Nā pilikia e pili ana i ka pahu:ʻO kāna mea i hoʻohālikelikeʻia heʻano koʻikoʻi no ka hōʻoia, ka hoʻoponopono, a me ka paleʻana (2017)

ʻO J Behav Addict. 2017 Aug 17: 1-9. hoʻopiʻi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.039.

Kauahi JB¹, Hao W², Lōʻihi J², Ka Mō'ī DL³, Mann K⁴, Kahuna-Bühler M⁴, Hump ​​HJ⁵, Bowden-Jones H⁶, Rahimi-Movaghar A⁷, Chung T⁸, Chan E⁹, Bahar N¹⁰, Achab S¹¹, Lee HK¹², Potrot M¹³, Petry N¹⁴, ʻO ka Spritzer D¹⁵, Ambekar A¹⁶, Derevensky J¹⁷, Griffiths MD¹⁸, Pontes HM¹⁸, Kuss D¹⁸, Higuchi S¹⁹, Mihara S¹⁹, Assangangkornchai S²⁰, Sharma M²¹, Kashef AE²², Ip P²³, Farrell M²⁴, Scafato E²⁵, Carragher N²⁶, Poznyak V²⁶.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka pāʻani pūnaewele i loko o ka kaulana i kēia mau makahiki, a me kēia e hiki mai ana ka nui o nā pilikia ma muli o ke komo nui ʻana i ka pāʻani. ʻO ka maʻi pāʻani, ʻo ka pūnaewele a ma waho hoʻi, ua wehewehe ʻia no ka manawa mua ma ke kiʻi o 11th loiloi o ka ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā maʻi (ICD-11). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi nīneka i ka piʻi nui o ka pāʻani pāʻani / addiction o 10% –15% i waena o nā poʻe'ōpio ma nā ʻāina he ʻumi a he 1% –10% i kā lākou mau hoa ma kekahi mau ʻāina Komohana. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau maʻi e pili ana i ka pāʻani me ke ʻano he nui loa, a ua kūkulu ʻia nā keʻena lāʻau e pane i nā hopohopo pilikino, ʻohana a me nā kaiāulu, akā nui nā hihia e peʻe. Ke kaʻana o ka pāʻani i nā hiʻohiʻona nui me nā mea hoʻohui e pili ana i nā mea psychoactive a me ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani ʻana, a me nā hana neuroimaging e hōʻike ana nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lolo. Ke ʻimi nei nā aupuni a me nā keʻena olakino i nā wahi āpau e kūkākūkā i nā hopena o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, a no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala pale. ʻO ka mea nui i kēia hoʻoikaika ʻana he mea pono e hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano o ka pilikia, ʻo ia ke kumu o nā wehewehe i ka papa o ICD-11.

Keywords: ka pilikia pili pāʻani, ka pāʻani pīhili, ʻike,, uao

Introduction

Ua mākaukau ʻia kēia pepa e nā hui o nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea noiʻi i komo i nā hui like ʻokoʻa i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia e ka World Health Organization (WHO) i ka pane ʻana i nā hopohopo o nā ʻāina lālā e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o nā pilikia ma muli o ka pāʻani ʻana a me nā pāʻani e loaʻa ana ma o ka Pūnaewele. a me nā mea uila ("pāʻani pūnaewele)". Ma kahi ʻāpana, kākau mākou i ka pane i ka ʻatikala a Aarseth a me nā hoa hana i paʻi ʻia ma kēia pukana.Aarseth et al., 2016). E pane mākou i kekahi o kā lākou mau ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka maʻi pāʻani pāʻani i paʻi ʻia ma ka palapala kiʻi e WHO i ʻāpana o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hou (11th) o ka loiloi o ka hou. ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā maʻi (ICD-11) (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2016). E pālahalaha hou aku, makemake mākou e hōʻike i ko mākou hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o kēia mau mea kākau e hoʻihoʻi - ʻae maoli kēia i kēia mau kūlana. ʻO nā ʻōlelo a nā mea kākau, e like me "… nā panika kūleʻa e pili ana i ka hōʻeha o ka pāʻani wikiō" a me "... hoʻokomo ʻana i ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohā ... e hoʻokūkū nui i nā miliona miliona o nā keiki e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani wikiō" "ʻaʻole kūlike a haki ʻole. Ua like kēia i ka hōʻike ʻana aku i ka mea o ka miliona o ka poʻe e inu i ka waiʻona me ka ʻole o nā pilikia e ʻike ʻole ai mākou i nā pōʻino i ʻike ʻia (a me ke ola) ala mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka makaʻu no ka hoʻāhewa ʻana i ka poʻe i hoʻopōʻino ʻia. Hoʻomaopopo hoʻi mākou ʻaʻohe mea kākau o Aarseth et al.'s (2016Ua pili ʻia ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka ʻūlū ma Asia, kahi i ʻike mua ʻia ai nā pilikia ma ka pūnaewele me ka nui o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka poʻe ʻōpio a me ko lākou mau ʻohana.

