Ke Kiʻi Lapaʻa. 2015 Apr 28; 6: 501. ^ E Ha yM. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.00501.
ʻO Coëffec A1, Romo L2, ʻLelo N3, Riazuelo H4, Kahuna S5, Kotbagi G6, Kern L7.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio. ʻO ke kumu o kēia noiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi e pili ana i nā pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e like me ka waiʻona, uka a i ʻole ka cannabis i ka wā ʻōpio. No ke hana, ua piha nā haumāna 1423 mai nā kula waena a me ke kula nui i ka nīnau ninaninau i loaʻa nā nīnau i ka wā o ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō a me nā kuhi o nā ʻaka inu (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Short version, AUDIT-C ), nānaka (He Weaviness of Smoking Index, HSI), a me ka cannabis (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test, CAST). ʻIke mākou he 92.1% o nā'ōpio e hoʻohana i nā pāʻani wikiō a ʻo 17.7% ka pilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō (PUVG). Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia nā hopena e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana o 19.8 a me 8.3% o nā mea e komo ai i ka wai ʻona a me nā ʻōpū cannabis i kēlā me kēia a me 5.2% e hōʻemi ana i ka hilinaʻi nui o ka tapaa. Hoʻomaʻa maikaʻi loa nā mea pāʻani wikiō i nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea pāʻani me PUVG i kā lākou mea waiwai (ʻawaʻawa, tapaa, a me ka cannabis) ma mua. Loaʻa ʻia ʻo PUVG no ka maikaʻi ʻole i ka makahiki mua ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea mua, akā ke kūpono i ka manawa i hoʻopau ʻia nā pāʻani wikiō. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā mea e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi o nā mea (nā kala a AUDIT-C, HSI, a me CAST). ʻO ka mea hope, kū like kā mākou mau hopena i ka puke, e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o nā mea hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pāʻani wikiō i kona wā ʻōpiopio. E ʻae kēia mau ʻike i ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana i nā hoʻolālā pale a me ka mālama o ka wā e hiki mai ana ma kēia ʻano hana.
KEYWORDS:
opiopio; waiʻona; make canabis; pilikia ka hoʻohana ʻana; tabako; Pāʻani wikiō
Introduction
ʻO ka hoʻokaumaha pū me nā mea psychoactive, e like me ka waiʻona, ka taba a i ka cannabis, he maʻamau i ka wā ʻōpio.Currie et al., 2010; Spilka et al., 2012a,b; Spilka lāua ʻo Le Nézet, 2013).). Līlani ʻia hoʻi nā pāʻani wikiō i kēia lehulehu a i kekahi mau manawa, hiki ke lilo i pilikia pilikia, ʻoiai inā he launa pū me nā mea ʻē aʻe psychopathological. Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau noiʻi ʻē aʻe i nā hui ma waena o nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻohana ʻai. ʻOiai ua pili kekahi mau noiʻi i nā pili ma waena o ka pāʻani āpau, nā pāʻani pāʻani a me nā hoʻopau waiwai.Lane et al., 2004; Nā Phillips a me Ogeil, 2007), ʻo nā mea āpau e hōʻike i nā hui ma waena o nā wikiō wikiō a me nā ʻae ʻana i nā mea (Wenzel et al., 2009; Armstrong et al., 2010; Denniston et al., 2011; Raiff et al., 2012; Walther et al., 2012; Van Rooij et al., 2014).). Eia nō naʻe, a hiki mai i kēia lā a i kā mākou ʻike, ua liʻiliʻi loa nā noiʻi Farani e pili ana i nā pilina hiki loa ma waena o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pāʻani wikiō. Pēlā, ʻo ke kumu o kēia noiʻi, ʻo ia ke ʻimi i nā loulou ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka inu ʻalo ʻana, ka uahi a me ka cannabis i ka nui o nā ʻōpiopio. ʻO ke kumu lalo o kā mākou aʻo ʻana, aia nō kahi ʻike (ʻano pilikino a me nā psychopathological) maʻamau i nā poʻe pāʻani me ka pilikia pilikia o nā pāʻani wikiō (PUVG; ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me nā mea noiʻi o nā mea noiʻi i hoʻohui ʻia i nā pāʻani wikiō) a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō ʻōpio ka pilikia o ka Ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi PUVG.
