Pākuʻi 2D Low:ʻO nā manaʻo 4D e pili ana i ka pāʻani holoʻokoʻa wikiō (2013)

PLoS hana. 2013 Nov 13;8(11):e79539.

hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0079539. 2013 eCollection.

Kornhuber J1, Zences EM, Lenz B, Kahuana C, Pouna-Pyrrou P, Kauahi F, Kliem S, Mößle T.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Hōʻike ka hōʻailona e hoʻohālikelike i ka uluʻana o nā manamana lima ma ka lima o ke kanaka i ka manawa o ke kōpoko. Loaʻa ka huahana a me ka hawewe kiʻekiʻe i ka 2D kiʻekiʻe: 4D (helu lua i ka heluʻehā). ʻO ka pāʻani o ka'eneʻeneke a me ka hoʻolele e pili ana i ka uluʻana o ka lolo 2D: Nā Nānā 4D ke emi iki nei i loko o nā kāne a ke nānāʻiaʻo ia he mea pani o ka hui lolo. Maanei, ua hoʻolaha mākou i nā hana pāʻani video i nā kāne'ōpio. Loaʻa iā mākou ka 2D iki: 4D waiwai i nāʻokoʻa i hoʻohālikeʻia e like me ka CSAS-II me keʻano kūpono / hōʻailona (n = 27) i ka hoʻohālike me nā poʻe me nā hana pāʻani video (n = 27). No laila, ka hopena o ka prenetal androgen a me ka hui o ka lolo ma ke kāne, e like me ka 2D nui: 4D waiwai, pili i nā hana pāʻani video. Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia kēia mau hualoaʻa e hoʻonui i ka hōʻailona, ​​ka wānana, a me ka paleʻana i ka hōʻailona wikiō.

Introduction

ʻO kahi kaumaha nui o ka prenatal androgene, i hoʻoukaʻia e nā kūmole hormone hoʻonui a iʻole nāʻonika hoʻololi o ka hoʻohālikelike hōʻailona androgen, a me nā hualoaʻa i kahi lōʻihiʻehā (4D) e pili ana i ka helu lua (2D) ma ka lima kanaka makua [1]. No laila, 2D: Nā Nānā 4D i manaʻoʻia he male dimorphic i ka wahine, me nā helu i hoʻonui mauʻia i nā kāne me ka wahine [2]-[4]. Eia kekahi,ʻo ka prenatal androgen load he hana hoʻolālā i ka hanu a me ka hana [5]. Ma muli o ka hopena,ʻo 2D: nāʻaina 4D e pili ana i nāʻano likeʻole male / wahine. Low 2D: pili nā 4D, no ka laʻana, me nā hiʻohiʻona holoʻokoʻa [6], [7]; nā pilikia o ka maʻi hyperactivity (ADHD) [8], [9]; hana pāʻani [10], [11]; nā mana ākea [12]-[15]; manaʻo kūʻokoʻa [16]; nā mana āpau [17]-[19]; ka palekana, ka pānaʻi-kaiapuna, a me ka pono [20], [21]; ka helu o nā hoa hana pili ola [22]; a me ka holomua hānau [23]. ʻO nā'ōlelo hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohālike aestrogen me 2D:ʻo 4D mau waiwai a me nāʻano behavioral i hoʻokahua houʻia nei. [24], [25].

Ua hōʻike mua mākou i ka 2D iki: 4D mea waiwai i nā poʻe maʻi me kaʻaina inu wai [26], he maʻiʻaʻai pili i nā mea e pili ana i ka waiwai me ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kāne ma mua o nā wāhine [27], [28]. Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, ua makemake mākou e hōʻoia ināʻo 2D iki:ʻO ka pili pūnaewele 4D e pili ana i nā hana pāʻani kiʻi wikiō,ʻo ia ka hana kuʻuna piliʻole. Hoʻonui pinepineʻia nā hana pāʻani maʻamau i nā kāne e hoʻohālikeʻia me nā wāhine [29]-[32] a pili pū me kaʻimi i kaʻike [33] a me ADHD [34]. Hiki ke nānā 'ia nā pāʻani wikiō maʻamau e like me ka hana male kāne. No laila, ua manaʻo mākou he hiki i nā kāne me nā hiʻohiʻona wikiō wikiō e hōʻike i nā loiloi'enero kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia e ko lākou mau kaha 2D kiʻekiʻe: nā 4D mau.

