Nā DSM-5 hōʻike i ka pilikia o ka Internet Gaming Disorder:ʻO kekahi mau mea e hiki ai i ka hoʻoholoʻana i nā pilikia a me nā mea e pili ana ma ka pāʻani kaiapuni (2017)

E pane i ka ʻōlelo

Daria J. Kuss Nāʻike e pili ana

¹Unit Pūnaewele ʻIno ʻ Researchlelo Pūnaewele, Keʻena ʻikepili, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
* Mea kākau mea kākau: Daria J. Kuss; Unit Pūnaewele ʻImi ʻ Gaminglelo Nui, Ke Kulanui ʻĀina, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; Kelepona: + 44 115 848 4153; I leka uila: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]

ʻO Mark D. Griffiths Nāʻike e pili ana

¹Unit Pūnaewele ʻIno ʻ Researchlelo Pūnaewele, Keʻena ʻikepili, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

Halley M. Pontes Nāʻike e pili ana

¹Unit Pūnaewele ʻIno ʻ Researchlelo Pūnaewele, Keʻena ʻikepili, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

* Mea kākau mea kākau: Daria J. Kuss; Unit Pūnaewele ʻImi ʻ Gaminglelo Nui, Ke Kulanui ʻĀina, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; Kelepona: + 44 115 848 4153; I leka uila: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]

https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.032

He ʻatikala wehe ʻia kēia i hāʻawi ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻōlelo o ka Creative Commons Attribution License, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, ka hoʻolaha ʻana, a me ka hana hou ʻana i kekahi ʻano no nā kumu kūʻai ʻole, ke hāʻawi ʻia ka mea kākau kumu a me ke kumu kumu.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

ʻO ke kuhikuhi ʻana o DSM-5 o ka Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) i alakaʻi i kekahi mau pilikia a me nā hopohopo a mākou e hōʻike ai i loko o kā mākou pepa hou (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017). Ua pane ka poʻe loea i ka papa i kā mākou loiloi i kēia mau pilikia i loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo ʻeono.

Nā Papahana

Ma kēia pepa, hāʻawi mākou i nā pane i ʻeono o nā haʻi ʻōlelo e neʻe ai i ka hana ʻepekema i mua. ʻO nā pane a pau i kā mākou pepa kumu i hōʻike nui i nā manaʻo manaʻo, ka manaʻo, a a / ai ʻole nā ​​pilikia me nā pilikia i manaʻo ʻia me ka maʻi kumu ʻo IGD i manaʻo ʻia e like me ka DSM-5. Hoʻonohonoho mākou i kekahi mau ala i mua i ka hoʻokolo ʻana i nā pilikia a me nā hopohopo ma ke kula haʻawina pāʻani.

Results

Hōʻike mākou ʻoiai ʻaʻole he stigmatizing gaming per se, ʻo ka hana a nā ʻepekema a me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ke kūkulu i kahi hoʻokaʻina hoʻokaʻawale loa ma waena o kahi e hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pāʻani akā ʻaʻole pilikia ka pilikia a me kekahi e ʻike i ka hōʻino nui i ko lākou mau lā maʻamau ma muli o kā lākou pāʻani pāʻani nui ʻana. Pono ka kuleana e hōʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻolaha kaulana e wikiwiki wikiwiki ana e kūkulu i ka panika kūpono ma kahi o nā ʻano pāʻani, e pili pono ana i nā noiʻi ceri-picking kikoʻī a me nā ʻina noiʻi e kākoʻo ana i ko lākou poʻo poʻo.

Panina

Pono ka poʻe noiʻi, nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa, nā mea pāʻani, a me nā mea hoʻolaha e hana pū a me ka laulima e kūkulu i ka ʻike maoli a me ka ʻike piha ʻana o ka pāʻani e like me ke ʻano maʻamau, leʻaleʻa, a pinepine e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pū i ka hanana ʻana o ka nohona, a no ka mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻohana nui e pili ana me ka ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona pili e pili pono i ka pono o ke kākoʻo ʻoihana.

Keywords: Pūnaewele Palekana Pūnaewele, ka pāʻani pīhili, ʻike,, DSM

ʻO ka maʻi DSM-5 o kēia manawa o ka Internet gaming Disorder (IGD; AhaʻAmelika Pūkamai 'Amelika (APA), 2013) ua alakaʻi i ka nui o nā pilikia a me nā hopohopo i hōʻike ʻia i ko mākou pepa ma kēia hope aku (ʻO Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017).). Ua pane nā poʻe loea ma ke kula i kā mākou loiloi o kēia mau pilikia, a ʻo nā pane a pau i kā mākou pepa kumu i hōʻike nui i nā manaʻo manaʻo nui, theoretical, a / a i ʻole a i ka hopena metodologis me nā palapala ʻaʻōlelo IGD i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me ka DSM-5. Ma nā mea aʻe, e pane mākou i nā ʻatikala, a ke lana nei ka ʻōlelo ʻepekema e pili ana i nā pilikia i pili ʻia e kōkua i ka neʻe ʻana i ka papaʻepekema i mua a no ke kākoʻo hope ʻana i kēlā poʻe e pono ai i ka kōkua ʻoihana e pale i nā pilikia e pili ana i kā lākou pāʻani pāʻani nui e lilo i kumu ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻopilikia i ko lākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā.

ʻO ka hapanui o nā manaʻo - e pili pū ana nā Starcevic (2017) a me Van Rooij a me Kardefelt-Winther (2017) - hoʻopiʻi i nā manaʻo like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā pepa i hala. Aloha Hou (2017, p. Hōʻike ʻo 2) ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka IGD i loko o kahi pūʻulu hoʻohui i ka "ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana no ka mea e pili i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kumuhana ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe no ka pāʻani pilikia, e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo he hopena paha kēia o ka hana maladaptive a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka hālāwai i nā pono kūikawā"(Kardefelt-Welther, 2014).). Eia nō naʻe, e like me Griffiths (2017) i ʻōlelo ai, he nui - inā ʻaʻole ka hapanui - nā mea hōʻalo (inā pili i ka lāʻau a i ʻole ʻano hana) he hōʻike ia o ka hana maladaptive coping a no laila ʻaʻole kēia he hihia o "kekahi / a i ʻole" i kēia ʻano kikoʻī. Nā noiʻi empirical hou loa na Kuss, Dunn, et al. (2017) Eia kekahi ke kuhikuhi aku i ka hana dysfunctional i wānana nui i ka Pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani, e hāʻawi ana i ke kākoʻo no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā maʻi i ka lawenae hoʻoili, me ka pāʻani. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka maʻi hoʻonaninani pilikino no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea a pau Khantzian, 1985, 1997) a ʻaʻole ia i lawe i ka mea kūpono a i ka nui o ka nosological a me nā mea pili kino. No kēia kumu, IGD as a maladaptive coping behaviance kūpono i loko o kahi ʻano hana hoʻoiho a ʻaʻole hōʻoia i kona kūlana e like me ka maʻi kino o ka maʻi e pili ana i ka mea liʻiliʻi o nā poʻe.

