- Lalene J Radiol. 2016 Feb 28; 8 (2): 210-225.
- Hoʻopukaʻia ma ka pūnaewele 2016 Feb 28. doi: 10.4329 / wjr.v8.i2.210
PMCID: PMC4770183Gianna Sepede, Margherita Tavino, Rita Santacroce, Na Federica Fiori, Rosa Maria Salerno, a Massimo Di Giannantonio
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
AIM: E hōʻike i nā hopena o nā loiloi magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) e pili ana i ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele addiction disorder (IAD) i ka poʻe ʻōpio.
METHODS: Ua hana mākou i kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana ma PubMed, e nānā ana i kā mākou nānā i nā haʻawina fMRI e pili ana i nā mea maʻi IAD makua, ʻaʻohe o kahi kūlana psychiatric comorbid. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo a ko ʻolua e like ai me ka hui pū ʻana: fMRI, nā hoʻohui pūnaewele, ka pūnaewele hilinaʻi, hana neuroimaging. Ua mālama ʻia ka huli ma ʻApelila 20th, 2015 a hoʻoiho i nā palapala 58. Nā ʻōlelo i komo pū ʻia: ka ʻatikala i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, nā makahiki o nā mea maʻi ≥ 18 mau makahiki, nā mea maʻi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e IAD, nā haʻawina e hāʻawi ana i nā hopena fMRI i ka wā hoʻomaha a i ʻole nā puʻuwai cognitive / naʻau. ʻO nā noiʻi MRI Structural, nā hana imaging hana ʻē aʻe ma mua o fMRI, nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā wā ʻōpio, nā mea maʻi me nā psychiatric comorbid, neurological a me nā kūlana olakino. Ma ka heluhelu ʻana i nā inoa inoa a me nā abstract, haʻalele mākou i nā moʻolelo 30. Ma ka heluhelu ʻana i nā kiko piha piha o nā moʻolelo 28 i koe, ua ʻike mākou i nā pepa 18 e hālāwai ana i kā mākou kuleana helu a no laila ke komo pū i ka syntitive qualitative.
KAHIKI: ʻIke mākou i nā haʻawina 18 e hoʻokō nei i kā mākou kuleana helu, ʻo 17 o lākou e alakaʻi nei ma Asia, a me ka helu he helu 666 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā haʻawina i loaʻa i nā ʻike i loaʻa i ka wā hoʻomaha o nā kūlana a i ʻole nā ʻano paradigms like, e like me cue-reaktivity, wanana a me nā hana cognitive control. ʻO nā mea maʻi i helu ʻia, ʻoi aku nā kāne (95.4%) a ʻōpio nui loa (21-25 mau makahiki). ʻO ka subtype IAD e hōʻike ʻia nei, i hōʻike ʻia ma mua o 85% o nā mea maʻi, ʻo ia ka punahele pāʻani pūnaewele, a i ʻole addiction videogame. Ma nā noiʻi hoʻomaha hoʻomaha, ua kālele ʻia nā mea ʻike pono kūpono i nā gyrus temporal maikaʻi loa, ka limu, ka mua medial a me nā wahi parietal. Ke hōʻike nei i nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā haʻawina fmri, ua ʻike mākou ma lalo o ka hapalua o nā pepa i hōʻike i nā ʻano hoʻohanohano ma waena o nā mea maʻi a me nā kaohi maʻamau, akā loaʻa nā mea āpau i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi o nā ʻāpana cortical a me ka subortortical e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala kognitive a me ka hoʻōla uku: Orbitofrontal cortex, insula, anterior a and posterior cingulate cortex, temporal and parietal region, brain brain and caudate nucleus.
KOLOHAI: Ua pili paha ka IAD i nā hana ʻōpio i nā ʻōpiopio. Pono e aʻo ʻia hou i ka hohonu e hāʻawi i kahi maʻi kao a me ka mālama kūpono.
Ke poʻo kumu: Ua loiloi ʻōhai ʻia mākou i ka noi ʻana o ka magnetic resonance imaging Studies i nā pākeke i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka maʻi addiction pūnaewele (IAD), me kekahi ʻano maʻi psychiatric ʻē aʻe. ʻIke mākou i nā haʻawina 18, ka hapanui i alakaʻi i East Asia a me ka kākau inoa i nā poʻe ʻōpio kāne me ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike ka poʻe addict pūnaewele i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana ma nā wahi i komo ai i ka mālama cognitive a me ka hoʻonaninani / hoʻonaninani (me ka orbitofrontal cortex, anterior a posterior cingulate, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal region, brain brain a me caudate nucleus) ka mea like me ka poʻe i ʻike ʻia i nā hana make . ^ E Ha yM. He kūlana ʻae ʻo IAD e pono ai e noʻonoʻo pono ma muli o kāna hopena koʻikoʻi i ka lolo o ka ʻōpio e hana nei.
Introduction
Pūnaewele Hoʻohālikelike Lākana (IAD), ka mea i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pathologic / problematic (PIU), hiki ke wehewehe ʻia i kahi maʻi ʻeha lohi ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka pūnaewele, i pili pū me ka hana koʻikoʻi nui a i ʻole ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā maʻi ma ke ʻano.1]. ʻAʻole IAD ka papa inoa o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo ma ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-ʻalima, akā he subtype o IAD, ka papa kuhikuhi o ka pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD) (i kapa ʻia hoʻi he addog videogame), i kau ʻia ma ka pauku 3 ma ke kumuhana. kūpono pono i nā haʻawina ma mua [2]. ʻO kekahi meta-analisa hou e pili ana i ka IAD [3] e pili ana i ka poʻe 89000 poʻe i komo mai o 31 mau ʻāina i hōʻike i ka wānana o ka honua āpau o 6%, me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaha o ka Hikina Waena (10.9%) a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ma Northern a me European Europe (2.6%). A ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mana o ka IAD me ka kūlana haʻahaʻa a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni. Ke noi ʻia ʻana i hana ʻia i nā haumāna haumana kula India.4] Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo 8% o ka IAD maʻalahi a ua kuhikuhi i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā mea kaulike: ʻo ke kāne kāne, ka hoʻomau mau ʻana ma ka pūnaewele, e hoʻohana ana i ka pūnaewele ʻoi aʻe no ka hana hou ʻana / mau pilina a ua emi iho no ka hana / hana. Ma muli o kā lākou akamai kamepiula kiʻekiʻe a me ka loaʻa pūnaewele maʻalahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wā'ōpio ma muli o IAD [5].