Nā Papahana

ʻO kēia haʻawina he māhele ia o ka papahana Lākia ma ke Kauka Psychiatry (FLIP) o ka Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy as well as the longitudinal interview study module of the project entitled "Internet and Video Game Addiction - diagnostics, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, treatments and ka palekana "o ke Institute Research Institute o Lower Saxony. Ua hoʻokōʻia ka FLIP-Project he mea hoʻonui i ke kau hopeʻelua (t2) o ka noiʻi kūkākūkā lōʻihi. Ua mālamaʻia kēia hoʻokolokoloʻana e like me nā kumukū i hōʻikeʻia ma ka Hōʻike o Helsinki. Ua'āponoʻia ke aʻoʻana e ke komite hoʻonaʻauao kūloko (Ethics Committee o ka Deutsche Gesellschaft Psychology). Ua loaʻa kaʻaeʻana uaʻaeʻia kaʻaeʻana ma hope o ka hōʻikeʻana i ke kūlana piha o ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i nā mea a pau.

Ma waena o Pepeluali a me Kēkēmapa 2011, he 70 mau kumuhana i komo i ke ana mua (t1) o ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ninaninau lōʻihi (ua koho mua ʻia lākou mai nā haumāna komo he 1,092 holoʻokoʻa i kiʻi ʻia e nā kula, nā kula nui, nā hālāwai kūkā pūnaewele, nā nūpepa, a me nā kikowaena aʻoaʻo) . Nā pono no ke komo ʻana i ka haʻawina ma t1: kāne, 18-21 mau makahiki, nā mea pāʻani wikiō maʻamau me ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.5 mau hola o ka pāʻani ʻana i kahi lā a i ʻole kahi pālākiō Video Game Addition Scale (CSAS-II)> 41 [29], e nānā i lalo). Mai Malaki 2012 a Ianuali 2013, hiki ke hoʻokolokolo houʻia nā mea o ka 64 ma ke kaʻina o t2 o ka noiʻi kūkākūkā lōʻihi. Ma kēia hōʻaiaʻana, uaʻae ka nui o nāʻenehana 54 e hoʻokomo hou i ka papahana FLIP. Hiki ke hoʻohālikeʻia kēia mau koina 54 e like me kēia: 53 Caucasian, 1'Asia. ʻO ka makahiki ma muli o ka t1 he 18.9 makahiki (SD = 1.1). He 24 ka nui o ka poʻe i komo i ke kula kiʻekiʻe (Abitur a ʻoi paha), he 24 kula kiʻekiʻe ʻelua (Realschule), 5 i hōʻike ʻia i ke kula haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Hauptschule) a ʻaʻohe puka puka.

Ua hoʻolālāʻia nā manaʻo pāʻani Video e hoʻohana ana me ka CSAS II [29] i ka t1. ʻO ka CSAS II kahi i hoʻokumuʻia ma ka'Ipili'Ipīpili ISS-20 [35], [36], ua hoʻonui a hoʻolālāʻia e nānā i ka pāʻani pilau wikiō. ʻO ka CSAS-II nā mea a 14 (4-helu pālākiō: 1  = pololei ʻole ia 4  = ʻoiaʻiʻo loa) a e uhi i ka nui ke kaukau / kau (Nānā 4), kaua (Nānā 4), ka hopena o ka mana (Nānā 2), nā hōʻailona wehe (Nānā 2), a ke ahonui, (Nānā 2). Hiki i nā mea o ka CSAS-II ke hōʻike i ka mana kiʻekiʻe, a hōʻike ka mea hana i ka pono o ka hoʻohuliʻana i ka pono no nā manaʻo loiloi kumuhana pili i nā mea pili i ke kiʻi video. [29], [30]. Eia hou,ʻo ka CSAS-II-hoʻolālāʻana o ka pāʻani pili i ka wikiōʻaʻole i pili wale i ka hana pāʻani nui loa akā eʻike ana i nāʻano kūlike o ka pae hana a me ka pono [29], [30], [37]. Hoʻohanaʻia nāʻokiʻoki diagnostics: 14-34 = kūʻole, 35-41 = kūpono e lilo i mea hoʻonāukiuki, a me 42-56 = hōʻailona.