Aloha Hou (2017) nānā pū i ka poʻe e hana ana i ka hana IGD a ka mea e manaʻo nei i ka IGD ma ke komo ʻana ke manaʻo nei he hana hoʻomau ka pāʻani e hana nei i ke ʻano o ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā hōʻailona hoʻoluhi. ʻAʻole kēia ko mākou ʻike a manaʻoʻiʻo wale mākou ua hōʻoia maoli kēlā mau mea i ka ʻike lawena hoʻihoʻi i nā hōʻailona hoʻoiho inā ʻaʻole hiki ke komo pū i ka pāʻani, akā ʻaʻole pono nā manaʻo e pāʻani nā mea pāʻani i nā mea pāʻani e pale ai i nā hōʻano hoihoi (ʻoiai ʻaʻole kuhi ʻole i ka hiki ke hoʻomau i kekahi hana nā mākeke i kēia).

Hoʻoholo mākou me Starcevic i "ulia ʻole ka maʻi maʻamau a me ka holomua, inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia”(P. 2) a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pāʻani pāʻani nui he episodic a transient. Eia nō naʻe, i nā hihia e like me kēia, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻākāka ka ʻano he mea hoʻohui. Ua hōʻike maoli mākou i kā mākou mau pepa i hala mua e hiki i kekahi mau mea pāʻani ke pāʻani ikaika loa me ka ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻana i kekahi mau pilikia nui a ʻoiai nā pilikia kīnā maoli a pau he pilikia, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea pāʻani pilikia āpau i loaʻa i ka addiction (Griffiths, 2010b).

Aloha Hou (2017) hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻi inā ʻo ka pīpī pāʻani ka hopena o nā psychopathologies ʻē aʻe a laila ʻaʻole pono e nānā ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hōʻā maoli. Ua waiho ʻia kēia paio e Kardefelt-Winther et al. (2017) akā, i ka pane i kēia, ʻo Griffiths (2017) i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo nā mea ʻona maoli ʻē aʻe (e laʻa, ka inu ʻona a me nā maʻi piliwaiwai) ʻaʻole i hoʻēmi ʻia e like me nā mea addicts inā aia kekahi mau comorbidities lalo. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻano addicts e nā ʻano o ka lawena ponoʻī a me nā hopena, ʻaʻole nā ​​kumu kumu. Ma waho o kēia, hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike maʻi inā loaʻa kekahi maʻi noʻonoʻo, ʻo ka hiki ʻana o nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ka maʻa mau, ʻaʻole ka mea ʻē aʻe, a paʻa kēia i nā mea ʻelua ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka Pūnaewele a me ka psychopathology hōʻalo pāʻani (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2015) a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe (Starfield, 2006).

ʻO ka pilikia o ka "hoʻohaʻahaʻa" a me ka "haʻalele" ke kumu nui o ka IGD (a me nā mea hou aku ka nui o nā mea) i hāpai ʻia e Starcevic (2017).). Ma muli o kēia mau wehewehe maopopo loa o ka pili ʻana i ka waiwai me ka hoʻohuihui ʻole ʻia ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻomaʻamaʻa pono i ka hana hoʻomohala. No mākou, ʻo ka mea nui ka hopena o ka manaʻo e like me "ke kāhea" a "haʻalele" i ke ʻano o ka noiʻi hou ʻana e hōʻike ana i kēia mau mana i loko o ke ʻano o ka IGD.Aliʻi, 2017; King & Delfabbro, 2016).). No ka laʻana, ʻaneʻane he iwakālua mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hōʻike ʻo Griffiths i kāna mau haʻawina hoʻokolokolo e hoʻokahi ʻano o ka hoʻomanawanui i kū hoʻokahi i nā mea hoʻolako pūnaewele ma ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā lako kamepiula a me nā lako polokalamu (Griffiths, 2000).). No laila, makemake mākou e hui pū me Starcevic (2017) i ka ʻono o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka hoʻomanawanui i ka DSM-5 ka lawa (no ka mea pili wale ka hoʻomanawanui i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia ma mua o nā hana ʻē aʻe e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻomanawanui)

Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻae mākou me Starcevic i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka DSM-5 "he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka heterogeneity”(P. 2) i hāʻawi ʻia he ʻelima wale nō mau ʻona DSM e pono e hōʻoia ʻia e ʻike ai i ka IGD. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka noiʻi a me ka ʻike ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea nui i ka “kumu” (ma ke ʻano he peripheral) nā loina ʻo ka IGD e kōkua maikaʻi i nā mea a pau e hana ana ma ka hana ʻoihana IGD. Aloha Hou (2017) ke hoʻohiki nei hoʻi ʻo ka poʻe i ka mahina e neʻe e haʻalele i kahi "papa inoa loiloi" no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ua hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he hopena ʻoi loa kekahi o ka maʻi o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka papa inoa loiloi. Manaʻo mākou he mea kōkua hou aku i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā additions e pili ana i ka maʻi maʻi (Shaffer et al., 2004) a maopopo holoʻokoʻa nā mea e hoʻopili ai i nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia ma ko lākou mea like ʻole.Griffiths, 2017).

ʻO Van Rooij lāua ʻo Kardefelt-Winther (2017) e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea he nui i kūʻē iā lākou i mua o kā lākou kākau mua. Hōʻike lākou i ka hoʻokele IGD "nele i ka manaʻo kumu, nā wehewehe, a me ka hōʻoia 'ike' ia a me nā mea loiloi 'ana kūpono”(P. 1). Mākou maoli ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka lehelehe he nui ʻekekema, nui loa nā wehewehe, a ma mua o 20 psychometrically i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mana (King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Pontes, 2016). No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kēia, kālele ʻo Kardefelt-Winther i ke kākau ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻopuka a me nā loiloi a nā kānaka noiʻi e ʻohiʻohi ana i ka ʻikepili ma IGD ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kāna ʻikepili ponoʻī e pili ana i ke kumuhana. Research Trail (2014 – 2017) ʻaʻole i ʻike i nā ʻikepili mua hou i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma IGD, akā he mau ʻōlelo aʻo nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe: e ʻike https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Kardefelt-Winther/publications].