Kekahi o nā maʻi lapaʻau o ka IAD e like nō me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka hana lawaiʻa a me ka hoʻohana hewa ʻole (hōʻino o ka puʻuwai, nānā ʻana, hoʻihoʻi i nā hōʻailona), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, a i ʻole Bipolar Disorder ka mea like o IAD (primatic psychiatric disorder or "online variant" o nā kūlana psychiatric ʻē aʻe) e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ana [6-9].
Hoʻokomo ka hana hoʻomohala hana i hiki i ka huli ʻana i ke kumu neural o ka IAD, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike pono a me ka mana o ka statistic o nā ikehu klinika. Ka hana imaging o ka magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ka hana, ka honua holoʻokoʻa non-invasive aʻoi aku i ka neural underpinnings o psychiatric disorders [10-12]. Ma ke ʻano o fMRI, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā loli o ka lolo i ka hua o ka fluctuations hana e pili ana i kahi "baseline" (activations / deactivations analysis) a i ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana ma waena o nā wahi like ʻole o ka lolo (ka loiloi loiloi). Hiki ke nānā ʻia nā loli o ka metabolic i ka lolo i ka wā o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka paradigms (hana e pili ana i ka fMRI) a i ka hana o ka cerebral spontan (hoʻomaha hoʻomaha fMRI).13-16].
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia haʻawina ke nānā pono ʻana i ka mokuahi hoʻomaha a me nā hana fMRI e pili ana i nā haʻawina pākeke me IAD, e ʻimi ana i nā biomarkers kūpono o kēia ʻano noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo.
NĀ MEI A ME NĀ MANAʻO
Ua ʻimi mākou iā PubMed e ʻike i nā haʻawina fMRI e noiʻi ana i ka IAD ma nā kumuhana pākeke. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōlelo ʻimi e like me ke kū hoʻokahi a me ka hui pū ʻana: fMRI, Hoʻohui pūnaewele, Internet dependence, hana euroimaging. Ua mālama ʻia ka huli ma ʻApelila 20th, 2015 a hoʻoiho i nā palapala 58.
Nā ʻōlelo i komo pū ʻia: ka ʻatikala i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, nā makahiki o nā mea maʻi ≥ 18 mau makahiki, nā mea maʻi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e IAD, nā haʻawina e hāʻawi ana i nā hopena fMRI i ka wā hoʻomaha a i ʻole nā puʻuwai cognitive / naʻau. ʻO nā noiʻi MRI Structural, nā hana imaging hana ʻē aʻe ma mua o fMRI, nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā wā ʻōpio, nā mea maʻi me nā psychiatric comorbid, neurological a me nā kūlana olakino.
Ma ka heluhelu ʻana i nā inoa inoa a me nā abstract, haʻalele mākou i nā moʻolelo 30. Ma ka heluhelu ʻana i nā kiko piha piha o nā moʻolelo 28 i koe, ua ʻike mākou i nā pepa 18 e hālāwai ana i kā mākou helu helu ʻana a no laila ke komo pū i ka synthesis qualitative (Kiʻi. (Figure11).
ʻO Biostatistics
Ua hana ʻia nā ʻikepili e Kauka Gianna Sepede, nona ka ʻike i hōʻoia ʻia i ka Biomedical Statistics, Systematic Review a me Meta-analysis. I kēia pepa, ʻo PRISMA 2009 ka papa kuhikuhi (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā koina kuleana, hana i ka huli, koho i nā noiʻi a hōʻike i ka hopena o ka hoʻohuihui qualitative. No laila, ua ʻākala pono ʻia nā hana helu helu, pololei a hoʻokō ʻia ma nā ʻike homogeneous. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā helu o nā kumuhana a me nā ʻōkuhi. Inā kūpono, palena a hilinaʻi nui hoʻi P helu ʻia nā helu waiwai a hōʻike ʻia.
Nā Hua
ʻIke mākou i nā pepa 18 e hoʻokō nei i kā mākou komo helu, i paʻi ʻia mai 2009 a i 2015 [17-35]. ʻO nā haʻawina ua hana ʻia ma ka Continent Asian (China, South Korea, Taiwan) me ka ʻokoʻa wale nō i ka pepa i paʻi ʻia e Lorenz et al [23], ka mea i hala ma Kelemania.
I ka huina holoʻokoʻa, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kumuhana 666 e nā haʻawina 18 i komo pū i ka synthesis qualitative: 347 nā maʻi me IAD (IADp), nā hoʻohālikelike maʻamau 304 (NC) a me nā kumuhana 15 me Alcohol Use Disorder (AUDp) ʻO ka hapa nui o IADp he mau kāne (n = 331, 95.4%) a he ʻōpio loa (mai ka makahiki mai 21 a hiki i ka makahiki 25). Ua helu ʻia ka nui o nā mea maʻi i loko o kēlā me kēia noiʻi mai 8 a i 74. No nā mea e pili ana i nā subtypes o IAD, 15 ma waho o nā haʻawina 18 e pili ana i ka IGD [19-24,26-34], ʻoi aku ma mua o 85% o ka IADp (n = 297) nā poʻe maʻi IGD (IGDp). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā koina loiloi like ʻole e loiloi ai i ka IAD, e like me nā makana ʻo Beard's Diagnostic no ka hoʻohui honua.35], Ka mālama 'Ko i nā hoʻokolohua maʻalahi o ka addiction pūnaewele no nā haumāna haumāna kula [36], Ka hōʻike hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele Kina (C-IAT) [37] a me Grüsser a me ko Thalemann kamepiula pāʻani addiction criteria [38].
ʻO ka nīnau nīnau maʻamau e nānā i ka paʻakikī o IAD ʻo IAT ka ʻōpio.1], me nā ʻoki ʻoki ʻokoʻa (maʻamau> 80, i kekahi mau haʻawina> 50). No ke kuhi ʻana i ka IGD, koi ʻia ka pāʻani pūnaewele e lilo i kumu ʻoihana pūnaewele (ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka pūnaewele a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 30 h / wk).
