Ka hana hoʻopiʻi hoʻopiʻiʻole ma kahi hana kūikawā i pili i ka hopena e pili ana i ka hopena i nā poʻe me ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele (2016)

Hōʻike: Hoʻoponopono'Ālapa (2016) 6, e721; doi: 10.1038 / tp.2015.215

Paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele 26 Ianuali 2016

M Pāka1, JS Choi1,2, Pākaʻa SM1, JY Lee1,2, HY Jung1,2, BK Sohn1,2, SN Kim2, DJ Kim3 a me JS Kwon2

  1. 1Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  2. 2Ke Keʻena o ke Psychiatry a me ka ʻepekema Kumuhana, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  3. 3Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Psychiatry, ʻO Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Ke Kulanui Kulanui o Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Nā leka uila: Dr JS Choi, Keʻena o Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-Ro 5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 07061, ka Repubalika o Korea. I leka uila: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]

Loaʻa iā 4 ʻAukake 2015; Hoʻohou 24 Nowemapa 2015; ʻAe ʻia 5 Kekemapa 2015

Ma luna o kaʻaoʻao

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Hoʻopilikia ka ʻōpiopio o ka Pūnaewele (IGD) i nā hopena koʻikoʻi i ka nānāʻana, a me ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hana hoʻomehana. Eia nō naʻe, liʻiliʻi wale nō nā noiʻi i hana ʻia a hiki i kēia lā ua hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia e pili ana i nā hanana pili ʻana i ka hanana (ERP) i loko o ka IGD. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona neurobiological o ka IGD he mea nui e hoʻohemo i ka pathophysiology o kēia kūlana. He ʻano maikaʻi ʻo P300 no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona electrophysiological o ka lolo. ʻO nā pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina ʻo ia nei e ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea maʻi me ka IGD a me nā kaola olakino (HC), me ka P300 māhele o ka ERP i ka manawa o ka hana auditory oddball, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina o kēia māhele i ka hōʻeha o nā hōʻailona IGD. i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mana neurophysiological kūpono o IGD. He iwakāluakumamaono mau mea maʻi i hōʻike ʻia me ka IGD a me 23 mau makahiki-, ka sex-, ke aʻo ʻana - a me ke akamai i hoʻopuka ʻia hoʻonaʻauao HC i komo i loko o kēia aʻo. I ka wā hana o ka auditory oddball, pono nā mea i pane aku i nā leo i loaʻa i nā leʻaleʻa ʻole. Hōʻike ka pūʻulu IGD i kahi hōʻemi nui i kona pane ʻana i nā leo hoʻowalewale i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui HC i ka nui o P300 ma nā kikowaena waena o ka mokuahi centro-parietal. Ua ʻike mākou i kahi hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka hōʻeha o ka IGD a me ka nui P300. ʻO ka hōʻemi nui ʻana o ka māhele P300 i kahi hana auditory oddball e noʻonoʻo i ka hana lima i ka hoʻoili ʻana a ka ʻike auditory a me nā hiki ʻana aku ma IGD. Hōʻike kēia mau mea i ka hoʻemi ʻana o nā kiʻekiʻena P300 paha i lilo i ka pono neurobiological hōʻailona no ka IGD.

Ma luna o kaʻaoʻao

Introduction

ʻO ka hoʻonui hoʻonui ʻia o ka Pūnaewele ua alakaʻi i kahi ulu ulu o ka noiʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻohui pūnaewele, nā pāʻani hoʻokūkū a me ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.1, 2 ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a hoʻohana ʻole paha i ka Pūnaewele ke lilo i ʻole o ke kāohi a alakaʻi i ka hoʻopilikia kino ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ka hana ʻana, a ua hopohopo ʻia kēia mau pōʻino o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele i nā pilikia olakino noʻonoʻo nui ma ka hui kaiaulu.3 Ma 2013, ʻo ka American Psychiatric Association (APA) i hoʻopili ai i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka pūnaewele (IGD) ma ka pauku 3 (nā kūmole kūhelu a me nā hoʻohālike) o ka Ka Papa Hana Hoʻonaʻauao a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō, ʻalima lima (DSM-5) ma ke ʻano no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana hou.4 Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ka American Psychiatric Association i ka hemahema o nā paila diagnostic maʻamau a me ka pono no ka noiʻi hou aku. ʻO nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe e wehewehe i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka IGD, e loaʻa i ka ʻike cross-moʻokalaleo ma ka hilinaʻi a me ka hōʻoia pono o nā pono diagnostic kikoʻī a me ka wehe ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona pili e pono ai ma mua o ka helu ʻana o ka IGD ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe o ka DSM ma ka maʻi maʻamau.5

ʻO ka poʻe e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani Pūnaewele i kahi lōʻihi lōʻihi e ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā hanana ʻike a me nā auditory, a me kēia ʻike pinepine ʻana i nā kiʻi lahilahi a me nā leo ikaika e hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻike a i ka auditory a me nā pilikia ma nā wahi o ka lolo.6, 7 Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina neuroimaging hou i nā loli nui i ka hana o ka lolo a me ka ʻōnaehana e pili ana me ka IGD.8, 9, 10 Wahi a ka noiʻi mua, ua hōʻemi nā mea maʻi me ka IGD i ka home homogeneity regional i nā gyrus temporal maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻomaha.11, 12 ʻO ka gyrus temporal maikaʻi loa, aia ka cortex auditory mua, ʻike ʻia he mea nui ia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻike auditory a me ʻike ʻike.13, 14, 15

Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hana e pili ana i ka hanana (ERP) e nānā i nā hana o ka lolo a me nā hana neural o ka nānā a me ka cognition ma muli o ko lākou manaʻo kino pae kino a me ka noninvasiveness.16, 17, 18 ʻO ka māhele P300 o ERP kahi maikaʻi maikaʻi nui e kū nei ~ 300-500 ms ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a loaʻa iā ia nā kiʻekiʻe ma ka waena o nā wahi waena a me nā parietal o ke poʻo. Ua manaʻo ʻia e noʻonoʻo i ka nānā koho, hoʻomanaʻo a hoʻoili ʻia paha i ka ʻike e pili ana, a ua hōʻike ʻia e hoʻemi ʻia i ka nui o nā mea i hana ʻia e ka nui o nā haʻawina.19 Nui nā mau noiʻi i hala aku nei i hāʻawi i nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka pilikia hoʻohana kino i ke ʻano o nā hōʻike ERP i hōʻiliʻili i ka wā o ka hana o nā hana auditory oddball. Hōʻike ka alakika i ka hōʻemi nui loa i ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka māhele P300, ka hemahema i ka palaka, aʻo ka hana ʻana i kahi hana oddball auditory.20, 21, 22 Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻike ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o ka P300 i loko o ka poʻe i hōʻino ʻia no ka ʻawaʻawa, ka mea i hōʻike ʻole i ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumuwaiwai neural no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hanana kikoʻī a hiki paha ma muli o nā hana cortical impaired.23, 24 Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana i ke ulaula i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kiʻina P300 i ka wā o kahi hana auddddball ma nā mea ulaula e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kaohi,25, 26 a me Moeller ¶ AL.27 ua hōʻike ʻia ua loaʻa nā haʻahaʻa P300 haʻahaʻa i nā mea kokua ma mua o nā kaohi.

I ko mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe mua aʻo i hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka hiʻohiʻona o ka māhele P300 i nā poʻe maʻi me ka IGD e hoʻohana ana i kahi hana auditory oddball, a he wale nō nā noiʻi i hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana o ka ERP e nānā i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka IGD.28, 29 ʻO ka laʻana, Dong ¶ AL.30 ua hoʻohana i kahi hana hele / no-hele e hoʻopaʻa i ka pane ʻana aku i ka pane ʻana i ka poʻe me ka maʻi addict pūnaewele. Ma keʻano kūikawā, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā mea maʻi me ka IGD i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka nānā a me ka auditory ʻano e like me ia he mea e pono ai e noiʻi i nā hana neural e pili ana i ka ʻikepili ʻike i ka IGD. Hoʻohālikelike nā haʻawina o kēia manawa i nā hiʻohiʻona ERP e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka ʻike loiloi ma nā mea maʻi me ka IGD me ka poʻe i mālama pono ʻia (HC) e ʻike ai i nā hiʻohiʻona neurophysiological e hiki ai i nā ʻano biomarkers o IGD. Hana mākou i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka maʻi P300 o nā mea maʻi me ka IGD i ka pane ʻana i ka hōʻola stases e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā HC. Eia kekahi, hypothesized mākou e loaʻa i ka pilina ma waena o ka amplica P300 a me ka paʻakikī o nā hōʻailona IGD.

Ma luna o kaʻaoʻao

Nā Pono a me nā Una

i komo

He iwakāluakumamaono mau mea maʻi me ka IGD a me 23 mau makahiki-, ka sex-, ke aʻo ʻana - a me ke ʻikepili naʻauao (IQ) -me HC i komo i loko o kēia aʻo. Ua ʻimi ʻia nā mea maʻi āpau i ka mālama ʻia ma nā haukapila outpatient o SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center ma Seoul, South Korea, ma muli o ka nui o ka komo ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Ua apono ʻia ka Papa Hoʻolālā Institusional of the SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center i ka protocol study, a ua hāʻawi ʻia nā kumuhana āpau i ʻae ʻia a i ʻae ʻia ma mua o ke komo ʻana. Ua hoʻokele ʻia kahi hālāwai ninaninau e ka ʻimi aʻoaʻo loiloi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka IGD e like me nā kuleana DSM-5, a me ka ʻĀpana Pūnaewele Pū ʻIa Pūnaewele (IAT) a Young.31 ua hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi i ka ʻōpio o ka hōʻeha ʻana o nā ʻenemi. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi IAT i hoʻoponopono ʻia no ka loiloi ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele.32 No ka wehewehe ʻana i nā loli pili me ka IGD, ua hoʻokomo wale mākou i kēlā mau kumuhana me nā helu IAT ma ka liʻiliʻi o 70 (ref. 33) nāna i hoʻolilo ma mua o 4 h i kēlā me kēia lā a me 30 h i kēlā me kēia pule me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani Pūnaewele, ka mea i kaupalena ʻia i kā mākou laʻana i ka poʻe me ka IGD koʻikoʻi, a kāpae ʻia ka poʻe i makaʻu nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia maʻi no ka nui o ka pāʻani Pūnaewele. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Nīnauele Lapaʻau Structured no DSM-IV e ʻike ai i nā maʻi psychiatric i hala a me kēia manawa. ʻO 26 mau maʻi me IGD, 4 a me 3 i hoʻokō i nā pae hoʻohālikelike DSM-IV no ka maʻi depressive a me ka maʻi pīhoihoi. Ua kiʻi ʻia ʻo HCs mai ke kaiāulu kūloko a ʻaʻohe moʻolelo o kekahi maʻi psychiatric. Pāʻani ʻo HC i nā pāʻani Pūnaewele <2 h i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)34, ka Beck Anouri Inventory (BAI)35 a me kahi wanana Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (ref. 36) i hoʻohana e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻikepili lapaʻau e pili ana me ka IGD.

ʻO ka hōʻailona o ka wehe ʻana he mōʻaukala o ka hōʻeha o ke poʻo nui, ka maʻi ʻulepau, ke kaumaha ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo, ka maʻi psychotic a me nā mea e hoʻohana ai i ka maʻi o ke ahi koe wale nō. ʻO nā poʻe āpau āpau he mau lāʻau lapaʻau-naif i ka manawa nā loiloi. Ua lawelawe ʻia ʻo ka Korea o ka Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III i nā kumuhana āpau e koho i ka IQ, a komo pū mākou i nā kumuhana me Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 80.