Wahi a CSAS-II i hoʻohālikelikeʻia, kahiʻoi aku o nā manawa pāʻani wale nō, ua hoʻonohonohoʻia nā haumāna o ka 27 e like me nā mea wikiō kiʻiʻole, 17 e kūpono ana e lilo i mea hoʻonāukiuki a me 10 e like me ke kuhi. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe liʻiliʻi iʻimiʻia, ua hui pūʻia nā pūʻuluʻelua "i mea e loaʻa ai ka maʻi" a me "nā mea pāʻani" i nā kānana. No laila,ʻelua mau kāwai CSAS-II (ke kūponoʻole) me nā haumāna 27 a uaʻimiʻia i loko o kēia noi.

Uaʻikeʻia nā pilikia a me nā hōʻailona o nā'ikepona i ka t1 me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka Inoa Hua'ōlelo Pōʻokoʻa (BSI) [38]. ʻO nā kānalua o kaʻike (interpersonal sensibility)T = 52.26, SD = 11.81), kaumaha (T = 53.98, SD = 11.64), hopohopo (T = 54.30, SD = 10.23), a me ka inaina (T = 52.20, SD  = 11.56) i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā loli mana i nā aniani multivariate. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻailona ADHD, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mana hoʻomalu, ua hoʻohana ʻia me ka ADHD-Screening no nā mākua (ADHS-E; T = 54.02, SD = 8.79) [39].

Ua hoʻohanaʻia kahi scanner screw (ISBNNUMX) e hoʻopiliʻia ana (Hsinchu, Taiwan) e nānā i nā lima o nā mea hui i ke t1000. No ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka pololei, ua kahakahaʻia nā kaha liʻiliʻi ma nā pāpale basal o kēlā a me kēia mau mākau lima a me nā manamana lima a pau ma mua o ka nānāʻana. Ua paʻiʻia nā limaʻelua i ka manawa hoʻokahi, me nā poho i lalo, ma keʻanoʻeleʻele. Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP, 2 Version; www.gimp.org) e ana i nā lōʻihi o ka index (2D) a me ka mīkini (4D) mau manamana lima mai nā lima o ka lima. Hāʻawi kēiaʻano i ka hilinaʻi maikaʻi [40]. Ua hoʻonuiʻia ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi a me ka hapahā o ka lima hema a me ka'ākau mai ka waenakonu o ke kīhāʻula a hiki i ka piko o ka manamana lima a ua hoʻoholoʻia i nā pūnaeke o nā pika me ka mea hoʻohanaʻo GIMP. Ua hanaʻia nā ana e nā kānaka kūʻokoʻa heʻekolu i makapō i ke kuhiakau a me ka makapō i kaʻano diagnostics. Ua heluʻia nā kumukūʻai o nā meaʻekolu i ka heluʻelua a me kahā.

Ua heluʻia nā kuhi helu statistical using IBM SPSS 19 (Armonk, New York, USA) a me nā polokalamu R.

Results

Ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia nāʻokoʻa i ka makahiki ma waena o nā hui kīnāʻole a me nā mea i pilikia / hōʻoia e ka hōʻoia o ka haumāna; ʻikeʻoleʻia nāʻokoʻa o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma ka hōʻikeʻana o Fishes no nā papa hiki ke maʻalahi ma mua o 2 × 2 [41], [42]. ʻO nā huiʻelua o nā hui o CSAS II (ʻaʻohe kūkawāʻole) i kūlike me ka pilina (t = 1.544, p = 0.129) a me ka pae aʻo (p = 0.381; ʻike 1 Pūnaewele).

1 Pūnaewele 

Mean 2D: 4D a me Dr-l mau waiwai i loko o nā poʻe me nā hana pāʻani video e pili ana i ka hopena.