No ka haʻaleleʻana i nā kumuhana me nā kūlana psychiatric comorbid a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohana kīnā, nā noiʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a me nā unahi psychometric e pane ai i ka pohō, ke kaumaha, ka impulsivity, ua hāʻawi pinepine ʻia nā mea kanu.
Ua loaʻa ka ʻikepili MRI me kahi 3 T scanner ma nā ʻike 17, a me kahi 1.5 T scanner ma kahi noiʻi [19]. Ma nā moʻolelo 4, ua kākoʻi ʻia ka noho hoʻomaha o fMRI, aʻo 13 ka mea i hōʻike i nā hana e pili ana i ka data FMRI, a loaʻa i hoʻokahi pepa ka hoʻomaha me ka hana e pili ana i nā hana hana [31]. He ʻumikūmākahi mau noiʻi i nā hōʻike ʻike transversal, akā, ʻo ka pepa e Han et al [19] he papa lōʻihi o ka hana 6-wk.
ʻO nā mea i komo i nā haʻawina i koho ʻia ma 18 he manuahi a pau loa me kekahi mālama psychopharmacological i ka manawa kiko o ka scanning (a ma ke komo ʻana no ka noi ʻana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka lōʻihi ka ʻōlelo).
Hoʻomaha ʻana i ka hoʻokele fMRI aupuni ma IAD
Ua koho ʻia i hoʻokahi helu ʻelima mau haʻawina [18,21,31,32,34]. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻaha o nā hui a me nā hopena o nā noi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa Table1.1. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka lima ʻākau kahi helu helu komo ma nā haʻawina 4 [18,21,31,34], ʻo ia pū no ka male.21,31,32,34]. Ka huina o nā kumuhana 298 (Males n = 280, 94%), nā lāʻau lapaʻau āpau ʻole, ua hui pū ʻia: 159 IADp (140 IGDp), 124 NC a me 15 AUDp. He maʻi ʻōpio nā mea maʻi (ʻo ke ʻano ka nui o nā makahiki mai 21 a me 24 mau makahiki).
I nā hōʻike ʻelima i koho ʻia, ua kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi fMRI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi scan 3 T a me ka lōʻihi scan mai ka 7 a i 9 min. E hoʻomaha ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana kūlana hana (RsFc) a me / a i ʻole Homogeneity Regional (ReHo) e loiloi i waena o nā ʻokoʻa hui. A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻike nā haʻawina i koho ʻia i nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā mea maʻi a me nā kāohi.
Liu et al18], ma kā lākou noiʻi ʻana i nā mea maʻi 19 IAD, hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ma waena o nā wahi mua, ka cingulate gyrus, nā wahi kino a me nā limilital, cerebellum a me ka lolo o ka lolo, e pili ana i nā hoʻohālikelike maʻamau i hoʻohālikelike ʻia. No laila ua kuhikuhi aku nā mea kākau i kahi konohiki hana hoʻololi i nā wahi no ka ʻōnaehana uku o ka lolo. ʻO nā pepa ʻehā ʻehā i kau pono i nā mea maʻi IGD [21,31,32,34] hōʻike ma waena o nā hopena hopena. Dong kah la al [21] i nānā 'ia, i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā kaohi, ua hōʻike nā mea maʻi IGD i hoʻonui ʻia i ka ReHo i loko o nā wahi koikoi sensorimotor (ʻekepili, cerebellum, bilateral inferior lobetal lobule, a waiho i ka ʻaoʻao waena mua gyrus), a me kahi hōʻemi loa i ka ReHO i ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka cortex auditory. Ma kahi kikoʻī nui o nā mea maʻi IGD, ʻo Dong a me nā hoa hana.31] i nānā i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o nā hana pili i nā wahi e pili ana i ka Pūnaehana Hoʻokele Kūlana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka ʻūhū hema hema: Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a parietal cortex.
I kahi noiʻi hou nei, ʻo Kim et al [32] ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka hana hoʻomaha o ka lolo o ka poʻe maʻi o ka IGD ʻaʻole me nā kumuhana olakino wale nō, akā pū kekahi me nā pūʻulu o nā mea maʻi AUD, e ʻimi ana i nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau "kūlana hoʻohui". I ka hopena, ua ʻike ʻia ua ka like me ka IGD a me AUD hōʻike i ka ReHo i hoʻonui ʻia i ka posterulate cingulate cortex e pili ana i nā mana olakino, ʻoiai ua hōʻemi ʻo ReHo i nā gyrus temporal maikaʻi loa i ʻike ʻia i nā mea maʻi IGD wale nō. Ua hōʻike pū nā mea kākau i ka hopena maikaʻi ma waena o ka cortex temporal hema hema a me ka pae o ka impulsivity.
No ka loiloi i ka hana o ka cortex insular ma IGD, Zhang et al [34] hele i kahi loiloi pilina pilina hoʻomaha ma ka maʻi ma 74 nā mea maʻi me ka IGD a hoʻohālikelike iā lākou me 41 kaohi maʻamau. Ua hōʻike ka poʻe maʻi a me ka hoʻonaninani ʻo IGD ma waena o ka insula anterior a me ka cortex anterior cortex, precuneus, angular gyrus a me basal ganglia (nā wahi āpau i komo i ka hoʻomoʻo kognitive, salience, attention and craving). Ke ʻimi nei i ka hapa o ka insula, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka rsFC ma nā wahi e loaʻa ana i ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka sensory-motor, e like me ka post center a me preculate gyrus, ka wahi i hoʻohui ʻia a me ka gyrus temporal kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻike lākou i ka hopena maikaʻi ma waena o ka insula-unggul tempyr gyrus connection me ka pae o ka IGD koʻikoʻi.
