Hōʻike: Hoʻoponopono'Ālapa (2015) 5, e624; doi: 10.1038 / tp.2015.106
Paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele 25 ʻAukake 2015
ʻO JW Chun1, J Choi1, H Cho1, SK Lee2 lāua ʻo DJ Kim1
- 1Ke Keʻena o Psychiatry, ʻO Seoul St Mary's Hospital, Ke Kulanui Kālila ʻo Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- 2Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon Holy Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
Nā Palapala Kūlana: ʻO Meekesē DJ Kim, Keʻena o Psychiatry, ʻO Seoul St Mary's Hospital, ʻO Ke Kulanui o Katolika o Korea College of Medicine, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea. I leka uila: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]
Loaʻa iā 5 ʻOkakopa 2014; Hoʻohou hou 13 Mei 2015; ʻAe ʻia 14 Iune 2015
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
ʻOiai ʻo ka Pūnaewele he mea waiwai nui i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā, akā pono ka mana o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia pilikia. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia haʻawina me ka pahuhopu o ka nānā ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo cognitive i nā hanana i ka hanana honua me ka pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD) a ua nānā ʻia ka manaʻo o ka IGD i nā hana neural e pili ana i ka hoʻohiki ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo i nā ʻōpio'ōpio. Hōʻike mākou i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka poʻe'ōpiopio me ka IGD a me nā ʻōpiopio palekana palekana (HC) me ka hoʻōla, hoʻohiki, pono ʻole hoʻi i nā huaʻōlelo. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohiki hou i ka hana hou ʻana i nā wahi e pili ana i ka launa pū ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka manaʻo e like me ka maikaʻi nui o ka uukui temporal, junction temporoparietal kūpono a me ka orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) i ka wā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hua ʻōlelo maikaʻi. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, hōʻike ʻia nā mea ʻōpio me IGD i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka hoʻōho kūpono ma ka ʻĀina kūpono e pili ana i ka mālama cognitive a me ka dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) e pili ana i ka hōʻaia i ka poʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻohiki huaʻōlelo. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopili hewa ʻia ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka IGD me ka hana ma ka amygdala pololei i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki, e hōʻike ana i ka hana nui a ka amygdala e kāohi ai i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā ʻōpiopio me ka IGD. Hoʻonui kēia mau ʻike i kā mākou ʻike i ka ʻike pili ʻana i ka nohona.
Introduction
ʻO nā makahiki he iwakālua i hala aku nei ua ʻike nui ʻia ka holomua holomua ma ka Pūnaewele me ke ʻano he hana no ka hana a mākou e hana pono ai i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā a me ko mākou nānā ʻana he mau mea nui o ko mākou ola e like me ka waihona kālā, kūʻai aku i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, hana i nā mea hoʻolimalima, ka heluhelu ʻana i ka nūhou a ka poe o na mea e ae. Akā, ua ulu nui ka nui o nā poʻe e loaʻa i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole mai ka hoʻohana pūnaewele, e like me ka nalowale o ka mālama i kā lākou hoʻohana pūnaewele a me nā pilikia pāʻoihana e like me ke kula a / a i ʻole nā pilikia hana, ua ulu nui nō hoʻi me ka ulu o ka Pūnaewele.1, 2 Ma nā haʻawina mua, ua wehewehe ʻia ka addiction pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohālikelike a me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele.3, 4
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻikepili mai 2012, ua manaʻo ke aupuni o South Korea e ʻoi loa ka ~ 754 000 ʻ Koreanpiopio ma Korea ʻAmelika (10.7%; ʻo 10-19) i hoʻopilikia a koi ʻia i ka mālama ʻana a ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka pūnaewele i ka wā'ōpiopio i ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi ma mua o kēlā me kēia makahiki.5 Ua hoʻoholo pū ʻia ʻia ua hoʻohana ʻo 78% o nā ʻōpio i nā pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻOiai ke ulu nui nei o ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele Pūnaewele / Pūnaewele, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka nānāʻana a me ke loiloi o ka maʻi kūpono i waena o nā mea noiʻi a me nā kauka. Ua hoʻolilo ʻia ka maʻi pā pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD) i ka ʻāpana 3 o ka ʻōlelo noiʻi o ka Diagnostic a me ka helu manuahi Helu-5 (ref. 6) a he pilikia ia ma ke kahua o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. ʻO IGD, kahi subtype o ka hoʻohui i ka Pūnaewele.4 pili ana i ka hana koi o nā pāʻani pūnaewele. Ma nā haʻawina mua, ua hōʻike ʻia ka mālama pono ʻana o ka mālama koʻikoʻi o ka IGD i ka nalowale o ka kaohi ma luna o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka ʻike ʻo ia ka pōʻino maoli i ka hana psychosocial o kekahi.7, 8, 9
Hoʻokomo maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele me ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo i kona wā ʻōpio. ʻO ke wā'ōpiopio ka manawa o ka ulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana, ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka lolo, a, no laila, ʻike ʻia ka paʻakikī i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hana o nā alakaʻi a me nā pono cognitive i loko o ka ʻoihana olakino ma hope o ka wā kamali.10 Ma ka mahalo i ka hana mana, nā ʻōpio me ka IGD i nā ʻenemi i ka hopena ʻole, ka nele ʻana i nā pilikia pilikia a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana i ka launa pū me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.11, 12 Ma kahi noiʻi mua e pili ana i ka hana hoʻokō, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe me ka hoʻohuihui pūnaewele ʻana i ka ʻoihana hou aku i ka wā e kūʻē ai i nā kūlana paʻakikī o ka hoʻoholo ʻana a i ʻole ka pono ʻana o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana.13 ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nānā ʻana i ka hala ʻole ma nā kumuhana me ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hana ikaika i ka aniani cingulate cortex (ACC),14 a ʻoi aku ka hana o ka hoʻopā a me nā hoʻoholo i nā hoʻoholo ʻana i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai ka hoʻoulu ʻia e pili ana i ka Pūnaewele.1, 11 ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia e nā keiki ʻenemi i hoʻohui ʻia i ka pūnaewele i hōʻike ʻia i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ACC a me nā anisotropy fractional haʻahaʻa loa i ka mea keʻokeʻo a oriwofrontal keʻokeʻo a me ka mea nāna i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mālama kino (HC).15, 16 Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻōpio kāne me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i ka nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka mānoanoa cortical i loko o ka cortex lateral orbitofrontal kūpono (OFC),17 he wahi lolo i ka mea e komo ai i ka pīʻā a me nā hana e hoʻihoʻi i ka hana ʻano hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana i nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻana like puʻupaʻa i ka hoʻomohala a me ka hana ʻāhewa.18, 19 No laila, manaʻo ʻia ʻo dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) a me OFC o ia ka a priori nā wahi i pili i ka mālama cognitive a me ka hana hoʻokō.