ʻO Van Rooij lāua ʻo Kardefelt-Winther (2017) e hoʻopili i ka IGD me ka "maʻi kino hou”(P. 1). Eia naʻe, he mea hou wale nō ia ma ka ʻōlelo a kāna ʻōlelo a me ka hoʻokomo iā DSM. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka IGD e pili ana i nā maʻi pāʻani ma waho o ka pāʻani, nā noiʻi hopuna kikoʻī āpau i pili i ka maʻi a me ka mālama ʻana (ma ka hana maʻamau cognitive-behavioral therapy) i loko o ka palapala noʻonoʻo no ka mau makahiki he ʻumi. Nā mea mālama, 1990; ʻO Kuczmierczyk, Walley, & Calhoun, 1987).). ʻOiai ʻo Van Rooij lāua ʻo Kardefelt-Winther (2017) pololei i ka haʻi ʻana ua ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia nā mea loiloi loina i hōʻoia ʻia i nā mea maʻi me ka IGD, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻaʻole lākou e komo i nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hihia ma mua a me nā ʻākana. No ka laʻana, nā mea i haku ʻia e mākou iho. Demetrovics et al., 2012; ʻO Pontes, Király, Demetrovics, & Griffiths, 2014) ua hilinaʻi i kekahi ma nā ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i waena o ka poʻe e noi ana i ka mālama ʻana no ko lākou hoʻohui i ka pāʻani (ʻoiʻi, Beranuy, Carbonell, & Griffiths, 2013; Griffiths, 2010b).

ʻO Van Rooij lāua ʻo Kardefelt-Winther (2017) e kuhikuhi i kā lākou pepa hou e koi ai i ke kī.ʻAʻole naʻe mākou e maopopo i ka maikaʻi e wehewehe pono ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana a hoʻohana paha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana"(Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017, p. 2). E hoʻopaʻapaʻa mākou, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea kākau i manaʻo ʻia kahi manaʻo maikaʻi loa pehea e wehewehe ai lākou i ka IGD. He mea ʻaʻole a mākou e ʻae ai e like me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i loko o kahi pepa i nā mea āpau a pau mākou i luna (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻO Griffiths, Kuss, Lopez-Fernandez, a me Pontes, i ka nūpepa).). Manaʻo mākou ua lawa nā hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike hewa ʻaʻole lawa i hoʻokumu i ke alo o ka IGD, akā ua paʻi ʻia nā pepa epidemiological āpau ma ka proviso akā ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka IGD ma ia mau haʻawina wale nō hōʻike, a ʻo ia nīnau ninaninau hohonu ʻo ia wale nō ke ala e hoʻokūpaʻa ai me kahi kūpono maoli e waiho nei ʻo IGD i kēlā me kēia kanaka kikoʻī. ʻO kā mākou manaʻo ponoʻī ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka māla IGD i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano mea hōʻalo ʻē aʻe (e laʻa me ka inu ʻona ʻana, ka ʻona ʻana o ka cocaine, a me nā maʻi piliwaiwai) a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pepa i paʻi ʻia he hōʻike hōʻike pilikino i koho ʻia iā ʻoe iho e hoʻohana ana i nā laʻana pono. . Eia nō naʻe, ke piʻi nei ka nui o nā pepa ma ka IGD me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe (e laʻa me nā noi neuroimaging), a hōʻike pū kekahi e pili ana ka IGD i nā mea ʻaloʻalo maʻamau e pili ana i ka neurology a me ka psychobiology (ʻike. ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; ʻO Pontes, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2017).

ʻO Van Rooij lāua ʻo Kardefelt-Winther i ka ʻōlelo (2017) ke hōʻike nei i ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina e hana ana i ka noiʻi ma ka "? o ka lehulehu lehulehu”(P. 3). ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kēia, akā ʻaʻole like kēia ʻO nā mea e hōʻike ʻia nei nā maʻi epidemiological (inā paha ma ka IGD a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻē aʻe i hoʻohui ʻia) ʻo ka hapa nui o ka heluna o ka heluna kanaka ʻaʻole pilikia no kēlā me kēia, akā he mea liʻiliʻi kekahi ala liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole hiki i kahi loiloi ke hōʻike piha i kahi pilikia maoli. Kahi ʻia kēlā mau noiʻi i hōʻike wale ʻia i ka palahalaha o kahi maʻi maʻamau. ʻO ke kumuhana nui e pili ana i kēia wahi inā paha ia mau maʻi a maiʻaʻa paha. E like me kā mākou ʻōlelo ʻana ma ke ʻano he komo pū ʻana paha ka World Health Organization i nā pāʻani pāʻani i ka hoʻopuka hou ʻana o ka International Classification of Diseases (Aarseth et al., 2016), e like me kā mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe palena liʻiliʻi o nā hihia e pono ai ke ʻike ʻia no kahi maʻi e hoʻonaninani ʻia e like me kēlā (Griffiths et al., I kaomi).). Lawe mākou i ka ʻike he nui mau hōʻike hōʻoia i hoʻopuka ʻia mai kahi kiki kikiniki e hōʻike ana i ka IGD (e hoʻohālikelike ai, Pāka, Lee, Sohn, & Han, 2016; Sakuma et al., 2017; Yao et al., 2017; ʻO Young, 2013). He aha ka maopopo o ka ʻokoʻa o nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ka periphery (a he maʻi ʻino ia, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna), akā like ka hopena o nā hopena ma nā hihia (ʻo ia hoʻi, he hopena psychosocial maikaʻi ʻole ka pāʻani ʻana. nā wahi nui o ko ke ola mau kanaka). ʻO Van Rooij lāua ʻo Kardefelt-Winther (2017) hōʻoia pū i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa like i hoʻohana ʻia e Aarseth et al. (2016):

"Eia kekahi, aia nā pilikia maoli i ka hana ʻana i kahi maʻi hou. Manaʻo mākou ʻo Kuss et al. (2016) mai noʻonoʻo piha i ka hopena o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi maʻi kūleʻa e loaʻa i nā mea pāʻani ma nā wahi āpau. ʻOkoʻa ka pāʻani ʻana mai nā hana hoʻomāinoino i nā lāʻau i loko o ia kekahi o nā leʻaleʻa makemake nui ʻia no nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me nā hopena maikaʻi a olakino maikaʻi e pili ana iā ia ... No laila, inā mākou e hoʻolālā i ka pāʻani nui ma ke ʻano he maʻi a i ʻole kahi hana leʻaleʻa maʻamau. e hopena i ka lehulehu o nā mea pāʻani a me nā ʻano o ko lākou mau mākua.”(P. 3)