ʻAsklelo a me ke kaʻina hana

Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hana audddd auditory, e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua maʻamau (85%) a me ka leʻaleʻa, deviant stimuli (15%) i kahi kauoha pseudorandomized ma kahi pae leo 85-dB kani kino. Ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻekolu haneli i ka binaurally e kahi mea hoʻolima leo STIM 2 (Compumedics, El Paso, TX, USA). Hāʻawi ʻia ka hoʻokaumaha ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻano ʻelua like ʻole: ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka deviant deviant i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia me ka leo kiʻekiʻe (2000 Hz); a ʻo ka hoʻohiolo pinepine ʻana ka helu ʻana ma ka leo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (1000 Hz). ʻO ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēlā me kēia leo ka 100 ms (10-ms ka piʻi a hāʻule i nā manawa hāʻule) me nā kikowaena waena o 1250 ms. Ua kauoha ʻia nā mea e neʻe aku i ke kaomi ʻana i kahi pihi pahu pane me ko lākou lima ʻākau a hiki a pololei hoʻi ke hiki ke hoʻopi wale i nā leo kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi ʻia nā poʻe āpau āpau i hana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma mua o ka hana maoli o ka hana maoli. Ua hoʻopau nā mea komo he ʻekolu poloka o nā hoʻokolokolo 100 ʻoiai e noho ana i kahi noho ʻoluʻolu.

ERP hoʻopaʻa ʻana

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻike o Electroencephalogram a me electrooculogram me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana wikiwiki wikiwiki 64 (Compumedics) e pili ana i ka mastoid i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena pale pale kani. Aia ka wahi o ke kahawai honua ma waena o FPz a me Fz. Ua ana ʻia nā electrooculogram papamoe ākea a kau ʻia e nā electrodes i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ka canthus waho o kēlā me kēia maka, a ma luna a ma lalo o ka maka hema. Hoʻopaʻa mau ʻia nā hana uila ma kahi helu o 250, 500 a 1000 Hz paha. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi kānana band-pass i 0.3-100 Hz. ʻO ka Impedance ma nā electrode hoʻopaʻa leo he <10 kΩ.

Hoʻolālā ERP

Ua hoʻomohala hou ʻia nā hōʻailona eletope e hoʻohana i nā polokalamu ʻo Curry 7 (Compumedics). Ua hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia nā paʻi leo i loko o 250 Hz. A laila ʻike hou ʻia nā ʻikepili i nā loiloi maʻamau maʻamau a i ʻoli ʻia me ka hae o ke kahe hele mai 0.3 a i 30 Hz. Nā loiloi Electroencephalogram a me nā palapala electrooculogram i ʻike maka ʻia e hōʻole i nā kiʻi kalima e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka neʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia nā maka a me nā neʻe maka maka i ke ʻano o ka hoʻemi ʻana o artifact i hoʻomohala ʻia e Semlitsch ¶ AL.37 A laila hūnā ʻia nā ʻikepili i nā lāmole o 1000 ms, ka mea i loaʻa iā 100-ms mua-stimulus baseline period. Epochs me ka nika me ka nui o ± 70 V ua hoʻokuʻu pinepine ʻia. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua wale nō me nā pane kūpono i nā leo hoʻowalewale i nā pae waena o ka pae waena (FCz, Cz, CPz a me Pz) i manaʻo ʻia a loiloi ʻia. Kālai ʻia nā electrodes Midline i nā hana oddball e noiʻi ana i nā māhele P300. ʻO nā nalu hāmeʻa ERP no kēlā me kēia mea e loaʻa i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻo 35 no nā hoʻokolohua artifact-free. ʻO ka P300 ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ka papa nui loa e hele i loko o ka puka aniani ma waena o 248 a me 500 ms ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hoʻoulu. Ua kūkulu ʻia nā palapala kiʻi honua o nā kiʻina P300 me ka polokalamu Scan 4.5 (Compumedics).

ʻIkepili helu

ʻImi ʻia nā hōʻike Demological, klinikia a me nā ʻano hoʻi me nā ʻano loiloi o hoʻokahi ʻano (ANOVA) a i ʻole χ2-ʻoi aku, me ka hui ʻoihana mālama (IGD a me HC) ʻo ia ka hopena ma waena o ke kumuhana. Ma nā huaʻōlelo o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o nā helu ERP paʻa, ka nui a me ka latencies o ka māhele P300 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā pane ʻana o nā ANOVA me nā pūnaewele electrode (FCz, Cz, CPz a me Pz) i mea i waena o ke kumuhana a me nā pūʻulu ma waena o ka kumuhana-kumuhana. . ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka hihia o ka hoʻomāinoino o sphereness, ua ʻae ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i lalo iho nei, a me ke hoʻoponopono ʻia P-hōʻike ʻia i hōʻike ʻia. Ua pili ʻia nā ʻike P300 e pili ana i nā loli nui ma waena o nā ʻano loiloi me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā koikoi pālua i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻāpana. Nā hopena P-e ʻike ʻia nā waiwai <0.05 ma ke ʻano he nui. Ua kālailai hou ʻia nā loli e hōʻike ana i nā hopena nui mahope iho nā hoʻohālikelike e hoʻohana ana i kahi ANOVA hoʻokahi. Hana ʻia nā helu helu helu kāʻei e hoʻohana ana i ka polokalamu SPSS v18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).

Ma luna o kaʻaoʻao

Results

ʻO kaʻikepili a me nāʻikeʻikepili

ʻAʻohe ʻano nui o nā hui i ʻike e pili ana i ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā IQ i manaʻo ʻia. ʻO nā mea maʻi me ka IGD ka nui o nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma ka IAT (F(1, 47)= 450.99, P<0.001), BDI (F(1, 46)= 49.92, P<0.001), BAI (F(1, 46)= 11.17, P<0.01) a me Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (F(1, 46)= 57.50, P<0.001) hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HCs. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano heluna kanaka a me nā ʻano pilikino o nā mea i komo 1 Pūnaewele.