Ke hōʻuluʻulu nei i nā haʻawina rsfMRI, ʻo nā mea maʻamau i pili pono i ka IGD i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka gyrus temporal kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hoʻololi ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi limu, nā wahi kūloko medial (kahi cortex anterior cortex, wahi ʻokoʻa hoʻohui uila) a me nā wahi parietal. Loaʻa nā hopena ma ke pāʻani ʻana i ka IAD ma muli o ka helu liʻiliʻi o nā mea maʻi i pili (n = 19) a hōʻike ʻia i loli e hana ana i nā wahi o ka lolo e pili ana i ka makana (frontal, parietal, temporal region, cingulated gyrus, brain brain a me cerebellum).
Nā haʻawina pili e pili ana i ka hana ma luna o IAD
ʻIke mākou i nā haʻawina 14 e hōʻike ana i nā pili neural pili pili o IAD [17,19,20,22-31,33]. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻaha o nā hui a me nā hopena o nā noi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa Table2.2. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka ʻākau ʻākau kahi pākahi helu i loko o nā mea āpau akā ʻelua mau haʻawina.19,23]. Hoʻokomo wale nō nā mea komo kāne ma nā haʻawina 13, ʻoiai he mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kāne kāne a Liu et al [.33] (2015).
Ka huina o nā kumuhana 368 (kāne n = 352, 95.6%: Mau makahiki mai ka 21 a me 25 mau makahiki) i pili: 188 IADs (IGDs n = 157) a me 180 NC. ʻO nā poʻe nā mea āpau he mau lāʻau lapaʻau manuahi ma ka manawa o ka pā a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana no ke komo ʻana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana lōʻihi e Han et al [19]. Loaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi FMRI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi scan 3 T a ʻo ka lōʻihi scan mai ka 5 a i 30 min.
Ua mālama ʻia nā paradigms i nā mea i komo i nā hana: cue-réactivity hana (ʻekolu mau haʻawina) [17,19,33], ka manaʻo o nā hana (ʻekolu mau haʻawina) [20,25,26] a i ʻole nā hana mana o nā hana cognitive o nā ʻano ʻewalu (ʻewalu mau haʻawina) [22-24,27-31]. I loko o nā hapalua o nā haʻawina [20,22,24,27,28,30,31,33] ʻaʻohe mea i loaʻa i ka hopena i waena o nā hihia a me nā kaohi, akā ua hōʻike nā mea āpau i nā hopena nui i nā hana ikaika i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i kekahi mau wahi o ka lolo, ka nui o ka orbitofrontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex a maikaʻi temporal gyrus . ^ E Ha yM.
Ke cue-reactivity paradigms, ʻike ʻia nā kumuhana i pili i nā mea hoʻowalewale i hoʻolālā ʻia e makemake ai i ka makemake no ke ʻano a i ʻole ka ʻano. ie., ke nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi a i ʻole wikiō e pili ana i nā kiʻi wikiō a i ʻole nā hanana pūnaewele.17,39,40].
I nā hana hoʻokō probabilistic, pono ʻia nā mea komo e kau i nā hopena ʻokoʻa (ie., ma nā kāleka, dices, ʻulaʻula) a me kā lākou lolo e pane ai i ka i ʻole a nalowale paha ke kuhihewa ʻia, e loiloi i ka uku uku a me nā hoʻopaʻi neural.41].
I nā hana hoʻomohala kognitive, pono e koho i nā mea i waena o nā pane kūlike ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻowalewale i ka hoʻoulu ʻia e hoʻonui ai i ka pilikia a me ke ana ʻana i nā hiki ke nānā, e like me ka mālama mau, pane ʻana, ʻohi, ka hana hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hana hewa. ʻO nā hana maʻamau ka mālama cognitive ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana Stroop: Pono nā poʻe komo e ʻike wale i kahi ʻano salient o ka hoʻoulu, ka leʻa ʻole i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.ie., nā huaʻōlelo kala i paʻi ʻia i nā kaomi ʻoniʻoni ʻē aʻe a me nā mea komo i ke nānā ʻole i ka huaʻōlelo a inoa i kāna kala)42]. Ke kīnā ʻole ʻia nā ʻano like o ka hoʻoulu ʻana, e hoʻonui nui ka hana a hoʻopilikia i ka hana (Stroop effect) [43]. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana nui e pili ana i ka hana o ka "go no-go paradigm": Stimuli (ie., helu helu, nā leka, nā ʻāpana) i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi kahe mau a ua hana nā mea komo i kahi hoʻoholo binary ma kēlā me kēia paipai. Pono kekahi o nā hopena i nā poʻe e hana e pane i kahi kaʻa kaʻa (hele), aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e koi i nā poʻe komo e pane i kahi pane (no-hele)44].
Ke kālele ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ka mana o ka naʻau a i ʻole kuhihewa paha i ka manaʻo koho, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā dot prob paradigms: E nānā nā mea komo i ke kūleʻa a i ʻole nā ʻano hoʻonaninani e hele mai ana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka ʻaoʻao o ka maka, a laila hōʻike ʻia kahi kiko ma ke wahi o kekahi o ka hoʻoulu ʻana. a pono nā poʻe e hōʻike i ke wahi kūpono o ka dot, no laila hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi ala kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻowalewale salient.45,46].
He Cue-reactivity hana haʻawina fMRI i IAD
I ko lākou aʻo ʻana ma 10 IGDp i hoʻohui ʻia i ka wikiō wikiō World of Warcraft (WOW) Ko et al [17] i loaʻa e hōʻike ʻo ka IGDp i ka koikoi pāʻani pāʻani kiʻekiʻe i ka manawa e nānā ana i nā kiʻi WOW e pili ana iā NC. Eia kekahi, he hana nui nui e nānā ʻia ana i ka cortex orbitofrontal kūpono, ganglia basal kūpono (caudatum a me nā ʻōpū), bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral medial prefrontal cortex, pololei dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Han et al [19] ka hoʻokau 'ana i ka papa noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao papa ʻeono mau pule e manaʻo nei e loiloi i ka holomua bupropion ma ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pīʻā ʻana o ke pāʻani a hoʻololi i ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana o ka lolo i 11 IGDp i hoʻohui ʻia i ka Starog videogame. Ma ka papa kuhikuhi, ʻawaʻawa nā mea a pau a nānā nā mea kākau i kahi pāʻani kiʻekiʻe e koi ana a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka cortex prefrontal cortex hema o dorsolateral, L parahippocampus, waiho i ka limu a me ka cuneus i IGDp, me ka mahalo iā NC i ka hōʻike ʻana o Starcraft cue. Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka bupropion, ua hōʻemi nui ʻia ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka cortex prefrontal cortex hema i nānā ʻia. ʻO Bupropion, ʻo ia he mea antidepressant e hoʻololi ana i ka dopamine a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ʻo norepinephrine, i hōʻike ʻia he mea kūpono i nā poʻe maʻi me ka ulia pōpilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻole, a i ʻole a ʻole nā comorbid mood mood [47,48] a ma ka piliwai iʻa [49]. No laila hoʻonaninani nā mea kākau i ka hōʻemi o ka bupropion ma IGD ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana cortex cortex function dorsolateral.