ʻO ka hala ʻana o ka pā pāʻani nui

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā haʻawina epidemiological 60 o nā lehulehu ākea a me nā ʻōpū i hōʻike ʻia i nā palapala moʻokalaleo honua (WHO, 2015). Ua nānā nā nui nui i nā pilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilikia ma ka pūnaewele me nā pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO kahi hoʻohālike o ka mea kahiko ma kahi ʻeono ʻāina ma Asia e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka pūnaewele pilikia i waena o nā ʻōpio i waena o 6% a me 21% ((Mak et al., 2014). I Kina, ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi, me ka nui o ka helu ʻana no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele ma 10% –15% (Kahi ʻĀpana ʻōpio Huipuka, Kupa o China, 2009). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike noiʻi heluʻikepili nui nui o nā ʻōpio Kina i ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana o ka hoʻohui ʻana pūnaewele o 10% (Wu et al., 2016). Loaʻa nā helu like i kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma Asia me 13% o nā keiki ʻōpio ma Korea i helu ʻia e like me ka mōʻī o ka "Internet depend-dependence" (Ke Kuhina o ʻepekema, ICT a me ka Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā, a me ka National Information Society Agency, 2015). ʻO ka hapanui, hōʻike kēia i nā pāʻani pūnaewele (ʻike, e hoʻohālikelike, Nā Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao a me nā mea'ē aʻe, Nā Aupuni Repubalika o China, 2013).

Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina loiloi ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele a ua loiloi ʻōhumu ʻia ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao me ke kuʻuna i ka maʻi ʻōnaehana me ka maʻi ākea ma ka pūnaewele Internet.Mihara & Higuchi, ma ka paʻi). ʻO ka ulu nui o ka pilikia ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o 37 ma nā hōʻike like ʻole mai 0.7% a i 27.5%; ua ʻoi aku ia i waena o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine i ka nui o nā haʻawina a ua ʻoi ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio ma mua o nā ʻelemakule. I ka nānāʻana i ʻehā mau noiʻi i hala aku nei, ʻo ka nui o ka pāʻani pūnaewele pūnaewele DSM-5 ma lalo o 1% ((Przybylski, Weinstein, & Murayama, 2016). I ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā haʻawina pilikino i ʻike ka nui o ka maʻamau akā ʻaʻole i nui ka makahiki akā he mea nui hoʻi ma kahi o ke ʻano kikoʻī, a ma kahi o 10% –15% i waena o nā poʻe ʻōpio ma nā ʻāina ʻo East Hikina Hema.Achab et al., 2015). Ma waena o nā haumāna 503 mai ʻelua kula kula ma Hong Kong, ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka 94% i ka wikiō a i ʻole nā ​​pāʻani pūnaewele, a aneane ua kokoke 16% i nā koina no ka pakanikaka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani me ka ʻIke o ka Addiction Scale. Ma mua o ke pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani, ua pili nui ʻia ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani a me nā manawa (a) ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa ma ke ʻano hebedoma, a me (c) ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ke kālā ma ka pāʻani.Wang et al., 2014). I Republic of Korea, kahi noiʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele i loaʻa hou aku ʻo 14% o nā pākeke i hālāwai me nā koi DSM-5 i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele.Kim et al., 2016).

Ma waena o nā ʻāina i ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka nui o nā pāʻani pili i ka pūnaewele akā ke neʻe nui nei, mai lalo o 1% a 10%, me ka hapanui o nā noiʻi e loaʻa ana i nā pākuʻina o ka wā ʻōpiopio ma waena o 1% a me 5% (Haagsma, Pieterse, & Peters, 2012; Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Gentile, 2015; Müller et al., 2015; ʻO Pontes & Griffiths, 2015; Rehbein, Kliem, Baier, Mößle, & Petry, 2015; ʻO Van Rooij, Schoenmaker, Vermulst, Van den Eijnden, & Van de Mheen, 2011). Ma Switzerland, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi nūhou o ka lālena o ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu ma 2015 i hōʻike ʻia i nā maʻi pāʻani i ka 15% o nā kānaka i hala ma waena o 15 a me 34 mau makahiki ka nui o ka hana pilikia ma ka pūnaewele.Kahunahana Suisse, 2015). Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi haʻawina mai kekahi mau ʻāina o ʻEulopa e pili ana ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻenehana Pūnaewele.Kaess et al., 2016). Ma Iran i kahi noi o 564 haumāna ʻehiku mau makahiki, ua helu ʻia ʻo 17% i hoʻohui ʻia i nā pāʻani kamepiula (Zamani, Kheradmand, Cheshmi, Abedi, & Hedayati, 2010); nui e paʻa nei nā noiʻi prevalence i kēia manawa e ka Iran National National Center for Addiction Studies. I ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika, ke emi nei ke prevalence mai 1% a 9% (Achab et al., 2015).