Pūʻulu Moʻomanaʻo
Hoʻomoe ʻĀina i waena o nā ʻōpio
Ua hoʻokau ʻia kahi loiloi HBSC (Health Behavioured i nā keiki hele kula, 2010) i kahi poʻe ʻōpiopio i ka wā ma waena o 11 a me 16 mau makahiki ka hōʻike ʻana, ka nui o ka ʻaka, ka uka a me ka hoʻoliʻu cannabis e pinepine pinepine a hoʻonui i ka wā. No laila, i waena o nā haumāna o ka papa eono, ua hele ʻo 59.3, 12.7, a me 1.5% i mea inu wai, tabako a me ka cannabis, pakahi. Eia nō hoʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka 6.8% o nā haumāna ʻeono a me 34% o ka nui o ka poʻe i hōʻemi ʻia i ka inu ʻana (Currie et al., 2010; Spilka et al., 2012a).
Wahi a ka loiloi ESCAPAD (2011) (a i ka ʻōlelo Pelekane: “Enquête sur la Santé et les Consommations lors de lʻAppel de Préparation A la Défense”), ua kokoke ke 75% o 17-ʻōpio makahiki i ka wā e inu ana i ka wai ʻona, 42 % e ho'ēmi ana i ka pakaSpilka et al., 2012b) a me ka 26.8% hoʻolaha e hoʻopau i ka cannabis (Spilka lāua ʻo Le Nézet, 2013) i ka malama i hala.
Lilo i nā Pāʻani wikiō
He mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō ma waena o nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio (Tejeiro and Moran, 2002; Wood et al., 2004).). I ka 'oiaʻiʻo, Le Heuzey lāua ʻo Mouren (2012) ʻike aia 87% o 11-13 makahiki a me 80% o 15-17 mau makahiki ke pāʻani i kahi pāʻani wikiō ma ka lā hoʻokahi. ʻO nā pāʻani wikiō nui loa i noiʻi ʻia e nā mākeke pāʻani pūnaewele, kikoʻī ʻo ka MMORPG (ka nui o ka pāʻani ma ka pāʻani ma ke ʻano he pāʻani). He mau hiʻohiʻona kēia i ʻike like ʻia i nā poʻe ʻōpio, e like me: ka mea ʻole, ʻike, hoʻohana pilikino, hana i ka hauʻoli, ka pili ʻana, ka hoʻokūkū, ka lawaiʻa, nā ʻike ʻike, a i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona, he mau ʻelima kūmau kolohe (Greenfield a me Ceap, 1999; Griffiths a me Wood, 2000; ʻO Morahan-Martin a me Schumacher, 2000; Chou et al., 2005; Ng me Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Allison et al., 2006; Sebeyran, 2008; Minotte, 2010; INSERM, 2014).
ʻO ka manaʻo ʻana o ka "hoʻohui ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō" ʻaʻole naʻe kahi maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka "Pūʻali Pūnaewele Pūnaewele" i ka māhele III o ka DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version 5, AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013).). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina e ʻikepili ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō e hoʻohana ana i ka palena ākea o ka "cyberd dependence" (ʻO Varescon, 2009).). Eia naʻe, ke hoʻomaka nei ka manaʻo o ka "pilikia pilikia" e hoʻonui i ke kahua ʻepekema, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e INSERM's (2014) ka hōʻike, kahi hoʻi e wehewehe i like like me ia Aliʻi (1990) nā palena o ka hoʻohui ʻana. ʻOiai nō ka wehewehe maikaʻi ʻana o PUVG, ka uhi pinepine ʻana i nā manaʻo o ka hoʻomāinoino, ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa loa hoʻi e pili ana i ka pāʻani wikiō, ua ʻike ʻia i ke kī nui ma waena o 1.3% a i ʻole 50%. Hiki i kēia ʻano nui ma waena o nā haʻawina e wehewehe ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea loiloi like ʻole, nā koho koho, nā ʻike pono e like me ka wā o nā makahiki, a penei (Haagsma et al., 2012; Festl et al., 2013; King & al., 2013; Pápay et al., 2013; Ricquebourg et al., 2013).
Pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻohana hoʻōla
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina e loaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana 'ana a me nā hana pāʻani wikiō. Ke hōʻike nei kēia noiʻi e hoʻopau ana i nā keikikāne i ka tabako, cannabis a me ka waiʻona i ka nui o ko lākou hiki ke loaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe PUVG (i loiloi ʻia e PVG a i ʻole "pāʻani kīwī pilikia") ma mua o ka poʻe i ʻole (Van Rooij et al., 2014).
A loaʻa i kahi mea inu waiʻona, ʻoi aku ka mea i pili loa i ka manawa i hoʻopau ʻia i nā pāʻani wikiō. I ka 'oiaʻiʻo, Armstrong et al. (2010) hōʻike ʻia, ma kahi hoʻohālike o nā haumāna kula kula 4691, ka manawa i hala i mua o ka pā o ke kīwī a me ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō, e hoʻopili pono ʻia ana me ka inu ʻona.