Hiki i nā mea ʻōpio me nā mea hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele ke hōʻike aku i nā ʻano kūwaho ʻole,20 a ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻonāukiuki me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele.21, 22 Hōʻike nā haʻawina like ʻole i nā ʻōpio ʻōpena ka manawa e hele ai i ka manawa i ka kamepiula - a i ʻole i loko o nā pūnaewele i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Internet.23 a me nā hana e kūleʻa ai e like me ka hōʻino a hoʻohiki ʻana.24, 25 I South Korea, ua lilo ka hana ʻino i ka pūnaewele ma ka wahi i pona i ka Pūnaewele. Ma kahi o 75% o nā keiki ʻōpio 12 – 19 mau makahiki i hōʻike ʻia e ʻike ana i ka hoʻomake ʻana i ka uila, a ua ʻike ʻia ʻo 87.6% o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ma ke kula haʻahaʻa e hoʻohana ana i nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohiki, hoʻokahi ʻano hana kīnā cyber, ma ka Pūnaewele.26 No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o ka pāʻani pūnaewele i ka ʻano kolohe i ka wā'ōpiopio, he mea nui ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana pale aku i ka hana ʻōpiopio o ka ʻōpio'ōpio.27 Ma keʻano kūikawā, nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka hana ʻino e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua hoʻohiki he mea nui ia i loko o nā pūnaewele ʻoihana pūnaewele.
ʻO nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohiki, ka hōʻike, hōʻike i nā manaʻo ikaika loa, ʻo ka hapanui e hōʻike i ka huhū a me nā huhū.28 ʻOiai ka hoʻohiki ʻana e hana i nā hana hoʻohālikelike e like me kahi mākaʻikaʻi hui o nā hui29 a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ahonui,30, 31 ua hōʻike ʻia, pili nā hua hoʻohiki pili i ka hoʻoweliweli pili ʻana32 a he pane ikaika kūlohelohe i hoʻokomo ʻia e kahi hopena pili.33 E nānā kēia pepa i ka mālama cognitive o nā pane kūloko o ka ikaika a ke kumu o ka hoʻohiki ʻana i ka hana neural. No laila, ʻo ka amygdala, kahi pili ka hana me ka pane pili ikaika34, 35 a ua hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka ka noʻonoʻo cognitive, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma a priori māhele 'āina.
Ma ka hōʻohalike, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻo ia hoʻi e ʻimi nei (1) nā hana neural i ka wā o ka hoʻōho ʻana i nā hua ʻōlelo hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana a me (2) ka pilina ma waena o nā hana neural i ka pane ʻana i nā hua ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a me ka kāohi kognitive i nā ʻōpio'ōpiopio me ka IGD hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HCʻA. I kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia nā wahi frontolimbic e pili ana me ka dACC, OFC a me amygdala o ka mea a priori nā wahi e pili ana i ka mālama cognitive i ka pane ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki: pili ka dACC i ka nānā ʻana, ka OFC i ka moʻo ʻana a me ka hana e hoʻokau like me ka hana a me ka amygdala i ka pane kulana.
Nā mea hana a me nāʻano
i komo
Ma muli o kēia noiʻi i nā ʻōpio kāne no ka mea ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka IGD ma mua o nā kāne, a ma mua o nā ʻōpiopio, a loaʻa paha nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻohiki. Ka huina o ka nui o nā ʻōpiopio o 716 kāne 12 – 15 mau makahiki i komo i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo ma ʻelua kula waena ma Kangwon-do, South Korea. He ʻumikumamālua mau makahiki ʻokoʻa me ka IGD a me ʻumikūiwaʻumikumamāiwa HC i kāhea ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻike ʻana i nā pono magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eia kekahi, ua hele nā mea āpau i kahi hālāwai ninaninau e pili ana i ka Korean Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL) e kahi lapaʻau.36 No nā keiki ʻōpio me IGD, ʻekolu o nā mea i hōʻemi ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka maʻi palupalu a me ka nānā ʻana o ka maʻi hyperactivity maʻi, a, no laila, ʻike ʻia nā ʻike o nā ʻōpiopio o 16 me IGD (13.63 ± 1.03 mau makahiki) a me 19 HC (13.37 ± 0.90 mau makahiki) i manaʻo ʻia aʻo (1 Pūnaewele). Hoʻokomo nā hōʻailona i nā maʻi lapaʻau ma mua a i kēia mau maʻi olakino (no ka laʻana, ka maʻi diabetes mellitus), nā maʻi neurological (no ka laʻana, ka maʻi hopu, ka hōʻeha poʻo a i ʻole nā maʻi psychiatric (no ka laʻana, ka maʻi kaumaha koʻikoʻi, nā pilikia kaumaha). Loaʻa i nā poʻe a pau i ka ʻike kūlike a hoʻoponopono ʻia paha i ka ʻike maʻamau (e like me ka loiloi a Edinburgh i ka ʻimi ʻana aku).37 Ua wehewehe ʻia ke kumu a me ke kaʻina o kēia noiʻi i nā poʻe hui a me ko lākou mau mākua. Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ʻae ʻia a kākau ʻia, a ua ʻae ʻia kēia aʻo ʻia e ka Papa Hoʻolālā Institution o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Seoul St Mary.