Ua holomua holomua ʻo ka ʻoihana Metodical. ʻOiai ʻo nā haʻawina mua ua loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona loea, ua hōʻike mua nā mea hou i nā mau lālā mai ka lehulehu nui. Pēlā nō, hana ma mua nā noiʻi i nā hoʻokolohua screening nona ka hōʻoia ʻana mai ka mahele o nā mea ʻeha (a e ʻimi paha e hōʻoia i nā manaʻo mua mua o ka hoʻohui ʻana). Ma hope o nā noiʻi ua hana i nā mea noiʻi noiʻi e manaʻo ʻole nei i ke ʻano hana kūmole o ke addiction (Mazhari, 2012; Sun et al., 2012; ʻO Thatcher, Wretschko, & Fisher, 2008). Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa i nā noiʻi nā hana hoʻokūkū holomua, e like me ka papa helu latent class a hoʻomaopopo ʻia kahi pūʻulu o nā mea e hōʻeha nei i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele pilikia (Rumpf et al., 2014; ʻO Wartberg, Kriston, Kammerl, Petersen, & Thomasius, 2015) ai nā mea pāʻani ma ke kino (Van Rooij et al., 2011). Ma kēia mau noiʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā pūʻulu pilikia me kahi ala empirical me ka ʻole e hilinaʻi i nā kihi kahi i nīnau ʻia. Hāʻawi kēia i nā hōʻike hou aʻe no ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia pilikia i ʻole ka manaʻo o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo, a ʻo ka hapa o nā poʻe e loaʻa nei i ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele ʻoi aku ka hopohopo (Rehbein et al., 2015; Rumpf et al., 2014). Nā ʻikepili hou (Lemmens et al., 2015; Rehbein et al., 2015) ua hana i nā mea e pili ana i nā kuleana o DSM-5 no ka pāʻani ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hope e hōʻoia i ka poʻe e hui nei i ʻelima a i ʻole ke kikoʻī e loaʻa ana i nā pōʻino nui i pili i ka pāʻani.

Ke Kuhi Pūnaewele o Ke Ana Hoʻohālikelike

ʻO kēlā mau o mākou i ka hana lapaʻau e nānā maikaʻi loa i ka askance ma ka manaʻo i ka Aarseth et al.'s (2016) ʻarylelo like, ʻaʻole i kākoʻo ʻia e kekahi mau hōʻike ʻana, ʻo ka pilikia o nā pāʻani ke hōʻike nei i kahi hakakā ma waena o nā moʻomeheu - ma waena o nā ʻōpio pūnaewele alo-kuʻuna a me nā lunakahiko phobic technologically. ʻIke mākou i nā poʻe ʻōpio nāna ka luhi o nā ola ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka nui o ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana i 10 a ʻoi paha mau hola i kēlā me kēia lā pāʻani a me ke ʻano pilikia no ka hiamoe ʻana, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka lā, ka pō a me ka pō, i ka hānai, ka pōʻaiʻai, ka ʻeha, a me nā ʻeha hoʻokūkū, ʻo ka huhū, ke ʻano kūwaho o ke kino, ke kaumaha, a me ka nui o nā pilikia pākuʻi, haʻawina, a me nā haʻawina.Achab et al., 2011; Chuang, 2006; Mihara, Nakayama, Osaki, & Higuchi, 2016). Ma ke kikowaena o ka Hui Pū ʻIa o Wah Wah i Hoʻohui ʻia i ke kikowaena me ka mālama ʻana ma Hong Kong, nā pilikia me nā pilikia a me nā psychosocial i loaʻa i nā pilikia me ka pilikia o ka naʻau, hōʻole i ke kula a me nā hana pilikino, ka hana ʻole, ka huhū nui a me ka hoʻonāukiuki, ka hakakā ʻohana , hoʻemi i ka nui o ka hakina meaʻai, a me nā hopena ola ʻē aʻe. Ma kēia kauka, ʻo ka poʻe i ʻimi i ke kōkua e holomua mau loa, me ka nui o ka poʻe ʻimi kōkua e hele nei i nā makahiki ʻōpio.

ʻO ka make mua o ka honua ma mua o ka pāʻani nui i hōʻike ʻia ma ka uia i 2004. Ua make koke kekahi kāne kāne Kepani Wahine Hema 24 i waena o ka pāʻani no nā lā he ʻehā mau lā me ka hoʻomaha iki ma kahi café pūnaewele.Korea iā SBS News, 2004). ʻO ka noiʻi postmortem i mālama ʻia e ka lawelawe forensic o ka ʻāina i hōʻike i ka thromboembolism pulmonary, me ka pale piha ʻana i nā kahe pulmonary ʻelua. Ua loaʻa pū ʻia ʻo Thrombi ma loko o kona mau lua hohonu i nā ʻaoʻao o lalo. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i kona wā ʻōpio a i ʻole mau o nā maʻi olakino ma mua, ua ʻōlelo ka mana o ka forensic "ʻo ka noho lōʻihi ʻana o ka kamepiula" ke kumu kūpono o ka make (Lee, 2004). ʻAʻole pili ʻia kēia ʻano trombosis hohonu i ka ʻāpana ʻĀina; aia hoʻi kahi hōʻike pili i kahi keikikāne 12 makahiki makahiki (Ng, Khurana, Yeang, Hughes, & Manning, 2003). ʻO ka lilo ʻana o ka socioeconomic ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui o ka pūnaewele ma Repubalika, ua manaʻo ʻia ma waena o 1.5 a me 4.5 biliona kālā he US ma 2009 (Lee, Kim, & Lee, 2011). Ma Korea, ʻo ka "addiction pūnaewele" ʻoi loa mai ke pāʻani i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka pilikia olakino olakino nui e loaʻa i nā poʻe ʻōpio (Ke Kuhina o ʻepekema, ICT a me ka Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā, a me ka National Information Society Agency, 2015).