I ka hiki ʻana i ka makahiki mua, ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka inu ʻona ma mua o ka makahiki o 13 ua ʻike nui ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine ʻana o ka televise, kamepiula a me nā pāʻani wikiō.Denniston et al., 2011).
A i ka hiki ʻana i ka hana hōʻino a me ka hilinaʻi, ʻike nui ʻia ka nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka waiʻona me ka manawa e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani wikiō i loko o ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu o 16 a i 74 mau makahiki (Wenzel et al., 2009).). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka poʻe i hōʻike ka mea i pili nui loa i nā mea like e like me ka waiʻona, kaola, ka ʻona a me nā sigikeke, ʻo ia nā mea e ʻoi loa ka hilinaʻi i kahi hana ʻē aʻe e like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ka ʻike ʻana i ke kīwī, ke pāʻani nei i nā pāʻani manawa, ka pāʻani, ka hoʻohana ʻana Pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani wikiō (Greenberg et al., 1999).). No laila, ua pili pū ʻo PUVG i ka hopena o ka waiʻona, ka uahi a me ka hilinaʻi cannabis (Ream et al., 2011a,b).
Mahalo, Raiff et al. (2012) hōʻike ʻo ia, ma ka pākeke makua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi i nā mea ulaula ma mua o nā mea inu ʻole.
Eia naʻe, ua nele kekahi mau noiʻi e loaʻa i kahi pilina ma waena o ka manawa i pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau mea. Pela Walther et al. (2012) hōʻike mai koe wale nō ke hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis, ʻaʻole i ka taba me ka inu ʻawaʻawa, hui pū me nā pāʻani wikiō. Kahi mea hou aʻe, McClure a me Mears (1986) hōʻike i nā haumāna (n = 190) i pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau i ka wai ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole mai ka pia ma mua o ka poʻe i pāʻani i hoʻokahi manawa a ʻelua paha ma kēlā me kēia mahina.
Ke Koʻikoʻo
Ka heluna kanaka
Ke kuhi nei mākou i nā haumāna Farani 1423 Farani, he mau makahiki ma waena o 11 a me 17 mau makahiki, i lawe ʻia mai nā kula waena a me ke kula kiʻekiʻe (7th, 8th, 10th, a me 11th grade) ma ka ʻāina o "Ile de France." Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haumāna e pili ana i nā pahuhopu o kā mākou aʻo ʻana a me ke komo manawaleʻa ʻana ma ka hoʻopiha ʻana i kahi nīnau noiʻi i ka manawa o ke kula. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā mākua no kā lākou kuleana e hōʻole i ke komo ʻana o kā lākou keiki i kēia aʻo ʻana. Ua hahai kēia haʻawina i nā ʻōlelo ʻānō i hāʻawi ʻia e ke kōmike ponoʻī o ka ʻenekona ʻona a me ke aʻo ʻana ʻepekema Kumuhana, University of Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, UFR SPE (Keʻena o Psychology and Education). Ua ʻae aku ka mana hoʻonaʻauao o Versailles, nā kula e komo ai a me nā ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe.
Pākuhi
Ua loaʻa i nā nīnau noiʻi mahele he ʻelua māhele: ʻo nā nīnau mua i pili i nā nīnau maʻamau e pili ana i ka wahine, ka makahiki a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kula. Ua māhele ʻia ka lua i ʻehā mau māhele:
Lilo i nā Pāʻani wikiō
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nīnau pepa PUVG. I mea e loiloi ai iā PUVG, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka nīnau nīnau e pili ana i nā koina no ka hilinaʻi o nā mea i ka DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic a me ka Manual Manual of Mental Disorders, version IV-TR, AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2000).). Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia pāʻina no ka PUVG, no ka mea ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi mea pono ma ka ʻōlelo Farani ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā mākou ʻike. Holo ka huina helu mai 0 a i 7 mau wahi. A poʻokahi i helu ʻia a keu paha na ʻekolu e hōʻike ana i kahi PUVG. ʻO kēia ʻoki ʻokiʻoki kahi like me kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea hilinaʻi. Ua noi ʻia ke kumuhana e koho i ka manawa e hoʻolilo ai i nā pāʻani wikiō i nā lā me ka ʻole kula. Ua koho ʻia nā mea i hui ʻia he "mea hana wikiō" inā ua hōʻike lākou i ka pāʻani wikiō i nā mahina 12 i hala. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ua ʻike pū kekahi ʻia nā mea pāʻani pāʻani a me nā ʻano o nā wikiō wikiō (arcade, console a i ʻole ke pāʻani ʻana o ka kamepiula, ka pāʻani pūnaewele, a pēlā pū.)
Ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka waiʻona
ʻO ka AUDIT-C (Hoʻopuka Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike Nīkī i ka palapala hōʻike; ʻO Bush & al., 1998) ua hoʻohana ʻia. Hāʻawi kēia mea hana i ka loiloi kūpono o ka inu ʻona ʻawaʻawa, i nā mahina 12 i hala aku nei, ma o nā mea ʻekolu o ka maʻamau, ka nui a me ka nui o ka ʻawaʻawa (ʻeono a i ʻole mau ʻāpana ʻoluʻolu i hoʻokahi manawa). Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e ʻike ai i ka inu ʻona i ke kūlohelohe.ʻO Bush & al., 1998; Gual et al., 2002), ke komo pū me nā haʻawina epidemiological e like me ke Health Barometer (ma ka ʻ Frenchlelo Palani: “Baromètre de Santé”), akā, ʻaʻohe ʻano kumu o Farani e ʻike ʻia i kēia lā. A ʻoi aku ka pae pākahi a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ʻehā no nā kāne a kūlike a kiʻekiʻe paha i ʻekolu no nā wahine ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make ʻana i ka waiʻona.Bradley et al., 2007).
Palapala Kahuna
ʻO ka HSI (Heaviness of smoking Index), ka mea e ʻae nei i ka ʻike wikiwiki ʻana i ka hilinaʻi o nā tapaa. Kūleʻa Fagerström no ka hilinaʻi o Nikotine by Fageström, 1978) ua hoʻohana ʻia. ʻOiai naʻe i kūpono kēia nīnau no ka nīnau makua.Heatherton et al., 1989), ua hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻōpio ʻōpiopio i nā kānaka ʻōpio (Hastier et al., 2006).). ʻOiai ʻo kāna mau nāwaliwali psychometric haʻahaʻa (ka pilina kūloko ma waena o 0.62 a me 0.65), ke hoʻohana ʻia nei no ka wikiwiki o ka lawelawe ʻana (Etter, 2005).). Ka helu holo ʻokoʻa, i hāʻawi ʻia e nā mea ʻelua o kēia nīnau nīnau ma waena, ma waena: 0 a me 1 hōʻike liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka hilinaʻi ʻole; Hōʻike ka 2 a me 3 i ka hilinaʻi maʻalahi; Hōʻike ka 4 a me 6 i kahi hilinaʻi ikaika (Fagerström et al., 1990).
Kanikau lahui
Ua hoʻohana ka CAST (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test). Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia hoʻokolohua ma Farani e ka hoʻokolokolo i kapa ʻia ADOTECNO (ADOlescents et TEChniques d'évaluation des consommations Nocives) ma nā haumāna 1728. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ʻia i ka lehulehu ākea e Legleye et al. (2007). ^ E Ha yM. Kahi moho kūoʻi a kūlike paha i ka ʻelua e hōʻike ana i kahi ikehu o ka cannabis dependence.
ʻIkeʻIke Heluhelu
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo SPSS 19 no nā loiloi helu helu āpau. Ua hana ʻia nā ʻikepili Descriptive (e like me ka mea lahilahi, nā ʻoihana a me nā palena pālua) e wehewehe ai i ka heluna kanaka. A laila, ua hana mākou i nā noiʻi bivariate (Student's t-ʻoi aku, Chi-square, ka hoʻokau ʻana o Pearson) i mea e noiʻi ai i nā pilina kūpono ma waena o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike. ʻO ka hope, ua ʻike ʻia nā loiloi multivariate (MANOVA, regression) i mea e hōʻike ai i nā mea hoʻohālikelike, he koʻikoʻi nui ke kaukau ʻana ma PUVG aʻo ka lawe ʻana iā lākou a pau. No laila, ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻolauna i ka pakeneka o nā ʻano like like ʻole a me ka ʻike i nā kiko o nā "wikiō wikiō" me PUVG.