Nūpepa Palepa
Kuhi ʻia ka hoʻohui kiʻi pūnaewele ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke Kīwī Hōʻike Pūnaewele Pūnaewele (K-scale) i hoʻomohala ʻia e ke aupuni o South Korea ma 2002. ʻO ka K-scale ka pālākiō hōʻike ponoʻī a pili pū me nā mea 15 i kiʻi ʻia ma nā helu Likert ʻehā (1: ʻAʻole loa i 4: mau ka manawa). He ʻeono mau kūlā ka K-scale: pilikia o kēlā me kēia lā, pilikia o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻike, hoʻāʻo loiloi ʻole, nā pilina interpersonal virtual, hoʻowahāwahā kūlike a me ka hoʻomanawanui.38 Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hilinaʻi a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka K-scale no nā haumāna kula haʻahaʻa a me ke kula waena a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe.38 Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopau nā poʻe āpau i nā Conner-Wells 'Adolescent Self-Report Scale-Short Version (CASS-S) e nānā i ka Hōʻike Hoʻomaopopo / Hyperactivity Disorder hōʻailona.39 ʻO ka paʻakikī o nā hōʻailona kaumaha e loiloi i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka Beck Depression Inventory.40 ʻO nā ʻōpiopio a pau me ka IGD i kēia noiʻi ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohui pūnaewele pūnaewele e like me ka K-scale, a ʻoi ka manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma mua o ka HC, ʻoiai ʻo ka manawa no ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻē aʻe i hoʻopau ʻia nā pāʻani pūnaewele ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka HC.
Ua hoʻopau nā poʻe āpau āpau i nā palapala hoʻolilo a me nā huaʻōlelo kīwī o ke Kōlea ʻĀkau Hema-Wechsler no nā kamaliʻi, 4th edition (K-WISC-IV).41 No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ka noʻonoʻo cognitive no nā hua ʻōlelo hoʻohiki, ua noʻonoʻo pū nō mākou i ka loina ʻo Anger Control o ka ʻĀina Korewahine-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-K).42 ʻO ka STAXI-K kahi nīnau pilikino-44 i hōʻike i ka loiloi e pili ana i ka huhū, a ʻo ka Anger Control subscale e kū ana i ka hiki ke kū hoʻokahi kanaka e hoʻokō i nā manaʻo huhū e pale i ka haʻi aku i ka huhū. ʻO ka helu alpha o ka Cronbach o ka loiloi a Anger Control o ka STAXI-K ʻo 0.88.43
Hoʻolako paradigm
ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻia nā ʻano kīnā ʻole e kāʻili ʻia mai ka papa inoa o ka huaʻōlelo kaha o nā ʻĀina hou44 (ma ke ʻano, ka lāʻau (namu), kaukau (chaecksang), penikala (yeonpeal)), nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi i koho ʻia mai ka papa inoa inoa huaʻōlelo Korea i pili ʻia45 (no ka laʻana, pepehi kanaka (paʻakai), hoʻopaʻi (jasal), hoʻopule (ohmul)) a hoʻohiki ʻia nā huaʻōlelo i kāʻili ʻia ʻana mai ka ʻōlelo hōʻike ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma ka ʻōpio46 (no ke ʻeke, fuck (ssibal), kaukani 'ana ()michinnuen), asshole (gaesaekki)). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo kūlehu e pale i nā hopena hiki ke hilahila o nā ʻano linguistic, a ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻōlelo hōʻeuʻeu a maikaʻi ʻole i ke ʻano he hoʻokolohua. ʻO ka mau i hoʻoulu ʻia he mau ʻoi aku ma mua o ka liʻiliʻi a he ʻehā ma mua o ka ʻehā. Ma kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua, loaʻa hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo i waena o ka maka. Ua noi ʻia nā poʻe komo e hoʻowahāwahā i ka pae o ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka huaʻōlelo i hōʻike ʻia ma waena o nā huaʻōlelo i kahakaha ʻia e hoʻohana ana i nā kī ʻekolu a ʻo ke kiʻi ʻana iā XMUMX: ʻAʻole i nā maikaʻi ʻole, 1: Kekahi hewa a me 2: Ka maikaʻi loa. Ua pau nā hana i kahi hana me ka hoʻolālā wikiwiki e pili ana, kahi manawa ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo ʻia ka 3 ms a me ka wā ma waena o nā hoʻokolohua he mea hōʻalu ʻia mai 2500 a i 500 ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Optseq4500 (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/optseq/). Ua mau ʻia ka huaʻōlelo ʻo 1800 ms, a ua ukali ʻia ka crosshair no 700 ms i kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana me nā scan dummy no 5 s, i ukali ʻia e nā hanana 120 i hoʻokumu ʻia me 40 hoʻohiki, 40 ʻino a me 40 kūmole ʻōlelo huaʻōlelo, a, penei, ua lawe ka hoʻokolokolo i ka lōʻihi o 8 min 45 s.
Loaʻa kiʻi
Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili MRI hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana 3T MRI (Siemens, MAGNETOM Verio, Erlangen, Kelemānia) me ka coil poʻo 8-kanal. Hoʻopili ʻia nā poʻo o ka poʻe komo me nā earmuffs i hoʻopili ʻia. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina kiʻi eko-planar gradient gradient T2 * (38 mau ʻāpana, 4 mm ka mānoanoa a ʻaʻohe hakahaka, manawa hana hou = 2500 ms, manawa kuʻi = 30 ms, ʻaoʻao kūwāhi = 90 °, matrix kiʻi = 64 × 64, kahua ʻike = 220 mm a me ka hoʻonā voxel o 3.75 × 3.75 × 3.85 mm). ʻO nā kiʻi kūkulu me ka hoʻonā ʻana o 0.5 × 0.5 × 1 mm i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina gradient gradient e-dimensional T1 (1 mm mānoanoa, manawa hana = 1780 ms, manawa kuʻi = 2.19 ms, kihi kūwāhi = 9 °, matrix kiʻi = 512 × 512 a me ke kahua o ka ʻike = 240 mm).