Ua heluʻia ka hilinaʻi o nā anaʻekolu o nā manamana no kēlā me kēia manamana lima no ka lima'ākau a me ka lima hema ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka heluna helu hoʻohālikelike i loko o ka heluna lālaniʻelua (ICC) [43]. Ua helu pūʻia nā ICC no ka 2D: nā Ratio 4D a me ka 2D kūpono: 4D-hema 2D: Nā Nānāʻo 4D (Dr-l). ʻO ka hilinaʻi o nā koʻiʻekolu he kiʻekiʻe no ka lima'ākau (2D: ICC = 0.995; 4D: ICC = 0.995; 2D: 4D: ICC = 0.944), ka lima hema (2D: ICC = 0.996; 4D: ICC = 0.994 ; 2D: 4D: ICC = 0.937), a me ka huahelu helu (2D: 4D: ICC = 0.961). Ua kiʻekiʻe ka hilinaʻiʻana o ke kumukūʻai Dr-l (ICC = 0.764).

Ua ho'āʻoʻia kaʻaeʻana mai ka hoʻopili maʻamau i ke ho'āʻoʻo Kolmogorov-Smirnov. ʻO ka 2D: 4D (ʻike hua'ōlelo: Z = 0.931, p = 0.351, lima hema: Z = 0.550, p = 0.923, lima ʻākau: Z = 0.913, p = 0.375) a me Dr – l (Z = 1.082, p = 0.193) ʻaʻole i haʻalele nā ​​waiwai mai ka mahele maʻamau. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikelike 2D: 4D a me Dr – l i hōʻike ʻia i 1 Pūnaewele.

ʻO nāʻokoʻa ma ka 2D: Nā 4D a me nā hōʻailona Dr-1 e pili ana i ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana ua ho'āʻoʻia no ka ho'āʻoʻole a me ke kūlana kūpilikiʻi e ka ho'āʻoʻo Kruskal Wallis. Ua heluʻia nā heluna hui o Pearson. ʻO ka heluʻana ma waena o 2D: nā hōʻailona 4D no ka'ākau pono a me ka hema hemahema,ʻo iaʻo 0.788 (p <0.01). 2D: 4D a me Dr – l mau waiwai ʻaʻole i like ka nui ma muli o ka pae o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma loko o ka unproblematic (arithmetic mean: χ2(2, N = 54) = 1.831, p = 0.400, lima hema: χ2(2, N = 54) = 2.247, p = 0.325, lima ʻākau: χ 2(2, N = 54) = 2.005, p = 0.367, Dr – 1: χ2(2, N = 54) = 0.637, p = 0.747) a ma ka hui kamepiula / addict (arithmetic mean: χ2(3, N = 54) = 3.363, p = 0.339, lima hema: χ2(3, N = 54) = 2.139, p = 0.544, lima ʻākau: χ2(3, N = 54) = 3.348, p = 0.341, Dr – 1: χ2(3, N = 54) = 0.460, p = 0.928).

ʻO nā hui ma waena o nā hanana o 2D: 4D (ka hema, ka lima'ākau, ka hōʻailona mean, Dr-1) a me ka hōʻailona wikiō (nonproficmatic vs. i ka hopena) i hōʻoiaʻia e kekahi ala likeʻole pākahi e pili ana i ke kumu o recursive ka paleʻana,ʻo ia hoʻi nā lāʻau inference (C-Tree; [44], [45]). ʻO ka mālamaʻana no ka nānāʻana o ka mea personal, ka puʻuwai, ka hopohopo, ka hōʻeha a me ka ADHD, ua like me ka hoʻohālikelike iʻole eʻikeʻia nā meaʻikeʻole. Me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka C-Tree algorithm, ua ho'āʻoʻia ke kuhiakau honua o ke kūʻokoʻa ma waena o kekahi o nā hoʻololi i hoʻokomoʻia a me ka hoʻololi paneʻana ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻolālā [46]. No nā'eneki kikowaʻina ka hanaʻana o ka C-Tree algorithm i kahi pāʻani mahele i ka helu waihona koho. No ka hoʻoholoʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka "maikaʻi", hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā māmalaka hoʻokaʻawale (e like me "ke kumu nui", "ka haumia o ke kōpē" aiʻole ka "entropy"). Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālike i nā pae hoʻokaʻawale i nā hoʻololi a me nā hoʻololi o ka paneʻana i hōʻiliʻiaʻia me nāʻano likeʻole (like, metric and nominal). No laila mākou i hoʻohana ai i ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā e hōʻikeʻia e Hothorn et al. [47] (6, 3 hoʻohālike). Ma muli o ka hōʻikeʻana i nā hōʻoia e loaʻa ai nā helu waiwai pila mai nā papa helu maʻamau o nā hōʻike helu hōʻike, e hōʻike waleʻia nā helu p-helu. ʻO ka hua'ōlelo R "pāʻina" (kahi laboratory no ka recursive partitioning; [47], [48]) hoʻohanaʻia no kēia'ānai.

