Ke hoʻopiliʻia nā neurophysiological o ka hoʻokahuliʻana i ka paneʻana i ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka maʻiʻehaʻeha:ʻO nā manaʻo mai ka hanaʻole a me ke kāohiʻana (2017)

Hoʻoponopono Sci. 2017 Jan 30; 7: 41742. doi: 10.1038 / srep41742.

Kim M¹, Lee TH², Choi JS^1,3, Kwak YB², Hwang WJ², Kim T², Lee JY^3,4, Lim JA³, Kēlā M³, Kim YJ³, Kim SN¹, Kim DJ⁵, Kwon JS^1,2,4.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

ʻOiai ʻo ka pāʻani pili pūnaewele hoʻohemo (IGD) a me ka maʻi obsitive-compulsive (OCD) e hōʻike ana i nā kihi o ka hopena o ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity dimensional, hoʻohele ʻia nā maʻi ʻelua ma ke ʻano neurocognitive maʻamau ma ka pane ʻana aku. Eia nō naʻe, nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona neurophysiological o ka hoʻololi hoʻololi pane ma waena o ka IGD a me OCD, ʻaʻole i loiloi nui ʻia. I ka huina holoʻokoʻa, 27 nā mea maʻi me ka IGD, 24 nā mea maʻi me OCD, a me nā kumuhana olakino 26 olakino (HC) i komo i kahi hana Go / NoGo me nā palapala hoʻopaʻa electroencephalographic. Nā N2-P3 paʻakikī i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wā ʻo Go a NoGo ua loiloi ʻokoʻa a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i waena o nā kūlana a me nā hui. No ka loiloi NoGo-N2 ma ka pūnaewele electrode paʻa i ka pūʻulu IGD kū'ē i ka hui HC a hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia me ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka impulsivity. No ka nui o ka NoGo-N2 ma ka wahi ma mua no ka mea i loko o ka maʻi OCD ma mua o nā mea maʻi IGD. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka lōʻihi o ka loea NoGo-N2 e lilo i mākaʻikaʻi e hōʻailona ai i ka ʻano impulsivity ma IGD a hoʻemi ʻia ka nui NoGo-N2 paha kahi ʻano neurophysiological kaʻokoʻa ma waena o OCD mai IGD e pili ana i ka koi. Hōʻike mākou i ka pale mua neurophysiological correlate o ka loli hoʻololi pane i ka IGD a me OCD, he mea ia e koho ai i ka biomarker no ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity.

Hoʻolaha

I ka mōʻaukala, nā helu hoʻohālike o nā maʻi psychiatric i hoʻokomo i nā maʻi impulsive a me nā pilikia compulsive ma nā kihi o nā ʻāpana hoʻokahi o hoʻokahi ʻāpana.¹. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā maʻi e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā pilikia kīnā, e like me ka petological gaming (PG) a i ʻole ka mea e hilinaʻi nei, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻowalewale e pili ana i ka hopohopo koke e hoʻohuli ʻia^2,3. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka maʻi obsitive-compulsive (OCD) i ke ʻano o ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana no ka mea hoʻokūkū ʻia ma ka OCD manaʻo ʻia he ʻano stereotypic pinepine, eʻai pinepine ka ego-dystonic,^4,5. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau mea, ua pili nā lono e pili ana i nā mea like ma waena o nā maʻi impulsive a compulsive, e like me nā hemahema i ka pale ʻana i ka pane, ʻokiʻīkoi, a me ka comorbidities, e hōʻike ana i ka impulsivity a me ka hoʻokō i nā mea orthogonal nā mea a kēlā me kēia kōkua, i nā ʻano like ʻole, i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka psychiatric.^6,7. ^ E Ha yM. Mai kēia kuhi, ua hāʻawi ka ʻākoʻaka ʻikepika ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kahi hou obsessive-compulsive and related related (OCRD) i ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5^th edition (DSM-5), a me nā mea like a me nā hōʻailona i nā mea hoʻokūkū e hoʻokūkū a hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia a huli hou ʻia aʻe mai nā hiʻohiʻona lehulehu.⁶.

Kāhea ʻia ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD) ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻoiho, ka mea i hiki ʻole ke kāohi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻopiʻi, e like me ka pāʻani ʻana ma PG^8,9. ^ E Ha yM. Me ka lehulehu o ka pūnaewele a me ka ulu wikiwiki i kāna ʻoihana pāʻani, ua nui ka poʻe me IGD i ka helu a hōʻike i nā hemahema e pili ana i nā comorbidities psychiatric.^10,11,12,13. ^ E Ha yM. Ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka makemake klinik e kū mai ana i ka IGD, ʻāpana 3 o DSM-5 (Hoʻomaka ʻana me ke ʻano ʻana me nā hoʻohālike.)¹⁴. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka impulsivity a me ka nele o ka pale inhibitory i IGD ua ʻōlelo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano modalities like, e like me ka ʻano o ke ʻano, ʻano electrophysiological, a me ka hana neuroimaging paradigms.^15,16,17. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike ʻia mai ka pale ʻana i ka pane o ka pale, i OCD, e like me ke kākāʻōlelo o ka obsessive-compulsive Severity me ka lawa ʻole o ka palena kiʻekiʻe-iho.^18,19. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i nā hewa ma ka pale ʻana i nā pane neural e pili i nā ʻano neural e like me ke ʻano o ka impulsivity a i ʻole compulsivity, i ka makemake paipai e hana i kahi hana kūikawā^20,21. ^ E Ha yM. No laila, ke noiʻi nei i ka neurobiological correlate (s) o ke hoʻololi i ka pane ʻana i ka IGD a me OCD e kōkua paha i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kuleana o ka impulsivity a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā maʻi psychiatric.

