Addict Behav. 2018 Feb 12; 81: 157-166. hana: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2018.02.017.
Ioannidis K1, Hoʻolālā MS2, Chamberlain SR1, Kiraly F3, Redden SA4, Kelepona DJ5, Lochner C6, 'Amena IE7.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
NĀ HOPE A ME NĀ HANA:
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia (PIU; i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Addiction pūnaewele) he pilikia e ulu ana i loko o nā kaiāulu hou. ʻAʻohe hapa o ka ʻike no nā hoʻololi like demographic a me nā hana pūnaewele pili i ka PIU a me ka maopopo ʻole o ke ʻano o ka ʻUwī ʻana o ka PIU. ʻO kā māua pahuhopu e hōʻike i nā hana pili pūnaewele pili me PIU a e ka ʻike i ka hana o ka makahiki a me nā kāne ma kēlā mau hui.
KANAKA:
Ua ʻae mākou i nā mea hoʻohana 1749 e hele a 18 a ma luna mai o nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha i loko o kahi noiʻi pūnaewele i ʻōlelo ʻia i ʻelua pūnaewele, hoʻokahi ma US, a hoʻokahi ma South Africa; ua hoʻohana mākou i ka lula ʻo Lasso no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.
Nā hopena:
Pili nā hana pūnaewele kikoʻī me nā helu hoʻohana ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka pūnaewele, me ka heʻe nalu maʻamau (lasso β: 2.1), pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (β: 0.6), kūʻai pūnaewele (β: 1.4), hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele kūkālā pūnaewele (β: 0.027), pili kaiaulu pūnaewele (β: 0.46) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele (β: 1.0). Hoʻololi ka makahiki i ka pilina ma waena o PIU a me nā pāʻani pāʻani (β: 0.33), piliwaiwai pūnaewele (β: 0.15), hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele kudala (β: 0.35) a me nā papaho kahe (β: 0.35), me nā makahiki ʻelemakule e pili ana me nā kiʻekiʻe pae o PIU. Aia kekahi hōʻike hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻole no ka wahine a me ka wahine a me nā hana pūnaewele pūnaewele e pili ana me nā helu hoʻohana pilikia pūnaewele. ʻO ka maʻi hyperactivity deficit-deficit (ADHD) a me ka maʻi pīhoihoi pili kaiaulu i pili me nā helu PIU kiʻekiʻe i nā poʻe ʻōpio i komo (makahiki ≤ 25, 0.35.: 0.65 a me 55 i kēlā me kēia), akā ʻo ka maʻi maʻamau (GAD) a me ka maʻi obsessive-compulsive (OCD) i pili. pili pū me nā helu PIU kiʻekiʻe i nā mea komo i ka wā kahiko (makahiki> 6.4, β: 4.3 a me XNUMX pākahi).
NĀ KUMU:
ʻO keʻano o nā hana maʻamau (e like me ka hoʻolimalimaʻana, ponoʻole, ka heʻenalu nui) e pili ana i ka pilinaʻoi aku me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hōʻailona o ka punaewele ma mua o nā pāʻani e kākoʻo ana i ka hōʻano hōʻoia o ka pilikia o ka pūnaewele e like me ka maʻi maha. Eia kekahi,ʻo nā hana o ka ipurangi a me nā diagnostics psychiatric e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele o ka internet i keʻano o nā makahiki, me ka hopena o ke olakino.