I nā kānana lahilahiʻole,ʻo nā mea kūpono o 2D: 4D (kekona helu, ka lima hema, ka lima'ākau) e pili ana i ka pāʻani pūʻokoʻa video (kahi kūponoʻole i ka hopena) ma ka mālamaʻana no kaʻike o ka personial, ka puʻuwai, ka hopohopo, ka hōʻeha a me ADHD: 1. Nā haumāna o nā haumāna i kahi 2D:ʻo ka hōʻailona 4D i lalo o ka 0.966 hōʻike i kahi nui loa o ka hopena o ka pāʻani wikiō wikiō (p = 0.027, d  = 0.71). 2. No ka lima hema, nā mea hoʻopaʻa haʻawina me ka lakio 2D: 4D ma lalo o 0.982 i hōʻike i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka lilo ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō (p = 0.013, d = 0.93). 3. No ka poʻe ʻimi noiʻi lima ʻākau me ka lakio 2D: 4D ma lalo o 0.979 ua hōʻike i ka nui o ka makaʻu o ka pāʻani wikiō ma ka pae o p <0.10 (p = 0.095, d  = 0.66). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā haumāna e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ana i loaʻa nā helu ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 (T-score) ma ka ADHS-E ua hopohopo nui ʻia (p = 0.078, d = 0.69). ʻAʻohe hui nui i ʻike ʻia no Dr – 1 (p = 0.127). Nā Kiʻi 1a i ka 1c hōʻike i ke kūlana o ka hōʻailona wikiō no ka mean 2D: 4D, a me ka'ākau hema a me ka'ākau 2D: nā kaha 4D i C-Tree. Hoʻokaʻawaleʻia o ka 2D i hōʻikeʻia: 4D i hōʻokiʻia nā kaona o ka hoʻohālike o nā hui ma nā mea like o 2D: 4D ma waena o nā hana kūpono a me nā mea pili i ke ola, i hōʻikeʻia no ka mean 2D: 4D i ke kiʻi 2 hoʻohana i ka'ānana like me ka hoʻololiʻana i nāʻokoʻa pili a me nā kūʻokoʻa. Ma waho o kēia mau hualoaʻa, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā mea'eneke wikiō ma kahi hoʻolālā a me ka wikiō i ka 2D: 4D.

Hōʻike 1 

Nā hoʻopuka kumu lāʻau kūlana.
Hōʻike 2 

Kaʻiliahi kūlana hoʻolālā.

No ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka waiwai o ka 2D: 4D ka palena o ka hōʻailona diagnostics no ka hoʻokaeʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō-pāʻani a me nā mana me nā hana pāʻani holomua, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi kuhi manaʻo ROC e helu i nā kumukūʻai AUC, a me kaʻike a me kaʻike pono. ma ka helu Youden [49] (ke kiko ma kaʻaoʻao ROC kahi i hoʻonuiʻia ai ka hiʻona a me ka pololei o kaʻike). Hōʻike ka hōʻike ROC i ka hapa nui o ka maʻamau o ka 2D: 4D ratio o ka lima hema (ASC 0.704, 0.852 manaʻo nui, 0.556 kiko'ī), a me ka lima'ākau (AUC 0.639, 0.815 hiʻona, 0.481 kiko'ī). Wahi a Hanley a me McNeil [50] ua nānā mākou no nāʻokoʻa o nā AUC paile me ka loaʻaʻole o ka hopena maikaʻi (Z = 1.147, p = 0.25).

