ʻO J Behav Addict. 2018 Aug 16: 1-5. hoʻopiʻi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.64. [
ʻO Petry NM1, Zajac K1, Ginley M1, Lemmens J2, Hump HJ3, Ko CH4, Kauahi F5.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
ʻO ka pilikia o ka'eneke pūnaewele keʻikeʻana i ka honua a puni. Ua kauʻia kekahi mau hana i ka paleʻana i nā pilikia pili pāʻani ma ka hoʻolālāʻana a iʻole e hoʻomau ana, akā, ua hōʻoiaʻia kekahi mau hanana i nā palena. ʻAʻoheʻike lapaʻau maikaʻi eʻikeʻia. Ke nānā hou aku i kaʻoihana āpau o ka noiʻi hoʻomalu e kōkua i ka noiʻi a me nā hana maikaʻi i mua o ka hoʻopilikiaʻana i nā pilikia e ulu ana mai ka pāʻani nui.
KEYWORDS: Ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele; mālama; nā kulekele aupuni
PMID: 30111170
DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.64Nā papa o ka Pepa
ʻO ka pilikia o ka'eneke pūnaewele keʻikeʻana i ka honua a puni. Ua kauʻia kekahi mau hana i ka paleʻana i nā pilikia pili pāʻani ma ka hoʻolālāʻana a iʻole e hoʻomau ana, akā, ua hōʻoiaʻia kekahi mau hanana i nā palena. ʻAʻoheʻike lapaʻau maikaʻi eʻikeʻia. Ke nānā hou aku i kaʻoihana āpau o ka noiʻi hoʻomalu e kōkua i ka noiʻi a me nā hana maikaʻi i mua o ka hoʻopilikiaʻana i nā pilikia e ulu ana mai ka pāʻani nui.
Keywords: ʻO ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, Kāohi, nā kulekele aupuni
Me ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka pilikia o ka pāʻani Internet (IGD; Petry & O'Brien, 2013) ma ka paeʻelima Ka Papa Hana Hoʻonaʻauao a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013), me kahi manaʻo like no ka hoʻolaunaʻana i nā pilikia pili pāʻani ma ka International Classification of Diseases - version 11, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka pāʻani i nā pilikia pili pāʻani mai nāʻikeʻepekema, clinical, a me nāʻike ola kino. ʻO kaʻimi noiʻi a me kaʻike pono o ka IGD, akā, e koe mau i ka hoʻomakaʻana (Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). Aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona he nui i keʻano a me ka pōʻaiapili o keʻano a me kāna mau hōʻailona o nā hōʻailona. Eia naʻe,ʻo ka hōʻoiaʻana o ka hōʻoia, kaʻikepili a me nāʻikeʻikepili lehulehu e hōʻike ana i ka pilikia nui o ka pāʻaniʻana i nā mea loea he nui (eg, Wittek et al., 2016), me ka piʻi nui aʻe o nā'ōpio'ōpio (Rehbein, Kliem, Baier, Mößle, & Petry, 2015).
ʻO Király et al. (2018) e wehewehe i nā hana i hanaʻia ma ka honua a me ka manaʻo e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pōʻino pili i ka pāʻani. Hoʻokomo ka pepa i nā palapala liʻiliʻi ma kēia wahi a pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana hana.
ʻO ka noʻonoʻoʻana i nā palapala ākea āpau o ka noiʻi hana lapaʻau i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, i ke olakino, a me nā maʻi hoʻonāʻau e pili i ka IGD. ʻO ka loiloi nui o nā pilikia o ke olakino e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā hana no nā wahi i waho a hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nāʻano e hoʻemi i nā pilikia me ka pāʻani. ʻO nā māla o ka waiʻona, ka paka, ka hoʻohana lāʻau, a me ka pāʻani pila na paha kūpono loa. He nui nāʻano o kēia mau hana, e like me ka pāʻani. Eia kekahi, no ka hapanui ināʻaʻoleʻo kēia mau hana a pau, hoʻohanaʻia kekahi manawa a iʻole ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka mea e hōʻino ai, ma keʻano likeʻole heʻano pilikiaʻole ka pāʻani pāʻani. Hoʻohanaʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea pāʻani a me nā hana pāʻani i ka'ōpio a me nā'ōpio (Welte, Barnes, Tidwell, & Hoffman, 2011), e like me ka pāʻani (Rehbein et al., 2015; Wittek et al., 2016).