Ke nānā nei nā poʻe noiʻi i kēia mau kaumaha olakino. Hōʻike lākou i nā poʻe me ka addiction pūnaewele ma muli o ka pāʻani a i ʻole nā ​​hana pūnaewele i hōʻike ʻia i nā hōʻino ma kekahi mau wahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka poʻe me ka ʻole o ka mikio. I loko o kahi ʻatikala ʻōiwi Pākehā (Rumpf et al., 2014; Zadra et al., 2016), nā mea i hōʻike ʻia e kahi ninaninau hoʻāliʻi like me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele i hōʻike ʻia i ka hiki ʻole ke hana a hoʻokō i nā hana maʻamau ma nā lā 7.5 i nā mahina 12 hope loa (Rumpf et al., 2014; Rumpf, 2015; Zadra et al., 2016), i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lā 4.1 no ke kaumaha, 7.5 lā no ka phobia pilipio, a me nā lā 7.2 no nā kūlana cardiovascular (Alonso et al., 2011).

Pili ka Health Health i nā Pāʻauhau Nui

Ma ka pane ʻana i ka hopohopo ākea ākea a me nā poʻe e holo nei, ua hoʻomohala nā mau ʻāina i nā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā e kūkā ai i nā hopena kulekele, pilikino a me nā haʻalulu. ʻO ka mea i waena o kēia ka papa hana kolepa a 15 mau kuhina nui a me nā ʻoihana ʻauhau ma Kina "ʻO ka papahana o ka pale ʻana a me ka wawao ʻana i nā pāʻani pāʻani online ma waena o nā wai punahele" ((Nā Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao a me nā mea'ē aʻe, Nā Aupuni Repubalika o China, 2013). Ma Hong Kong, ua hoʻomohala ka 'Oihana Ola me ka hui pū ʻana o nā aupuni a me nā ʻoihana ʻole i kahi hoʻokolohua pākahi pili ʻana i ka nānā ʻana, pale, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka pili o ka Pūnaewele me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pāʻani (Ke Keena Oihana Ola ma Hong Kong, 2016). ʻO ke Keena ʻĀina i ke Aupuni Repubalika, i ka launa pū me ka Kuhina ʻepekema a me nā keʻena aupuni ʻē aʻe, e kūkulu nei i ka "Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike Pūnaewele Hōʻailona."

Ma Iran, ua hoʻokomo ka Ministry of Health i ka mākaukau o (a) ka ʻake pale pale ʻana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kula a ma ke mālama olakino mua a me (b) kahi pānaʻi i hoʻolālā ʻia e pili ana i ka hālāwai ninaninau a me ka pili ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo-no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻenehana.ʻO Rahimi-Movaghar & Hamzehzadeh, 2016).

I kekahi mau'āina Komohana, ua manaʻo ʻia ka maʻi pāʻani hoʻoili pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he pilikia olakino i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO kēia kahi hana ma Switzerland, ʻo kēia ka hihia mai ka 2012. Hoʻohui ʻia ia e ka Swiss Federal Office of Public Health ma waena o nā pilikia hoʻohui i ka National Addiction Strategy no 2017-2024 (Achab, 2016). Ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pane i kēia lā he nui ka lohi ʻana, me nā ʻenehana kula, nā ʻenehana ʻoihana, a me ke aupuni kūloko e nānā pono ana i ka pilikia a me ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā aupuni no ka hana e pālahalaha aku ai.