Results
Kōkua wikiō
Ka nui o 92.1% ((N = 1289) i manaʻo ʻia nā mea wikiō wikiō e kūʻē iā 7.9% (N = 111) mea pāʻani wikiō. Ma waena o nā mea pāʻani i pane i ka nīnau nīnau no ka PUVG (N = 1192), 17.7% (N = 211) i hōʻike i kahi PUVG (me ʻekolu mau aʻe a i ʻole mau maka). Hoʻokomo wale nō ʻo 1.1% o lākou i nā helu āpau (ka nui loa o nā pihi 7). Ka manawa i hoʻolilo ai i nā pāʻani wikiō ma kahi lā kula, ua haʻahaʻa loa ia ma mua o ka lā ʻaʻohe o ke kula [53 min (SD: 1 h 23 min) a me 2 h 12 min (SD: 2 h 45 min) mau; t(1288) = 22.78, p <0.0001]. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa o nā mea pāʻani wikiō me PUVG i nā pāʻani wikiō ma mua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō me ka ʻole o PUVG [i nā lā me ke kula (t = 10.62, p <0.0001)] a me ke kula ʻole [t(1085) = 10.8, p <0.0001].
Ke hele aku nei i nā polokalamu pili pāʻani a me nā ʻano o nā pāʻani wikiō: ʻo nā mea ʻekolu i kāhea ʻia i ke kāʻei o nā mea pāʻani, ʻo nā kamepiula (85.1%), nā console paʻa (75.2%), a me nā kelepona kelepona (66%). Aia no nā ʻano o nā pāʻani, ʻo lākou nā pāʻani pākeke (54.8%), nā papa pāʻani (48.9%) a me nā pāʻani haʻuki (48.3%).
Nā ʻike
Ma kahi hapalua o kā mākou heluna (46.7%) i hōʻike i ka inu ʻawa. ʻO ka makahiki nui ma ka hoʻohana mua ʻana he 12.4 mau makahiki (SD = 2.7). ʻIke mākou he 89.3% o nā consumptions mua i hana ma hope o ka makahiki o 8. I nā huaʻōlelo, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻōpio 10 i ʻeka i ka wai ʻawa no ka manawa mua ma mua o ka makahiki 8. Eia kekahi, loaʻa iā 19% ka nui o ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona.
Ma kahi o 16.7% o ko mākou heluna e haʻi aku i nā mea ulaula. ʻO ka helu maʻamau e haʻi ʻia nei ʻo 12.8 mau makahiki (SD = 1.9). Ua ʻike mākou aia ka 90.3% o nā mea puhipuhi i ka ulaula i ka makahiki o 10 a i luna. Eia kekahi, ʻo 5.2% kahi hilinaʻi nui o ka tapaa kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka huina o 21.1% o nā haumāna i hōʻike aku i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka cannabis ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ko lākou ola a ʻo 8.3% i loaʻa ka pōʻino kīnā, ʻoiai 8.6% i hoʻolaha i ka ulaula.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā mea pāʻani a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō ʻole
Loaʻa i nā mea wikiō nui e hoʻohana i nā pono o ka ʻemi ma mua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō.p = 0.04). ʻAʻole i loaʻa kekahi mauʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma waena o nā pūʻulu ʻelua no nā mea hoʻohālikelike i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa Table1.1. ^ E Ha yM. Pākaukau Table22 ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hualoaʻa ma luna o ke kaupaona ʻoi aku ka palena o ka hilinaʻi a me nā makahiki mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana no nā mea wikiō wikiō a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō.
Hana ʻia ka Factorial ANOVA i mea e aʻo ai i ka manawa i pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō i kekahi lā me ka hiki ʻole i ke kula no ka poʻe pau i ka waiʻona, ka cannabis a me ka maiʻa ma mua o ka poʻe i ʻole. Nui ka ANOVA. ʻO ka hui ʻana o Bonferroni mahope iho hōʻike i nā hōʻike hōʻike ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi no ka ʻōpio o nā mea ulaula a me nā mea ʻole e hoʻokele e pili ana i ka manawa i ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā kula (n = 1199, p = 0.004) e like me ka lā ʻaʻohe o ke kula (n = 1199, p = 0.003). Ua loaʻa i nā mea ulaula ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa e pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō.
Ua hana pū mākou i kahi MANOVA me nā loli ʻē aʻe AUDIT-C, HSI, a me CAST i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hui ʻelua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō a me nā mea pāʻani video ʻole. Hōʻike ka MANOVA i nāʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. [F(3,1196) = 3.3, p = 0.02]. ʻO ka kikoʻī, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea wikiō wikiō ma luna o AUDIT-C (Bonferroni mahope iho hōʻike, hōʻike p = 0.106) a ma luna o CAST (Bonferroni mahope iho hōʻike, hōʻike p = 0.207) ma mua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻike i ka wā e ʻimi ana i ka helu ma HSI (p = 0.538).