Ua noʻonoʻo maoli mākou i ka hopena ākea a ʻaʻole loa mākou i haunaele i ka "pāʻani nui" me ka pāʻani pilikia a me / a i ʻole a me nā pāʻani pāʻani (i ʻike ʻia ʻo Van Rooij lāua ʻo Kardefelt-Winther e hana ma ka paukū i ʻōlelo ʻia i luna). Ua paʻi mākou i nā pepa he nui i ka hopena o nā pāʻani e pili ana i nā waiwai o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā ʻenehana. De Freitas & Griffiths, 2007, 2008; Griffiths, 2002, 2005b, 2005c, 2010b; ʻO Griffiths, Kuss, & Ortiz de Gortari, 2013, 2017 - papa inoa piha o nā pepa i loaʻa ma ka noi) me ka ʻike ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili a me ka moʻomeheu o nā pāʻani no ka mea pāʻani gamele hoʻokahi (Griffiths, 2010b; Kuss, 2013a, 2013b).). Mālama kā mākou noiʻi i kahiʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pāʻani nui / nui ākea, ke pāʻani pilikia, a me ka pāʻani addictive. Ke kau nei kēia mau mea a pau i ka hoʻomau no ka pili ʻana i nā pāʻani pili i nā pāʻani pili. Mau poʻe liʻiliʻi loa e kā mākou iho ponoʻī waiwai hāʻawi nā mea pāʻani pathological.

I ka lawe ʻana i ke kahua i mua, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi o nā hana nui i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi pepa ʻē aʻe ʻo Kardefelt-Winther et al. (2017) hoʻopuka hou ʻia e ʻōlelo nei e holomua ana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hana ʻona. Kardefelt-Winther et al. (2017) ʻehā i hāʻawi i nā mana e wehe ai ka ʻehā a i ʻōlelo ʻole e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohālike e like me ke ʻano he hana hoʻohālikelike.

Kauka (2017) hoʻohewa ʻekolu o nā pae hoʻohālikelike ʻehā ma ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e like me nā mea ʻaloʻahia (a) loaʻa pinepine i nā pathology comorbid ʻē aʻe, (b) hana me ka makemake (e laʻa me ka lawe lāʻau ʻana a me ka piliwaiwai), a (c) hoʻohana pinepine i ka hana ma ke ʻano he he ala o ka ʻaʻa ʻana. Inā hoʻohana ʻia nā pae hoʻokahakaha no nā hana hoʻohana ʻole i nā mea hoʻohana i nā lāʻau, he kakaikahi ka poʻe e ʻike ʻia he addict. I ka pōkole, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokau ʻia nā pae hoʻohālikelike i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohaunaele i ka lawena.

Kahalal (2017) ua hoʻohālikelike nei ka noiʻi ʻana ma ke ʻano o ka IGD i ka ulu nui ʻana, ka nui me ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kāna ʻano methodological (e pili ana i ka data epidemiological a me ke kuʻikepili), a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, e hōʻike ana i kahi (a) i loaʻa ka IGD a me ( ') ia "kumu no nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole no ka nalowale i ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou pāʻani pāʻani a no ko lākou kaiāulu”(P. 1). Hoʻomaopopo mākou me kēia ʻike o ka pilikia. Nā ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana o ka noiʻi (e hoʻohālikelike ai. ʻO Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, & Billieux, 2014) ua hōʻike mua ʻia he nui o nā haʻawina epidemiological e loiloi ana i ka hoʻohui pūnaewele ʻana o ka Pūnaewele a me nā haʻawina pāʻani, ʻo ia hoʻi nā haʻawina Lunamakaʻāinana, a e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke ʻano ʻoihana noiʻi ma mua o ka wā ma mua. Ma kahi o kēia, ua loaʻa ka poʻe i loaʻa i ke kōkua no ko lākou mau pilikia e pili ana i ka IGD e ʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hopohopo a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma kā lākou kula, ʻoihana a me ke ola pilikino, e alakaʻi ana iā lākou e launa me nā mea mālama lapaʻau kūikawā (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2015).). Eia hou, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka noiʻi neuroimaging noiʻi ma ka wahi o ka Pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pāʻani (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a; ʻO Pontes et al., 2017), ke hōʻoia nei o ka IGD e like me nā mea pili i nā mea pili i ka molekil, neurobiological, a me nā pae cognitive-behavioral.

Eia nō naʻe, nā pilikia metodologis a me ka nāwaliwali o ka noiʻi o kēia wā e pili ana i nā hoʻolālā koho e loiloi ana i ka etiopathology, a ua ʻike ʻia nā noiʻi noiʻi e like me ke koʻikoʻi ʻana e Müller (2017).). I kēia manawa, ʻo King et al. ((2017) ua loiloi i nā hana e pili ana i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka IGD mai ka manaʻo o ke ao holoʻokoʻa e hoʻohana ana i nā kumuhana CONSORT i hoʻohana nui ʻia, e hōʻike ana i nā pilikia me ka noiʻi a hiki i kēia lā, ʻo ia hoʻi (a) kahi ala kūpono ʻole e pili ana i ka wehewehe, ke nānā ʻana, a me ke ana ʻana, pilikia e pili ana i (b) randomization, ( c) kaohi, a (d) ka wehewehe hoʻohālike, e hoʻomau i ka pono e hoʻomohala i ka hoʻokokoke noiʻi kūpono a hilinaʻi nui loa e pili ana i ka ʻike piha ʻana o ka IGD a pehea e kōkua ai i ka poʻe e koi ana i ke kākoʻo ʻoihana.

Kahalal (2017) kau kaumaha hoʻi i ka pono o nā hoʻokolohua diagnostic no IGD i ka ʻike noiʻi e like me ke hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pono kūpono a i ʻole ka hopena e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau pilikia metala a hāʻawi i nā hoʻohālikelike i nā haʻawina. Ua ʻae mākou i kēia loiloi e like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia nei ʻo ka nui o nā pono diagnostic no ka hiki ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi e hōʻole nui i ka holomua ʻepekema i kēia wahi ((Kuss et al., 2014), ʻo ia ka hihia ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻia ʻana o nā kikoʻī IGD pule mua a ka APA 2013, hoʻopilikia maikaʻi e pili ana i nā wānana lahilahi. ʻOiai wale nō ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻimi noiʻi i nā ʻano like like a me nā ʻokiʻoki i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka pilikia o ka IGD mai kahi ʻike olakino noʻonoʻo honua, me ka ʻole o ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i nā lako heterogeneous e hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano pinepine ʻole. Ma kahi o kēia, ʻae aku mākou me ka luhi ʻana i ka mana o ka hoʻokūkū e koi ana i ka hoʻokolokolo ikaika ma waena o nā hui like ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā mea e hoʻonui ai i ka kū ʻana i ka diagnostic, e hoʻolilo ana i ke ala no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mana e hoʻokau ʻia.