ʻO nā hui N2 a me P3 ka pili e pili ana i ka hanana (ERP) i nā hana Go / NoGo i manaʻo ʻia e like me ka neurophysiological correlates o ka hopena pane²². ^ E Ha yM. I ka poʻe olakino olakino, e kāohi ana i kahi pane i ka NoGo stimulus e hoʻopuka i kahi ʻoihana nui o N2-P3 ma mua o ka pane ʻana i kahi hōʻeuʻeu Go, e hōʻike ana ʻo NoGo-N2 a me -P3 ke hōʻike nei i ke kaʻina o ka kaohi o ka inhibitory control²³. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike mua ʻia nā noiʻi mua e hōʻike ana ʻo NoGo-N2 i kahi hoʻomaka o ka pale pale a mālama i ka hakakā^24,25,26. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ERP ʻē aʻe, ʻo NoGo-P3, hiki ke hōʻike i kahi hana ma hope o ke kaʻina hana i loko o ka pūnaewele cognitive a me nā kīʻaha kaʻa.^27,28. ^ E Ha yM. E pili ana i nā māhele NoGo-N2 a me -P3 i nā kumuhana olakino, ua kuhi ʻia ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i mākaʻikaʻi me ka mea i kūleʻa i ka hopena a i ʻole ka pahuhopu kumuhana e pono ai ke pale i kahi pane, a ua manaʻo ʻia ka latency e noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia^22,29.

ʻOiai aia he mau noiʻi e pili ana i ka pale ʻana o ka pane ma IGD e hoʻohana ana i kahi paradigm Go / NoGo, ʻaʻole mau i nā hopena ma nā ʻimi noiʻi. Ua hōʻike aku ʻelua mau haʻawina no ka hōʻemi ʻana o NoGo-N2 i ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele keu, ka mea paha ma muli o ka hopena hopena o ka impulsivity pili. Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka nui o NoGo-N2 a me kekahi ʻano o ka impulsivity i kēia mau noiʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā mākaʻikaʻi o ka hana kolohe i nā kumuhana IGD.^17,30. ^ E Ha yM. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ʻelua mau haʻawina e hōʻike ana i hoʻonui ʻia no ka nui NoGo-N2 i nā mea pāʻani ma luna o nā mea pāʻani a hoʻohana ʻole paha i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hopena.^31,32. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia mau mea i hiki ʻole ke loli ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hana paʻakikī i waena o nā haʻawina, i ʻike ʻia he hopena ma ke kuhikuhi o NoGo-N2 hoʻololi hoʻololi (ʻo ia hoʻi, i hoʻonui ʻia ai a hōʻemi paha)³³. ^ E Ha yM. E pili ana iā NoGo-P3, ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana wale nō ʻo Dong ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. ua hōʻike i kahiʻokoʻa nui ma ka nui o NoGo-P3 a me ka latency¹⁷. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā haʻawina ERP i hala ma ka maʻi OCD e hoʻohana ana i nā hana Go / NoGo a i ʻole Hoʻokiʻoki i ka hana hana (SST) i loiloi i ka pilina ma waena o ka pale ʻana a me ka hōʻemi. Kim ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike i ka hana o NoGo-N2 ma nā pūnaewele fronto-waena i hōʻemi ʻia a pili pū kekahi i ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi-compulsive hōʻailona koʻikoʻi.¹⁸. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kahi noiʻi hou, ʻo Hermann ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. hōʻike i nā maʻi OCD i hōʻemi i ka hana mua i ka wā o ka NoGo, a ua hewa maikaʻi ke anteriorization me nā hōʻino o Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS).³⁴. ^ E Ha yM. Johannes ¶ AL., ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa i ka hoʻonui ʻia Stop-N2 i hoʻonui ʻia i nā mea maʻi OCD i ka wā o SST hana³⁵. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi, ʻo Lei ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. ua hōʻike ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka ampl-N2 he mea nui i ka maʻi OCD e pili ana i ka hōʻailona o ke kāʻei ʻana a ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hōʻeha ʻōwili OC³⁶.

ʻOiai ka ulu nui o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana o ka pathophysiological a me ka neurobiological o IGD a me OCD ma ka ʻōlelo o ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity spectra, ʻaʻohe aʻo a hiki i kēia lā ua hoʻohālikelike pono i ka pili ʻana o ka neʻe i ka neʻe i ka neʻe o ka neʻe i ka neʻe o ka neʻe i ka neʻe o ka neurophysiological correlate. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina a me nā kumuhana IGD, nā hopena i hiki ʻole i ka hopena ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī o ka hana i waena o nā haʻawina; Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi hopena neʻe nui o ka neurophysiological impulsivity^17,30,31,32. ^ E Ha yM. I ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, ua noiʻi mākou i nā mea like a me nā mea ʻole i pane mai ai ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka IGD a me OCD i ka wā hana o Go / NoGo hana. Hana mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hana like ʻole o ka neʻe i ka hana o ka hana paʻakikī i kēlā me kēia hui e kāohi i kekahi hopena o ka hana paʻakikī i nā pane a ERP. Ua hōʻike mua mākou i kēlā me kēia kanaka me ka IGD a me nā mea maʻi me OCD e hōʻike i nā like like ʻole i ka pane ʻana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hana hoʻohālike. ʻO ka lua, ua manaʻo mākou i kekahi hana ʻole i ka control inhibitory, i IGD a i OCD, e pili ana i nā ʻano like o ka neurophysiological ma waena o nā pilikia e pili ana i ka impulsivity a me ka hana hoʻokūkū.