Ua paio ka papa hana hōʻoia i ka hanaʻana i nā hana palekana kūpono (Ennett, Tobler, Ringwalt, & Flewelling, 1994) a, ma hope o nā makahiki he nui wale o ka noiʻiʻana, ua weheʻo ia i nā lālā me nā hana kūpono ma ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka lāʻau (Toumbourou et al., 2007). No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā papa hana kāohi kūpono no ka IGD, kahi kūlana i hoʻokumu ʻia a hoʻomaopopo ʻia paha. ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i nā hana pale no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā maʻi pāʻani, a me nā hana ākea ākea, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hana i ka wā e hiki mai ana no ka pale ʻana i nā pāʻani. ʻOiai hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻauhau ʻē aʻe (e laʻa me, universal, selective, a me ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana i ka pale ʻana) pili kēia hoʻokolohua i nā ʻōlelo mōʻaukala o nā ālai 'kiʻekiʻe, ʻelua, a me nā pae kiʻekiʻe. Nānā ʻole i nā huaʻōlelo, kōkua paha kēia nānā ākea i ka loiloi ʻana pehea e hiki ai i nā ʻike ʻē aʻe ke hoʻopili i ke kahua o IGD.
Ke kāohi muaʻana AIM e pale aku i nā pilikia a i ʻole nā maʻi ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana. ʻO ka maʻamau, pili nā hana pale mua i ka hōʻemi a hoʻopau ʻana paha i nā hōʻike i nā kūlana weliweli a i ʻole nā lawena. ʻO nā laʻana me nā kānāwai - a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kānāwai - e pāpā a kāohi paha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana weliweli (e like me asbestos a me kēpau kēpau) a i ʻole ke kauoha ʻana i nā hana palekana a me ke olakino ʻano maʻamau (e laʻa, ʻai pono, hoʻoikaika kino mau, a ʻaʻole puhipaka). ʻO nā pale ʻana kekahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hana pale mua e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka maʻi ʻula, nā puʻupuʻu, a me nā maʻi maʻi ʻino ʻē aʻe. Hoʻolālā nā aupuni i kekahi mau hana pale mua e hana ākea, a kūpono i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau ia mau lula ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻikepili i nā hui ma waena o ka mea mua (e like me ka toxin puni honua, ka maʻi, a me nā ulia pōpilikia) a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (e laʻa, ka mokuʻāina a me ka likelihood nā pōʻino o ka lolo).
ʻO nā hana palekana mua i kauohaʻia a hoʻokōʻia i ke aupuni ((a iʻole paha i hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi pono e) maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻohana ponoʻana o nā beliki kūhaka ma nā kaʻa ka mea i hōʻemi iho i ka pōʻino a me ka make i pili i ka hopena (ʻO Williams & Lund, 1986), a me ke kaulike e hoʻolālā ai i ka nui o ke kau o ka waiʻona i ka 18 a hiki i ka 21 makahiki ma ka US (kahi o nā'ōpio i'ōpiopio e like me ka 14-16 makahiki makahiki) i ka hoʻoemiʻana i nā pōpilikia kaʻa kaʻa pili i ka lama (Du Mouchel, Williams, & Zador, 1987). Ua hoʻopau loaʻia nā maʻi hōʻailona i nā maʻi'ōpiopio o ke kōpiopio.
I ke kumu o nā mea hōʻalo a me nā maʻi olakino noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻohe mea pale i ke ola. No nā hana aʻo a me ka hoʻolaha anti-hoʻohana (e laʻa, "ʻO kēia kou lolo ma nā lāʻau"), ʻike liʻiliʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ākea ākea Hoʻolaha Hoʻolaha Lapaʻau i ka US ʻoiaʻiʻo aole pono e hoʻoemi i ka hoʻohana lāʻau lapaʻau (Ennett et al., 1994). Akā naʻe,ʻaʻole kēia mauʻano o nā pāʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao a me nā pāʻoihana e hōʻeha i kekahi mau pōʻino iʻikeʻia, a me nā pāʻoihana hoʻolaha hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻohanaʻole i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hopena o kaʻikeʻole o kaʻikepili i ko lākou pono. ʻO ke aupuni a me nāʻoihanaʻoihana, e like me ka Ministry of Health and Welfare i Taiwan a me American Academy of Pediatrics in the US, no ka mea, he hāʻawi i nā kulekele a me nā mea hoʻonaʻauao e pili ana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka lako kelepona a me ka pāʻani.