Nā pane haukapila i ka pāʻani pāʻani nui ʻana

Ua hoʻokau ʻia nā haukapila i nā kūlanakauhale nui o nā ʻāina he nui ma Asia (China, Japan, Hong Kong, Republic of Korea, Thailand, a me India) a ma kekahi mau wahi o ʻEulopa (Thorens et al., 2014), ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, a me Australia. Kūkulu ʻia ka lawelawe ma Asia. ʻO kahi laʻana ma Hong Kong i ka pane ʻana i ka hopohopo kaiāulu ākea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā lawelawe pale a me nā lawelawe lapaʻau no ka Pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani pāʻani, kahi ʻano e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo ia ka Tung Wah Group Group of Hospitals Integrated Center ma Addiction Prevention and Treatment. Ma waena o ʻOkakopa 2012 a me Ianuali 2017, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā hihia 308 me ka pilikia pilikia o ka Pūnaewele. ʻO ka hapa nui i ka pāʻani pūnaewele (63%), me nā kiʻi ma ka pūnaewele porn a me nā hana cybersexual ka mea hou loa e hoʻolaha nei. He nui ka mea i hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ke kūlohelohe, e like me ke kuko a me ka koi ʻana, ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā pāʻani a i ʻole nā ​​hana pūnaewele, a me ka hiki ʻole ke ʻae ke kū'ē i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center kokoke i Tokyo, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Iapana e hāʻawi i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana no ka maʻi pāʻani ma Iapana ma 2011. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o nā keʻena hana e mālama ai i ka hana loea ma 28 ma Iapana ma o 2016 i ka pane ʻana i ka pono koi no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi pāʻani e pili ana i nā ʻōpio'ōpio.Mihara et al., 2016). ʻOiai ke hopohopo nei o nā mākua a me nā kula e hoʻopili nei ka pāʻani i ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā, ka hana o ke kula a me ke olakino noʻonoʻo, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā lawelawe kākoʻo i nā wahi he nui o ʻAsia, ʻo Hong Kong, Japan, Korea a me Kina, e paʻa mau ana.

Ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa, ua hoʻokumu pū ʻia nā lawelawe kulekele. Hoʻopili lākou i ka Center for Addiction Internet (ʻO Young, 2010) a ka RESTART i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nā haukapila i loko o ka National problem Gambling Service ma Lādana, UK, ka Hale Hōʻikeʻikeʻohana ʻo Bellvitge ma Barcelona, ​​Sepania, a me kahi ʻeke loea ma ke Kauka Lapaʻau o Geneva. Ma ke kikowaena hope loa, kokoke ʻo 200 o nā mea maʻi i kiʻi i ke kōkua a loaʻa ke ʻano lapaʻau no ke pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani mai 2007. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mau hihia hou i ka poʻe ʻōpio i lilo i ka papa ma ka home no nā mahina no ka nui o ka pāʻani (Achab, 2016). He mea nui ia, ʻo ka mea nui, ua alakaʻi ʻia nā lawelawe lawehala - ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ala i hōʻike ʻia no nā maʻi o nā lāʻau a me nā maʻi piliwaiwai e kōkua i ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka pāʻani nui, me ko lākou ʻohana. I kēia ʻano, ka ʻōlelo a Aarseth et al. (2016)) "hiki i nā mea maʻi ke paʻakikī i ka ʻike" ʻaʻole ia e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka honua a i ko mākou lā e ʻike i kēlā me kēia lā ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole ʻo ia he mau mea noiʻi lapaʻau.

Hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lawelawe kulekele, nā alakaʻi no ka maʻi maʻamau a me nā pono no ka pāʻani ʻana i ka maʻi pāʻani. ʻO ka hōʻole ʻana i kēia e hopena i ka hopena o ka maʻi maʻi, a hiki paha i ka hōʻino ke aʻo aku i nā poʻe e pono ke kōkua i ka ʻeha ʻana i kahi nui o nā pōʻino.

Natura o ka Hale Piliwaiwai

ʻAʻole hoʻomaka ka mana o ka WHO no ka pāʻani pāʻani nui ʻana me ka preconcept he mea hoʻohui ia. ʻO ka ʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻōmua he "hoʻohana nui ʻia o ka Pūnaewele, nā kamepiula, nā kelepona a me nā kamepiula uila like ʻole." Ua hana ʻia kahi hui kūkākūkā o ke ao holoʻokoʻa e ʻike ai i nā ʻano o nā mea uila a me nā mea a lākou e hoʻolako ai i kahi kikowaena kumu e kumu ai hana ʻino (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2015), kahiʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia e ʻAmelika (2000) ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 mau makahiki i hala. I kēia mau hālāwai, aia kahi manawa like ʻole a ka manaʻo nui loa i ka hopena o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani uila a me nā mea i loaʻa i loko o ka Pūnaewele. Hoʻopili kēia i nā pāʻani kīʻani hoʻokahi-pāʻani a me nā "pāʻani pāʻani 'ana i nā pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele" (MMORPG) a me kā lākou wikiwiki e hoʻololi nei i nā hui a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻōpio e pāʻani nei i nā manawa lōʻihi. No laila, ʻo ka ʻike a me ka hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka ʻike hanana, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻokaumaha i ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma mua o ka Pūnaewele ponoʻī. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka hoʻokumu pono ʻana o nā pilikia e hoʻokumu pono ʻia e pili ana i nā mea e pili ana i ka ʻike a me ke ʻano, e like me ka pāʻani, nā porn / sexting, a me nā pāʻani. Pili ʻia kēia ʻano manaʻo me ka DSM-5 hou e komo pū ana me ka pāʻani pūnaewele Pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he "ʻano no ka noiʻi hou ʻana."