Results

Nā Demograpics, nā hiʻohiʻona haukapila, a me nā hōʻike hoʻoweliweli Go-NoGo

ʻAʻole ʻike he ʻano nui i ka kāne i ka wahine, ʻae lima, IQ, a i ʻole hoʻonaʻauao (1 Pūnaewele). Nā mākeke ma ka IAT (F_2,72 = 24.702, p <0.001), BIS-11 (F_2,72 = 4.209, p = 0.019), BDI (F_2,72 = 11.557, p <0.001), a me BAI (F_2,72 = 10.507, p = 0.001) ʻokoʻa loa i waena o nā hui. Ua hōʻike ka poʻe i komo me IGD i nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma ka IAT, nā mea maʻi me OCD i waena, a hōʻike ke olakino olakino (HC) i nā helu haʻahaʻa (IGD vs. HC, p <0.001, IGD vs. OCD, p <0.001, OCD vs. HC, p = 0.028). ʻO ka impulsiveness, i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka helu BIS-11, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka hui IGD ma mua o ka hui HC (p = 0.019). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi nā ʻokoʻa ma nā helu BIS-11 ma waena o nā hui HC a me OCD (p = 0.106), a i ʻole ma waena o nā hui IGD a me OCD (p = 0.826). Ua hōʻike nā kumuhana IGD a me OCD i nā ʻōuli kaumaha a me nā hopohopo hopohopo nui, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e kā lākou BDI (IGD vs. HC, p = 0.006, OCD vs. HC, p <0.001) a me BAI (IGD vs. HC, p = 0.020, OCD vs. HC, p <0.001) nā helu, ma mua o nā HCs.

Papa 1: Demograpics, nā hiʻohiʻona haukapila, a me nā ʻano hele o Go / NoGo.

Ka piha piha

ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā RT i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo Go. ʻOiai ʻo ka pūʻulu IGD e wikiwiki wikiwiki loa ana, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hui OCD, ma mua o nā hui ʻelua, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka ER i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo NoGo (hewa o ke komisina) i ʻokoʻa i waena o nā hui (F = 4.242, p = 0.018); hōʻike nā HCs i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ER ma mua o ka IGD (p = 0.031) a me nā hui OCD (p = 0.044).

ʻO nā mea nui ERP a me nā kikowaena

Hōʻike 1 e hōʻike ana i nā nalu weliweli ERP nui i nā pūnaewele Fz, Cz, a me Pz. Nui nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ke ʻano o ka inhibitory (Go / NoGo) ma ka amplitude N2 (F_1,74 = 59.594, p <0.001) a me ka latency (F_1,74 = 6.902, p = 0.010), a ma ka amplitude P3 (F_1,74 = 48.469, p <0.001) a me ka latency (F_1,74 = 4.229, p = 0.043). ʻAʻohe pūʻulu koʻikoʻi e ka hopena o ka hopena o ka laulima hopena ma N2 amplitude (F_1,74 = 2.628, p = 0.079) a i ʻole latency (F_1,74 = 2.071, p = 0.133), a i ʻole ma ka amplitude P3 (F_1,74 = 0.030, p = 0.971) a i ʻole latency (F_1,74 = 0.681, p = 0.509). ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻike nā pūʻulu ʻekolu āpau i nā amplitude N2 a me P3 nui aku, a me nā latency N2 a me P3 ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma NoGo ma mua o nā hoʻokolohua Go. Nā ana i hana hou ʻia me ANOVA me ka pūnaewele electrode (ʻeono mau electrode fronto-kikowaena no N2 a me ʻeono keneta centro-parietal electrodes no P3) ma ke ʻano he kumuhana a me ka hui (IGD / OCD / HC) ma waena o nā kumuhana i hōʻike i kahi hopena nui nui. o ka hui ma ka latency NoGo-N2 (F_2,74 = 3.880, pololei ʻole p = 0.025). Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana iā Bonferroni hoʻoponopono no nā ana ANOVA he nui, ua hōʻike ka hopena nui o ka hui ma NoGo-latency i ka nui o ka pae i hōʻike ʻia i ka hopena waena (i hoʻoponopono ʻia p = 0.100). Aia kekahi hopena koʻikoʻi o ka pūnaewele electrode ma ka latency NoGo-N2 (F_5,70 = 17.652, p <0.001) a me ka amplitude NoGo-N2 (F_5,70 = 16.364, p <0.001). A mahope iho Hōʻike ka hōʻike ʻo Bonferroni i ka lōʻihi o ka pae ʻana NoGo-N2 i nā kumuhana IGD (p = 0.025) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēlā me kēia i ka HC, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pūʻulu IGD a me OCD (p = 1.000) a i waena o nā hui OCD a me HC (p = 0.191). ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kekahi hopena ʻano nui i kekahi o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe (Go-N2 amplitude, F_2,74 = 0.152, p = 0.859, latike Go-N2, F_2,74 = 1.860, p = 0.163, Go-P3 amplitude, F_2,74 = 0.134, p = 0.875, Lōʻihi Go-P3, F_2,74 = 3.880, p = 0.025, NoGo-N2 amplitude, F_2,74 = 2.111, p = 0.128, NoGo-P3 amplitude, F_2,74 = 0.057, p = 0.945, latike NoGo-P3, F_2,74 = 1.927, p = 0.153). 2 Pūnaewele hōʻuluʻulu i nā manaʻo (nā kuʻuna maʻamau) o nā kiʻina Go- a NoGo-N2 a me nā pihi ma kēlā me kēia pūnaewele uila, a me nā hopena o ka hoʻohālikelike hui. ʻO nā maʻi me ka OCD hōʻike i hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o NoGo-N2 i F2 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea pilikino me IGD, ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ʻo Bonferroni (uncorrected p = 0.006, hoʻoponopono ʻia = p = 0.036). ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā hui ma ka nui NoGo-N2 ma F2 ma waena o nā hui IGD a me HC (p = 0.469) a i ʻole ma waena o nā hui OCD a me HC (p = 0.123). 3 Pūnaewele Hōʻuluʻulu i nā ʻano (nā kuʻuna maʻamau) o nā kiʻina Go- a NoGo-P3 a me nā pihi ma kēlā me kēia pūnaewele uila, a me nā hopena o ka hoʻohālikelike hui. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā HC, hōʻike nā OCD i nā lōʻihi aku i ka lōʻihi o Go-P3 ma ka C1 electrode site (uncorrected p = 0.024, i hoʻoponopono ʻia p = 0.144), aʻo nā kumuhana me IGD e hōʻike i nā lōʻihi hele i ka puʻu Go-P3 ma P1 (a hala ʻole = p = 0.028, pololei p = ʻO 0.168) a me nā leka NoGo-P3 ma Cz (uncorrected p = 0.029, pololei p = 0.174). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ola ko kēia mau helu helu ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o Bonferroni.