Ma kahi noiʻi hou e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wikiō, ʻo Liu et al [33] (2015) kākau inoa i ka ʻokoʻa pili kino wahine a 19 IGDp (kāne 58%) a hōʻike i kahi hana nui o ka cortex frontal, me ka hoʻonui ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao temporo-parietal a me nā limu limahana: Superior parietal lobe, insula, cingulate gyrus a me nā gyrus pilikino.
Kuhi ʻia nā hana fMRI ma IAD
No ka loiloi i ka uku uku a me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana ma IGDp, Dong et al [20] i hoʻokaʻawale i kahi kūlana / nalowale: Ua koho nā mea komo i waena o nā kāleka pāʻani ʻelua i uhi ʻia a ma ka hopena o ka hālāwai hoʻohiʻona a FMRI ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi kālā kālā e pili ana i kā lākou mau lanakila a nalowale. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kaila noiʻi fMRI i ka manawa o ka lanakila, ua hōʻike ka IGDs i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka orbitofrontal cortex (BA11) e pili ana i ka ʻĀina, akā i ka nalowale i ke kūpaʻa ʻana ka mea kū pono maoli no ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka cortex anterior. No laila ua ʻae nā mea kākau i kahi hōʻemi i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole (ka waiwai kālā) a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi i nā hanana maikaʻi (ʻoihana kālā) ma ka hana o ke ʻano orbitofrontal cortex a me ka aniani cingulate cortex hiki ke wehewehe i ke kumu i hoʻomau ai ʻo IADp i kā lākou hana ko lākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi hana like, Dong et al [25] i loaʻa he lohi loa ʻo IGDp ma mua o ka NC i ka wā e nalowale nei i nā lilo, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia nā hopena ʻano hana ma hope o ka lanakila mau ʻana. Ma nā huaʻōlelo o ka hana naʻau, i hōʻike ʻia nā IGD e hōʻemi i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka hua cortex posterior a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka puhā mua o ka gyrus i ka wā o ka lanakila a me nā pio, a ʻo ke kaha hou ʻana o ka pahu cortex anterior. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka hoʻoholo no ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma IGDp, no ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hana haʻahaʻa i ka puʻuwai frontal gyrus (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana akā ke ʻano o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) a me kahi ka hoʻemi ʻana mai nā posterulate cingulate cortex a me caudate. Ma ka like like o ka haʻawina like, me kahi hōkele me kahi ʻano hoʻokala i hoʻololi ʻia (kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe i hoʻohui ʻia no ka lanakila a me nā pio) Dong et al [26] nīnau aku i nā mea e komo e wehewehe i ko lākou kumuhana kūkala ma hope o ka pauku: Ua hōʻike ʻia e IGDp ka nui kiʻekiʻe e loaʻa ai ka lanakila ma nā lanakila lanakila a pau a me nā kūlana pio a hōʻemi i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i ka wā pau. I ka ʻike o nā hana hana, ua like nā hopena, akā ʻaʻole like ia me nā mea i hōʻike mua ʻia [25] ((ma muli o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka mana kaʻi): IGDp hyperactivated i ka gyrus frontal kiʻekiʻe mua i nā lanakila a i nā pio (akā ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe ka pae o ka hana i ka wā lanakila) a ua hypoactivated ka pouulate cingulate cortex i ka wā o ka nalowale. Ua ʻae nā mea kākau i mua o ka gyrus mua i ka IGDp i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole a maikaʻi ʻole ka Copex posterior i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka mana cognitive i nā loli kūlohelohe.
Cognitive control task fMRI study ma IAD
I nā ewalu cognitive control fMRI aʻo mākou i koho, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hana Stroop i nā haʻawina ʻehā [22,24,27,31], hele hele aku a i ʻole hele-hele28-30] a me kahi moʻo dot / prob i ka papa hoʻokahi.23].
Dong kah la al [22] Ua kākau inoa ʻia he 12 mau kāne, manuahi ʻole a me nā mea puhipaka ʻole IGDp a hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hoa olakino i ka manawa o nā koho Stroop kala-ʻekolu mau kala. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā hui e pili ana i ka hana o ka lawena, akā i ka hopena o Stroop (incongruent - concruent stimuli ʻokoʻa) ua hōʻike ʻo IGDp i kahi hyperactivation nui i ka cexulate cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, left insula, waena mua gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, hema thalamus, ʻo ka gyrus frontal lalo pono, ʻo ka gyrus frontal ʻoi loa.
Ua noʻonoʻo nā mea kākau e hiki i kahi hoʻomohala nui aʻe i ka cortex posterior i loko o ka pūʻulu IGD hiki ke hōʻike i ka hiki ʻole ke hana maikaʻi i nā kumuwaiwai e pili ana i nā kumuwaiwai ma muli o kahi hiki ʻole i ka Default Mode Network. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ka hyperactivation o ka cortex anterior cortex, insula a me nā ʻāina prefrontal e hōʻike i kahi hemahema cognitive o ka fronto-limbic rohe e hoʻokō ana i ka waiwai nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka hakakā me ka "top down" control inhibitory.