ʻIkeʻikepili
ʻO ka ʻike pili data
Kuhi ʻia nā hōʻike pili pono e like me nā huaʻōlelo (hoʻohiki, ʻōlelo ʻino a me ka ʻole) a me nā hui (ʻo nā ʻōpio me ka IGD a me HC). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pale ʻinoʻino a me ka wā kū i ka wā (RT) a laila hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻomau ʻana me ke ʻano loiloi o ka ʻano like ʻole e loiloi i nā hopena nui a me nā kikoʻī e hoʻohana ana i IBM SPSS Statistics no Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). Ua hala like t-ʻaʻai no mahope iho ua hana ʻia nā loiloi e hōʻike i ka ʻike nui ma waena o nā kūlana like ʻole a me nā hui. Ua kau ʻia nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā mana āpau (alpha) no ka ʻike pilikino i ka 0.05 ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka helu hoʻopunipuni (FDR) no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui.
ʻIkepili kiʻi
Hana ʻia ka preprocessing image a me ka helu helu helu ʻana me ka polokalamu software Parametric Mapping (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/; ʻIke ʻOihana ʻOihana Cognitive Neurology, Lādana, UK. ʻO ka poʻe noiʻi nāna i nānā i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi āpau a hana i ke kaʻina data-preprocessing kaʻina makapō i ka ʻike kumu. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi kaupaona ʻo T1 i ka mea keʻokeʻo, ka hina hina a me ka wai o cerebrospinal me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kiʻi kumu kiʻi ʻōpala. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kiʻi mua ʻelua mai ka scan dummy, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi 208 no ka hoʻomohala hou. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ka manawa loaʻa i ka slice time o ka laina interleaved ua hoʻoponopono ʻia, a ua hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻāina maoli e hoʻoponopono i nā hemahema i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke poʻo poʻo. Hoʻonohonoho paʻa ʻia nā kiʻi i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma ka kiʻi like ʻana o ka T1 i kaupaona ʻia o ka mea like. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻo T1 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he kiʻi kumu i ka hoʻohālikelike, a naʻu ʻia nā kiʻi i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke kumu maʻamau ʻo T1. Kahi ʻia nā hōʻike kikoo me ke kakā Gaussian o 8-mm piha loa i ka hapalua ākea.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili i mua ʻia me ka hoʻohālike laina laina maʻamau. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana no ka hopena hemodynamic canonical no nā ʻikepili pilikino. ʻO ka loea linear regression lehulehu, i hoʻokomo ʻia ma SPM8 e hoʻohana ana i kahi hoʻokokoke liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā koho hoʻohālike. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau helu akā ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā hoʻohālikelike koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea i hana ma ke ʻano he manu kiʻi like ʻole. No ka loiloi papa pae mua, ua wehewehe mākou i ʻelua mau kūlana, ʻo SWEA (hoʻohiki hoʻohālikelike-ʻoki ʻole) a me NEGA (maikaʻi ʻole hua ʻole hua ʻōlelo). Kuhi ʻia nā kiʻi o ka pākuʻina pākahi no kēlā me kēia kūlana ma ka loiloi pae mua, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā pākuhi kuleana pilikino e like me nā regresors e kāohi ai i ka ʻano pili. Eia kekahi, ua hana mākou i kahi loiloi modetric ma o ka RT o kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua ma ka pae kumuhana hoʻokahi e hoʻoneʻe i ka hopena e pili ana i nā hana neʻe.
No ka papa helu lua, ua helu ʻia nā pale mai kēlā me kēia kūlana i ka loiloi mua i kau mua ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻohālike me ka maʻalahi kikoʻī, ma nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena nui a me nā kamaʻilio i loiloi. Ua ana ʻia nā hualoaʻa me ka hoʻolālā 2 (huaʻōlelo naʻauao: SWEA, NEGA) x 2 (hui: ʻōpio me nā hoʻolālā ʻo IGD, HC). Ua kāhea ʻia ka helu Inventory no CASS-S a me Beck Depression Inventory i ka papa helu lua ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā kūlana a me nā hui, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hopena koʻikoʻi e FDR-hoʻoponopono P-nā waiwai ma lalo o 0.05 a ʻoi aku i mua o 50 voxels makemake maikaʻi. No ka mea ʻehā a māua a priori nā māhele, me ka OFC, dACC a me ka bilateral amygdala e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala kognitive a me ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike i nā hua hoʻohiki, ua hana mākou i nā wahi kikoʻī o nā punahele (ROI) (radius = 5 mm) i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka papa kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻo Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). i ka palapala hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūlana SWEA-NEGA: hema hema (−20, −4, −18), amygdala pololei (34, 4, –20), dACC (0, 0, 34) a me ʻĀkau OFC (52, 30, 6, 0.41, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX, XNUMX , -XNUMX). Ka hopena o ka hoʻololi o ka hōʻailona BOLD i loko o nā ROI i kēlā me kēia kūlana i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā MarsBaR version XNUMX (http://marsbar.sourceforge.net) a ua loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lula like me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i waena o nā hui a me nā kūlana ma lalo o ke FDR-hoʻoponopono P<0.05. Ua ʻimi ʻia ka hoʻopili āpana e ka helu ʻana i nā pilina o nā loli hōʻailona% BOLD ma waena o nā ROI e hoʻohana ana i nā anamanaʻo pilikino ʻo Pearson ma lalo o ke kūlana SWEA. Ke pili nui (FDR-hoʻoponopono P<0.05, ʻelua huelo) i ʻike ʻia, ua alakaʻi ʻia nā loiloi kaulike e nānā inā pili ka IGD i ke ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ka nui o ka pilina ma waena o nā ROI ʻelua. Ua hana pū ʻia ka nānā ʻana ʻo Pearson e hoʻokolokolo e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka Anger Control subscale o ka STAXI-K a me ka hana amygdala ʻākau i ke kūlana SWEA – NEGA, a laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka loiloi kaulike e hoʻoholo ai i nā hopena o ka hōʻona pāʻani Pūnaewele ma kēia hui.