Ua hana pū mākou i kahi MANOVA me nā makahiki loli maʻamau i ka ʻina ʻawa mua o ka inu ʻawa, kalima a me ka cannabis e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā hui ʻelua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō a me nā mea pāʻani video ʻole. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mau mea nui i loaʻa i waena o kēia mau pūʻulu [.F(3,153) = 0.965, p = 0.41] no kēia mau loli.
Palapala kōlea hoʻoponopono
papaʻaina Table33 ka hōʻike ʻana i nā loulou ma waena o ka helu PUVG; 'o nā kumu helu AUDIT-C, HSI, a me CAST a me ka makahiki ma ka hoʻohana mua' ana.
Inā kākou e noʻonoʻo wale i ka poʻe e ulaula.N = 100), ʻike mākou i kahi hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka helu ma PUVG a me HSI (r = 0.19, p = 0.052). Pēlā nō, inā e noʻonoʻo mākou i ka poʻe e hoʻopau i ka cannabis (N = 150) ʻike mākou i ka hopena nui a maikaʻi ma waena o kā lākou helu ʻana i ka PUVG a me CAST (r = 0.27, p = 0.001).
Nā Kūlike Kanaka Nui ʻana
Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i kahi hoʻohālike laina lula i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e wehewehe i ka helu o PUVG (hilinaʻi kūlike) e nā ʻike nui o AUDIT-C, HSI, CAST, ka makahiki ma ka mua (ʻomi) a me nā manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i nā pāʻani wikiō (ma he lā me / ʻaʻohe kula; nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa). Pono e haʻi ʻia ma kēia loiloi kekahi kiko liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka mea mua, nona nā kumuhana 108 ua hoʻopau a hoʻopau i nā mea ʻekolu. Ua wehewehe kēia ʻano hoʻohālikelike i ka 37.76% (R2 = 0.3776) o ka ʻano o ka pehu o ka helu PUVG. Ka nui wehewehe wehewehe ʻana o kēia hoʻohālike i ka manawa o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā me ke kula (b* = 0.311; p = 0.018), makahiki i ka mua o ka ʻai o ka cannabis (b* = -0.25; p = 0.02) a me nā makahiki ma mua o ka inu ʻana i ka tapaa (b* = 0.22; p = 0.04) (Papa (Table44).
Ua hana nō hoʻi mākou i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe i kēlā me kēia pae kiʻekiʻe (R2 = 0.367). Hoʻolālā ka manawa i ka pāʻani wikiō ma ke lā kula.b* = 0.292) a me ka makahiki mua ma ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ka cannabis (b* = -0.26; p <0.05) a me, ka helu ma HSI (b* = 0.148), ua holo ka manawa ma ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā ʻaʻole kula (b* = 0.191), ka aha ma ka CAST (b* = 0.153) a me ka makahiki mua ma ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i ka taba (b* = 0.2; p > 0.05) nā loli, i koho ʻia e kēia hana.
Pēlā nō hoʻi mākou i hana ai i ka pae kanu kiʻekiʻe i ka pae kiʻekiʻe (R2 = 0.32). Hoʻolālā ka manawa i ka pāʻani wikiō ma ke lā kula.b* = 0.446), makahiki i ka mua o ka ʻai o ka cannabis (b* = –0.18) a me ka helu o ka HSI (b* = 0.173; p <0.05) nā loli, i koho ʻia e kēia hana.
No laila, hoʻolōʻihi ka manawa i nā pāʻani wikiō ma kahi lā kula a ma mua o ka make mua ʻana o ka cannabis hoʻonui i nā pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana i kahi PUVG. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano he lua nui i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. (Repression, ascendant, aosan).
kūkākūkā
ʻO ke kuhikuhina
I ko mākou wā ʻōpio (N = 1423) ua ʻike mākou he 92.1% o nā mea wikiō wikiō (N = 1289) a me 17.7% o nā mea pāʻani wikiō me PUVG (N = 211). ^ E Ha yM. Ka hoʻohana nui ʻana (ka wai ʻawa, tapaa, a me ka cannabis) i kēia poʻe he pinepine, ka mea e like me ka data epidemiological i loko o ka puke (Currie et al., 2010; Spilka et al., 2012a). TNo laila, 8.3 a me 19.8% o nā ʻōpio i loaʻa i ka cannabis pōʻino a me nā inu wai inu i kēlā me kēia a me 5.2% e hōʻike ana i kahi maʻalahi i ka hilinaʻi i ka ulaula tapaa. ʻAʻole kēlā mau paona ma waena o nā mea wikiō a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō.