Ma kekahi hiʻohiʻona nui, ʻo Dong et al [24] ka lawelawe ʻana i ka paradigm Stroop hoʻokahi me kahi hoʻolālā pili i ka hanana a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻikepili i nā hana hana pono no nā pane kūpono a me ka hala ʻole i ka hoʻoulu ʻana. Hana ʻia ʻo IGDp a me NC, akā ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa i nā hana hoʻonaninani: i ka wā pane pololei ʻana ʻaʻole i kūpaʻa ʻo IGDp i ka hiki ʻana o ka cingulate cortex mua a me ka orbitofrontal cortex, akā naʻe kahi hana hiki ʻole o ka cingulate cortex anterior i nānā ʻia i nā wā o nā hewa.
ʻO kēia hou iho, Dong et al [27] ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka cognitive o kahi pūʻulu o IGD i ka wā i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka hana Stroop, e hoʻohui ana i ka uku kālā no nā pane kūpono a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kūlana hana maʻalahi a paʻakikī. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā mea ʻelua i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, i ka wā e hoʻololi ai ka hana mai kahi maʻalahi o ka maʻalahi o ka hana IGDp hoʻolaʻa i ka bilateral insula a me nā gyrus temporal mana kūpono loa ma mua o NC; i ka manawa ke hoʻololi ʻia ka hana mai ka maʻalahi a me ke kūlana paʻakikī, ua hoʻihoʻi lākou i ka precuneus bilateral, waiho ʻia ka gyrus temporal maikaʻi a waiho i ka gyrus angular. Kuhi ka poʻe kākau i kahi hana ʻoi aku (a no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻōla i nā wahi limahana a me ka limahana.
ʻIke ʻia ka hoʻoili ʻia o nā pēpili e like me ka ʻatikala hou ʻana e Dong et al [31]. Ma ke kime o ka hoʻomohala pili pilina hoʻomehana koʻikoʻi, ka hana o kahi IGD e hana i kahi hana Stroop i ka wā o kahi hanana e pili ana i ka huli ʻana fMRI. Nānā nā mea kākau i ka wā e hoʻāliʻi ana i nā hoʻokolohua, ua hōʻike ʻia nā IGD i ka hoʻomohala ʻia o ka hua o ka frontal gyrus maikaʻi a me ka hoʻohaʻina ʻana o ka cortex prefrontal cortex hema, nā orbitofrontal cortex a me ka cortex anterior cingulate, nā wahi a pau i hoʻopiʻi i ka mana hoʻokō.
Koʻ al me et.28] ua hoʻohana i kahi paradigm go / no-go me ka hōʻeuʻeu helu helu e loiloi i ka pane ʻana i ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale hewa ʻana ma 26 kāne IGDp. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā mea kākau i nā hana maikaʻi koʻikoʻi ma IGDp, me ka mahalo ʻana iā NC. Ma nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili fMRI, ua hōʻike lākou i nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka hui: I ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana ʻana i kū mai ai, ua hana ka IGDp i ka caudate bilateral a ua waiho i ka orbitofrontal gyrus ma mua o NC; i ka wā hana hewa ʻole lākou i hoʻokō i ka insula kūpono. ʻO Orbitofrontal gyrus a me ka insula nā wahi nui i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pale o ka inhibitory a me ka hoʻokaʻawale hewa, no laila ua ʻōlelo aku nā mea kākau e pono ai ka IGDp e hoʻohālikelike i ka orbitofrontal gyrus e hoʻokō kūleʻa i ka hana a uku no ka hypular hana insular.
I kahi moʻolelo hou, Chen et al [30] ua hoʻohana aku i kahi hoʻolālā block e kāohi i ka hana o nā mana cognitive i loko o ka IGDp ma o kahi hana holo pōkole / ʻaʻohe-hele. ʻOiai paʻa ʻole ka hana kūpono, i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka IGDp i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana mai o ka wahi hoʻopihapiha.
Liu et al29] ua kākau inoa i kahi laikini hui like ʻole o ka IGDp a hoʻohana i kahi paradigm go / no-go i hoʻololi ʻia, e komo ana i ke kiʻi pākuhi ma muli o nā mea i ʻole. Ua nānā lākou i ka hana like o ka hui ma ka paradigm mua, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hewa komisina i ka wā caction distraction i loko o ka pūʻulu IGD. Eia kekahi, i ka hana mua, IGDp hyperactivated ka ʻoihana parietal kūpono maikaʻi loa, ʻoiai i ka wā o ke keʻokeʻo ʻana i ke pāʻani he hypoactivated pololei dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pololei ratetal lobe a me cerebellum. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi mahele o ka hopena o ka Panina ma ka IGDp ka helu o nā hewa kōmike i pili pū me ka corsex prefrontal cortex kūpono a me ka hoʻōla kūpono ʻo parietal kūpono. No laila, ʻōlelo aku nā mea kākau e pili ana nā kahe i ke kīpili i ka mana o ka pale i loko o ka IGDp, i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka cortex prefrontal cortex dorsolateral a me ka hana lawelawe kahuna parialal lobe.
Ua hana pū ʻia kahi hana cognitive me ka naʻau a me ke cue kahi ʻē a Lorenz et al [23] ma kahi pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o ka IGDp: Ua mālama lākou i kahi pālahalaha ʻelua-koho dot probe paradigm i ka wā pōkole (SP) a me ka hōʻike lōʻihi (LP) i mea e loaʻa ai ka bientent bias a me ka cue reactivity, kēlā me kēia. Nā Stimuli he International Affective Picture System kiʻi e pili ana i nā kiʻi uʻi (me ka kūleʻa a i ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka neʻe) a me nā kiʻi i hana ʻia e ka kamepiula (nā kiʻi kūlike ʻole a me nā kiʻi e pili ana i ka puke wikiō World of Warcraft). Hōʻike ka IGDp i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi nui vs nā kiʻi pili lua a me nā kiʻi pili i ke ʻano maikaʻi. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo NC, IGDp hōʻike i ka hana maʻamau me ka cortex prefrontal cortex medial, cortex anterior cortex, cortex left abitofrontal a me amygdala i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ʻia ai SP a me nā keke o ka limipital, ka pōkō me ka makeke mua mua a me ka hippocampus pololei i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Ma ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau, hōʻike nā mea maʻi IGDp i kahi ʻano e pili ana i ka hana a me ka neural pane e like me ka mea i ʻike i nā poʻe maʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai, e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana.