Results
ʻO kaʻikepili a me nāʻikeʻikepili
1 Pūnaewele hōʻuluʻulu i ka demographic a me nā hiʻohiʻona maʻi o nā hui ʻelua. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā māhele ʻelua i ka wā o ka makahiki, nā koina a pau ʻōpio a nā ʻohana, nā Hoʻolālā Hoʻohue a me nā huaʻōlelo K-WISC, a me ka puhaluhi o ka ʻĀina ʻomaʻi o Anger Control subscale o STAXI-K. ʻOiai ka manawa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka pūnaewele no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka hebedoma he ʻokoʻa i waena o nā hui, ua ʻokoʻa loa ka manawa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka hebedoma a ʻo K-Scale ka ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka ʻike pili data
Hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa i loko 2 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. No ka hoʻowahāwahā hōʻino i nā huaʻōlelo, ua hōʻike nā ʻano huaʻōlelo i nā hopena koʻikoʻi (F2,66= 71.73, P= 0.0001). Ua hōʻike aku nā mea i komot= 9.61, mau kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻokoʻa (df) = 34, P= 0.0002) a me nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole (t= 9.75, df = 34, P = 0.0002) ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi aku me ka ʻōlelo ʻole. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa kahi kūʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hui ʻelua, a ʻaʻole ʻano nui ka loli ma waena o nā huaʻōlelo a me nā hui.
No ka RT, ua ʻike nui ʻia ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā huaʻōlelo (F2,66= 22.96, P= 0.0001). Ua lohi ʻia ka RT no nā hua ʻōlelo maikaʻi a like me kēlā hoʻohiki (t= 7.21, df = 34, P= 0.0002) a me nā huaʻōlelo ʻole (t= 5.02, df = 34, P= 0.0002). ʻO ka launa pū ma waena o nā hua'ōlelo a me nā hui no ka RT e hōʻike i kahiʻokoʻa nui (F2,66= 3.78, P= 0.03). ʻO ka RT no nā hua ʻino maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻohiki nā ʻōlelo ma HC (t= 10.02, df = 18, P= 0.0003) ka mea, ʻaʻole nui ka ʻokoʻa i ka wā ʻōpio me ka IGD (t= 2.67, df = 15, P= 0.06). Ma ka ʻokoʻa hui, hōʻike ʻo HC i ka pane ʻana mai i ka wā o nā ʻōpio me ka IGD i nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole (t= 2.04, df = 33, P= 0.049), a he pane lohi i ka huaʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hua ʻole neʻe i hōʻike wale ʻia e HC (t= 6.16, df = 18, P= 0.0001).
Kaʻikepili kiʻi
Hoʻokō i nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole
Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena mai ka loiloi o ke ʻano huaʻōlelo 3 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. I ke ʻano o SWEA, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka kūlana NEGA, hōʻike nā mea hōʻike i nā hana kiʻekiʻe i ka gyrus bilateral lingual, ʻoi aku ka nui temporal sulcus, ka gyrus postcentral, nā gyrus bilateral, pou temporal ʻākau, hana kīopopeta kūpono, ka precuneus ʻākau a me ka rolandic operculum ʻākau. ʻAʻole i kūʻokoʻa ka hana neural i ke kūlana NEGA ma nā pūʻulu ʻelua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me SWEA ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana FDR.
Nā ʻokoʻa hui
Loaʻa ʻia nā hopena o nā hoʻohālikelike hui 3 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. I ke ʻano o SWEA, i hōʻike ʻia ai nā mea ʻōpio me IGD ka hana o ka hana hema ma ka hema hema mua o ka gyrus mua, waiho i ka nucleus caudate a me nā ʻāpana waena waena waena ma ka HC. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike nui nā mea ʻōpio me IGD i ka hana he nui aku i ka HC i ke kūlana SWEA. I ke kūlana NEGA, ua hōʻike ka mea ʻōpio me IGD i ka hoʻōla ikaika i ka gyrus temporal maikaʻi loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC.
ʻO ke loiloi ROI
Ma nā hua o ka hana ma ka hema a me ka ʻākau amygdala a me ka ʻĀina OFC, nui nā hopena nui o nā huaʻōlelo o ka huaʻōlelo (F1,33= 15.65, P= 0.0004; P1,33= 7.21, P= 0.015; P1,33= 7.26, P= 0.015, no ia mea, a me ka hana o ka amygdala hema a me ka hema a me OFC e kiʻekiʻe ana i ke kūlana SWEA ma mua o ke kūlana NEGA (t= 4.06, df = 34, P= 0.0004; t= 2.67, df = 34, P= 0.019; t= 2.60, df = 34, P= 0.019, pākahi). E like me ka hōʻike ʻia ma Hōʻike 1, aia ma waena o nā huaʻōlelo a me ka hui ma ka amygdala kūpono, dACC a me ka ʻĀina OFC (F1,33= 8.46, P= 0.008; P1,33= 19.95, P= 0.0004; P1,33= 12.46, P= 0.002, pākahi). Ma ke kūpono o OFC, hōʻike ʻo HC i ka hana nui aku i ka SWEA ma mua o ke kūlana NEGA (t= 5.10, df = 18, P= 0.0004) akā, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ka ʻōpio i nā ʻōpio me IGD. Ma ka dACC, hōʻike ʻo HC i ka nui o ka hana ma ka SWEA ma mua o ke kūlana NEGA (t= 3.42, df = 18, P= 0.003) akā, ua hōʻike nā mea ʻōpio me IGD i kahi ikaika i ka NEGA ma mua o ke kūlana SWEA (t= 2.92, df = 18, P= 0.044). Ma ka amygdala kūpono, hōʻike ʻo HC i ka hana ʻoi aku ka nui ma ka SWEA ma mua o ke kūlana NEGA (t= 3.71, df = 18, P= 0.003) akā, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ka ʻōpio i nā ʻōpio me IGD. No ka hōʻike, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo HC me nā ʻōpiopio me IGD i ka nui o ka hana i ka dACC a me ka ʻāpono OFC i ke ʻano o SWEA (t= 2.59, df = 18, P= 0.028; t= 3.58, df = 18, P= 0.004). ʻAʻohe ʻano nui nui o ka hui ma ke kūlana NEGA.
