ke kaʻina hoʻonaninani a me nā kikoʻī, a me nā wahi i ʻoki ʻia. ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona e noʻonoʻo ai, ʻo ka hilinaʻi o nā ʻoihana maʻi diagnostic e pili ana i ka manawa a me nā manawa. No ka mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ke kaʻina hana ʻoiau pono, pono hoʻi i nā maʻi ke hilinaʻi a kū like paha i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma hope o nā manawa pōkole, a i ʻole hoʻi e ʻōlelo hou ʻia e nā poʻe like ʻole (e like me, nā limahana ʻoihana like ʻole) a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano like ʻole (like. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka heterogeneity o nā mea hana, nā loiloi diagnostic a me nā hōʻoki e hoʻowalewale ana ke kaʻina hana hoʻokalakupua. Wahi a ia, aia kahi koi o nā haʻawina e kuhikuhi ana i ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā koi o GD.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao hope i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kēia loiloi loiloi he kaʻina lawaiʻa. Nā hopena i hōʻoia i nā loiloi mua e pili ana i nā haʻawina mālama i IA a me GD (King a me Delfabbro, 2014; Kuss lāua ʻo Lopez-Fernandez, 2016; King & al., 2017; Zajac et al., 2017), e kuhikuhi aku ana i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau koʻikoʻi maʻamau ʻo CBT (a me kona mau ʻano) a me ka psychopharmacotherapy. Ma kahi e pili ana i kēia ʻano me kēia loiloi, ʻo ka hana ma ka lāʻau lapaʻau ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā ala like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā hōʻike noiʻi. Kekahi mau haʻawina (Kim et al., 2013; Eickhoff et al., 2015; Park et al., 2016b) i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kanaka hoʻokahi a hui pū paha: nā aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo hoʻonaʻauao, ʻaila hiamoe, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maoli ʻana ʻo ka moʻo. Ua loaʻa i ka hana maʻemaʻe ka hana a ke ʻano kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka GD no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia nā pāʻani pō i ka pō pōkole i ka hana o ka hana a me ke olakino. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ke hiamoe he ʻano hana like ʻole e kōkua ai i nā mea maʻi e loaʻa i nā hana hiamoe maikaʻi. Eia kekahi, he ala psychotherapy ka Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana kūloko maoli a he ʻekolu o nā kaʻina hoʻomaha, ka simulate o kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa, a me ke kōkua ʻana o ka puʻuwai kōkua, kōkua i ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka hōʻeha GD. Hope, Kim et al. (2013) hōʻike ʻo pehea ka pōmaikaʻi o nā haumāna me GD i ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka hana kākau ʻana a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano hōʻike i haʻi ʻia mai ka pāʻani. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano ma waena o nā loiloi ʻōnaehana ma mua a ʻaʻole i hoʻākāka ʻia ʻia nā ʻano aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo maʻamau no GD. No kēia kumu, pono e kāhea i kahi kāhea e koho ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pāoʻi ʻana a pau e lawe ʻia e nā mea lapaʻau ma ka honua a me nā mea maʻi GD. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona luhi ʻana a hōʻoia i kona hōʻoia ma o nā loiloi hou a me ka meta-analyses. Ma kahi kahua hou e like me ke GD kahi o ka hopena diagnostic a me therapeutic e hoʻomau nei, e hoʻomau nei ka pilikia, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka huakaʻi ma waena o nā ala like ʻole ma waena o ka poʻe i hana mua i ka haukapila i kēlā me kēia lā a ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻoia i ka kūleʻa o nā lāʻau mālama a mālama i ka noiʻi ʻana. e pale ʻole i ka holo.

hoʻokau

Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hopena o kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana ma ka mālamalama o nā palena o ke aʻo ʻana. ʻO ka palena mua ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea i paʻi ʻole ʻia. Hiki i kēia ke hana i kahi bias paʻi e pili ana i ka maʻamau e paʻi pinepine i nā hopena maikaʻi. ʻO kekahi palena kūpono e pili ana nā pepa wale nō i paʻi ʻia i kekahi mau ʻōlelo i hoʻohui ʻia i ka loiloi. Hiki i kēia ke kāpae i kekahi mau pepa pili i kākau ʻia i nā ʻāina Pelekane ʻole i hōʻike i nā hopena i kā lākou ʻōlelo makuahine. Eia kekahi, he wehewehe a hoʻolālā wale nō kēia loiloi ʻōnaehana a ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o nā kaʻina hana diagnostics a me ka lapaʻau. Pono nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana e hoʻāʻo e hana i kahi loiloi kikoʻī o nā noiʻi hoʻokolohua, a pono e kau nui i nā ʻaoʻao hoʻokolohua o GD e hoʻokumu i nā kulekele a me nā kaʻanalike no nā mea hana.

Nā hopena a me nā hopena

Mai ka loiloi ʻana o nā haʻawina loea, he nui ka heterogeneity i ke koho ʻana o nā mea pono, i nā hana hoʻonaninani. Inā he lula ka "lūlū" no ke kahua GD (ka laha o nā DSM-5 paipai)Kuss et al., 2017), aia nō paha ka hopena i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka IGD-11 i nā hopena like. No kēia kumu, pono ia e hana i kahi kumu maʻamau no nā poʻe noiʻi hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau a hiki i ka hōʻuluʻulu a me ka ulu i ka mahina. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā kaʻina hana maʻamau ma nā kānaka lapaʻau me GD e like me he mea nui ka pono no ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana. E pili ana i nā manaʻo politika, pono ke hoʻonohonoho i nā protocols o ka launa pū me ka papa aupuni a me nā honua āpau e hoʻokumu i nā kikowaena mālama a me ka pale ʻana ma nā wahi a pau o ka honua i mea e wikiwiki ai ke kaʻina hana hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā kulekele no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā poʻe maʻi me GD.

Nā mea kōkua i kākau

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo SC i ka papa hana mua o ka kākau ʻana, ua hana i ka ʻike a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pepa e hoʻopili i loko o ka loiloi ʻōnaehana. DK nānā a hoʻonohonoho i ka hana holoʻokoʻa, mākaukau, kākau, a hoʻoponopono i ka kākau.

hoʻolako 'ia o

Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia aʻo ʻana e ka Nottingham Trent University's Kickstarter Grant of the Department of Psychology.

Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana

Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.

Nā mea hou

Hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kōkua hou no kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele ma: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00578/full#supplementary-material

Ka Pakuhi S1. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili o nā noi.

E hoʻomaopopo '