kūkākūkā

ʻO kēia kaʻimi mua loa e pili ana i keʻano o ka prenatal androgen i ka hoʻomeamea hulaʻoniʻoni. Ma loko o kēia haʻawina, ua loaʻa iā mākou kahi 2D iki: nā manaʻo 4D i nā haumāna me nā hana pāʻani video e pili ana i ka hopena. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka nui ma mua o d = 0.66 kikowaena i kahi hana kūpono [51]. ʻAʻohe mea'ē aʻe iʻikeʻia nā wānana mua, koe wale nā ​​hōʻailona o ADHD no ka 2D pololei:ʻO 4D ka heluʻana i ka waiwai nui i nā kānana hōʻiliʻili nonparametric. ʻO ka hui iʻikeʻia ma waena o ka pāʻani wikiō a me ka haʻahaʻa wikiō 2D: hiki ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia nā kumukūʻai 4D ma nāʻano he nui. (1)ʻO kahi 2Dʻuʻuku: 4D waiwai kūpono e hoʻokomo i nā hana pāʻani pāʻani; akā naʻe,ʻaʻoheʻike i loko o nā puke e kākoʻo i kēia pilikia. (2) Hoʻohālikelike pono ka hana pāʻani i ka haʻahaʻa 2D nui: 4D mau koina. Eia naʻe, hikiʻole paha kēia pilikia no kaʻikeʻana o nā mea i hala mua i ka hōʻikeʻana o ka 2D:ʻo 4D mau waiwai i loko o ka ola ma hope o ka hānauʻana. [52]. (3) He kuleana maʻamau no nā 2D haʻahaʻa: 4D waiwai a me nā hana pāʻani pāʻani. Ma muli o nāʻikepili o kēia wā,ʻo ia ka mea nāna e hāʻawi i ka ho'ākāka loa. Nā hualoaʻa o ka 2D: 4D C-lāʻau i ka heluʻana me kahi hōʻailona ho'ākāka hou o nā hōʻailona o ADHD e kākoʻo ana i kēia ho'ākākaʻana. Hoʻonui pinepine nā pāʻani pāʻani i nā kāne [29]-[32] a pili pū me ADHD [34] a me kaʻimiʻimi [33]. Ua hoʻohui muaʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona a pau i nā mea nui 2D: Nānā 4D. ʻO kahi kumu maʻamau no kēia mauʻokoʻa, he mea kiʻekiʻe loa ia i ka manawa o ka hānauʻana.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā ala e alakaʻiʻia mai ana i ka testosterone prenatal i ka hoʻolālā pāʻani e lilo i mea koʻikoʻi no ka ho'ākākaʻana i nā kulekele kūpono e pili ana i ka pāʻani pīʻani video. Hiki i ka testosterone Prenatal ke hoʻopiʻi i ka hana o ke kolohe ma o kekahi mau kikowaena e like me kēia: (1) Prenatal testosterone nui hoʻonui i ka'ōnaehana uku mesolimbic [53] a laila e hoʻoneʻeneʻe ana i ka hana pāʻani maʻamau i nā poʻe mākua. (2)ʻO nā kūlana kūikawā o ke ao honua i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka honua maoli e hiki ai ke uku i nā palena i nā hana pili kaiapili i hanaʻia e ke kaumaha kiʻekiʻe testosterone. Ua hōʻikeʻia nā kiʻekiʻe o ka testosterone pēpē i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka mea hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka nānāʻana o ka naʻau,ʻo ia e maopopo i ka manaʻo o nā mea'ē aʻe [54]. Ma ke kūlike me ia, haʻahaʻa 2D lalo: Nā 4D waiwai i pili i ka hoʻonaʻauao liʻiliʻi o nā kāne [55]. Eia kekahi, he 2D iki: 4D i pili i ka manaʻo hoʻonāukiuki nuiʻole [56]. No laila, hiki i ka testosterone kiʻekiʻe ke hana i nā pilikia pili i ka pilina a me ka weheʻana i ka pilikanaka a, ma laila, e hoʻokomo i nā hana pāʻani mele wikiō e like me kahi papa hana. (3) He mea hiki paha i nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻokuʻu paha i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ke kamepiula e hoʻololi i ka pilikia o ke kanaka e hoʻolālā i ka hoʻolālā i ka hopena wikiō. No laila, loaʻa kā mākou hualoaʻa me nāʻike o mua e pili ana i ka mea haʻahaʻa 2D: 4D me nā mākau hoʻolālā papahana pili Java a me ka 2D kiʻekiʻe: nā manaʻo 4D me ka hopohopo pili i ka lolouila. [57].