Hoʻolahalaha ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha a me ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i ka lehulehu o nā poʻe. No laila, he paʻakikī e hoʻokumu i kā lākou hiki ke hoʻemi i nā mea pōʻino no nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi laʻana, e hoʻemi ana i ka hopena o ka pilikia o ka pīpī pīpī, kahi kūlana e kū nei ma 0.4% wale nō o ka heluna kānaka (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005), pono ke aʻo i nāʻumi tausani o nā kānaka. No nā makahiki he nui, ua ho'āʻo ka māla pāʻani eʻike i nā hana o ka palekana mua, akā, ke kū'ē nei ka paio e pili ana i ka pono a me ka pono,ʻO Ginley, Whelan, Pfund, Peter, & Meyers, 2017).
Hāʻawiʻia kēiaʻano,ʻaʻole ia he mea hōʻoia no ka ho'āʻo nui o ka pale hana mua no ka IGD, he hōʻeha hou aʻe me kahi hoʻonui pākuʻi e pili ana i 1% (Petry, Zajac, & Ginley, 2018), noho paʻa. ʻO nā hana hoʻonaʻauao a me kaʻike, e like me nā papa heluʻoiʻoi i nā pāʻani a me nā mākua makua, hiki keʻikeʻia heʻano o ka pale mua. ʻAʻole i kānāwai nā kānāwai i keʻano hōʻailona o ka papahana hoʻolaha a iʻole ka papa heluʻana i nā aupuni (ināʻaʻole nā aupuni), a hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma muli o ka nele o kaʻikepili no ka pono a me ka pono. Eia kekahi,ʻo ia mau hana i hanaʻoleʻia e like me nā kānaka, i nā keiki paha, hiki ke hoʻokomoʻia i nā pāʻani i kapaʻia no nā mea makua a makua paha. Hiki ke kāohiʻia ka mana o nā mana makua e hoʻemi ai i nā pilikia pāʻani, no ka mea, he kumu nui nā mākua e hoʻohana i kēia mau pūnaewele. ʻO ka mea pōʻino,ʻo nā mākua e pono paha e kāohi i nā pilikia pāʻani i kā lākou mau keiki,ʻo ia paha ka mea liʻiliʻi paha e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou me ka hoʻohana i kēia mau pūnaewele (Carlson et al., 2010; e nānā hoʻi Helene, i kaomi).
Ma kaʻikeʻana i nā papa hana hoʻolaha nui i hiki ke hāʻawi i kaʻike i nā kūlana mua o ka noiʻiʻana i nā hana papahana no ka pāʻani. Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻiʻia nā hoʻolālāʻana o nā hana papa hana mua ma nā papahana ma kahi o ka pilikia. No nā pāʻani,ʻo kēia mau mea he kāne'ōpio kūpono loa (Petry et al., 2015; Rehbein et al., 2015) a me nā mea kūpono o ke olakino o ka naʻau, e like me ka maʻi o ka hyperactivity deficit-attention (ADHD), ke kaumaha, a me ke kaumaha (Desai, Krishnan-Sarin, Cavallo, & Potenza, 2010; Gentile et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2018; van Rooij et al., 2014). ʻO nā papa hana hana mua e pili ana i nā mākua o ia mau keiki e hōʻike i nā ala hou a iʻole keʻano hou e hoʻemi i ka hopena o nā meaʻino i nā keiki kūpono. I ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana,ʻo ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā hana i nā mea pāʻani pāʻani, i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena,ʻoiai he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō e loaʻa i nā pilikia (Müller et al., 2015; Rehbein et al., 2015; van Rooij, Schoenmaker, Vermulst, van den Eijnden, & van de Mheen, 2011; Wittek et al., 2016). ʻO ka laweʻana i nā hana āpau aʻoihana hoʻolaha mua i nā mea pāʻani i loaʻa i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi (aiʻole nā mākua paha)ʻaʻole paha lākou e pono, no ka mea, e pono ana i nā kānaka ke koi hou i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka waiwai a me nā'ōlelo ola olakino e hōʻike pono ana i nāʻae kūpono piha e pono ai ke hoʻololi i nā loli halihali i nā mea i hoʻololi i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā pilikia liʻiliʻi (Ke Keʻena Ola Ola a me nā lawelawe kanaka,ʻo 2016).