Hōʻike 1.
Nā hana umauma o kēlā me kēia wahi o ka hoihoi (ROI) i ke ʻano hoʻohiki-ʻona (SWEA). ((a) Cortex kūpono orbitofrontal (OFC; x, j i, z= 52, 30, −6), (b) dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC; x, y, z= 0, 0, 34), (c) ʻOko aku ʻo amygdala (x, y, z= 34, 4, −20). **P<0.005, *P
E like me ia i hōʻikeʻia Hōʻike 2, ma lalo o ke kūlana SWEA, hoʻopae ʻia ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻāpā kūpono o OFC me ka dACC (r= 0.64, P= 0.006) a me amygdala pololei (r= 0.62, P= 0.006) i ka HC. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hana i ka dACC i hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia me ka amygdala kūpono (r= 0.607, P= 0.008) i ka HC; akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea nui o ka ʻōpio i nā wā ʻōpio me IGD. I ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia ka hopena pūʻulu o ka IGD ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi hakahaka, hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka dACC (ΔR2= 0.112, ΔF1,31= 7.08, P= 0.012, b= -0.547, t31= -2.66, P= 0.012) ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o OFC i hōʻemi ʻia i nā wā ʻōpiopio me IGA ma mua o HC.
Hōʻike 2.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā wahi hoihoi (ROI) i nā poʻe ʻōpio me ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pūnaewele pāʻani (IGD) a me ka mālama olakino (HC). ((a) Nā hopena hoʻoponopono i kēlā me kēia hui. ((b) Kūpono ma waena o ke dorsal cortex anterior dorsal (dACC) a me ka cortex orbitofrontal kūpono (OFC) i ke ʻano hoʻohiki-ʻona (SWEA). ((c) Kūpono ma waena o ka amygdala kūpono a me ka ʻĀina OFC kūpono ʻana i ke kūlana SWEA. ((d) Ka hakakā ma waena o ka amygdala kūpono a me ka dACC i ke kūlana SWEA. IAD, Hōʻehaʻī pūnaewele hoʻoili pūnaewele.
E like me ia i hōʻikeʻia Hōʻike 3, ʻO ka huhū o ka ʻĀpana Kaʻelima o STAXI-K i nā ʻōpiopio me ka IGD i hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia me ka hana ma ka amygdala kūpono (r= -0.64, P= 0.008) ma ke kūlana SWEA – NEGA; ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia hana ma HC. Ua hōʻike ka hopena hoʻololi no ka hui i nā mea ʻōpio me IGD i hōʻike i kahi pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka hana amygdala kūpono a me ka hōʻailona o ka subscale Anger Control ma ka ʻano SWEA-NEGA (ΔR2= 0.115, ΔF1,31= 4.85, P= 0.035, b= -0.412, t31= -2.20, P= 0.035).
Hōʻike 3.
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ma waena o ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka amygdala kūpono a me ka hōʻea i ka subcale o Anger Control subscale o STAXI-K i nā wā'ōpiopio me ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD) a me ka palekana olakino (HC). ((a) ʻOko aku ʻo amygdala (x, y, z= 34, 4, −20). ((b) Ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o nā hana o ka amygdala kūpono a me ka pā STAXI-K i kēlā me kēia hui.
No ka mea ʻokoʻa nui nā ʻike o ka Beck Depression Inventory a me CASS ma waena o nā hui ʻelua, ʻē aʻe mākou i kahi loiloi mana hoʻoponopono ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā helu Beck Depression Inventory a me CASS i ka helu lua. ʻAʻole i loli maoli ʻia nā hopena.
kūkākūkā
Ua hoʻonui ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o IGD i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.47 Ua hōʻike mua nā noiʻi mua i ka noiʻi neuropsychological a me neuroimaging i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pono o ka Pūnaewele1 a ua hōʻike i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka pūnaewele i ka wā ʻōpio.11, 48, 49 Me ka pahuhopu o ka nānā ʻana i ka mālama cognitive o nā hanana i hoʻopili ʻia ma IGD, ua nānā mākou i ka mana o IGD i ka hana neural i ka wā e hoʻōki ai i nā hua ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka hoʻohiki ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i ka manaʻo ʻino ai ka manaʻo a i ʻole ka huhū.28 ʻO ka huaʻōlelo hoʻohiki e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka naʻau ma mua o nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole no ka mea ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hoʻohiki ʻana e hoʻōho i ka huhū, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ulu ʻino ʻana ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālikelike.50 ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o nā hui ʻelua i ka hoʻohiki ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo ma mua o nā hana ʻino, e ʻōlelo ana e hele nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i ka hoʻokala hou ʻana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā huaʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia i ka hana o ka medial OFC i pane e hoʻohiki i nā huaʻōlelo e ka komo ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka manaʻo o ka OFC i ka hoʻoponopono pilikino e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka uku.51 Ma kahi noiʻi o mua, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka hana i loko o ka medial OFC me ka nānā ʻana o nā mea pili52 a me ka launa pū ma waena o ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōlelo maikaʻi ʻole.53
Eia kekahi, no ka pane ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki, ua ʻike mākou i ka hana ma ka sulcus temporal kūpono, ka mālama pono ʻana a me nā pou kino, ʻikea ʻike ʻia ka pili ʻana i ka ʻepekema.54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 Hōʻike kēia i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i ka hoʻonaninani a me nā ʻōnaehana kūloko. ʻO nā wahi e pili ana i ka launa pū e pili ana i ka launa pū e like me ke kanaka nui o ka uukui, aia i loko o ke kūlohelohe a me ka pou kino.60, 61 Eia kekahi, ua pili ka lingual gyrus i ka hoʻoulu maikaʻi ʻana me ka makaʻala.62 No laila, ʻo nā hualoaʻa o kēia noiʻi e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻohiki ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo e hoʻoikaika i ka hana ikaika ma ka wahi o ka lolo e pili ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka naʻau, ka ʻōpūwili a me ka noʻonoʻo naʻau.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻōpio me ka IGD a me HC i pane ma nā hoʻohiki ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo
Ma ka palapala helu helu o nā kaʻokoʻa hui, nā ʻōpiopio me ka IGD i hōʻike i ka hana liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka naʻau, e like me ka hema hema mua a me ka caudate nucleus, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC. ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka hana i hana ʻia ma ka hemahema o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ma waena o nā hui, e hōʻike ana i ke kumu hoʻohālikelike o ka lolo i hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e ka IGD me ka ʻole o ka pane i ka pane. Ma nā haʻawina mua, ʻo gyrus mua hema hema (BA 44 a me 46) e pili ana i ka hana semant63, 64 a me ka pono noʻonoʻo.62 ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka nucleus caudate i ka wā'ōpiopio me ka IGD hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC e hōʻoia pū ana i ka hana hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hua hoʻohiki i loko o ka lolo, a i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi noiʻi o mua i nānā i ka hanana pilikino i ka pūnaʻi caudate.65 No laila, ʻokoʻa ka hui ʻana i nā ʻano o SWEA i ke ʻano o nā ʻōpio me ka IGD e hōʻike ana i nā cognitive a me nā naʻau hemahema i ka hana neural. Kūlike kēia mau ʻike a me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe e hoʻomau nei ka pāʻani ʻana o nā mea pāʻani me ka IGD a ʻoiai ke kū pololei pū me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.66
Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā pane neural i ka ʻōnaehana frontolimbic e hoʻohiki i nā huaʻōlelo i nā wā ʻōpio me ka IGD
Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia nā wahi frontolimbic, me ka lateral OFC, dACC a me bilateral amygdala, i manaʻo ʻia he mau ROI i kahi noiʻi o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka poʻe'ōpiopio me ka IGD a me ka HC i kā lākou mau kūleʻa e hoʻohiki ai a me nā ʻōlelo hōʻino. Ua ʻike ʻia e pili pū ana ka pilina o ka ventral, me ke ʻano me ka amygdala a me ka ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka manaʻo naʻau.67
Hōʻike ʻo HC i ka hana ikaika e pane ai i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki ma ka dACC a me ka ʻĀina kūpono o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka poʻe ʻōpio me IGD. Ua hōʻike pū aku lāua i nāʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka hoʻohiki ʻana a me nā ʻōlelo hōʻino maikaʻi i ka amygdala kūpono, dACC a me ka ʻĀina kūpono no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka IGD. Ua kūpono kēia mau mea hoʻāʻo ʻana me nā hopena e pili ana i ka hopena. I ka manawa i noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hui ʻana o ka IGD ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi ʻano, ua hōʻike nā ʻōpiopio me ka IGD i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma waena o ka ʻĀkau ma waena o ka OFC a me ka dACC a ma waena o ka ʻĀkau pololei o CC a me ka hema o amygdala hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC.
I kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea ʻike e pili ana ka lateral OFC kūpono i ka kaʻe ʻana o ka cognitive i ka pane i ka hoʻohiki ʻana i ka hoʻokū. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hana ma ka pololei ʻOC a me nā ʻōlelo hōʻino53 a hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke ʻano hōʻemi haʻahaʻa i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka naʻau.68 ʻO ke ʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka pono o ka OFC he mea koʻikoʻi i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka manaʻo naʻau.69 Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ka hōʻike ʻana o HC i ka naʻau a me ka hopu ʻana o ka puʻuwai o nā hua ʻōlelo hoʻohiki hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōpio me nā IGD.
ʻO ka correlation hoʻololi i waena o ka dACC a me lateral OFC i hōʻike ʻia i nā keiki ʻōpio me ka IGD he hōʻailona neʻeobiology e like me ia i nānā ʻia i loko o ka hana hemahema-compulsive, ka mea i kaʻana i nā hana a compulsive a me ka hala ʻole.18, 19 ʻO kekahi o nā loina diagnostic IGD ʻo ia ka koi ʻana a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele, ʻoiai ke kanaka e hooki i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā ia.6, 7, 8, 9 I loko o hoʻokahi haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka launa pū ʻana o ka nohona, ua hoʻāla ʻia ka dACC i ka pane ʻana i ka ʻeha ʻole i manaʻo ʻia e ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i loko o ka lehulehu, kahi i pāpā ʻia ai nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hui pū ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.70 No laila, ʻo ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka dACC ma HC i ke kūlana SWEA e hoʻopiʻi nei i kahi pane neural e pili ana i ka ʻeha o ka hōʻaia ʻana ma ka hopena o ka haʻalele ʻana i kahi pilina pili pono nui. Ma kahi ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka dACC e pili ana i ka ʻehaʻikepili i hoʻihoʻi ʻia e ka manaʻo ma muli o ka hōʻole ʻana i ka nohona71 manaʻo e hiki i nā mea ʻōpio me IGD ke hōʻike i ka hopena pili i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i loko. Ma nā haʻawina mua, ʻaʻole kōkua ka dACC i ka ʻeha e pili ana i ka hōʻole ʻana i ka nohona72, 73, 74 aka, aka nae i ka paa ana cognitive75 a me ka nānā 'ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa.76, 77 No laila, hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka HC i hoʻohiki i nā huaʻōlelo ma o ka hoʻoponopono paʻa a me ka nānā ʻana cognitive. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā kuleana o ka dACC i ka nānā hewa ʻana, ka hoʻomohala kognitive a me ka hoʻokele hakakā,14 ke nānā nei kēia mau mākaʻi hiki ʻole i ka mālama cognitive ke komo i loko o ka hōʻea o ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo hoʻonāukiuki i nā wā'ōpiopio me ka IGD.
Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau ʻokoʻa i waena o nā ʻatikala waena ma waena o nā ʻōpio me ka IGD a me ka HC i ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o ka lolo i nā keiki ʻōpio me ka IGD. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina loiloi struktural i ka ʻōpio'ōpio me IAD i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kū pono keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, e like me ke ana ʻana o ka anisotropy fractional, ma mua o HC i ka orbitofrontal keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me ka cingulum16 a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ACC.15 No laila, hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono kānāwai ma waena o dACC a me OFC, i ʻike ʻia i kā mākou haʻawina o kēia manawa, e pili ana me ka IGD, ʻoiai ʻo ka wehewehe kumu pono e akahele.