Ma kahi o kēia, Müller (2017) ʻae i ka manaʻo o ka APA e pili ana i ka IGD a hoʻowahāwahā i nā hana ʻē aʻe pūnaewele e ʻike ʻia ana he mana hoʻohālikelike kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ka pūnaewele pili pūnaewele, ka ʻike pūnaewele pūnaewele, a me ka hana hoʻomau. Ua ʻae pū pū mākou i kēia paio. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka noiʻi mua ʻana i ka ʻaelike pūnaewele ʻo ia paha ka pilikia i liʻiliʻi no ka hapa liʻiliʻi o nā mea pāʻani (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b) a pono e nānā kūʻokoʻa i ka IGD, e like me nā hanana ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i pilikia e like me ka pili ʻana i ka moekolohe sex (Griffiths, 2012), nā kāhuna mākeke kūʻai pūnaewele (Andreassen et al., 2015), a me ka hoʻohui mea hoʻopili pūnaewele (Griffiths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014). No ka laʻana, ua kūkulu hou mākou i kahi nui o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka pūnaewele ʻoihana pūnaewele (SNSs) e alakaʻi i nā hōʻailona i ka pili o nā mea pili i nā mea pili i nā mea i pili.ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2017). Ma muli o kēia ʻike e pili ana i ka mea hoʻohui i ka moʻomeheu o kēlā me kēia lā a me ke ʻano o SNS, ua neʻe ʻia ka poʻe me ka makaʻu ʻana i ka nalo a me ka ʻike mau ʻana o ka pilina ma o ka ʻenehana kelepona hele, i alakaʻi ʻia i mua ʻole. nā hana hoʻohālikelike a me nā koi kanaka koi, a no ka mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻohana nui SNS e hopena i ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kōkua ʻoihana (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2015). Hāʻawi ʻia nā SNS i nā mea pāʻani, a ua pili ʻia ka pāʻani me ka pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo, ʻae mākou me Müller (2017) ke ʻōlelo nei e pono i nā hopena, nā mea like, nā mea like a me nā kūlike o ka IGD a me nā ʻano pilikia e pili ana i ka pilikia.

Eia kekahi, Müller (2017) kāhea i ka noiʻi e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka ʻikepili ʻikepili e hoʻomaopopo i ka IGD. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā noiʻi i ka pilina o ke ʻano kaiāulu a me ka ʻike pili ʻana i ka pāʻani. Kuss, 2013a, 2013b) ke kaumaha ma muli o ka noiʻi interdisciplinary e pili ana i ka pūnaewele, ke kamaʻilio ʻana, ka ʻike kanaka-kamepiula pili pūnaewele, a me nā haʻawina pāʻani. Eia kekahi i kēia, anthropological (Snodgrass, Dengah, Lacy, & Fagan, 2013) a me ke ʻano o ka ethnographical (Karlsen, 2013; Kuss, 2013a) he mea pono no ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale paha lākou i nā mea hoʻoiho papaʻa ʻana, ka papa hana pāʻani a me nā mīkini, ʻike ʻia nā hopena uku maikaʻi a me ke ʻano o ka pāʻani o ke kanaka hoʻokahi a me ke kaiāulu pāʻani, a pehea e hopena ai kēia mau hopena i ka pāʻani pilikia.

Quandt (2017) hana i nā ʻāpana ʻelua i manaʻo ai mākou e pane. Hoʻomaopopo ka mākau mua i nā pilikia ma ka pae wehewehe, me Quandt (2017) ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ka ʻike noiʻi e ʻike i nā ʻike he nui e ka mea hiki ke lilo i nā poʻe i ka pili, e hāʻawi ana i nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i nā kahua, nā alawai, a me nā ʻano pāʻani, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea ke ʻano o ka waihona mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe a me nā kumu pāʻani e pili ana, nā hana hoʻokūkū like, me nā pūnaehana uku, moʻolelo a me nā kiʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona. Quandt (2017) ka kuhikuhi i ka interplay ma waena o ka moʻolelo, nā hana, a me ka ʻikepili e like me nā mea nui e pono ai ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pōʻaiapili o kahi maʻi IGD. Hoʻopili kēia me nā mea i hāpai aʻe ma luna e pili ana i ka pono o ke aʻo interdisciplinary o ka pāʻani a me ka pāʻani pāʻani e pili ana i nā ʻano aʻoaʻo like ʻole, e like me ka media, ke kamaʻilio a me nā haʻawina pāʻani, anthropology, a me ka ethnography (Karlsen, 2013; Kuss, 2013a; Snodgrass, et al., 2013). No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka maʻi āpau e hopohopo nui nei, pono ke ʻano o ka nohona ʻōpio o ka pāʻani e like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka elucidation, a me ke ʻano o ka pākuhi no ke kanaka hoʻokahi a me ke kaiāulu pono e nānā pono. Ua kūpono kēia i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ka pahuhopu i nā kumu a me nā hopena i loko o ka IGD, e like me ka hōʻike pono ʻia e Quandt (2017), ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia e hoʻokō pono ai i nā hana he nui i ke ola o kēlā kanaka, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia i kaupalena ʻia, e lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he kāpena hakakā i nā pilikia maoli.Kuss, 2013a; Kuss, Dunn, et al., 2017).

ʻO ka lua kahi i pili i ka manaʻo o “ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi ʻano pilikino e like me ka maʻi"(Quandt, 2017, p. 2), kahi manaʻo hana i koho ʻia e nā kānaka noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka ʻike o ka hiki ʻana i nā mea ola maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā.Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, 2015). Quandt (2017) kū maikaʻi "ka ho'ākāka 'ʻana i kahi mea' ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui e hoʻopilikia ai i ka nui o nā kānaka i ka stigmatizing iā lākou a me ka hoʻolaha"(P. 1), ka mea e alakaʻi ai e wehe i ka"ka puka no ka mālama pono ʻana ma nā laina o nā ʻano i hoʻoholo ʻia ma nā pōʻai (a i ʻole nā ​​pae ʻē aʻe)”(P. 2). Hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo he laina maikaʻi ma waena o ka "mālama hoʻokele" a kākoʻo i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lehulehu i nā hoʻoholo i ko lākou ʻano a me kā lākou poʻe keiki. No ke ʻano, ua pau nā makahiki no nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā pāʻani ma nā ʻāina he nui. ʻO ka Panina ʻAlani Pan European Game (PEGI) he papa pāʻani pāʻani e pili ana i ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa (PEGI, 2017), ʻoiai ka Papa Hoʻolālā Polokalamu Hoʻolaha (ESRB) e pili ana i ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (ESRB, 2017). Ka papa like lāua ʻelua i nā kulekele e pili ana, me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻikepili, ka mea e hōʻike ai i ka pono o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani kūikawā no nā ʻōhua like ʻole. Ma kahi e kāohi pono ʻole i nā ʻano makemake ʻole ʻē aʻe, kākoʻo kēia mau hui i nā ʻohana e hoʻoholo ana i nā hoʻoholo ma o ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka ʻike pili. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pāʻani pāʻani i ka pili ʻana i nā hōʻailona pili i ka lawena a me ka hopena ʻana i nā hopena olakino olakino no ka mea liʻiliʻi o ka mea hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻohana ma mua o ka pono e alakaʻi i ka hopena kūpono a me ka pono o ka mālama ʻana i nā pilikia hopena, ma mua o ka hana me ke ʻano o ke alakaʻi pono ʻana . ^ E Ha yM. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i ka stigmatizing kanaka, hiki i ka maʻi maʻi ke destigmatize kanaka nona ke kumu o nā hopena hopena hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka kaʻe ʻana o ka neurobiology, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka maʻi maʻi maʻamau, a lawe aku i ka hōʻino mai ke kanaka. ((Kuss, 2013b). E hoʻonui i ka hilinaʻi, ka makemake e hoʻololi, a me ka hopena maikaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka mālama ʻana (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2015).