Kiʻi 1: Aia nā hanana nui e pili ana i ka hanana o Go / NoGo ma waena o nā pūʻulu ʻekolu i nā pūnaewele Fz, Cz, a me Pz.

Kiʻi piha

Palapala 2: Hoʻohālikelike o nā nui a me nā kaha pākuʻi o Go / Nogo-N2 ma nā pūʻulu ʻekolu.

Ka piha piha

Palapala 3: Hoʻohālikelike o nā nui a me nā kaha pākuʻi o Go / Nogo-P3 ma nā pūʻulu ʻekolu.

Ka piha piha

Ka wehewehe hoʻoponopono

Hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono correlation o Pearson no ka latitu NoGo-N2 ma Cz, NoGo-N2 latency ma C2, nā helu IAT, nā helu BIS-11 i ka pūʻulu IGD; a no ka pākuʻi nui No No--N2 ma F2, ʻo Y-BOCS ka nui o nā helu, nā helu ʻohi ʻia, a me nā haʻawina hoʻihoʻi ma ka hui OCD. ʻO nā pilina nui ma waena o NoGo-N2 latency ma Cz a me IAT nā helu (r = 0.452, p = 0.018) a me nā helu BIS-11 (r = 0.393, p = 0.043) i loaʻa ma ka pūʻulu IGD (Laau. 2).). No ka pehu ʻo NoGo-N2 ma C2 ka ʻae ʻana me nā helu IAT (r = 0.057, p = 0.777) a me nā helu BIS-11 (r = 0.170, p = 0.398) i ka pūʻulu IGD. Ma ka hui o OCD, ʻaʻohe ʻike nui ma waena o ka NoG-N2 amplitude ma F2 a me Y-BOCS huina helu (r = −0.192, p = 0.370), nā kuʻina kuhikuhina (r = −0.252, p = 0.235), a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻemi koi. (r = −0.091, p = 0.674).

Kiʻi 2: Hoʻopili i ke kaila o NoGo-N2 ma ka wahi pūnaewele Cz me kahi helu i ka hopena o ka palapala ʻana ma ka hopena o ka hana hoʻonaninani pūnaewele ʻo Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) a me ka Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11) i nā mea pilikino me ka maʻi pūnaewele.

Kiʻi piha

kūkākūkā

I ko mākou ʻike, ʻo ia ka noiʻi mua i hōʻike ʻia i nā correlates pono i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka IGD a me OCD. E like me ka hypothesized, hōʻike ʻo IGD a me OCD i hoʻonui i nā ER i ke kūlana NoGo (nā hewa o ke kōmike), e hōʻike ana i nā lua o ka IGD a me nā hui OCD hōʻike i nā pilikia i ka pane ʻana i ka pae hoʻohaʻahaʻa. E pili ana i nā hōʻike neurophysiological, hōʻike nā ʻekolu ʻekolu i nā nui N2-P3 nui a me nā pihi N2-P3 ma ka NoGo ma mua o ke ʻano o ka hele. Ua kelepona ʻo NoGo-N2 latency ma kahi kikowaena pūnaewele i ka pūʻulu IGD kūʻē i ka HC me ka hopena waena, a hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia me ka hōʻeha pili i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā mākaʻomo impulsivity. ʻO ka nui o NoGo-N2 ma ka mua ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mua ka mea i hōʻemi ʻia i nā mea maʻi OCD e kūlike ana i ka poʻe IGD; akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ke kaila ma waena o ka nui o NoGo-N2 ma ke kahua.