Nui ka hana a ka amygdala i nā mea pili i ke kaʻina78 a me ka pane neural, a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka amygdala a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hana ʻana i ka OFC e nānā ʻia no ka pane ʻana i nā hoʻoweliweli pili i nā kānaka me ka hoʻokau waiwai ʻole.79 Bechara ¶ AL.80 manaʻo e pili ana i ka amygdala a me ka OFC i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka manaʻo; akā, loli ka manaʻo i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka amygdala a me ka hoʻoholo i loko o ka OFC. Loaʻa ka hewa me ka huina o CC a me amygdala mau haʻawina e aʻo i ka hui hoʻokūkū hopena-hopena a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano i hoʻokō ʻia.81
Ma kēia noiʻi, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōpio me ka IGD i ka haʻalele ʻana, i ka hopohopo a me nā pilikia o ka hana hoʻonaʻauao ma muli o ke kuhi hewa ʻana o ka pāʻani pūnaewele. No laila, ʻo ka poʻe ʻōpio me IGD e loaʻa nei i nā pilikia i ka kaohi ʻana ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he hanana cognitive i pili me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC.
Hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻia ma waena o ka amygdala a me ka huhū o ka huhū i nā ʻōpio me ka IGD
Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻawina o kēia manawa i ka wā'ōpiopio me IGD, ʻo ka ʻike ma ka ʻĀina ʻĀina o Anger Control subscale o STAXI-K me ka hoʻopili hewa ʻana me ka hana ma nā amygdala kūpono. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Anger Control subscale e ana i ke kaha o kekahi e hōʻohi i nā manaʻo huhū.42 Hōʻike kēia hopena i ka hana nui o ka amygdala i ka kaohi o ka hoʻonāukiuki i ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka IGD. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike nā mea ʻōpio me IGD i hōʻike i nā hana kiʻekiʻe ma ka amygdala kūpono e hōʻike ana i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e kāohi i ka huhū i nā ʻōlelo hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC. I nā haʻawina mua, hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike nui ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a me nā hewa wahaʻōlelo ma ka Pūnaewele.82 a me ka poʻe nāna i pāʻani Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing-game a ua ʻike ʻia he 'poʻe pilikia pilikia' i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻonāukiuki waha.83 Ma keʻano pilikino, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpio me ko ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele i mea e hōʻike ʻia ai nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike, a ua ʻoi aku kēia ʻoihana ma waena o nā ʻōpio i ke kula kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā poʻe ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe.20
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hāʻawi ka hōʻike ʻana i kēia hōʻike i nā hōʻike hōʻike e pili ana i ka loli ʻana ma waena o nā ʻōpiopio ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka IGD a me HC. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka hui i nā pane pili ʻana, ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka IGD hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka HC hōʻike ʻia i hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka dACC, kahi ʻākuna e pili ana i ka hōʻaʻa ʻana o ka nohona, a me ke kuleana kūpono o OFC, he ʻāina palaki e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono kānāwai, i ka wā hoʻohiki hua ʻōlelo. . ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i nā pane neuronal i loko o ka wā'ōpiopio me ka IGD hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC e hōʻike nei i ka hapa ʻole i ka ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā hua hoʻohiki. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā mea ʻōpio me IGD i nā ʻae like ʻole o nā panalāʻau i nā ʻāina frontolimbic i ka wā o ka hoʻohiki huaʻōlelo, a, ka mea, ʻo ka hana like ʻana o ka amygdala e pili pono ʻole i ka ʻeha o ka huhū i nā ʻōpio me ka IGD. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi o ka amygdala i ka kaohi o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka hoʻohui honua. Hoʻonui kēia mau ʻike i kā mākou ʻike i ka ʻike pili ʻana i ka nohona.
hoʻokau
Loaʻa nā ʻike i kēia noiʻi ʻana ma kahi o ʻehā mau palena. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo kēia noi i ka huli ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo ma nā kūlana āpau a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kāohi i ka hopena o ka huaʻōlelo o ka mahele o nā ʻano kūpono a me nā pane neural. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka hoʻohiki ʻana e pili ana i ka ʻae ʻana o ka ʻeha, hui pū ʻia o hui a me nā ʻōlelo hilahila. Makemake mākou i ka mana o ka IGD i nā hana neural i ka wā e hoʻoiho ai i nā hua hoʻohiki. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōlelo hoʻohiki hoʻohālikelike ma kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe ma mua, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hopena o ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka hiki ke ʻae a me ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana me ka hōʻeuʻeu o nā mea hōʻeuʻeu, no ka mea e pili ana ke ʻano hana kīwila o nā keiki ʻōpiopio Korea. pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele i hōʻike ʻia e ʻike ana i hoʻohiki. ʻO ke kolu, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe ʻōpio me IGD i hōʻike i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo a me ka haʻawina no ka ʻenehana Pūnaewele ma o ke K-scale, ua hiki ʻole i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka nūnū pili i nā ʻōnaehana pili e pili ana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele e like me ka loiloi logon a me nā kālā i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka pāʻani ponoʻī. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻoiai mākou i kāohi no ka comorbidity e like me ke kuhikuhi Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder a me ke kaumaha ma o ka hālāwai ninaninau a me nā ʻoi ʻana o ka diagnostic, ʻo nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka poʻe i hiki ʻole ke manaʻo ʻia he kumu. Manao ʻia e noonoo ʻia ka hui ʻana o kēia mau mea i nā haʻawina i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
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'Ōlelo hōʻeia
Mahalo nui mākou iā Wu-Jong Lee a me Ms Se-Jin Rye o ka Hāpai o St Mary no ka kākoʻo oihana. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e ka National Research Foundation of Korea Grant e kākoʻo ʻia e ke Aupuni Koreana (NRF-2014M3C7A1062893).