Papa 1 - Nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā ʻano maʻi o nā mea maʻi me IGD a me HCs.

Palapala 1 - Nā maʻi Demolika a me nā mea lapaʻau o nā mea maʻi me ka IGD a me nā HCs - Eia naʻe ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i kahi huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe no kēia. Inā koi ʻoe i ke kōkua e kiʻi i kēia kiʻi, e ʻoluʻolu e kōkua i ke kōkua@nature.com a i ka mea kākauʻO ka papa piha

 

Nā hopena Behavioral

ʻAʻole i kūlike ka nui o nā helu kūpono o nā hui ʻelua. ʻOiai ʻo nā mea maʻi me ka IGD e pane lohi iki me ka HC, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hopena koʻikoʻi nui. Hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike pili hana 2 Pūnaewele.

Papa 2 - Nā hopena o ka lawena (nā helu kūpono a me nā manawa hopena) a me nā helu ERP (nā amplitude a me nā latency o P300) i nā maʻi me IGD a me HCs.

Palapala 2 - Nā hopena o ka hana (kūkaʻi kūpono a me nā wā pane) a me nā helu ERP (nā nui a me nā palena o P300) i nā mea maʻi me ka IGD a me nā HCs - Eia naʻe ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i kahi'ōlelo maʻalahi no kēia. Inā koi ʻoe i ke kōkua e kiʻi i kēia kiʻi, e ʻoluʻolu e kōkua i ke kōkua@nature.com a i ka mea kākauʻO ka papa piha

 

ERP kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe

Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano hāliʻi holoʻokoʻa ʻo ERP no ka hoʻowalewale deviant ma nā pūnaewele electrode ʻehā Hōʻike 1. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā hopena nui o ka pūnaewele electrode (F(1, 45)= 16.73, P<0.001) a me ka hui (F(1, 45)= 4.69, P= 0.029) no ka nui o P300. ʻO ke kaila P300 ka mea i hoʻonui ʻia ma ka CPz ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ma waena o nā pūnaewele electrode ʻehā. ʻAʻole i ʻike nui ʻia ka ʻike nui ma waena o ka pūnaewele electrode a me ka pūʻulu no ka nui o P300. ʻO nā mea maʻi me ka IGD i hōʻike i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa P300 ma mua o HC ma CPz (F(1, 47)= 8.02, P<0.01) akā ʻaʻole ma FCz, Cz a me Pz. Ma nā ʻōlelo latike P300, ʻaʻohe o nā hopena nui a i ʻole nā ​​pilina i koʻikoʻi.

Hōʻike 1.

Hōʻike 1 -ʻoluʻolu hikiʻole iā mākou ke hāʻawi i nā meaʻokoʻa e hiki ke heluheluʻia no kēia. Inā makemakeʻoe i kōkua e komo i kēia kiʻi, eʻoluʻolu e leka uila i kōkua@nature.com a iʻole ka mea kākau

(Ke kihi kiʻekiʻe) Hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hanana nui e pili ana i ka hanana (ERP) ma mua o ʻekolu mau wahi electrode (FCz, Cz a Pz) i pane ai i nā leo kuahiwi i ka hana auditory oddball no nā mea maʻi me ka pāʻani pūnaewele pāʻani (IGD) a me nā mana olakino (HCs) ). (ʻO ka laina hema) Ka helu hema hema e hōʻike ana i nā ʻōhua holoʻokoʻa ʻo ka ERP i ka midline centro-parietal electrode (CPz). Hōʻike nā papa palapala kikoʻī i ka pale o ka pena i ka nui o P300 ma nā hui ʻelua. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona ʻaoʻao hema e hōʻike ana i nā correlations ma waena o ka Pūnaewele Hoʻomau Hōʻike Pūnaewele (IAT) a Young a me ka nui o P300 ma ka mid mid centro-parietal electrode.

ʻO kaʻao holoʻokoʻa a me ke kaʻao (106K)

 

ʻO ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o nā kiʻikuhi P300 a me nā loli like ʻole

Ua loaʻa nā mea pili nui ma waena o nā P300 kiʻekiʻe a me nā helu IAT (Hōʻike 1).). I ka nui o nā helu IAT ua hoʻopili kino ʻia me nā ampl P300 ma CPz (r= -0.324, P= 0.025). ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hopena koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā P300 amplitude a me BDI, BAI a me Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11.

Ma luna o kaʻaoʻao

kūkākūkā

Ua noiʻi mākou i ka hana lolo uila e hoʻohana ana i kahi hana oddball auditory e pane ana i ka hoʻowalewale deviant. Ma muli o ka hana o ka auditory oddball ma kēia noiʻi ua maʻalahi iki ia, a ʻaʻole i loli nui ka hoʻokō pono i waena o nā mea maʻi me ka IGD a me nā HC. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ka haʻawina o kēia manawa i nā ʻokoʻa o ka ERP ma waena o nā hui ʻelua i kahi hana oddball auditory. No laila, ʻaʻole ka hopena o ka ERP ma waena o nā pae like ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hana o ke ʻano, akā ua loli ka neurophysiological i loko o ka pūʻulu IGD. Kūpaʻa pū me kā mākou wānana, ʻo ka nui o ka māhele P300 i pane aku ai i nā ʻanē hewa ʻole i hōʻemi ʻia i nā mea maʻi me ka IGD hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC i ka pae waena o ka wahi uila electrode centera-parietal. ʻO kēia mau hōʻemi ma ka pā P300 ma ka hana auddde oddball e hōʻike nei e loaʻa ana nā mea maʻi me ka IGD i kahi kuhi ma ka hana o ka ʻike auditory hoʻopili a me ka hana cognitive. Ke kūlike nei kēia mau hopena ma nā haʻawina ʻo ERP ma mua o nā poʻe e ʻeha nei i nā hui ʻē aʻe, ka mea i hōʻike i ka hoʻēmi ʻana ma ka nui P300.19, 22, 38, 39