Ua hoʻolako ʻia nā loiloi puke a hōʻike ʻia i kēia mau hālāwai ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ke hoʻokae a pāʻani paha kēia pāʻani pāʻani i kahi ʻeha a inā paha, he aha ke ʻano o ke ʻano maʻi, he aha nā mea pilikia antecedent, a he aha nā hopena lapaʻau a me nā hopena pilikino. Ua nānā nā loiloi palapala i ka phenomenology o ka pāʻani nui a me nā hiʻohiʻona waena i ʻike ʻia (ʻike Billieux et al., 2015). E pili ana kēia:

• –Mea ma luna o nā pāʻani pūnaewele;
• –Puiʻukūlū me ka pāʻani;
• -ʻĀpono ʻana i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pāʻani i mea e pono ai i loko o ke ola o ke kanaka;
• –O ka ʻike poʻo hopohopo e komo i nā pāʻani pūnaewele; a
• –ʻO ka ʻoi ʻana o ka pāʻani ma nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.

Aia nā hiʻohiʻona i kā lākou pākuʻi me nā mea pili o nā mea kanu a me nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana, e like me nā ka maʻi kalepona (ʻO McBride & Derevensky, 2016).

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe e pili pono i nā pāʻani lōʻihi a loaʻa i:

• –Mihiona i loko o ka honua honua o ka pāʻani;
• Ka mea i kapa ʻia e kekahi mau "ʻaeʻae," ʻo ia ka pono e komo ai i ka pāʻani no ka holo ʻana o ka manawa lōʻihi a i nā pāʻani keu, ʻaʻole hana hou nā pāʻani ma mua o ka hoʻoili ʻana a me nā hopena (King & Delfabbro, 2016);
• –Experologists, ʻōlelo ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana rebound a hoʻihoʻi ʻia hoʻi e kekahi, kahi ʻike ke kanaka i ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka huhū, a / a i ʻole hōʻino ke pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani.Kaptsis, King, Delfabbro, & Gradisar, 2016).

Ua komo nā mea komo i ka hālāwai kūkā ʻo WHO i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o DSM-5 a me ka wehewehe a me nā palena manawa diagnostic e pili ana i ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013). Manaʻo ʻia he mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e pili ana i ka hoʻoilo, e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pāʻani, ke hoʻolilo ʻana i ka nui o ka manawa e pāʻani ai i ka pāʻani, ka leʻa ʻana i ka pāʻani no ka waiho ʻia ʻana o nā hana ma ke kula, a me ka hoʻopunipuni.Petry et al., 2014). Hōʻike ka ʻānela o ka ICD a me DSM i nā kikoʻōlelo a me ka wehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kūlana ʻaʻole i hoʻopiha piha ʻia, akā ʻo ka nui o ka hōʻike hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia e loaʻa ana i kekahi poʻe i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kā lākou pāʻani, aia kā lākou pāʻani i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. a e akema e hlkia ke kahle o he mea e make ai.

Nā Antecedents a me nā ʻAno o nā ʻAlepa pāʻani

ʻO ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, ʻano hana, a me nā pilikia pili i nā antecedents maʻamau (mau mea i pilikia) a ke hoʻomaopopo pono ʻia nei. Hoʻopili lākou i nā ʻano genetic, kaʻeha ʻohana i ka wā mua, hōʻino a me ka trauma, nā hoʻokua makua, a me nā maʻi noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo ʻē aʻe (ʻO Reinherz, Giaconia, Carmola Hauf, Wasserman, & Paradis, 2000). Hoʻonohonoho kēia mau mea i ka poʻe i loaʻa ka hoʻomohala, ʻōlohelohe, a me nā pilikia o ka maʻi ma waena o ka poʻe waena a me ke alo o nā makahiki mua a me 20 e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me hope ma ke ola. ʻO kahi o nā mea antecedent i ʻike ʻia no ka nui o ka pāʻani a me ka pili ʻana i ka pāʻani, ʻo ia ka phobia kūloko, ka hōʻeuʻeu i ka hyperactivity hōʻeuʻeu (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, ʻehaʻeha, nā ʻano pilikino, e like me ka impulsivity kiʻekiʻe, lawe i nā pilikia, a hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia a hōʻemi paha i nā mea pili makuaʻO Ceyhan & Ceyhan, 2008; Kamahele, 2009; Haagsma, King, Pieterse, & Peters, 2013; King, Delfabbro, Zwaans, & Kaptsis, 2013; Ko, Yen, Yen, Chen, & Chen, 2012; ʻO Yen, Ko, Yen, Wu, & Yang, 2007; Zadra et al., 2016). I ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea pale no ka hoʻonaninani ʻana mai ka noiʻi lōʻihi. Hoʻopili kekahi o (a) kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana a me ka manaʻo ponoʻī (Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2011), (b) pili ola.Rehbein & Baier, 2013), a (c) ʻike i ke ʻano o ka noho ʻana.Haagsma et al., 2013).

ʻO nā maʻi antecedent a me comorbid ka mea maʻamau ma ka laulā o ka palaho o ka waiwai a me nā pilikia'ē aʻe, me nā pilikia noʻonoʻo e pili pū ana i ka pilikia hoʻohana kino a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kēia mau pilikia (Kessler et al., 2012; Swendsen et al., 2010). Pili pū ka pāʻani pāʻani me ka hoʻohana kino ʻana (Van Rooij et al., 2014). ʻO nā pilikia noʻonoʻo ʻole e like me nā antecedents a i ʻole nā ​​hopena he mea maʻamau i loko o nā pilikia hōʻemi a ʻaʻole ia e lawelawe i ka manaʻo kūʻē kūʻē i ka manaʻo o nā pāʻani pāʻani a i ʻole ka hōʻaha pūnaewele hoʻohana. Inā loaʻa i ka mea maʻi ka lalo o ke olakino olakino, a loaʻa pū kekahi pū ma nā pūnaehana ICD a me DSM.