I ka pae hope, hiki ke hoʻohana ponoʻia nāʻano hana palekana mua. ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻokani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele i loko o ke kula aiʻole manawa hoʻomaha a iʻole nā manawa kūpono i ka hopena o nā hopena e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i ka nui o nā pilikia o nā pili pili pāʻani. Eia naʻe, i ka loaʻaʻole o kaʻike paʻa, hiki i nā mea kū'ē i kēia mau kauoha ke hiki iā lākou ke hakakā me lākou.
ʻO ka hana āpau hoʻemi i ka hopena o kahi maʻi a i ʻole ʻeha i hala. Hoʻopili pū me nā hana e ʻike a mālama i ka maʻi a i ʻole ka ʻeha i ka wā hiki ke kū a hōʻemi i ka hōʻino ʻana, nā hoʻolālā e pale ai i nā pilikia mai ke ahi hou ʻana, a me nā papahana e hoʻihoʻi i nā poʻe i kā lākou predisease a i ʻole mokuʻeha. ʻO nā laʻana me nā kānana ʻana e ʻike ai i ka maʻi i nā wā mua (e laʻa, mammograms e ʻike ai i ka maʻi ʻaʻai umauma) a me nā hana e pale aku ai i nā maʻi hou a i ʻole nā ʻeha (e laʻa me ka aspirin haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hahau).
ʻIke loa, hiki ke hoʻoikaika i nā hana hana āpau a me ke kumukūʻai, me nā mea hoʻolako kālā a me nā lawelawe olakino ola e kau nei i ko lākou kumukūʻai. Eia nō naʻe,ʻo ka hoʻolālā a me ka loiloiʻana i nā hana e hana i ke kula kiʻekiʻe, he pono e maopopo ka maopopo o nā kumu pilikia a me keʻano o keʻano a me ka manaʻo likeʻole i keʻano e hoʻomaopopo ai i keʻano me ka pololei a me ka pololei. Uaʻikeʻia ka noiʻi i nā kumu koʻikoʻi no nā pilikia pili pāʻani (Gentile et al., 2011; Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2011; Petry et al., 2018; Rehbein & Baier, 2013), akā,ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻolālāʻana a me ke kaʻina hana e mau ana (Petry et al., 2014, 2018). Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele o ka pūnaewele a iʻole no nāʻano hana likeʻole me ka pāʻani nui a pilikia paha, me kaʻikeʻana i kaʻike o kā lākou mauʻokoʻa (ʻO Király et al., 2014; Montag et al., 2015; Rehbein & Mößle, 2013; Siomos, Dafouli, Braimiotis, Mouzas, & Angelopoulos, 2008; van Rooij, Schoenmaker, van de Eijnden, & van de Mheen, 2010). ʻO ka hōʻoiaʻana o nā harms e hoʻonāuki hou i ka hoʻonui i ka huliau, eʻoi aʻe ka paʻakikī o kaʻikeʻana o nā loli. Eia kekahi, ma ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi mauʻike i hōʻikeʻia e pale wale nā pilikia pili pāʻani ma o lākou iho i nā poʻe me nā pilikia (Gentile et al., 2011; Rothmund, Klimmt, & Gollwitzer, 2016; ʻO Scharkow, Festl, & Quandt, 2014; ʻO Thege, Woodin, Hodgins, & Williams, 2015; van Rooij et al., 2011). No laila,ʻo ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā pono o nā ho'āʻoʻana i ke kula kiʻekiʻe, eʻoi aku ka paʻakikī loa, no ka mea, e pono ana ka hōʻoiaʻana e hōʻike i ka holomua o nā manawa o ka maʻi ma mua a me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa ma mua o ka hapaʻana o ka hōʻailona.
ʻO nā hana hoʻomalu e kū nei me nā hoʻāʻo e noi i ka hoʻopau ʻana o nā pāʻani a me nā ʻōnaehana luhi, i manaʻo ʻia he mau hana pale mua, inā pili lākou i nā mea pāʻani āpau, a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ke kula kiʻekiʻe e pili pono ana kā lākou hopena i ka poʻe i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kekahi mau pilikia pili pāʻani. Kakaikahi nā noiʻi i loiloi i nā hana empirically, a koi lākou i ka ʻenehana nui a sophisticated. ʻO ka palena ʻana i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili, a i ʻole ke pāʻani kālā, koi like i nā hana nui a me ka nānā mau ʻana (e laʻa me nā hale kūʻai aku a me nā casino).