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo P300 e hōʻike i nā kao hana hoʻoliʻikepili i ka pili me ka attentional a me nā hana hoʻomanaʻo. Inā ʻaʻole like ka hōʻeuʻeu komo ʻana i ka hana oddball a hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​kumuhana i nā kumuwaiwai i ke kuhi, ʻike ʻia ka neural hoʻonaninani o ka pae hoʻokō a hou ʻia kahi P300 ma kahi o nā mea kikowaena sensory.18, 40 No laila, ʻo ka māhele o P300 e kuhikuhi i ka nānā pono-a me nā hana pili pili i ka hoʻomanaʻo. Ua hōʻike ka loiloi correlational i nā pilina nui ma waena o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka P300 kiʻekiʻe a me nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi IGD. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena e pili ana i nā loli loli P300 i pili i ke kūlana klinika o ka IGD a he poʻomanaʻo paha ka hōʻailona neʻeneʻe neʻeneʻe o ka IGD.

Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā mea neural o ka wae ʻo P300.41, 42 ʻOiai ʻaʻole i maopopo maopopo nā kumu neural mua o P300, ua ʻike mau kekahi mau noiʻi e kūleʻa ʻia ana nā wahi P300 e kahi ala neural circuit ma waena o ka palena mua a me ka temporo-parietal.43, 44 ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona P300 maʻamau ka ʻānō e pili ana i ka P3b i loaʻa e ka mea hoʻokalakupua, akā he ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka P300 ka P3a i kiʻi ʻia e ka nīhou a i ʻole ka nontarget stimulus. ʻO ka P300 i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia haʻawina nei e pili ana i ka P3b. ʻO ka ʻāpana P300 (a i ʻole P3b) ka mea maʻamau mai nā wahi temporo-parietal, a ʻo ka P3a hūnā mai nā kihi mua.45, 46 Kim ¶ AL.12 ua hōʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana ola hoʻomaha i ka gyrus temporal maikaʻi loa a me nā cortex posterior cing cortex i nā mea maʻi me ka IGD. E like me ka cortex posterior ʻōpapa he ʻāpana o ka pūnaewele hiʻona like a me ka māhele parietal, kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma kekahi mau wahi o ka lolo i ka wā hoʻomaha, he mea nui ia no ka nānā a me ka mālama pono ʻana ʻoiai ke pili ana i nā hana kognitive pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mana hoʻokele a me ka hiki ke haʻalele i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele paʻahana.47 Manaʻo ʻia ka gyrus temporal koʻikoʻi he mea nui i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻike audiovisual a ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi o nā kumu nui i komo pū i ke komo ʻana o nā auditory a me nā ʻike nānā, a me nā ʻike noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka ʻike auditory / ʻike ʻike.15 ʻO ka hōʻemi o ka P300 ka hopena i nā poʻe maʻi me ka IGD i loaʻa i kēia noiʻi nei e hōʻike i nā loli neurophysiological i nā wahi temporo-parietal, i kūpono loa i nā ʻike mua.12 Eia kekahi, ʻike kēia ʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o P300 e pili ana me ka hōʻike pinepine ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻike like ʻole a me ka auditory i ka wā e pāʻani ai i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, i ka poʻe maʻi me ka IGD.

ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻōnaehana neurotransmitter kūpono e kūlike ana i ka P300 hanauna e noho maopopo ʻole ana, kekahi mau kuhi e hōʻike nei i kahi kikowaena neurotransmitter o ka hanauna P300. E pili ana i ka māhele o P3b, nā hana norepinephrine, e hoʻokumu ana i ka loker coeruleus, hiki i ke ʻano o ka P300 (a i ʻo P3b) pū kekahi i nā kānaka.48, 49 I kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo Polich lāua ʻo Criado50 ua hōʻike ʻo ka nui o nā kahe a me P300 e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻehaʻeha o ka wāwae wāwae, akā ua hōʻemi loa ʻia lākou i ka poʻe maʻi me ka maʻi o Parkinson, he mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka dopamine i ka lolo. Pogarell ¶ AL.51 i ʻike pū i ke kūlana striatal dopamine D2 / D3 ka mea i mālama maikaʻi ʻia me ka P300 amplitude i ke pane ʻana i nā leo kuono i nā mea maʻi me ke kaumaha. ʻO ia ka mea, hoʻemi ʻia ka nui P300 e pili ana me ka hana dopaminergic hoʻemi. Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi mua i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka pūnaewele a IGD paha i pili i nā mea pono ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana uku dopamine. Kim ¶ AL.52 Loaʻa nā pae i hōʻemi ʻia o ka loaʻaʻana o ka dopamine D2 i nā puʻupuʻu o ka striatum, me ka bilateral dorsal caudate a me nā putamen kūpono, i kēlā me kēia me IGD. ʻO nā mea hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka P300 o nā mea maʻi me ka IGD e hōʻike ʻia i nā hanana dopaminergic impaired i loko o ka IGD, ka mea i ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā pilikia addiction.53