Kūlike pū me nā haʻawina mua, hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana IGD i nā kiʻekiʻe loa o ka impulsivity, e like me ka helu ʻana o nā helu BIS-11, i waena o nā hui^37,38. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka palena o ka paʻakikī o N2-P3 i ke kūlana NoGo ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka noi cognitive i koi ʻia e nānā i nā hakakā a hoʻoweliweli i nā pane kūleʻa²⁹. ^ E Ha yM. Benikos ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. ua hōʻike ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia NoGo-N2 me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pilikia hana a me ka hoʻoikaika nui ʻana e pale i nā pane³³. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike ʻia no nā kūlana psychiatric me ka impulsivity kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka nānā-deficit a me ka maʻi hyperactivity, ka palena palena pilikino, a me ka psychopathy, hōʻike i hoʻololi ʻia NoGo N2-P3 paʻakikī^39,40,41. ^ E Ha yM. I ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka NoGo-N2 ma mua o ka poʻe individu ma ka IGD ma mua o nā maʻi OCD, e hōʻike ana ʻoiai i nā kehele ʻana o ka pale a me ka pale ʻana, aia nā ʻokoʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o ka neurophysiological hopena o ka impulsivity a me ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o kēia mau kānaka ʻelua. Eia kekahi, hoʻopiʻi ka loiloi NoGo-N2 ma IGD i nā mea hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kumuhana HC, e hōʻike ana i nā pilikia o ka IGD me ka pane ʻana i ka pale ma nā papa mua, no laila e koi aku i nā kumuwaiwai hou aku. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka paʻakikī o ka IGD a me ka impulsivity i hoʻopili maikaʻi me ka latie NoGo-N2 ma ka pae kikowaena, e hōʻike ana i kahi hala ʻole o ka pale o ka pale ʻana i nā kumuhana IGD e pili ana i ka nui o ka noi cognitive no ka pale ʻana i ka pane, ma muli o ko lākou impulsivity kiʻekiʻe.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua i nā hana hoʻomau hou aku i ka OCD ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka mea hoʻokaumaha ʻia, no ka mea, e hōʻike ana nā mea maʻi OCD i kahi hiki ke mālama i ka uku, ʻaʻole like i ka mea maʻi addict^42,43. ^ E Ha yM. Pēlā nō, ʻike mākou i kahi mea hoʻokaumaha kaulana loa i nā mea maʻi OCD kū'ē i nā kumuhana IGD. Eia kekahi, hōʻike i nā mea maʻi OCD i ka liʻiliʻi o NoGo-N2 ma kahi e keʻa nei ma mua o ka poʻe IGD, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o NoGo-N2 ma OCD e hoʻohuli ai i ka hana i ka lula mua.¹⁸. ^ E Ha yM. Wahi a nā hualoaʻa ninaninau o nā noi i hala, ʻo ka NoGo-N2 ka mea i hele mai ka medial orbitofrontal a me ka cortices medulate.^22,44. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma kēia mau ʻāina nā neural correlates o ka pale ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka magnetic resonance imaging.²¹. ^ E Ha yM. I ka poʻe maʻi OCD, nā wahi i loko o ka alaloa cognitive cognitive o ka cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop i ʻike ʻia e ka hui me ke kūlohelohe a pane aku ana i manaʻo ʻia e lilo i nā correlates neural o nā maʻi obsitive-compulsive^45,46. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia mau ʻike, hoʻemi ʻia ka nui NoGo-N2 ma ke kahua mua i kā mākou hui o nā OCD maʻi e noʻonoʻo i ka hana lima i loko o ka neurophysiological correlates o ka pā o ka pale, hoʻopili ʻia e nā neʻe mua cortical faritra.

Kūlike ʻole i nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia e nā haʻawina ma mua, ʻaʻole ʻike mākou i ka hopena koʻikoʻi ma ka nui NoGo-N2 ma waena o nā maʻi OCD a me nā kumuhana HC.^{18,34,35,36,47}. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā palapala i hala ma NoGo- a i ʻole Stop-N2 i nā maʻi OCD i hōʻike i ke kūkaʻe o ka neʻe ʻana o ka nui o ka N2 (ua hoʻonui a hoʻemi paha) e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā noi. Nā haʻawina i hōʻike i nā NoGo-N2 liʻiliʻi i nā mea maʻi OCD ma mua o ka HCs i hoʻohana i ka hana Go / NoGo me ka ʻole oddball paradigm a ua unuhi i kā lākou ʻike ʻana me ka noʻonoʻo o ka pale ʻana i ka pane ʻana mai.^18,34. ^ E Ha yM. Nā haʻawina i hōʻike nui ʻia Stop-N2 i nā maʻi OCD, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana i ka hana Go / NoGo me ka paʻakikī oddball paradigm a i SST a ua manaʻo e hoʻonui nui i ka noiʻi ʻana ma ka hoʻokō pane ʻana i hoʻonui ʻia NoGo- a i ʻole Stop-N2^35,36,47. ^ E Ha yM. Ua manaʻo ʻia na hōʻike NoGo- or Stop-N2 i kahi papa kuhikuhi like a me ka wahi i koho ʻia no ka hala hewa i pili i ka hewa, a ua loaʻa ka NoGo- or Stop-N2 kahi nui loa ma lalo o nā kūlana hakakā kiʻekiʻe.⁴⁷. ^ E Ha yM. No laila, ʻokoʻa kekahi o GoGo- a i ʻole Stop-N2 i kahi mau kūlana e kūpaʻa nui ai ka hakakā. ʻO ka hana Go / NoGo i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka noiʻi ʻana i komo pū me ka paradigm oddball maʻalahi i ʻaʻole ʻia i loko o nā noiʻi mua e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana o NoGo-N2 ma nā maʻi OCD^18,34 a ʻoiai, ua hele pū me ka hoʻokūkū haʻahaʻa loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i SST i hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka Lei ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. aʻoi aku, nāna i hōʻike i hoʻonui nui no Stop-N2³⁶. ^ E Ha yM. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano hakakā waena i hoʻoili ʻia e ka hana ʻo Go / NoGo ma kēia noiʻi ua lawe ʻia ka nui o NoGo-N2 panee i loko o nā maʻi OCD e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hui OCD a me HC.

Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hōʻike nā mea ʻelua o ka IGD a me OCD i nā ʻano hana maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana o ka pane, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻia e ka ER i ka wā o ka hana Go / NoGo. Eia nō naʻe, ka ʻokoʻa o ka pane neural no ka pale ʻana i nā pane i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o NoGo ma waena o nā pūʻulu, e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano like ʻokoʻa o ka neʻe ʻana mai ka hana neʻe ʻana o ka hopena. ʻOiai ʻo ka hiki ʻole o ka pale inhibitory hiki i ka hopena mai ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity, pili ke kaʻina o ka impulsivity i ka makemake e hana i ka hoʻonāukiuki, a ʻo ka compulsivity e pili ana i kahi pilikia i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hana.^7,48. ^ E Ha yM. Ma keʻano, ua ʻike mākou i ka nui o ka NoGo-N2 ma ke kahua o ka mua e hoʻonui ʻia ana i loko o ka hui ʻo IGD, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ka pūʻulu OCD i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nui o NoGo-N2 i ka wā o ka hana o ka hana ma Go / NoGo. ʻO nā haʻawina mua ʻo ERP e hoʻohana ana i nā hana Go / NoGo i hōʻike i nā hopena like ʻole e pili ana i ke kuhikuhi (hoʻonui a hoʻemi ʻia) o ka nui NoGo-N2, hiki paha ma muli o ka hopena hui o ka hoʻākāka kumuhana a me nā ʻokoʻa i ka pae o ka hana ma waena o nā ʻano loiloi Go / NoGo.^29,33,49. ^ E Ha yM. No laila, ʻo kā mākou ʻike ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hui ma ka nui NoGo-N2 ma waena o ka IGD a me OCD e noʻonoʻo i nā pane neural ʻē aʻe, i hoʻolalelale ʻia e nā hui like ʻole i ka kumuhana subjective i koi ʻia no ka pale o ka pale ʻana i ka wā o ka hana like / GoGo.