Malika (2017) kūkākūkā i ka hana o IGD a me kona hiki i ka mālamalama o nā hana hana a me ke kūpaʻa o ka maʻi. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi mau ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻike pāʻani e pili ana i kā lākou diagnostics implications [ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike avatar, kumu, ʻano pāʻani wikiō, a me ka ʻano pāʻani (online / offline)]. Ua kuhikuhi ʻo ia i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka manaʻo manaʻo o ka IGD i hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui ʻia i nā puke (eg, Griffiths et al., 2016; Pontes et al., 2017). He mea pono ke hoʻomohala ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka paakū eiwa o ka IGD he hana nui a ka lolo hana e pili ana i nā hālāwai maʻamau a me nā kūkākūkā kamaʻilio ma ka manawa o 5 mau makahiki me nā lālā o 12 a me nā loea 20 o ka hana hoʻonaninani hana i hana ʻia e ka APA (Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Ke hoʻomohala nei i nā pono IGD, ua nānā ka APA ma luna o nā hōʻike mana 250 e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka pāʻani wikiō (Petry & O'Brien, 2013; Petry et al., 2014). ʻOiai heʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia mau ʻenehana IGD eiwa “i loaʻa i ka hapa nui mai ka hōʻike a Tao et al. (2010) i hoʻohana i kahi kaʻina hana e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke kūpaʻa diagnostic"(Petry et al., 2014, p. 2), ʻeiwa mau aihui IGD i hoʻomohala a ua ʻōlelo ʻia e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau mea a me nā pono kīleʻa pili pāʻani, ʻoiai e hoʻomaopopo nei he ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana o ka IGD.Petry et al., 2014).

Malika (2017) Kāpae kekahi o nā krehana IGD "ʻoi aku ka kūpono o kahi maʻi hoʻomohala ma mua o kahi maʻi no ka poʻe pākeke"(P. 1) a me kēlā"Ma kahi no ka maʻi ʻōpio ʻo ka IGD ʻaʻole no nā poʻe ʻōpio”(P. 2). Kūlike ʻole ʻia mākou ma kēia ʻano i hōʻike ʻia na ka nui o nā haʻawina empirical a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi noiʻi o ka hiki ʻana o nā loiloi i loko o nā ʻano o nā makahiki ʻokoʻa like ʻole. Ko et al., 2014; ʻO Pontes et al., 2014). ʻOiai ka ʻike maoli ʻana no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā koina diagnostic, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi e kākoʻo ana i ka manaʻo he IGD a he ʻōlaʻi a me ka ʻonaʻohana e pili ana i ka mea liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka ma waena o nā ʻohana like ʻole. Eia kekahi, he mea nui hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo i kēia mau ʻike i ka ʻole e hoʻopuka hou aʻe i nā stigma a me nā stereotypes pololei e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka wikiō.

Malika (2017kau nā manaʻo i ka "hiki i ka paila no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hanana”(P. 1). ʻOiai he nui nā loea (e, Sinclair, Lochner, & Stein, 2016) (me mākou iho) ʻaelike me kēia ʻōlelo, manaʻo mākou ke hōʻike wale nei kēia e pono e hana hou ʻia nā hana noiʻi e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia mau manaʻo kuʻuna. No kēia kumu, he mea maʻa mua e haʻalele ʻole i ka IGD ma ke ʻano he hale lapaʻau kūpono e pili ana i ke kumu o ka ʻae ʻole o ka poʻe ʻepekema e pili ana i ka maikaʻi e noʻonoʻo ai. I kēia hopena, kahi loiloi a Pontes et al. (2014) hiki i ka hoʻowalewale hōʻike i ka ʻenehana IGD ʻenehana e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā kumu paʻa no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hana a hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o kēia noiʻi i hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā loiloi IGD i loko o nā māhele hoʻohālike i hoʻohui ʻia (Griffiths, 2005a), e like pū me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe he nui ʻē aʻe.

ʻO kahi pilikia i hoʻāla ʻia e Carbonell (2017) pili i ka hana hōʻino a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka IGD. Malika (2017) ua hoʻohālikelike i ka hana hewa o ka IGD me ka poʻe mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana a me nā hopena i kū mai nā pilikia ma muli o ka manaʻo ʻole o ka IGD ʻaʻole e hana i ka hōʻeha i kahi ʻano like. E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ponoʻo IGD e like me kona ʻano kūlohelohe mai nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe (Petry et al., 2014). No kēia kumu, he mea kūpono ʻole ke manaʻo e hoʻokumu ʻo IGD i ka hana koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻoulu like a me ka hopena a me ka hōʻino ʻia e like me ka poʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e nā pilikia kīnā ʻole ʻoiai e kaʻana like me nā mea like neurobiological like me ka IGD. E pili ana i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka IGD, ua hana ʻia kahi noiʻi longitudinal a me nā keʻena maʻi i kēia manawa i hiki ai iā ia ke ʻae i kahi manaʻo hoʻoholo no kēia ʻike. No kēia kumu, he mea nui e noiʻi ana i ka noiʻi i ka hope a me ka papa o ka ʻoihana ʻo IGD a hiki i ka 50% o nā poʻe me IGD e ola maoli kūlohelohe ʻia a me nā hopena e pono ai e hiki ke hoʻonui aku i nā kumukūʻai unassisted (Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015).