Nā Pāʻani wikiō a me ka ʻike kumu
Loaʻa i nā mea wikiō nui ka nui o ka inu ʻemi ma mua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō. ʻO kēia wale nō ka hopena nui loa i ʻike ʻia ma waena o kēia mau pūʻulu i ka wā i hiki mai ai i ka ʻai mea make. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻohālike i kā mākou mau hopena McClure a me Mears (1986) no ka inuina o ka baki, aka aole e ku nei ko lakou mau hopena e pili ana i ka inu make ana. Me he mea lā he mea nui ʻole ka ʻike i ka taba a me ka cannabis ma o ka wikiō o ka wikiō. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua like nā mea pāʻani wikiō e hoʻopau i kekahi o kēia mau mea ʻekolu ma mua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō. ʻO kā mākou mau hopena: (1) e kūʻē i nā mea o ka Barrientos-Gutiérrez et al. (2012) ka mea i hōʻike mua i ka ulaula i waena o nā ʻōpio i hōʻike ʻia i nā pālolo; (2) pili i nā mea o ʻO Tucker et al. (2013) e pili ana i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka inu ʻona ma nā mea pāʻani ʻōpio wikiō.
Eia kekahi, ʻike ko mākou mau hopena (MANOVA) aia ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻokoʻa i waena o nā mea pāʻani wikiō a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō e pili ana i kā lākou helu ʻana i ka waihona hilinaʻi (wai inu wai, tabako, cannabis). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻike nui i pili i ka makahiki i ke ʻimi mua ʻana no nā hui ʻelua.
Hoʻolālā ka manawa e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻomau
ʻAʻohe mea nui nui i ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia nā pāʻani wikiō ma waena o nā mea kūʻai aku o ka waiʻona a me nā cannabis a me nā mea hoʻohana ʻole. Ua ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kēia manawa no nā mea puhilima tapaa ma mua o nā mea inu ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ke kūpono nei kēia mau hopena me nā Raiff et al. (2012). ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻololi ʻia ka manawa pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō (ma kahi lā a i ʻole ke kula) me ka hōʻoia maikaʻi ʻia i nā maka o AUDIT-C, HSI, a me CAST. Eia kekahi, ʻo kā mākou hopena e pili ana i ka inu ʻawaʻī ʻana: (1) i laina me ka ʻO Wenzel et al. (2009) ka mea nāna i ʻike ua piʻi ka ʻawaʻawa ʻawa me ka manawa i pau i nā pāʻani wikiō; (2) pili ʻole i ka poʻe o Armstrong et al. (2010), ka mea i ʻike i ka inu ʻawaʻī pinepine aku i waena o nā poʻe'ōpio ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa e pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō.
Pono e hoʻomanaʻo he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā wikiō wikiō i loko o kahi lā me ka kula, e pili pū ana me ka makahiki mua o ka make mua ʻana o ka wai (inu wai, uahi, a me ka cannabis). Ke kūpono nei kēia mau hopena ma kahi o nā ʻO Denniston et al. (2011) ka mea nāna i ʻike, kahi hoʻomaka mua i ka waiʻona (ma mua o 13 mau makahiki), e pili pū me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o ka TV, kamepiula a me nā pāʻani wikiō. Eia kekahi, he pono ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ma waena o ka manawa e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā kula a me ka makahiki ma ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ka cannabis a me ka uahi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia hoʻoponopono ʻia i ka makahiki i ka wā inu ʻona.
PuVG a me ka Hoʻolālā Waiwai
Ua kālele nā haʻawina mua i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pilina a i ʻole ka hanana ʻana ma waena o PUVG a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea e like me, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua. Kūpono ʻole kā mākou hopena i nā puke (Greenberg et al., 1999; Ream et al., 2011a,b; Walther et al., 2012) no ka mea, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka helu PUVG e hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā ʻāpana o AUDIT-C, HSI, a i CAST paha.
ʻO ka pilikia pilikia ʻana o nā pāʻani wikiō e pili pū ana me kahi hoʻomaka mua o nā mea waiwai mai ka wā i loaʻa ai ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka pā ʻana o PUVG a me ka makahiki i ka wā eʻai mua ai ka wai (ka wai, uahi, a me ka cannabis). No laila, kahi pili i hoʻomaka mua ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka puʻū ʻo PUVG. I kā mākou ʻike, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻike e nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe.