Neurobiology o ka Hoʻokele manuahi

ʻO nā haʻawina neuroimaging hana i nā maʻi maʻi pāʻani ua hoʻokau ʻia nā poʻe maʻi i nā waihona i manaʻo ʻia he mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe. He nui ka luhi ʻana i lalo o ka lalo o ka neurobiological i lalo o nā keʻaleʻa o nā pāʻani a me ka petological gaming. ʻO nā mea maʻi me nā maʻi pāʻani haʻalulu hōʻike (a) i hōʻemi i ka nānā ʻana i nā poho, (b) hoʻonui ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu pāʻani, (c) pono i nā ʻano koho hoʻohālikelike, (d) i ke ʻano o nā haʻawina uku, a me (e) ʻaʻohe loli i ka hiki ʻana i ke akamai, hoʻohālikelike ʻia. me nā kāohi, ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka poʻe me ka maʻi kīleʻa (Fauth-Bühler & Mann, 2015). ʻO nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka noiʻi ua neʻe ʻia i nā loli i pili i nā loiloi nui, e like me ka neurobiological correlates o nā poʻe pāʻani e hōʻike pilikino i ko lākou manaʻo a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana me ka avatars i MMORPGs (Dieter et al., 2015; Leménager et al., 2014).

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā wahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana ma lalo o ke ʻano pāʻani o ka pāʻani me ka mea i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai a me nā pono kīleʻa. No ka mea, kahi craving-behavi intervitation (CBI) i pili me ka nui o nā hōʻemi ma ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā helu pūnaewele pūnaewele, ka pāʻani wikiō pākahi, a me nā pāʻani cues-induced craving i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi no ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana (Zhang et al., 2016b).). Ua ʻoi aku ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka insula i ka puʻupuʻu pāʻani a hōʻemi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka insula a me ka precuneus a me ka lualuaʻau gyrus (Zhang et al., 2016b), nā loulou e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma kēia paradigm, ua hōʻemi ʻo CBI ka pilina hoʻoneʻe hoʻomaha o ka hana ma waena o ka cortex orbitofrontal a me ka hippocampus, a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka posterulate cingulate cortex- a me nā wahi pili i ka motor.Zhang et al., 2016a). Hoʻohui pū ʻia kēia mau hopena e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā mea piliwaiwai piliwaiwai, nā hana e kuhikuhi ana i ka ʻiʻini e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka pilina o ka hana ma waena o nā wahi o ka lolo e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā koi. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻemi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā wahi kaohi hoʻokō (e laʻa me: nā ʻaoʻao frontoparietal) i mālama ʻia i ka wā o ka hana mana ʻike i kēlā me kēia kanaka me nā maʻi pāʻani (Dong, Lin, & Potenza, 2015).). ʻOiai, ua kākoʻo kēia mau ʻike i ka paio e hoʻokūkū ana i nā mea pili i nā mea e pili ana i ka waiwai a me nā mea pili ʻikepili e pili ana i ka pāʻani pāʻani (Brand, ʻōpio, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Dong & Potenza, 2014).

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a me ka noiʻi noiʻi

Pono ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pāʻani nui e hāʻawi i kahi kumu kūpono no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i ka poʻe ʻōpio (a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe) i loaʻa nā pilikia ma muli o ka pāʻani ʻana a i nā hana mua no ka poʻe e hoʻomohala nei i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pāʻani nui. Māhele mākou i nā hopohopo me Aarseth et al. (2016) ua "ulu ke kaua" koa Kāpae "ua ulu i nā ʻāina he nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ʻAsia, kahi e koi ʻia ai nā poʻe ʻōpio e haki i kahi pōkā o ke pāʻani pāʻani. I kā mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe ʻano o kēia ala hele a ʻaʻohe hōʻike no ka hopena lāʻau lapaʻau. He hoʻopaʻapaʻa paha inā ʻae ʻia kēlā mau ʻoi aku akā he mea ia e pili ana i nā luna aupuni kūpono. ʻOi aku ka ākea, aia kahi pono i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hōʻea pale, e like me ka pau ʻana ma ka manawa maka no nā keiki a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i ke ʻano kumu no nā mākua a me nā mākua ʻē aʻe e nānā pono a paipai i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me ka leʻaleʻa komo i ka komo ʻana. nā hana paʻakikī a paʻakikī hoʻi, ua komo pū nā pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻAʻole kēia he mea hanohano nui o nā pono kanaka i mua i nā keiki. Kāhea ʻia ʻo ka makua. Hoʻololi ka ʻenekua makua a me ka mākaukau me ka manawa, akā i kēia ʻano digital, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻenehana i kēlā me kēia ʻano makua.