ʻO nā haʻawina i kēia manawa he nui nā palena. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka laʻana i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi ua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e kaupalena ana i ka laulā o nā ʻike. No laila, ʻo nā haʻawina o hope aku me nā mea nui e pono ai e hoʻomaopopo i ka hōʻoia mua i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka IGD. ʻOiai ka hapa o nā mea o ke komo i ke aʻo ʻana, ua kāohi nō mākou no nā hiʻohiʻona demographic e like me ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka ʻōlelo IQ a me ke kūlana lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻAʻole kekahi o nā mea i komo i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Hiki i ka hana Electrophysiological ke pilikia i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.54, 55 No laila, haʻalele i kā mākou mau hopena i ka hopena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka ERP. ʻO ka lua, ua loaʻa i nā mea maʻi me ka IGD nā helu kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka BDI a me ka BAI hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HC. No ka pale aku i nā hopena hoʻonāukiuki, hiki i nā loiloi o covariance me nā māka BDI a me BAI no ka covariates i hana ʻia ma nā pā P300, a me nā ʻike nui i nā neʻe P300 e hoʻomau ʻia ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. Eia kekahi, ia mākou i hoʻokolokolo ponoʻī i kahi kanaka me IGD ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka poʻe me ka hōʻehaʻeha a i ʻole ke kaumaha koi, ua loaʻa ka hopena. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i ʻike mākou i ka hopena koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka nui P300 a me nā helu BDI a me BAI. ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ka ʻāpana IAT i hoʻohana ʻia no ka loiloi o ka paʻahao o ka IGD he palapala hōʻike pilikino pono ʻole, he mea hiki ke nele i nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī. ʻEhā, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi papa hana ʻāpana i kēia ma kēia noiʻi, akā ʻo ke aʻo lōʻihi lōʻihi e ʻike ana i nā poʻe like like me ko ka manawa ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka haʻalele ʻana i kēia hanana. I ka hopena hope loa, ʻaʻohe o mākou hui mana ʻōlohelohe e like me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea hoʻohana. I ka ʻike hou ʻana, pono ia e hoʻohālikelike i ka poʻe ma IGD me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe e hoʻopau ai i nā hiʻohiʻona neurophysiological kikoʻī e pili ana i ka IGD. ʻOiai kēia mau palena palena, ua loaʻa nā ʻike i kēia noiʻi i kā mākou ʻike i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka māhele P300 a me ka hui ʻana o kēia ʻāpana me nā koina neuropsychological pili i ka IGD.

I ka hopena, hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka nui P300 o ka pūʻulu IGD i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hui o HC i ka wā o kahi hana auditory oddball. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻemi pono ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka māhele P300 me ka paʻakikī o ka IGD, ka mea e hōʻike nei i nā hemahema i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻike auditory a me nā hana cognitive, a me ka pilina ma waena o kēia ʻāpana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani o ka pūnaewele pūnaewele. Hōʻike ka ʻike o ka noiʻi i kēia manawa i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o P300 e pili ana i ka abnormalities hana o ka lolo he mea hoʻohālikelike neurobiological paha no ka IGD, ka mea e hāʻawi hou aku i ka ʻike i ka hana neurophysiological i lalo o kēia maʻi. I mea e maopopo ai ke manaʻo ʻia nā hoʻololi o nā amplitude P300 i nā mea maʻi me ka IGD i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano mea hoʻokūkū kaʻa a i ʻole mea hana mokuʻāina, hoʻohui ʻia nā haʻawina lōʻihi a me ka loiloi o ka nui P300 i nā kumuhana e pili ana i ka mōʻī IGD. I ka wā e hiki ai nā pōʻino o P300 i ka heluna ma ka lehulehu me ka hopena kiʻekiʻe no ka IGD, hiki i ka ʻākana ʻo P300 o ERP i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano mea he loea no IGD. Eia kekahi, i ka manawa i hikiʻole ke loaʻa i nā hewa maʻamau o P300 me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hōʻailona ma hope o nā loiloi lōʻihi ma nā maʻi me ka IGD, hiki i ka P300 nā kikoʻī ke manaʻo ʻia he ʻano mokuʻāina no IGD. A laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka loiloi ʻana i ka prognosis o ka IGD, no ka pale ʻana a me ka interapeutic awal ma loko o nā mea maʻi me ka IGD.

Ma luna o kaʻaoʻao

Kōkua hihia

ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e nā mea kākau i ka paʻi kālā.

Ma luna o kaʻaoʻao

E hoʻomaopopo '