Eia kekahi, 36.76% wale nō ka hoʻololi o ka puʻuwai PUVG i wehewehe ʻia e ko mākou kaomi regression e komo ai nā helu o AUDIT-C, HSI, CAST, nā makahiki i ka wā mua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manawa pāʻani ma nā pāʻani wikiō (ma kahi lā me / ʻole kula) e like me nā kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ka makahiki i ka wā mua o ka puhi ʻana a me ka cannabis, ua hele ka manawa i ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā me ke kula e wehewehe i ka ʻano like ʻole. ʻO nā ʻano ʻelua i kū i waho (ʻoiai ke ʻano o ke regression i hoʻohana ʻia), ka manawa i hoʻolilo ai i nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā kula, a i ka wā o mua o ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ka cannabis.
hoʻokau
Aoia no i mau ana i ko makou noi i kekahi mau palena; hoʻomaka mai ka nīnau nīnau ana i kahi PUVG e hoʻokumu ana ma ka DSM-IV-TR. Eia nō naʻe, he mea hoʻohālikelike o kā mākou hiʻona. Ua lawe ʻia nā hana hoʻonaʻauao i nā kula i ʻae ʻole i ke komo ʻana. ʻAʻole hui like ʻia nā hui o nā mea pāʻani wikiō a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō a me ka ʻole a me ʻole PUVG, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae ʻia a e kāohi ʻole i kekahi mau mea hoʻohilahila ʻē aʻe, e like me nā hopena akademika. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me kekahi mau mea kākau (Chiu et al., 2004; Skoric et al., 2009), aia nō ka hopena maikaʻi ma waena o PUVG a me ka hana haʻawina. Ua hiki iā mākou ke haʻi i nā ʻōnaehana ʻohana nāwaliwali, ka mea e hiki ai i nā pilikia o ke hilinaʻi.INSERM, 2014).). Ua hiki nō iā mākou ke ʻōlelo i ka maleINSERM, 2014).
Eia kekahi, kahi haʻawina kūpono e pili ana i ka loiloi hetero e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā mākou hopena, i kēia manawa e kau wale ana ma luna o nā loiloi loiloi.
Panina
ʻO ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana o nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea no ka psychoactive (maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona) i ka wā ʻōpio. ʻO nā poʻe'ōpiopio e pāʻani nei i nā pāʻani wikiō e hoʻopau nui i ka waiʻona ma mua o nā mea pāʻani wikiō ʻole. ʻAʻole kēia ka hihia no ka inu pia a i ʻole make kīnā.
ʻOiai ka palena o ka mea hana a mākou e loiloi ai iā PUVG, hāʻawi ko mākou mau hopena i ka ʻike nui e pili ana i nā hui, i ʻike ʻia ʻole, ma waena o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona, pia, a me ka cannabis i ka wā ʻōpio'ōpio. No laila, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā makahiki o ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i ka wai (ka waiʻona, ka taba, a me ka cannabis) ma waena o ka mea pāʻani wikiō a me nā mea pāʻani kīwī ʻole akā i hoʻopololei ʻia i nā kiʻi PUVG a me ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia ai nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā ʻaʻole kula. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka pilikia o ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi waihona (ʻo ka nui o nā hōʻike o ka AUDIT-C, HSI, a CAST) i ʻike ʻia e hoʻoponopono ʻia nei i ka māka PUVG akā ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka manawa i hoʻolilo ai i nā pāʻani wikiō. Ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka makahiki i ka mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pia a me ka cannabis a me ka manawa i hoʻolilo i nā pāʻani wikiō i kahi lā kula, he mau mea nui o ka PUVG.
ʻO kahi makahiki mua ma mua o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea e pili ana me PUVG. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ke kuhikuhi i ka mea, ʻoiai he puʻupuʻu ka hiki ke wehe ʻia, ua hoʻomaka mua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai me ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā mea e hiki mai ana. No laila, aia kahi mea e hōʻailona nui ai i ka pale a me ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohana kūpono ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou e nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio'ōpio, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pāʻani wikiō. Eia naʻe, ke hōʻike wale nei kā mākou mau hopena i nā pilina hiki i waena o nā mea hoʻohālike a ʻaʻole hoʻi e kuhikuhi i ke ala o ka pilina ma waena o nā mau ʻano. Pono nā haʻawina lōʻihi me nā mea ʻoi aku e pono ai ke kiola i ka mīkini i lalo.
Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana
Ua loaʻa i kā mākou hui noiʻi kālā i loaʻa mai ka loaʻa kālā mai nā mea lawelawe ʻenehana (FDJ a me PMU) a me IREB (Institut de Recherches Scientifiques sur les Boissons - "Institute for Scientific Research on Drinks").
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