ʻO nā hana palekanaʻelua i ka holomua o nā hōʻaiapili'ē aʻe,ʻo ia nō ka hōʻailona a me nā'ōlelo hoʻoikaika wikiwiki, e like me ka pili kālā pili kālā, ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka waiʻona,Madras et al., 2009; ʻO Neighbours et al., 2015). ʻO ka loiloiʻana i kēia mau ala kūpono loa i nā hui nui loa, e like me nā'ōpio a iʻole nā mākua'ōpio me nā maʻi loli pinepine pinepine me kekahi, akā naʻeʻaʻole i hoʻokau i nā hōʻailona IGD. Heʻuʻuku loa kēlā mau hana e mau ana i loko o ka pōʻaia o ka emiʻana i nā pilikia pili pāʻani poʻo mua (King, Delfabbro, Doh, et al., 2017).
ʻO ka hoʻoponopono āpau ke pale aku i nā hopena o ka maʻi a iʻole ka pōʻino. ʻO nā hana hana hou a me nā lālā kōkuaʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hana palekana o nā kula kiʻekiʻe no nā kūlana olakino hoʻomau, e like me ke kanesa, kaʻeha, a me ka maʻi diabetes. ʻO nā Alcoholics Anonymous a me nā hui'ē aʻe 12-piʻi paha eʻikeʻia he mau hana palehonua ākea, me nā hui likeʻole no ka pāʻani pīpī a me nā pāʻani. Loaʻa i nā poʻe i hiki i nā polokalamu palekana papahana, a me ka poʻe, ma ka ho'ākākaʻana, uaʻike mua lākou i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi.
Aia ka likeʻole o ka hoʻoponopono ākea lapaʻau, e pili ana i nā hana i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻohuli a hōʻemi paha i nā kūlana a i ʻole nā maʻi, maʻamau i ka poʻe e ʻimi nei i ke kōkua. E like me Király et al. (2018) a me nā manaʻo hou aʻe (King, Delfabbro, Griffiths, & Gradisar, 2011; Zajac, Ginley, Chang, & Petry, 2017) ka leka, ua hoʻomaka wale nā loiloi o nā hōʻailona no ka IGD. ʻAʻohe mālama lāʻau a pāʻoihana no ka IGD he mauʻike ikaika o ka pono (King et al., 2011; King, Delfabbro, Wu, et al., 2017; Zajac et al., 2017), a ua mau ka maikaʻi o ka nohona o nā hoʻonaʻauao. Ma keʻano kūpono, e mālamaʻia nā hōʻailona a me nā hana palekana ma muli o kaʻike physiological a me nāʻikepili e pili ana i keʻano o keʻano a me kona mau pilikia me nā pilikia.
ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke mālama i ka papa hana kūpono a me nā papa hana hoʻolauleʻa kumu, kula kiʻekiʻe, a me nāʻoihana kula nui no IGD. Eia naʻe, hikiʻole i ka pāʻani pāʻani ke (a) hana i ka hoʻolālā a iʻole e nānā pono i nā hana. ʻOiai ua hiki iā lākou ke kauohaʻia e uku iā lākou ma o nā kānāwai aupuni a iʻole nā kulekeleʻauhau,ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i kaʻike kālā a me ka noiʻiʻana ua maʻalahi. ʻO nā makahiki he nui i loaʻa i nā nicotine, ka paka, a me nāʻoihana pāʻani pīlī e kū mai ma muli o ka hilinaʻiʻana i ke kākoʻoʻoihana no ka noiʻi. ʻO nāʻoihana i hoʻopōmaikaʻiʻia mai ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā huahana me nā hopena hopena, ua paakiki i ka paina o ka hoihoi i ka hoʻouluʻana i ka hana kūpono a me nā hana hana. Ke koi aku nei mākou i nā kumuhana, nā kaulike, a me nā mea noiʻi (e like me nā maʻi epidemiologists, nā neuroscientists, nā mea hoʻolālā kūloko o ka lehulehu, a me nā mea'ē aʻe) ma'ō aku o keʻano o nā loina (me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka waiwai a me nā moe kolohe, ADHD, ʻike no ka hakakāʻana i nā pilikia pili pāʻani a me ka IGD ma kēia hanauna o ka'ōpio a me ka poʻe'ōpio.
ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana
Ua hoʻomākaukauʻia ka pepa mua o kēia pepa e NMP. Ua hāʻawi aku nā mea kākau a pau i nā mea i ka pepa a me nā'ōlelo i hāʻawiʻia ma luna o ia mea a ua'āpono i ka pau hope o ka palapala.
Kōkua hihia
ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e kekahi mea kākau i nā hakakā paio.
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