Ma mua, ua loaʻa iā mākou ka mean 2D iki: nā hōʻailona 4D i nā kānaka me kaʻawaʻawa waiwai [26], he maʻi hōʻailona pili i ka waiwai. He mea kūpono loa ka hoʻonui ikiʻana o 2D: hōʻoia ka 4D i nā kānaka me ka pāʻani pīpī video,ʻo ia ka maʻi o nā meaʻokoʻa piliʻole i ka pili iʻoi aku ma mua o nā wāhine. ʻO kēia hopena e hōʻike ana i ka like like ma waena o nā mea i pili i ka waiwai a me ka mea pili i ka pūnaewele pūnaewele [58]. Wahi a DSM-5, hoʻokomoʻia ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele i loko o ke poʻomanaʻo e like me ke kumuhana no kaʻimi hou aku i ka noiʻiʻana. Hōʻike ka papahana i kahi pilikino o ka papa hana kamepiula a me ka ipurangi [59]-[61]. ʻO nā hualoaʻa i hōʻikeʻia maʻaneʻi he hōʻike hou nō ia no ke kumu ola olapili o ka pāʻani i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a, no laila, e hāʻawi i ka manaʻo kū'ē no kona hoʻohālikeʻiaʻana e like me ka maʻi hōʻailona.

Ua hoʻonuiʻia nā mea he nui i ka 2D kiʻekiʻe: nā manaʻo 4D,ʻo ka hapanui o ia mau mea e like me ka kuhiakau lolo. No laila, hiki keʻikeʻia ka 2D haʻahaʻa:ʻo 4D ka inoa o ka mea i paniʻia o ka hopena "hōʻailona male kāne". Eia naʻe,ʻo ka hopena kūpono o ka loiloi'eneene a me ke koi nui ma ke ola o kekahi kanaka a ma luna o kēlā kanaka i ka wā e hiki mai ana i mua o ka makua ke pono e hilinaʻi hoʻi ma nāʻano hou a me nā hopena. ʻO ka hanana hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e kū nei ma muli o ka hopena o kaʻoihana o ka lolo ke kāne ma muli o ka nui o nā kumu pilikino a me ka hopena o ka honua iʻikeʻia i ka wā o ko haʻi ola. No laila, ke kūʻana o 2D 4D kiʻekiʻe:ʻaʻole ka hōʻike o 2D i kahi hōʻailona maʻamau a iʻole pronoosis no kēlā me kēia kanaka. Eia naʻe,ʻike kaʻike o 4D: nā XNUMXD i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hōʻailona a me ka prognostic e pili ana i nā halihali a me nā pilikia kūpono ke hoʻohanaʻia me nā mea'ē aʻe.

Hiki paha i kēia mau hualoaʻa he hopena koʻikoʻi no ka wehewehe, ka paleʻana, a me nā hopena o ka pāʻani pāʻani. ʻO ka mea haʻahaʻa 2D:ʻO ka 4D pono wale nōʻaʻole ia eʻike i nā pāʻani pāʻani, akā hiki i kēia mea ke hoʻoikaika i ka hōʻailona ke hoʻohanaʻia me ka hui pūʻana. ʻO kahi haʻahaʻa 2D low:ʻO ka 4D waiwai e kōkua i kaʻikeʻana i nā kānaka i kūpono no ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā mea pāʻani a me ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka pale. Ua ho'āʻoʻia kekahi mau ho'āʻo e wānana i ka uluʻana o ka pāʻani pāʻani i ka pāʻani i nā poʻe [62]-[67]. ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe 2D:ʻO ka 4D waiwai he mea hōʻailona hōʻailona; i hui pūʻia me nā hōʻailona'ē aʻe, hiki i kāna hoʻohanaʻana ke hoʻonui i ka wānana o ke kū i ka wā e hiki mai ana a iʻole ka hōʻike o kēia pūnaewele pili i ka pāʻani. ʻO kēlāʻano hōʻailona kūʻokoʻa i hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā papa hana palekana.