  1. KS ʻōpio. Hoʻopilikia pūnaewele: ka puka ʻana o kahi maʻi maʻi hou. CyberPsychol Behav 1998; 1: 237-244. | Paukū |
  2. ʻO Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Hoʻopilikia pāʻani pūnaewele: kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana o ka noiʻi empirical. ʻO Int J Ment Health Addict 2012; 10: 278–296. | Paukū |
  3. ʻO Christakis DA. Hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele: kahi maʻi ahulau 21st? BMC Med 2010; 8: 61. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  4. American Psychiatric AssociationDiagnostic a me ka helu Manual o na maʻi noʻonoʻo. DSM-5. 5th edn, American Psychiatic Association: Arlington, VA, USA, 2013.
  5. Petry NM, Rehbein F, Gentile DA, Lemmens JS, Rumpf HJ, Mößle T ¶ AL. He ʻae kuikahi no ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ala hou DSM-5. Hoʻohau 2014; 109: 1399-1406. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  6. ʻO DellaCroce JT, Vitale AT. Hypertension a me ka maka. ʻO Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2008; 19: 493–498. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  7. ʻO Bovo R, Ciorba A, Martini A. Nā mea pili i ke kaiapuni a me nā genetic i ka hoʻolohe pepeiao e pili ana i ka makahiki. Aging Clin Exp Exp 2011; 23: 3-10. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  8. Ko CH, Liu GC, Hsiao S, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Lin WC ¶ AL. ʻO nā hana lolo e pili ana i ka pāʻani pāʻani o ka hoʻōla pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43: 739-747. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  9. Ding WN, Sun JH, Sun YW, Zhou Y, Li L, Xu JR ¶ AL. Hoʻohui pili pūnaewele paʻa paʻamau i hoʻololi ʻia i ka wā ʻōpio me ka hoʻolauna pāʻani Pūnaewele. PLoS Hoʻokahi 2013; 8: e59902. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  10. Feng Q, Chen X, Sun J, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Ding W ¶ AL. Hoʻohālikelike pae Voxel o ke kahakaha ʻana i ka inoa o ka resonance magnetic resonance perfusion i nā ʻōpio me ka hoʻowalewale pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO Behav Brain Function 2013; 9: 33. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  11. Dong G, Huang J, Du X. Nā hoʻololi i ka homogeneity kūloko o ka hana o ka lolo hoʻomaha hoʻomaha i nā mea pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO Behav Brain Function 2012; 8: 41. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  12. Kim H, Kim YK, Gwak AR, Lim JA, Lee JY, Jung HY ¶ AL. ʻO ka homogeneity āpau o ka mokuʻāina e waiho ana ma ke ʻano he mea olaola no nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi pāʻani Pūnaewele: kahi hoʻohālikelike me nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi ʻalekiko a me nā kaohi olakino. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 60: 104-111. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  13. Foxe JJ, Wylie GR, Martinez A, Schroeder CE, Javitt DC, Guilfoyle D ¶ AL. Ka hana multisensory multisensory auditory-somatosensory ma ka hui hui puʻuwai: kahi noiʻi fMRI. J Neurophysiol 2002; 88: 540-543. | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI |
  14. Beauchamp MS, Lee KE, Argall BD, Martin A. Hoʻohui ʻia o ka lohe a me ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea i loko o ka sulcus temporal kiʻekiʻe. Neuron 2004; 41: 809-823. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI | CAS |
  15. Robins DL, Hunyadi E, Schultz RT. ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe i ka pane ʻana i nā kuhi ʻoniʻoni leo-hihio. Brain Cogn 2009; 69: 269–278. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  16. Nā kumuhana e pili ana i ka lolo o Donchin E. ʻO kahi mea hana i ke kaua ʻana o ka ʻike ʻike kanaka. Begleiter H (ed). Nā Palapala Āpilikia Huehū a me ke Keiki. Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1979; 13 – 88.
  17. ʻO Porjesz B, Begleiter H. Nā hopena o ka ʻona ma ka hana electrophysiological o ka lolo. Alcohol Alkohol 1996; 2: 207 – 247.
  18. Polich J. Hoʻohou i ka P300: kahi manaʻo hoʻohui o P3a a me P3b. ʻO Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118: 2128–2148. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI |
  19. Campanella S, Pogarell O, Boutros N. Nā hanana pili i ka hanana i loko o nā maʻi hoʻohana i kahi loiloi haʻi moʻolelo e pili ana i nā ʻatikala mai 1984 a 2012. Clin EEG Neurosci 2014; 45: 67-76. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  20. Patterson BW, Williams HL, McLean GA, Smith LT, Schaeffer KW. ʻAlekohola a me ka mōʻaukala ʻohana o ka waiʻona: nā hopena ma ka ʻike a me ka auditory e pili ana i nā hiki. ʻAlekohola 1987; 4: 265–274. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  21. ʻO Pfefferbaum A, Ford JM, White PM, Mathalon D. Loaʻa nā hanana e pili ana i nā kāne ʻona: Hōʻike ka P3 amplitude i ka mōʻaukala ʻohana akā ʻaʻole ka inu waiʻona. ʻO Alkohol Clin Exp Exp 1991; 15: 839-850. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  22. ʻO Cohen HL, Wang W, Porjesz B, Begleiter H. Auditory P300 i nā mea inu lama ʻōpio: nā ʻano pane ʻāina. ʻO Alkohol Clin Exp Exp 1995; 19: 469–475. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  23. ʻO Begleiter H, Porjesz B, Bihari B, Kissin B. Hiki i nā lolo e pili ana i ka hanana i nā keikikāne e makaʻu i ka ʻona. ʻEpekema 1984; 225: 1493-1496. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | CAS |
  24. ʻO Hada M, Porjesz B, Chorlian DB, Begleiter H, Polich J. Auditory P3a deficit i nā kāne kāne i ka makaʻu nui no ka ʻona. ʻO Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 726-738. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  25. Neuhaus A, Bajbouj M, Kienast T, Kalus P, Von Haebler D, Winterer G ¶ AL. ʻO ka hoʻomau mua ʻole o ka lobe mua i ka mea puhipaka. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 186: 191-200. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  26. Mobascher A, Brinkmeyer J, Warbrick T, Wels C, Wagner M, Gründer G ¶ AL. ʻO ka P300 hanana e pili ana i ka hanana a me ka puhipaka — kahi noiʻi hihia hihia-ka lehulehu. Int J Psychophysiol 2010; 77: 166–175. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  27. Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Fischer CJ, Dougherty DM, Reilly EL, Mathias CW ¶ AL. P300 hanana e pili ana i ka amplitude a me ka impulsivity pili i nā kumuhana pili i ka cocaine. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50: 167–173. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  28. Dong G, Zhou H, Zhao X. Hōʻike nā mea hoʻopili Pūnaewele kāne i ka hiki ʻole o ka mana hoʻokele: hōʻike ʻia mai kahi hana Stroop kala-ʻōlelo. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499: 114-118. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI | CAS |