He mau palena ko kēia hoʻopaʻa ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoiai ua ʻākoakoa mākou i nā mea maʻi OCD me nā ʻōuli koikoi, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili pono nā amplitude NoGo-N2 ma ka pūnaewele mua i nā helu ma ka Y-BOCS. No laila, me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka manaʻo hoʻohālikelike, maopopo ʻole inā ua hoʻemi ʻia ka amplitude NoGo-N2 ma ka pūnaewele mua i nā maʻi OCD e hōʻike pololei ana i kahi neurophysiological correlate o ka compulsivity. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka nui o nā mea maʻi IGD i kā mākou noi ʻaʻole ʻimi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou mea hōʻalo (ʻo ia hoʻi ka helu IAT <60) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea i komo i nā noiʻi i hala. Hoʻohui ʻia, he heterogeneous nā mea maʻi OCD i kēia noi ʻana, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kāohi ʻia ko lākou kūlana lāʻau a me nā comorbidities-no ke kālailai ʻana o nā ERP. Ua hōʻemi paha kēlā mau heterogeneities i ka hoʻohālikelike ERP ma waena o nā hui ʻekolu; Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ka heterogeneity, kākoʻo nā hopena i ke kuhiakau, ke mālama ʻia kahi wehewehe akahele. ʻO ke kolu, ka ʻokoʻa o ka latency NoGo-N2 i hōʻike i ka hopena waena ma hope o ka noi ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui, a ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻoponopono no nā hoʻokolohua he nui no nā loiloi hoʻopili. No laila, pono e makaʻala i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka pilina i ka pono o ka lāʻau.

Ua ʻimi mākou e ʻimi i nā correlates neurophysiological ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻonāʻana i ka hopena dysfunctional ma IGD a me OCD, e hoʻohana ana i kahi paradigm Go / NoGo, i ka pākuʻi o ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity. Hōʻike nā hōʻike kaʻikepili i nā mea maʻi ʻelua a me ka OD nā pilikia i pilikia i ka hana ʻana o ka pane. Hōʻike nā hopena o ka ERP i nā mea hou a me ka IGD i loaʻa ka noi hou aku o ka hopu cognitive i ke kaina mua o ka pale ʻana i ka pane, e like me ka hōʻalo i ka pehu a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka impulsivity. I ka poʻe maʻi me ka OCD, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa nā deficits i ka paleʻana i ka pane ʻana i ka disfunction ma mua o ka cortex frontal, i pili i ka pale o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike. Lawe pū ʻia, hiki ke kaohi ʻo NoGo-N2 ka biomarker o ka trait impulsivity i ka maʻi IGD, a me ka neʻe ʻana o NoGo-N2 e hoʻolilo i ka mana o ka neurophysiological 'ano i OCD ma mua o ka IGD me ka hoʻopili ʻana me compulsivity. ʻO nā haʻawina o ka wā e hiki mai ana me nā mea hoʻohālike homogeneous hou loa, a me kahi paradigm Go / NoGo i kūpono ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻohālikelike pono ʻana o ka IGD versus OCD, pono ʻia e hoʻonui a hōʻoia i nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia.

Nā Papahana

Nā mea komo a me nā loiloi Clinical

I ka huina, 27 mau kumuhana me ka IGD, 24 mau maʻi me ka OCD, a me nā kumuhana 26 HC i komo i kēia noi. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kumuhana IGD mai ka haukapila hale maʻi maʻi o SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, a ma o kahi hoʻolaha. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kumuhana HC ma o kahi hoʻolaha pūnaewele. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā maʻi OCD mai ka haukapila OCD ma Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH). Ua komo nā kumuhana āpau me ka IGD i ka pāʻani pūnaewele no> 4 h / lā a he lāʻau naif. Ua hana kahi psychiatrist mākaukau i nā nīnauele e hōʻoia i nā diagnoses o ka IGD a me ka OCD e hoʻohana ana i nā pae hoʻohālikelike DSM-5. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ke kumu aʻo, no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity, ʻo nā mea maʻi wale nō me ka OCD i loaʻa nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i hoʻopili ʻia. ʻEhiku mau maʻi OCD i lāʻau lapaʻau ʻole, he ʻumi nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻole no> 1 mahina ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka noiʻi, a he ʻehiku i lapaʻau ʻia i ka manawa o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. E lawe ana nā mea maʻi OCD ʻehiku i nā mea kāohi i ka serotonin reuptake, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia kekahi mea maʻi i kahi mahele liʻiliʻi o olanzapine (2.5 mg) ma ke ʻano he adjuvant. Loiloi ʻia ka nui o ka OCD me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Y-BOCS⁵⁰. Pāʻani nā kumuhana HC i nā pāʻani pūnaewele no <2 h / lā a hōʻike ʻole i ka maʻi psychiatric i hala a i ʻole i kēia manawa. I nā mea a pau i komo, Hōʻike Pūnaewele ʻAna Pūnaewele ʻo Young (IAT)⁵¹ a me kahi Scaly Impulsiveness Barratt (BIS-11)⁵² ua hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO ka loiloi a me ka hopohopo i nānā ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)⁵³ a me ka Beck An popole Inventory (BAI)⁵⁴. Ua ana ʻia ka ʻikepili quotient (IQ) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana pōkole o ka Korean-Wechsler Pakeke Manaʻo Manaʻo. ʻO nā pae hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i ka hōʻoia o ke ola a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana, maʻi neurological, ʻeha poʻo poʻo nui me ka nalowale o ka ʻike, nā maʻi olakino me ka sequelae cognitive i kākau ʻia, nā hōʻino sensory, a me ke kīnā ʻole o ka noʻonoʻo (IQ <70).