KA HOOHOLO
Ma kēia pepa ua hoʻomau loiloi mākou i ka ʻāina hoʻomaha a me nā hana e pili ana i ka fMRI ma luna o nā poʻe maʻi me IAD. ʻO nā pepa wale nō i komo i loko o kā mākou syntalit qualitative i hana ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻAsia, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻolohe nui loa i hāʻawi ʻia i kēia pōʻino kūpono loa e nā aupuni Sopika [50].
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma muli o ka male kāne kāne ʻo IGDp (ʻoi aku ka makahiki ≤ 25 mau makahiki), me nā wahine liʻiliʻi wale nō a me nā kumumanaʻo me ka pili ʻole o ka pāʻani pūnaewele Pūnaewele. Ke pale nei i kekahi hopena hoʻokaumaha o nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokomo mākou i nā haʻawina i alakaʻi ʻia i loko o nā kumuhana ʻē aʻe o nā psychiatric comorbid a i ʻole hanana mea hoʻohana kino.
Ke hōʻuluʻulu nei i nā ʻike palapala, ʻike mākou he ʻokoʻa ka IGDp mai nā hoʻohālikelike olakino i ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau wahi o ka lolo i komo i ka uku a me ka hoʻoponopono o ka hoʻoponopono / nānā hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ʻoiai ua hanana ka maikaʻi.
Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā hana kortort cortical i loaʻa i ka cortex orbitofrontal, kahi cortex anterior cortex, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, gyrus temporal nui loa, ka uʻi mua mua, gyrus, precuneus a me nā cortex hoʻo posterior, akā ʻo nā ʻāpana subortical, nā hoʻololi hoʻololi ka pinepine i loaʻa i ka brainstem a caudate.
Hoʻokomo ka Orbitofrontal cortex i nā hoʻoholo ʻana, nā mea e alakaʻi ai ka waiwai a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana / uku hoʻopaʻi /51,52]: Ma o kāna mau pilina lehulehu me nā prefrontal, limbic a me nā wahi kikoʻī, ua manaʻo ʻo ia i ka makana kūpono o ka hoʻoulu ʻia a me ke ʻano kūpono e hiki ai ke loaʻa i kahi hopena kūpono. I ka poʻe maʻi me ka mea pili i ke koina, ua hoʻololi ʻia kahi hana o orbitofrontal cortex i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻeha a me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoholo ʻana.53]. He pono kūpono nā cortex anterior cortex a me ka cularie insular i ka mālama mau ʻia ʻana, i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana, a me ke kuhihewa hewa [54] ka hana ʻana o nā mea hōʻeuʻeu e leʻaleʻa [55]. Hāʻawi lākou i kahi hub ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana cerebral, e hoʻopili ana i ka naʻau i ka cognition [56,57]. Ua loli ka hana ʻana o ka cortex anterior cortex a me ka insula i ʻike ai i ka waiʻona a me ka hoʻohui lāʻau.58,59].
ʻO Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex kahi wahi i komo i nā hana cognitive ʻano, e like me ka hana hoʻomanaʻo [60] a me ka loiloi 'akamai'61]. Ua loaʻa ka hana maʻamau i ka cortex prefrontal cortex dorsolateral i loaʻa i ka mea inu wai ʻona nui e pili ana i nā mea inu wai i ka wā o kahi hele / ʻaʻohe hana hele [62] a ma ka poʻe papa mele aia i ka hana cue-reaktivis [63].
Loaʻa ʻia ka gyrus temporal kūleʻa i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana o nā mea aʻoaʻo me kahi mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo.64] a ma ka hana he neʻe e [65]. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui gyrus kino i loko o nā mea momona cocaine i ka wā Stroop.66].
ʻO gyrus frontal i mua i ka hana o ka cognitive inhibition [67], nānā 'alima.68], hoʻoholo hoʻoholo [69] a me ka hoʻonaninani kuana [70]. I ka pane ʻana i nā hoʻoholo i pili i ka mea kū ʻole a me ka wā hoʻoliʻiliʻi interoceptive, ua ʻōpiopio ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cocaine a me ka amphetamine i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka gyrus frontalior me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana mua i nā mea hōʻeuʻeu a me nā hanana olakino ma mua.71]. ʻO ka precuneus he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā ia iho, ʻo ia ka noʻonoʻo vuo-spatial, episodic memory kiʻi [72] a me ka nānā i ka manawa ma ka hana nui73]. I kā lākou hana ma ka poʻe addict pūnaewele me ka hilinaʻi comorbid nicotine, Ko et al [74] hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka precuneus i ka wā o ka hōʻike cue i ka maʻi acD ill, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i ka IGD i hoʻoiho ʻia.
ʻO ka cortex Posterior kuhi ʻia he hapa ia o ka ʻano o ka hoʻohuli o ka lolo.75] a me ka hana ʻana i ka wā o nā hana cognitive kiʻekiʻe e ʻike ʻia e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kaila o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai [76]. Ua hana ʻia he hana hoʻololi i ka cortex posterior cinglima a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka Default Mode Network i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea kanu cocaine, ʻo ia hoʻi i nā mea me ka hoʻohana kino ʻana [77].
ʻO ka pono o ka brainstem i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ala piʻi a piʻi i lalo o nā ala ma waena o ka lolo a me ke kino e kākau pono nei.78]. Ma kahi kikoʻī, pili nā ʻāina prefrontal a me cortex anterior cortex i ka pili ʻana i ka lolo, no laila he limana o kēia hana subortical pili i ka attentional a me ka hoʻopiʻi kaulike.79].
Hoʻokomo ka nucleus Caudate i ka posture, ka hoʻomehana a me ka modulate o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana a pili ana.80]. I ka pane ʻana i nā cue ʻakena, hōʻike nui nā mea inu wai ʻakaʻaka nui i ka hoʻōho caudate me ka mahalo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana maʻalahi [81].
ʻO ka imaging radiological ʻo ia kahi hoʻokele waiwai noiʻi ma nā hana psychiatric a me neurological, a e manaʻo ʻia paha he ʻano o ka "molecular pathological epidemiology" [82,83], he wahi noiʻi interdisipliplia e manaʻo ana e noiʻi i nā pili paʻakikī i waena o nā ʻano genes, ke kaiapuni, nā loli hou a me ka hopena lōʻihi o nā maʻi lapaʻau.84].