hopena a

Ma ka hopena, pane ʻo ka WHO i ka hopohopo o ka honua e pili ana i ka hopena o kahi o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana Pūnaewele, akā nui ka pili o nā hopena o ka pāʻani pilikia a me ka palapala pūnaewele. Ke ʻimi nei nā aupuni a me nā keʻena olakino a puni ka honua i nā hopena o ka pāʻani pūnaewele e kamaʻilio ʻia, a no ka hoʻomake ʻana o nā hana pale e hoʻokumu ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui i kēia hana he mea pono e hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano o ka pilikia, mai ka hana i hana ʻia no ka hālāwai kūkākūkā o WHO e kuhikuhi i nā hiʻohiʻona i kēia hanaʻino. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻolaha o kahi pūʻali o nā wehewehe i ka papa hana o ICD-11 e apo ana i kāna mau kikowaena. ʻO nā wehewehe i loko o ka palapala beta ʻaʻole he wehewehe "off-the-shelf" i loaʻa mai i ka pilikia kino. Ma muli o nā hana hou e koi ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻoneʻe i ke ʻano a me nā hanana e pili ana i ka maʻi pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele, ʻaʻole lākou ma kēia manawa i nā mea wehewehe. He pono nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pāʻani pāʻani a he mau mea like ʻole mai ka maʻi pā pāʻani.Saunders, Degenhardt, & Farrell, 2017) a he nīnau ʻia kēia mau kūʻokoʻa i ka ʻimi noiʻi hou aʻe. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka maʻi pāʻani ma loko o ka ʻāpana o nā "Pākuʻi ʻē aʻe - ʻaʻole i maʻa ʻia." Ua loiloi ʻia kēia mau wehewehe ʻana a me nā ʻōlelo alakaʻi.Higuchi, Nakayama, Mihara, & Siste, 2016) a e kau ʻia ma ka hōʻike o ke kahua honua, i ka maʻamau me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i loko o ka papahana o ka ICD-11.

Ke loaʻa nei ka ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ka nui o nā hana i ka pūnaewele, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ke kūʻai aku, nā ʻano hana pilikino e pili pū ana i ke nānā ʻana a me ka ʻike pūnaewele, ʻoi aku ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo ʻaʻole i nā pōmaikaʻi kūpono wale nō akā hiki i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe pili ʻole, me ke kīwaha pili i kā lākou hoʻohana. No ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka pilikino, ʻohana a me ka olakino olakino ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e nānā ana i ia ʻano ʻano.

ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana

Ua mākaukau kēia pepa e nā pūʻulu o nā mea noiʻi, nā mea lapaʻau a me nā kahu lapaʻau, a me nā kulekele kulekele e hana nei ma ke ʻano o ka pāʻani a me nā pilikia pili. Hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻolālā mua ʻana e JBS a ua hāʻawi nā mea kākau a pau i nā mea i ka pepa a / a i hāʻawi ʻia i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ia mea, a ua apono ʻia ka hopena hope.

Kōkua hihia

ʻO JBS, AR-M, a me KM kahi mau lālā o ka hana hana waiwai a me nā mea pili e pili ana i ka ICD-11. Ua lilo ʻo JBS, NP, a me MP i ka ʻimi noiʻi a me / a me nā mea hoʻoponopono i hoʻoponopono ʻia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka DSM-5. ʻO AR-M a me SH ke poʻo o nā kikowaena e hana pū ana. Ua komo nā mea kākau a pau i nā hālāwai kūkā (ma ʻelua mau hihia ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano akā ma ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea no lākou) i ʻākoakoa ʻia e ka WHO (me nā mana aupuni ma Iapana, Republic of Korea, a me Hong Kong, Kina) mai 2014 ma mua. Ua loaʻa nā poʻe komo i kēia mau hālāwai i ke kākoʻo huakaʻi mai WHO a i ʻole lākou aupuni aupuni. He lālā limahana ʻo VP no ka ʻĀina. Kākoʻo ʻia ʻo MP e ka US National Center on Addiction a me Substance Abuse a me kahi National Center no ke kuleana ma ke ʻano hoʻonaninani o ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi. Ma waho aʻe o nā kālā noi kālā i loaʻa mai i nā luna aupuni, ʻōlelo ʻia nā mea kākau, ʻaʻole lākou i loaʻa i ka uku kālā mai ka paʻahana, hoʻonaʻauao, a i ʻole nā ​​hui ʻē aʻe e pili ana i kēia pepa. ʻO nā ʻōlelo a me nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia pepa ʻo ia nā mea kākau a ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo i kēlā me kēia o nā hui e pili ai lākou, ʻaʻole hoʻi pono nā mākaukau i nā kulekele a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻoholo o ka ʻĀina.

ʻO ke aloha

Makemake nui nā mea kākau i ke mahalo iā Dr. Joël Billieux no kāna mau ʻōlelo ma kahi hoʻolālā mua o kēia pepa.

E hoʻomaopopo '