KEYWORDS: ʻAno hoʻohui pono male; Pākuʻi Pūnaewele; Pūnaewele ʻO ka pāʻani pūnaewele; Lasso; ʻ learninglelo nā mīkini; Hoʻā pilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele
PMID: 29459201
DOI: 10.1016 / j.addbeh.2018.02.017
1
Introduction
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia (PIU; i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Addiction pūnaewele), he hopohopo olakino pili ka lehulehu ma nā kaiāulu o kēia ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole maopopo naʻe ka maʻi maʻi o ka maʻi a ka PIU (
; ) me ka laulā o nā helu kuhi prevalence kuhi i hōʻike ʻia (1% a i 36.7%), e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole wale i nā ʻokoʻa lehulehu akā ʻo ka ʻokoʻa hoʻi o nā pono loiloi a me nā wehewehe hana like ʻole o nā ʻano PIU. Ua hōʻike ʻo DSM-5 i ka maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he kūlana no ke aʻo hou ʻana (), me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe i nā hana pūnaewele e like me ka piliwaiwai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāpili kaiaulu, ʻoiai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻana o nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele pilikia ʻana he pilikia multifacetet i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā pāʻani pūnaewele (; ;). Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole he nui e like me ka hiki ke hōʻino i ka hana maʻamau ke hana ʻia i ka ʻoi aku, e like me ka pāʻani pūnaewele ʻana a me nā pāʻani pāʻani pāʻani pāʻani nui; (;;;) ;), ke nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni (;;), ka nānā pinepine ʻana i ka leka uila, ka leka uila koke (;;) a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka pāpaho kaiapuni (;). Hiki i nā lawena pūnaewele ke kumu i ka hopohopo no ke olakino o ke kino (;) a i ʻole hoʻomoe i ka ʻāina no nā hana kolohe (). Hiki i nā hiʻohiʻona impulsive a me compulsive ke hoʻokau i nā hana pūnaewele pilikia. ʻo kahi laʻana, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kūʻai pūnaewele me ke kaumaha a me ka hoarding (
).
ʻIke mau nā poʻe ʻōpio a me nā haumāna i mea paʻakikī loa no ka PIU (
; ; ; ; ), akā, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻōpio waena a me nā pākeke nui. Ua pili nā makahiki ʻōpio me nā pilikia ma ke kahua kūʻai pilikia pūnaewele (;). Eia nō naʻe, ua nui nā noiʻi e ʻike ana i nā hana ma ka pilikia pilikia o ka pūnaewele, me ka kūʻai pūnaewele nui, ma ka pākeke kanaka (
). Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻike ka ʻike kūlohelohe no ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻana a pilikia paha a loaʻa paha nā ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka makahiki i ka PIU aoao, a i ʻole i nā ʻano pilikia like ʻole ma ka pūnaewele.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo IMU i kahi kāne kāne hoʻomaʻamaʻa kāne (
; ) a ʻoi aku paha i waena o nā ʻōpio kāne ʻōpio, akā hiki ke hōʻeha ʻia nā wahine (;). Ma ka pae kauka, ʻo ka hapanui o nā haʻawina ʻo PIU i komo wale nō i nā poʻe kāne () a ʻaʻole maopopo no ka mea ʻike ʻole paha ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau wahine. Aia kekahi mau manaʻo hōʻike mai ka nānā ʻana i nā haʻawina hoʻonaninani ua ʻokoʻa nā kāne a me nā wahine ma ke ʻano o kā lākou hana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pūnaewele ma nā ʻano o nā hana a lākou e koho ai a me kā lākou hopena maikaʻi ʻole (;) ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ke kamaʻilio a me ka pāpaho pili pili pili i pili me ka wahine wahine ma nā haumāna ʻōpio (;;;; S). Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka wahine wahine i mea he wanana o ka kūʻai ʻana ma ka pūnaewele pilikia () akā ke hōʻike ʻia ke kū'ē (;). Ua pili pū ka pāʻani pili pūnaewele me ka male kāne (), akā ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka pāʻani ma ke ʻano he nui ma ka hui āpau. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi e pili ana i ka pūnaewele a me ka pili ʻana ma ka pūnaewele i nā manawa he nui i waena o nā kāne makua () akā naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hana o ka pahuhopu uku, ʻo cue ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka makemake ʻana o ka male pili pūnaewele ua like nō ia no nā kāne ʻelua (). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana he nui o ka pāhana kaiapili me nā mea hiki ke hōʻiliʻili, e like me nā pūnaewele nui e like me Facebook, ua hoʻohana ʻia e nā hui ʻelua a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia paha ka wahine ʻekekaumea (). Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, hiki paha i nā ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ke kāne o nā ʻano o ka hana ʻo PIU; ʻO ia ka mea, ma mua o ka hōʻike i nā ʻano lapaʻau a me nā ʻano i ʻole e hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ua like like nā kāne ʻelua;
).
Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, pilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a me ka nui o nā lawaiʻa pilikia pilikia e koi ai i nā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻokolokolo e hoʻomālamalama ʻia i nā hana kūikawā e pono ai ke ʻano he pilikia a i ʻole ka hana a i ʻole ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hanana i haʻi ʻia ʻo PIU. ʻO ke ala o ke ʻano o ka makahiki a me ka wahine a me ka haʻahaʻa e pili ai i ka pilina ma waena o nā hana ʻoihana pūnaewele a me ka PIU, ua kuhi ʻole ʻia, e hōʻoia hou ana.
ʻO kā mākou pahuhopu ka mea e ʻike i nā hana e pili ana i ka pūnaewele pili me PIU a i ʻole he mau pilina me nā makahiki a i ʻole ka wahine e hoʻololi i kēlā mau pilina.
2
Nā mea hana a me nāʻano
2.1
Ke hoʻonohonoho ana a me nā anaʻi
ʻO nā mea hou aku e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me nā ana o kēia noi ʻana ua hōʻike ʻia ma kā mākou paʻi mua ma ka PIU (
). Ke hōʻike nei i nā hōʻike no kēia aʻo ʻana i ka alakaʻi alakaʻi STROBE.
). Ua mālama ʻia ka haʻawina o kēia manawa mai Ianuali 2014 – Pepeluali 2015. Ua koho ʻia nā hapanui ʻelemakule mau makahiki 18 a ma luna o ʻelua mau pūnaewele: ʻo Chicago (USA) a me Stellenbosch (South Africa) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻolaha pūnaewele (ʻo ia ka makahiki 29 [18-77]; 1119 kāne [64%]; 1285 Caucasian [73%]). Ua noi nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha i nā mea e loaʻa ai i kahi noiʻi pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Ua hoʻopau nā mea komo i ka hoʻokolokolo ma ka hoʻohana ʻana me ka polokalamu Survey Monkey. Ua hoʻouna ʻia ka huli ʻana ma o Craigslist no laila, ʻo nā poʻe wale nō mai nā wahi ʻona i kau ʻia. Ua ʻae ʻia ka noiʻi e nā papa loiloi institutional i kēlā me kēia kahua noiʻi. ʻAʻole uku ʻia nā mea komo no ka lawe ʻana akā ua kākau ʻia lākou ma kahi lottery kahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻelima makana me kēlā me kēia makana i waena o $ 50 a me $ 200 ma USA a ʻekolu mau makana ma waena o ZAR250 a me ZAR750 ma South Africa.
Aia i loko o ka noiʻi ʻana ma ka pūnaewele he mau nīnau e pili ana i nā makahiki o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ka wahine kāne, ka lāhui, ke kūlana pili, ka moe kolohe a me ka ʻike aʻo, a me nā ana like ʻole o nā hana pūnaewele kūikawā. Ua ana mākou i kekahi mau ʻano hana pūnaewele like ʻole me 1) heʻe nalu ʻelua 2) pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele 3) Pūnaewele pāʻani pāʻani (RPG) 4) Nā pāʻani hoʻolele manawa / mākaukau pāʻani (ie Apps ma iPod / iPad / kelepona paʻalima, Tetris, Nā mea kāhiko) 5 ) Pāʻani multiplayer hana (ʻo ia hoʻi Call of Duty, Gears of War) 6) Kūʻai pūnaewele pūnaewele 7) Pūnaewele Kūʻai (ʻo ia ʻo Ebay) 8) Piliwaiwai pūnaewele 9) Pūnaewele pūnaewele 10) Nā haʻuki pūnaewele (e like me nā haʻuki Fantasy, ESPN) 11) Nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni / moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele 12) Ka memo ʻana / Blogging (ie AIM, Skype) a me 13) Nā wikiō / papaho e kahe ana (ie YouTube, Hulu). Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia me ke ana ʻana i nā ana lapaʻau: ka Hōʻike ʻAna ʻAna Pūnaewele (IAT) (
) e hoʻolako i kahi helu o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka pūnaewele; koho i nā ʻōnaehana ninaninau Mini International Neuropsychiatric (MINI) () e maopopo ai ka pilikia ʻehaʻohana pāpaho (SAD), maʻi maʻamau ʻōwili (GAD) a me ka maʻi obsessive-compulsive (OCD); ka Palekana ADHD hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike ʻĀpelika (ASRS-v1.1) () e hoʻomaopopo i ka nānā ʻana o ka maʻi hyperactivity maʻi (ADHD); ka Padua Inventory (PI) () e maopopo ai nā hemahema hemahema; a me ka Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) e hoʻoiho i ka pilikino impulsive (
). Kahi ʻia nā helu ʻatikala no nā loli āpau a hoʻopili ʻia e nā makahiki ma ka Papa Hoʻohui S1a.