Ua maopopo loa i nā mea āpau o ke komo ʻana i ka hana noiʻi a hāʻawi ʻia i ʻae ʻia me ka ʻae e kākau ʻia. Ua hana ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e like me ka Makano o Helsinki. Na ka papa loiloi hoʻokaumaha ʻia no SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center a SNUH i apono i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.

Hele / Nogo Task a me EEG palapala

Ua noho mālie nā poʻe komo i kahi lumi i hilo ʻia, i ʻike ʻia i ka lumi kihikihi, ~ 60 cm ka mamao o kahi mākaʻikaʻi i hōʻike ʻia i kahi hōʻihi a 300-ms mauʻike, "S" a me "O", i hōʻike ʻia. Ua aʻo ʻia nā kumuhana e pane me ka pihi ma ka paila "S" (Go trial, 71.4%, 428 / 600) a me ka pane ʻole i ka "O" stimulus (hoʻokolokolo NoGo, 28.6%, 172 / 600). ʻO ka waena waena o ka hōʻike hōʻike 1,500 ms. Ua hana ʻia nā palapala elekio electroencephalogram (EEG) me ka ʻōnaehana Neuroscan 128-channel Synamps me kahi 128-channel Quick-Cap, e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana honua 10 – 20 (hoʻololi ʻia, Charlotte, NC, USA). Ua hoʻolilo ʻia nā electrodes ma nā pūnaewele mastoid i mau mea hoʻopili hoʻokele a ua waiho ʻia nā electrode papa ma waena o nā pūnaewele uila FPz a me Fz. Ua helu helu ʻia ka EEG ma kahi helu helu 1,000-Hz me kahi kānana pūnaewele o 0.05 a i 100 Hz. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā mea neʻe o ka maka ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kuapo elele a me ka pihi electro-oculogram (EOG) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes ma lalo, a ma ka ʻaoʻao waho o ka maka. ʻO ka pale ma nā kahua electrode āpau ma lalo o 5 kΩ.

Hoʻolālā ERP

Hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka ʻikepili o ka ERP me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Curry (ver. 7; Compumedics, Charlotte, NC, USA). Ua hōʻemi ʻia nā mea kū like o ka maka me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka algorithm algorithm art -act-hōʻemi, ke hoʻonāukiuki nei i ka hana a maka-ʻili e pili ana i ka hōʻailona EOG.⁵⁵. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka paepae i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hōʻailona EOG kūliu ʻo 200 μV. ʻO nā wā manawa o 200 ms ma mua a me 500 ms ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka loea. Ua hōʻike hou ʻia nā palapala EEG e pili ana i ka loiloi maʻamau maʻamau, i hoʻoili ʻia i ka bandpass ma waena o 0.1 Hz a me 30 Hz, i lawe ʻia i 100 ms pre-stimulus a me 900 ms post-stimulus, a i hoʻoponopono ʻia i baseline me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaila uila pre-stimulus pre-stimulus. ʻO nā epochs e loaʻa ana nā kaha EEG iʻoi aku ma mua o ± 75 μV ua hōʻole pinepine ʻia. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka variance (ANOVA) i ka nui o nā wā e noho ana ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka palapala artifact ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa i waena o nā pūʻulu ʻekolu (Hele, F_2,76 = 0.508, p = 0.604; NoGo, F_2,76 = 1.355, p = 0.264). ʻO ke kumu (hoʻololi maʻamau) o ka helu o nā epoch i koe ma ke kūlana Go ʻo 343.8 (67.9) ma HCs, 327.9 (82.0) ma ka hui IGD, a 347.3 (71.4) i ka hui OCD. ʻO nā helu kūpono i ke kūlana NoGo ʻo 132.9 (28.6) i nā HCs, 118.9 (34.8) i ka hui IGD, a me 121.0 (35.4) i ka hui OCD. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā wā i kēlā me kēia manawa (Go vs. NoGo). Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hana ʻike kiʻekiʻena e hoʻoholo ai i ka amplitude a me nā latencies Go- a me NoGo-N2, i wehewehe ʻia e like me nā amplitude e hōʻike ana i ka hemahema maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o 130 ms a me 280 ms post-stimulus hoʻomaka ma mua (F1, Fz, F2 ) a me nā kikowaena uila (C1, Cz, C2) uila. ʻO ka Go- a me NoGo-P3 piko amplitude a me nā latency i wehewehe ʻia e like me nā mea e hōʻike ana i ka hemahema maikaʻi ma waena o 250 ms a me 450 ms post-stimulus hoʻomaka ma ke kikowaena (C1, Cz, C2) a me parietal (P1, Pz, P2) uila. pūnaewele. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia i nā kahawai a me nā puka aniani kiʻekiʻena pihi i ke kālailai e like me nā hōʻike o mua e pili ana i nā wahi o nā mea nui N2 a me P3 amplitude (e pili ana i ka wahi o ke kahawai a me ka palena manawa)^29,56.