Lawe pū ʻia, nā hopena o kā mākou loiloi ʻōnaehana i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻōpio'ōpio me ka IGD, me ka ʻole o nā maʻi psychiatric ʻē aʻe, hōʻike i kahi hoʻohālike o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lolo ʻano like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana.
Ke hoʻololi nei ka hana o nā anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal and parietal region, limbic areas and subcortical strategies asil in impaired response inhibition and abnormal sensitivity to reward and penalty. E like me ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikia hana, a me nā mea maʻi me IAD e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻike cognitive, ʻo nā pane hou stereotyped a me ka ʻano kūpono ʻole, me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka nohona a me ka hana hana [85-87].
Nā palena o ke aʻo
ʻO ka hapanui o nā maʻi i kākau ʻia ma nā loiloi i loiloi ʻia he kāne IGDp, no laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i nā hopena i nā subtypes o IAD a i nā maʻi maʻi wahine. Ke nānā nei i kā mākou loiloi i nā kumuhana pākeke, ua haʻalele mākou i nā haʻawina fMRI i hana ʻia i ka pediatric a me nā ʻōpiopio.
COMMENTS
kāʻei kua
ʻO ka addictionment Internet (IAD) kahi maʻi hōʻehaʻeha e hōʻike ʻia e kahi pūnaewele hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, ka mea i pili pū me ka hana koʻikoʻi nui a i ʻole ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka maʻi. ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole ia i kahakaha ʻia he maʻi noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo i ka puka o kēia manawa o ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5), he kūlana koʻikoʻi loa, ma muli o kona kūpono i waena o nā wā'ōpiopio a me nā wā'ōpiopio.
Nā poʻe noiʻi noiʻi
Kekahi o nā maʻi lapaʻau o ka IAD, e like me ka nalowale o ka kaohi, nānā ʻana a me ka hōʻole ʻana i nā hōʻailona inā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā mea maʻi e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele ua like ia me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻano kīnā ʻole a hoʻohana paha i nā maʻi. No laila, i nā makahiki i hala ua hana ʻia nā noiʻi neuroimaging e nānā ana i ka pili ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka papa o ka IAD a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana cortical a me ka subortortical i komo i ka hana hoʻōla a me ka kāohi kognitive.
Nā manaʻoʻike a me nā hōʻino
ʻO kēia ka noiʻi neuroimaging i kēia manawa ke hoʻokō nui nei e hoʻopiha i ka lehelehe ma waena o ke kumu molekala o nā maʻi psychiatric a me nā hōʻike pilikino. ʻO ka ʻepekema ʻepekema e pili ana i ka maʻi hoʻopaʻapaʻa like e like me IAD e ulu wikiwiki ana, no laila hāʻawi ʻia ka loiloi hou ʻana o ka ʻike hope i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka mea heluhelu. Kau i ka nānā ʻana i ka loiloi kumu a nā mea kākau e pili ana i nā haʻawina aʻo homogeneous (wale nō nā maʻi maʻi maʻi, ʻaʻohe ʻano psychiatric comorbid ʻae ʻia) hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena o nā noiʻi like ʻole.
noi
Ma nā hoʻonohonoho pilikino, ʻokoʻa pinepine nā mea maʻi me ka like me nā kūlana psychiatric ʻē aʻe kekahi i kekahi i ke ʻano o nā hōʻailona maʻi, pane i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hopena lōʻihi. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ko lākou mau pale a me nā mea hana ma nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī e hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā maʻi kūpono a me nā hōʻola.
Kau'ōlelo
IAD: He hopena hoʻomalu kolohe e hōʻike ʻia e kahi pūnaewele hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, ka pili me kahi hana koʻikoʻi nui a i ʻole ka ʻeha ʻana; IGD: He subtype o ka IAD, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka addiction wikiō, ʻike ʻia e ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he mea nui ma ka pūnaewele.
Hōʻike-ʻoihana
He wahi hoihoi loa kēia.
Nāʻaoʻao hemahema
Kākoʻo ʻia e ke Keʻena Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, University "G.d ʻAnnunzio", Chieti, Italia; Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka pou hoc o Dr. Sepede e ka papahana o ka ʻenehana Hema ʻehiku o ʻEulopa no ka noiʻi ʻana, hoʻomohala ʻenehana a me ka hōʻike ma lalo o ka ʻae a me ka ʻae ʻana, ʻae, 602450.
Huaʻōlelo hoʻāhewa-ʻāpono: ʻAʻole hōʻike nā mea kākau a pau i kahi kūʻē o ka makemake. E hōʻike ana kēia pepa i nā manaʻo o nā mea kākau a ʻaʻole kūpono ke ʻāpana o ʻEulopa i nā hana a pau e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻike i ʻike ʻia.
Paukū hōʻike ʻōlelo: ʻAʻohe ʻike i loaʻa hou.
Open-Access: ʻO kēia ʻatikala kahi ʻōlelo wehe i koho ʻia e kahi mea kākau ʻōlelo hale a me nā ʻano loiloi ʻē aʻe e nā loiloi o waho. Hoʻomaka ʻia ia e like me ka laikini Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0), ka mea e ʻae ai i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, e hoʻihoʻi, hana, hoʻokaʻawale, kūkulu i kēia hana ma ka like ʻole o nā hana, a laikini i kā lākou hana derivative i nā huaʻōlelo like ʻole, ka hoʻolako ʻia ʻana. hana pono ʻia ka hana kumu a ʻaʻohe huahana kālepa. E ʻike: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Hoʻomaka ka loiloi ʻana a ʻo Peer: Iulai 30, 2015
Hoʻoholo mua: ʻOkakopa 30, 2015
ʻLelo ma ka nīhou: Dekemaba 21, 2015
P- Reviewer: Gumustas OG, Matsumoto S S- Lunahooponopono: Ji FF L- Lunahooponopono: He E- Lunahooponopono: Liu SQ
E hoʻomaopopo '
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