Eia kekahi, Carbonell (2017) manaʻo e hōʻike ʻia nā ʻike a me nā kaʻina o ka pāʻani e like me ka avatar identification, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka immersing, nā ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike o nā pāʻani wikiō, a me nā kumu hana i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohana pilikia. ʻOiai ke ʻae mākou i kēia manaʻo, pono ia e ʻike ʻaʻole i kuhi ʻia kēia mau ʻike i loko o ke ala ma ka papa diagnostic o IGD e pili ana lākou i nā kaʻina hana pae lua no pathological i loaʻa i ka ʻike pili pāʻani. Malika (2017) kaukia i nā pilikia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke komo kiʻekiʻe mai ka addiction (ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka moʻomeheu ʻAsia) a i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai nā mea pāʻani ma ke ʻano pāʻani, he mea pinepine lākou i kahi manawa o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻomaʻamaʻa e hoʻomau i ka pāʻani. Ma ke ʻano o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei mākou i nā ʻano kūloko i ke kanaka i kuhi nui loa, ʻaʻole ia he mau mea e pili ana i ka hanana ma kahi o ke ʻano o nā mea loea, ʻo ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻaʻole kuhihewa i ka mea leʻaleʻa nā mea pāʻani i nā mea a lākou e ʻike ai. hana a uku ʻia no ka hana ʻana, e like me nā haumāna i hana me ka kamepiula a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele no nā hola he nui a ʻaʻole i hoʻohui ʻia i ka Pūnaewele. He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo ʻoiai ʻo nā leʻaleʻa a me nā hana i ka hana ma ke ʻano he mea nui i ka ola (ʻoiai ke ʻano nui)Griffiths, 2010b).

I ka hope, Carbonell (2017) ua hoʻohalahala i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻoluhi pāʻani ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia i ka huikau i hoʻokumu ʻia e DSM-5 e pili ana i ka hoʻohuoi ma nā pāʻani pūnaewele a me / a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōlelo i koho ʻia (ie, IGD) no kēia hanana Kalepona (2017) i ʻōlelo ʻo "online" a me / a i ʻole "offline" ke kumu nui o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ka "pāʻani pāʻani" a me ke "pāʻani pāʻani ʻana." papa helu ʻatikala me he mea hoʻohui me kēia ka mea nui i ka maikaʻi ma waena o ka pāʻani hoʻokūkū maikaʻi. Akā, i ka hihia o ke kauʻana i nā pāʻani, ʻo nā haʻawina (e like, Bakken, Wenzel, Götestam, Johansson, & Øren, 2009; Nā Lemmens & Hendriks, 2016) ua hōʻike ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka pāʻani o ka pāʻani ʻana ma ka pūnaewele ma mua o ka pāʻani ʻana ma waho pūnaewele, hiki ke hana i nā mea pāʻani keu me ka nānā ʻole i ke ʻano o ka pāʻani ʻana o nā pāʻani (e like me, ma ka pūnaewele a ma waho paha) a i ʻole ko lākou ʻano hana (Griffiths, Kuss, & Mōʻī, 2012).

ʻO ka pepa e Krossbakken, Pallesen, Molde, Mentzoni, a me Finserås (2017) kūkākūkā i nā manaʻo manaʻo nui a me nā ʻano hana o ka noiʻi a IGD ma nā pae laulā (ʻo ia hoʻi, kūkulu) a me nā kikoʻī (ie, ʻike). Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi mau manaʻo pili i ka hana, a aia kekahi mau wahi a mākou e kūlike ʻole ai i nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia me nā manaʻo maikaʻi e waiho ʻia ana. Krossbakken et al. (2017) kūlike e kūlike me ko mākou manaʻo ʻo ka huaʻōlelo “Pūnaewele” i loko o ka huaʻōlelo o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo IGD) ʻaʻole pololei i hāʻawi ʻia ʻia e hiki ai i nā mea pāʻani ke pāʻani i ka pūnaewele a me ka pūnaewele e like me kā mākou i hoʻopaʻapaʻa mua ai a kūkākūkā (e laʻa me. ʻO Pontes & Griffiths, 2014). Krossbakken et al. (2017) ua kūkākūkā pū i ka hana o nā mea e pili ana i ka hopena o ka IGD a ua manaʻo i ko lākou manaʻo i nā hōʻike ʻ crosslelo ʻokoʻa ma ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea pili i ka IGD "ʻaʻole e loaʻa i ka hoʻoikaika rula kūpono no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hopena”(P. 1). Kūlike ʻole mākou i kēia ʻike no ka mea he nui o nā pono ma nā haʻawina cross-sectional inā ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā hypotheses kumu. Eia nō naʻe, hāʻawi ʻia i nā hoʻomaka mua o ka noiʻi ma IGD, nā haʻawina ʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia me nā manawa he nui no ka mea ʻoi ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i ka wā o ka manawa a me nā kumu, a hiki ke waiwai i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā hypotheses e pili ana i nā kumu o kahi maʻi, ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā kumu no ka wā e hiki mai ana. mau noiʻi noiʻi epidemiological e ʻimi ana i nā pilina kumu pono kumu me ka nānā ʻana i kahi maʻi (ʻAoʻao, Cole, & Timmreck, 1995).

Krossbakken et al. (2017) ke koi aku i ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i nā palena palena loa ma ka noiʻi cross-sectional, inferring factorality me ka pili ʻana i nā mea e pili ana i ka mea kumu no ka IGD "kahi kahua noiʻi noiʻi psychopathological i nānā ʻia”(P. 2). Ua hoʻohui hou aʻe lākou e "aia kekahi pono e noʻonoʻo i ka manawa o ka manawa a me ka ʻikepili i ka loiloi ʻana i ka hopena o nā manawa pōkole a me nā wā lōʻihi o ka maʻi pāʻani”(P. 2). ʻAe mākou me Krossbakken et al. (2017) e pili ana i ka pono o ka noiʻi lōʻihi lōʻihi ma ke kula. Eia naʻe mākou makemake i ke kuhi i nā hoʻomohala hou i ka loiloi psychometric o ka IGD i noʻonoʻo pono i ka manawa hana 12 a hoʻokahi mahina i manaʻo ʻia e APA i ka loiloi o ka IGD (e ʻike. Pontes, 2016, no ka loiloi no ka loiloi IGD). No ka laʻana, ʻo ka Pūnaewele Ke Ana Hoʻohālikelike Lele Pūnaewele (IGD-20 Test) (ʻO Pontes et al., 2014) a me ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Pūnaewele Pūnaewele - Short-Form (IGDS9-SF; ʻO Pontes & Griffiths, 2015) e loiloi i ka IGD i loko o ka manawa i hoʻolālā ʻia o ka APA o nā mahina 12.