ʻIkepili helu

Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona demografia a me nā maʻi o nā kumuhana i waena o nā hui e hoʻohana ana i kahi ANOVA hoʻokahi, ʻokoʻa hoʻāʻo kūlohelohe, a me nā hōʻike a Welch inā ʻaʻole i like ʻole nā ​​ʻano like ʻole. A χ² ka loiloi a i ʻole ka hoʻokolohua pololei a Fisher i hoʻohana no ka ʻikepiliohelu ʻike. Ua hana ʻia nā ANOVA e hōʻike no ka ʻokoʻa o ka hui i ka manawa o ka hopena (RT) i nā hoʻokolohua Go, a me ka helu hewa (ER) i nā hoʻokolokolo NoGo. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena neʻe i ka pā ʻana o ka ERP a me nā leʻalolo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana ANOVA me nā wahi elektroda (F1, Fz, F2, C1, Cz, C2 no N2 / C1, Cz, C2, P1, Pz, P2 no P3, PzNUMX, Pz, P2 no P3 / NoGo) ma waena o nā kumumea-kumu a me nā pūʻulu (IGD / OCD / HC) ma waena o nā kumuhana i waena. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hui o ka pā ERP a me ka latency me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā helu ANOVA me ka pūnaewele electrode (ʻeono pūnoho waena o nā mīkini uila no PXNUMX, ʻeono centro-parietal electrodes no PXNUMX) ma ke ʻano he kumuhana o ka manaʻo a me ka pūʻulu (IGD / OCD / HC) he kumu waena-kumuhana. A mahope iho Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻāʻo Bonferroni e hoʻāʻo no nā ʻokoʻa pālua. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana a Pearson e nānā i ka pilina ma waena o ka amplitude ERP a me nā latency e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hui, a me nā helu IAT, nā helu BIS-11 ma loko o ka hui IGD, a me nā helu Y-BOCS ma loko o ka hui OCD. No nā kālailai hoʻopili, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono no nā hoʻokolohua he nui, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia nā anamanaʻo he exploratory i ke ʻano. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polokalamu SPSS (ver. 22.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) no nā loiloi helu. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā kumukūʻai P <0.05 e hōʻike i ke ʻano helu.

Additional Information

Pehea e haʻi ai i kēiaʻatikala: Kim, M. ¶ AL. ^ E Ha yM. Neurophysiological correlates o ka hoʻololi i pane i loko o ka punaewele pāʻani ai a me ka maʻi obsessive-compulsive: Kūpono mai ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity. ʻO Sci. Hōʻike. 7, 41742; hana: 10.1038 / srep41742 (2017).

Ka pane a ka mea hoʻopuka: Noho mau ka Nature Spring ma muli o nā kuleana hoʻokolokolo ma nā palapala i paʻiʻia a me nā pilina pili.

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Luijten, M. ¶ AL. ʻO ka loiloi ʻōnaehana ʻana o ka ERP a me nā haʻawina fMRI e noiʻi ana i ka pale o ka pale a me ka hoʻokaʻawale i nā hemahema i ka poʻe me ka waiwai hilinaʻi a me nā mea hoʻoweliweli. J Neurosci NĀ Pīpī. 39, 149-169 (2014).

56.   

o    

• Hoʻokuʻuʻia
• Paukū

Hoʻololi i nā kuhi

'Ōlelo hōʻeia

Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e kekahi ʻāpana mai ka National Research Foundation of Korea (Grant No. 2014M3C7A1062894).

Ka mea kākau moʻolelo

Hui

1.    Ke Keʻena o ke Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

o Minah Kim

o, Jung-Seok Choi

o, Sung Nyun Kim

o & Jun Soo Kwon

2.    Ke Kulanui o Brain a me Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea

o Tak Hyung Lee

o, Yoo Bin Kwak

o, Wu Jeong Hwang

o, Taekwan Kim

o & Jun Soo Kwon

3.    Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

o Jung-Seok Choi

o, Ji Yoon Lee

o, Jae-A Lim

o, Pāka ʻo Minkyung

o & Yeon Jin Kim

4.    Interdisciplinary papahana ma Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea

o Ji Yoon Lee

o & Jun Soo Kwon

5.    Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Psychiatry, ʻO Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Ke Kulanui Kulanui o Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

o Dai Jin Kim

Nā ha'awina

Na MK, JYL, JL a me YJK no ke kipi ʻana o nā mea maʻi a me nā hoa hoʻomalu olakino olakino, ka hōʻiliʻili o ka ʻike demographic a me ka ʻikepili. Hāʻawi ʻo MK, THL, JC, MP, SNK, DJK a me JSK no ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO THL, YBK, WJH, TK a me MP i hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻikepili pili i ka hanana (ERP). Ua hana ʻo MK i ka hōʻike ʻikepili a kākau ʻia i ka mana kākau kope. Ua kākoʻo ʻo JC, SNK, DJK a me JSK i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena aʻo. JC, SNK, DJK a me JSK i hoʻokele a nānā i ka hana āpau o kēia noi. ʻO nā mea kākau a pau i loiloi i ka ʻike a apono ʻia ka hopena hope loa o ka ʻatikala.

Nā mea hoʻolimalima

ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e nā mea kākau i nā mea pili kālā.

Ka mea kākau like

LIKE LIKE LIKE ʻO Jung-Seok Choi.

Comments

Ma ka waiho ʻana i kahi manaʻo e ʻae ʻoe e hoʻokō e kā mākou lIKE a Nā Kūlana Kaiāulu. ^ E Ha yM. Inā ʻike ʻoe i kekahi mea hōʻino a ʻaʻole hoʻokō ʻole ʻia i kā mākou mau ʻōlelo a i ʻole ke alakaʻi ʻana e ʻae ʻoe e like me ka mea ʻole.