Uaʻimi mākou i ka poʻe i kahi manawa liʻiliʻi; Eia hou,ʻaʻole kaʻokoʻa o ka makahiki ma waena o nā huiʻelua. Ma nā haʻawina mua, he makahiki, inā heʻokoʻa, pili wale nō me 2D: nā koina 4D [68]. No laila,ʻaʻole i manaʻoʻia nā makahiki i nā kānana heluʻole. ʻO keʻano,ʻaʻole kūlike ka laulā hoʻonaʻauao ma waena o nā huiʻelua iʻimiʻia i kēia noi.

Ma nā hōʻuluʻulu houʻana ua nānā mākou no kahi pilinaʻole me kahi monotonic ma waena o nā ana o 2D: 4D a me ka pāʻani pīpī video ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka helu CSAS-II, no ka mea, ua hōʻikeʻia kēiaʻano no nā hana o 2D: 4D a me altruism [69]. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia ka hoʻoponopono o ka hoʻohālikelike lainaʻole he laina laina nui, ke kūlike a me ka hoʻohuiʻia -ʻo ia hoʻi me ka logarithmic transformation o ka hua'ōlelo helu (ʻike [69]). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻoia kēia mau hualoaʻa e nā koʻina hoʻoponopono hapaʻole [70], [71]. Hoʻohui pū kēia mau hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i ka manaʻo e manaʻo i ka hōʻailona pili i ka wikiō ma keʻano he papa hana kūlike me nāʻano kiko'ī kūikawā (ka pilikia a me ka pilikia,ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka hopena / pili), e like me ka hōʻike muaʻia no ka hōʻailona inu [72].

ʻO ka manawa i hoʻolālāʻia me ka pāʻani wikiō wale nōʻaʻole ia e ho'ākāka i ka makeʻana. No ka diagnostics "video addiction pili" he pono e hoʻokōʻia nā pae hoʻohālikelike: ka hana, ka wehe, ka hoʻomalu, kaʻole o ka mana, a me ka hoʻomauʻana me ka hopena maikaʻiʻole. ʻO ka ikaika o kēia aʻoʻanaʻo ia keʻano o nā mea hui. ʻO nā mea a pau i komo i kekahi manawa i kēlā me kēia lā me ka pāʻani wikiō, akāʻo ka hapalua wale nō o nā mea i komo i loaʻa nā papahana hou e hōʻike ana iā lākou e pili ana i ke kūpono (e like me ia i heluʻia e CSAS-II). Hoʻopukaʻia kā mākou mau hualoaʻa i ka 2D: 4D i mea kūpono e pili ana i ka pāʻani pili i ka wikiō,ʻaʻole wale i ka pāʻani pāʻani video e pāʻani i kēlā me kēia.

Pono e hoʻomaopopoʻia nā kuhi aʻoʻana. Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi mono-centric, cross-sectional, dia-control design, e hiki ai i kaʻike o nā hui wale nō, me ka piliʻole o ka pili. Eia hou, uaʻimi wale mākou i nā kāne wale nō, a heʻuʻuku ka pāʻani. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka 2D: 4D ma luna o ka pāʻani pīpī video i hiki ke koho i nāʻokoʻa o nā hui ma muli o ka emi liʻiliʻi o nā kumuhana. Ma kā mākou aʻo mua, uaʻike mākou he nui ka nui o ka nui e pili ana i ka 2D: 4D i kaʻawaʻawa waipika [26]. Ma muli o kaʻike kūikawā ma ka hana maʻamau [5], pono e hoʻohuiʻia nā wāhine i ka wā e hiki mai ana, pono e komo i nā lāhui'ē aʻe a pono e komo pū kekahiʻano nui loa.

mau hoomaikai ana

Makemake mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi aku i nā poʻe hui a pau, kā mākou hoa kōkuaʻo Julia Weberling, aʻo ko mākou pūnaewele IT aʻo André Liedtke.

Kālāʻike kālā

Ua hāʻawiʻia ke kālā no kēia noi ma nā hāʻawi kālā mai ka Halemai o ke Kulanui o Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen Nuremberg a me ka Manuahi no ka'Ipekema a me ka Moʻolelo o Lower Saxony. ʻAʻole nā ​​kuleana o ka waihona kālā ma ka hoʻolālā aʻo, ka hōʻiliʻili a me ke kānana hōʻiliʻili, ka hoʻoholo e hoʻolaha, a iʻole hoʻomākaukauʻana paha i ka puke.

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