  29. Littel M, Berg I, Luijten M, Rooij AJ, Keemink L, Franken IH. Ka hana hewa ʻana a me ka pāpā ʻana i ka mea pāʻani i nā mea pāʻani pāʻani kamepiula nui: kahi noiʻi kūpono e pili ana i ka hanana. Pākuʻi Biol 2012; 17: 934–947. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI |
  30. Dong G, Lu Q, Zhou H, Zhao X. Hoʻokiʻikuʻi kūpilikiʻi i ka poʻe me ka maʻi hōʻeha pūnaewele: hōʻike electrophysiological mai kahi noi Go / NoGo. Neurosci Lett 2010; 485: 138-142. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI | CAS |
  31. KS ʻōpio. Psychology o ka hoʻohana kamepiula: XL. Hoʻohana hoʻopunipuni o ka Pūnaewele: kahi hihia e haki i ka stereotype. ʻO Psychol Rep 1996; 79: 899–902. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  32. Son KL, Choi JS, Lee J, Park SM, Lim JA, Lee JY ¶ AL. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona Neurophysiological o ka maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona: kahi noi EEG mokuʻāina hoʻomaha. Unuhi i ka Psychiatry 2015; 5: e628. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  33. Choi JS, Park SM, Lee J, Hwang JY, Jung HY, Choi SW ¶ AL. ʻO ka beta hoʻomaha a me ka hana gamma i ka hoʻowalewale pūnaewele. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89: 328-333. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  34. Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M. Beck kaumaha helu (BDI). ʻO Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961; 4: 561-571. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI | CAS |
  35. ʻO Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. He papa inoa no ke ana ʻana i ka hopohopo maʻi: nā waiwai psychometric. ʻO J Consult Clin Psych 1988; 56: 893. | Paukū | CAS |
  36. Barratt ES. Subtraits impulsiveness: ulu nui a me ka ʻike e ʻike ai. Spence JT, Itard CE (eds). Kūpono, ʻĀkau a me ke ʻano kanaka. Elsevier: Amsterdam, Holland, 1985, pp 137-146.
  37. Semlitsch HV, Anderer P, Schuster P, Presslich O. He hopena no ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi kūpono a kūpono hoʻi o nā artifact ocular, i noi ʻia i ka P300 ERP. Psychophysiology 1986; 23: 695-703. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | CAS |
  38. Suresh S, Porjesz B, Chorlian DB, Choi K, Jones KA, Wang K ¶ AL. Auditor P3 i ka wahine ʻona. ʻO Alkohol Clin Exp Exp 2003; 27: 1064-1074. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  39. Sokhadze E, Stewart C, Hollifield M, Tasman A. ʻImi ʻia e pili ana i ka hanana o nā disfunction executive i kahi hana wikiwiki i ka hana ʻana a ka cocaine. J Neurother 2008; 12: 185–204. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  40. ʻO Donchin E, Nā Kolamu MG. ʻO ka mea P300 kahi hōʻike o ka hoʻohou hou? ʻO Behav Brain Sci 1988; 11: 357–374. | Paukū | ʻO ISI |
  41. ʻO Halgren E, Marinkovic K, Chauvel P. Nā mea hana o nā hiki i ka noʻonoʻo hope i nā hana auditory a me nā hana ʻano. ʻO Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 106: 156–164. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI | CAS |
  42. Eichele T, Specht K, Moosmann M, Jongsma ML, Quiroga RQ, Nordby H ¶ AL. Ke nānā nei i ka evolution spatiotemporal o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka neuronal me nā hiki e pili ana i ka hanana hoʻokolohua hoʻokahi a me ka MRI hana. ʻO Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 17798–17803. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | CAS |
  43. Soltani M, Naita RT. Nā kumu neural o ka P300. ʻO Crit Rev Neurobiol 2000; 14: 199-224. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | CAS |
  44. Linden DE. ʻO ka P300: ma hea i ka lolo e hana ʻia ai a he aha ka mea e haʻi mai ai iā mākou? Neuros Scientist 2005; 11: 563-576. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  45. ʻO Ford JM, Sullivan EV, Marsh L, White PM, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka amplitude P300 a me nā volly hina hina āpau e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolohe i hana ʻia. ʻO Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 90: 214-228. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  46. ʻO Verleger R, Heide W, Butt C, Kömpf D. Ka hoʻemi ʻana o P3b i nā mea maʻi me nā maʻi temporo-parietal. ʻO Cogn Brain Res 1994; 2: 103–116. | Paukū |
  47. Fox MD, Raichle ME. Hoʻohuli kūlohelohe i ka hana lolo i ʻike ʻia me ke kiʻi kiʻi resonance ʻume mākenēki. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8: 700-711. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI | CAS |
  48. Kok A. Ma ka pono o P3 amplitude ma ke ana o ka hana ʻana. Psychophysiology 2001; 38: 557-577. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | CAS |
  49. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD. ʻO kahi kumumanaʻo integrative o locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal optimization. Annu Rev Neurosci 2005; 28: 403-450. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI | CAS |
  50. Polich J, Criado JR. ʻO Neuropsychology a me neuropharmacology o P3a a me P3b. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 60: 172-185. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | ʻO ISI |
  51. Pogarell O, Padberg F, Karch S, Segmiller F, Juckel G, Mulert C ¶ AL. Nā hana Dopaminergic o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pahuhopu — P300 hanana e pili ana i ka hiki a me ka striatal dopamine. ʻO Psychiatry Res 2011; 194: 212-218. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  52. Kim SH, Baik SH, Park CS, Kim SJ, Choi SW, Kim SE. Hoʻoemi i ka striatal Dopamine D2 mau mea loaʻa i ka poʻe me ka ʻikepili pūnaewele. Neuroreport 2011; 22: 407-411. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia | CAS |
  53. ʻO Hesselbrock V, Begleiter H, Porjesz B, O'Connor S, Bauer L. P300 hanana e pili ana i ka amplitude ma ke ʻano he endophenotype o ka waiʻona - nā hōʻike mai ka hoʻopaʻa like ʻana e pili ana i nā genetics o ka waiʻona. ʻO J Biomed Sci 2001; 8: 77–82. | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  54. dʻArdhuy XL, Boeijinga P, Renault B, Luthringer R, Rinaudo G, Soufflet L ¶ AL. Nā hopena o nā antidepressants serotonin-selective a me nā antidepressants classical i ka hiki ke lohe i ka P300 lohe. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 40: 207-213. | Paukū | Hoʻokuʻuʻia |
  55. ʻO Liley DT, Cadusch PJ, Gray M, Nathan PJ. Hoʻololi ʻia e nā lāʻau i nā ʻōnaehana e pili ana i ka hana electroencephalographic kanaka ʻole. Phys Rev E 2003; 68: 051906. | Paukū |