ʻO ka IAT ka nui o nā nīnau ma 20 e nānā ana i nā māka o ka PIU. ʻO nā helu ma ka IAT mai 20 a i 100 me 20 – 49 e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka pūnaewele, 50-79 ka hoʻohana pūnaewele hoʻonaʻauao, a me 80 – 100 e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka pūnaewele. Aia ka PI i nā huahana 39 e loiloi ana i ka hana maʻamau a me ka hana hoʻokū. ʻO ka BIS-11 kahi nīnau nīnau hōʻike pono e hoʻoholo i nā pae o ka impulsiveness.
Ua hana mākou i kahi Manaʻo Kālā Nui (PCA) e kuhikuhi ai inā hiki i kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā hana pūnaewele ke helu no kahi ʻāpana nui o ka ʻokoʻa. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike kēia ʻikepili ua koi mākou> 11 mai 13 mau mea e hoʻokō> 90% o ka ʻokoʻa e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻāpana nui o nā loli o nā hana pūnaewele e hāʻawi i ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻokoʻa. No laila ua hoʻoholo mākou e hoʻohana ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia loli i kā mākou kālailai.
ʻO nā ʻikepili mai nā poʻe komo i hoʻopau i ka piha o ka loiloi pūnaewele, me nā ana hana pūnaewele, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā kālailai. ʻO ka laʻana kumu i komo pū me 2551 mau kānaka. Ua kāpae ʻia nā kānaka he 63 no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā helu IAT. Ua kāpae ʻia kekahi mau kānaka 18 no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka wahine transgender a me 459 no ka nalowale ʻana o nā wānana wanana nui e like me nā helu nīnau nīnau PI a BIS paha. Ua kāpae ʻia ʻelima mau kānaka no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka makahiki <18 mau makahiki. Ua kāpae ʻia kekahi mau kānaka 257 hou aʻe no ka nalowale ʻana o nā hana o ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka set piha hope loa nā 1749 mau kānaka me nā helu piha ma nā loli āpau. ʻO kēia ʻanuʻu hope loa o ke kaʻina hana hemo i hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o kēia manawa a
. ʻO kēia seti hope loa piha pū me 1063 mau kānaka mai ka pūnaewele Stellenbosch a me 686 mau kānaka mai ka pūnaewele ʻo Chicago. ʻO ka prevalence helu kuhi o PIU he ~ 8.5% e hoʻohana ana i kahi oki IAT o 50 a ʻoi paha. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā lehulehu o ka pūnaewele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea i loaʻa i ka pūnaewele Stellenbosch [mean (range) 24.3 (18-76) me 36.3 (18-77), ANOVA F <0.05, η 2 : 0.20], kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kāne kāne [58% vs 73%, χ 2 <0.05, φ : 0.15], ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka heterosexual orientation [91% vs 84%, χ 2 <0.05, φ : 0.10], nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ADHD [50% vs 41% χ 2 <0.05, φ : 0.9], nā helu haʻahaʻa o ke kūʻai pūnaewele ʻana [mean (range) 0.48 (0-5) vs 1.27 (0-5), ANOVA F <0.05, η 2 : 0.18] a me nā helu IAT haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa [mean (range) 30.3 (20–94) vs 35.9 (20-85), ANOVA F <0.05, η 2 : 0.06]. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike kikoʻī hou aku ma ka Papa Hoʻohui S1b. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokaʻina ʻana a me ke kaʻina hana i nā kuhi hewa i loko Laau. 1 . ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā loli āpau (ʻo ia hoʻi ka helu BIS) e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻohalike ʻana o ka coefficient hoʻohālike. Ua hoʻohana nā wānana wānana i ka helu IAT ma kahi helu helu helu (Range 20 – 94, ʻ Xlelo 32.48). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻikepili āpau ma R version version 3.1.2. Ua hana ʻia nā mea hoʻohālike mua ma Lasso Generalized Linear ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "glmnet" package (Package glmnet version 2.0-5 (
)). Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike hou e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana i ka Hoʻohui (methodology appendix).