Krossbakken et al. (2017) Ua hoʻomaopopo hou ʻo ka "ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani a me ka pāʻani pili pono e nānā pono”(P. 2). ʻOiai ʻo ka piliwaiwai a me ka pāʻani ʻana e kaʻana like i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hanana maʻamau (e laʻa me ke kālā kālā), hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻaʻole like kēia mau hana ʻelua ma ke ʻano o kā lākou kī wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hoʻokumu lōʻihi ʻia ka "alualu ʻana i nā nalowale" ma ke ʻano he kaukana ikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka piliwaiwai pilikia, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi i kēia helu no ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa ma ka piliwaiwai pilikia (Pūnaewele, 2000). Ka maikaʻi loa, "ke alualu nei i nā nalowale" ʻaʻole kūpono / pili pono i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka IGD me ka manaʻo nui no ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo e pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō e like me ke ʻano like ʻole, me ka holoism a me ka manawa i hoʻolilo pinepine ʻia ai nā pāʻani me ka IGD (e hoʻohālike,. ʻO Hagström & Kaldo, 2014; ʻO Pontes & Griffiths, 2016).

ʻAe like mākou me ka manaʻo o Krossbakken et al. (2017) a me kekahi mea noiʻi e "ʻO ka pāʻani nui ʻana me ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻole pono e helu ʻia ʻo ia me ka maʻi noʻonoʻo”(P. 2). Ua manaʻo mākou he mea kēia ua ʻike ʻia ka mahina ʻai i ka puke. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ka APA e pili ana ka IGD i ka hoʻohana mau ʻana a me ka hana hou o nā pāʻani wikiō e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻeha poʻokela i ʻole a me nā pilikia (APA, 2013). Ma ka pae kikoʻī (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pae hoʻohālikelike), Krossbakken et al. (2017) i hoʻomaopopo ua ʻike ʻia nā kuhi me ka nui o nā koina e wehewehe ana i ka IGD ma ka noiʻi ʻana, e pili ana i ka wehe ʻana i nā hōʻailona a me ke kūpaʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo kekahi mau noiʻi e nānā ana i ke kūkulu ʻana o ka IGD ma ka pae kūikawā i hana i nā ʻike like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike wale ʻia kēia hana noiʻi hou, e pono i waena o nā maʻi i mālama ʻia i kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea e pono ai ka IGD. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa mākou i ka hapa nui o nā inconsistencies i loaʻa i ka noiʻi e pili ana i nā kūmole IGD ma muli o ka hana nui ʻana ka hapanui o kēia mau noi ʻana i kā lākou ʻike mai nā kulekele maʻi kūloko / normative kahi i hāpai ai ka paʻakikī a me ka hōʻeha o kēia mau waiwai. ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maoli ʻia he mea nui ka pili i nā mea pili i ke kino.

ʻO ka hope, ʻo Krossbakken et al. (2017) manaʻo e nānā ʻia ka IGD e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana formative ma ke ana ʻana o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me he "hāʻawi ʻia i kahi manawa e hoʻomohala ai i ka noiʻi”(P. 3). ʻOiai mākou e ʻae nei i ka holomua ʻana o ka loiloi hou i ka loiloi ʻana i ka IGD, ʻaʻole mākou i kūʻē i ka manaʻo e loiloi ʻia ʻo IGD e like me ke kūkulu ʻana ma nā hoʻohālikelike kumu helu no kekahi mau kumu o ka helu helu a me nā ana manaʻo. I ka pae makahiki, Kline (2013) wehewehe i nā kumu formative kumu e loaʻa ai nā hōʻailona i ka pono o ka pae kūpono (ʻo ia hoʻi, r_XX = 1.00), he kūpono ʻole ia no nā loli ʻike nui ʻia, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka haunaele o ka hui latent e pili ana. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa i kahi hoʻohālikelike aniani hoʻohālikelike, ʻaʻole wehewehe kahi ana hoʻohālikelike formative i nā ʻokoʻa a me nā covariances o nā hōʻailona (Kline, 2013).). Ma ka pae hōʻike, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā hemahema o ka hoʻohālike formative o ka IGD ma ka ʻike ʻana o ka "relapse" (IGD criterion 4). Inā mākou e manaʻo nei he formative form ka IGD, a laila hoʻopili ʻo ia ka "hoʻihoʻi" kumu no ka IGD. ʻO kēia manaʻo i ka nīnū me ka hopohopo e like me ka "relapse" e hiki mai ana ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i kahi hoʻohui a ʻaʻole ʻo ia hoʻi. I ka pōkole, ʻaʻole "hoʻihoʻi" ka poʻe inā ʻaʻole lākou i hōʻike me kahi mea hoʻohui. Nā psychometricians ʻē aʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi, Howell, Breivik, & Wilcox, 2007) hopena ""ʻaʻole ka hopena like ʻole o ka ana ʻana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana, a i kēlā me kēia manawa inā hiki, i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ana hou a i ʻole ke koho ʻana i waena o nā ana ʻē aʻe, pono e noiʻi nā mea noiʻi no ke ana ka noʻonoʻo”(P. 205). Ma ka pua like, e hoʻokūkū mākou e hoʻonaninani paha ka ʻatikala ʻana i ka IGD i loko o ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka pane me kahi kūleʻa a me ke kumu kuʻuna a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hoʻohālikelike a me nā hoʻohālike e noʻonoʻo ai (ʻike. Kline, 2013).

Ma ke ʻano like, ke manaolana nei mākou ʻo ka ʻepekema kūkā i kū mai ma muli o ka hopena o kā mākou hana e hana nei i kēia wahi e hoʻomau i ka mahina. Ma mua o ka stigmatizing gaming per se, ʻo ka hana a nā ʻepekema a me nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa ke hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ka hoʻākāka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o kekahi e hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā pāʻani akā ʻaʻole pilikia ka pilikia a me kekahi e ʻike i ka hōʻino nui ʻana i ko lākou mau lā maʻamau ma muli o kā lākou pāʻani nui. . ^ E Ha yM. Pono ka kuleana e hōʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻolaha kaulana e wikiwiki wikiwiki ana e kūkulu i ka panika kūpono ma kahi o nā ʻano pāʻani, e pili pono ana i nā noiʻi ceri-picking kikoʻī a me nā ʻina noiʻi e kākoʻo ana i ko lākou poʻo poʻo. Ma ka huina, ʻo ka poʻe noiʻi, nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa, nā mea pāʻani, a me nā mea pāpā e pono ai e hana like a me ka hana like ʻole e kūkulu i ka ʻike maoli a me ka ʻike piha ʻana o ka pāʻani e like me ke ʻano maʻamau, leʻaleʻa, a pinepine e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i ka hanana ʻana o ka nohona ʻōpio, kahi no ka mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻohana lehulehu ʻole paha pili i ka ʻike o nā hōʻailona pili i pili pono loa i koi ʻia e kākoʻo.

ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana

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