2.2
ʻO ka ʻikepili o nā hoʻoponopono
Ua ʻimi mākou i ka pili ma waena o nā loli i ka ʻikepili (ʻike Laau. 2 ). ʻO nā hana pūnaewele āpau i loaʻa nā pilina maikaʻi nāwaliwali me ka helu IAT (ka nui o ka coefficient ʻo Pearson 0.23-0.48). Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hoʻopili kūpono maikaʻi ma waena o nā loli hana pūnaewele ʻo ia hoʻi ka pāʻani pūnaewele āpau a me RPG (r = 0.57), ka nui o nā pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani multiplayer hana (r = 0.55), kūʻai pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele kudala (r = 0.55), heʻe nalu maʻamau. a me ke kūʻai ʻana (r = 0.44), ka heʻe nalu maʻamau a me ka launa pū ʻana (r = 0.44), ka heʻe nalu āpau a me ka pāpaho kahe (r = 0.44). Loaʻa nā pilina maikaʻi nāwaliwali ma waena o nā haʻuki a me nā ponokala kiʻi (r = 0.38), kāne kāne a me nā haʻuki (r = 0.30) a i ʻole ponokala kiʻi (r = 0.39) a i ʻole ka pāʻani multiplayer pāʻani (r = 0.27). Aia nā pilina nāwaliwali ma waena o ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele a me nā multiplayer hana (r = 0.41), RGP (r = 0.32), nā pūnaewele kūkālā (r = 0.38), nā haʻuki (r = 0.38) a i ʻole nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni (r = 0.39). Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka impulsivity me ka heʻe nalu ʻana, ke kūʻai pūnaewele ʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele kudala, ka pūnaewele pūnaewele, ka pāheona kahe ʻana a me nā ponokala kiʻi (0.2 ≤ r ≤ 0.3). Aia kekahi pilina nāwaliwali ma waena o nā ʻelemakule a me nā hana kūʻai (r = 0.33) a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele kudala (r = 0.22), a ma waena o ka moekolohe non-heterosexual a me nā ponokala kiʻi (r = 0.22). Ua nāwaliwali loa nā pilina ʻē aʻe ma waena o nā hana pūnaewele a me nā makahiki, ke kāne, ke kūlana pili, ke ʻano o ka moekolohe, ka pae o ke aʻo ʻana, ka lāhui a me nā pae o ka impulsivity a me ka compulsivity (−0.2 <r <0.2).
2.3
Paʻa me ka ʻoihana kūpono
No kā mākou hana helu helu i hoʻohana ai mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i nā loli demographic (ʻoihana, ka lāhui, ka pae hoʻonaʻauao, ka wahine, ke kūlana, ke ʻano hana), nā ʻano kulekele (nā maʻi ʻo ADHD, GAD, Social depression, a me OCD), nā kūlana pili i ʻike ʻia e pili pū me ka pili ʻana. PIU (impulsivity a me ka compulsivity), nā hana pūnaewele a me nā ʻōlelo pili i waena o nā hana pūnaewele ʻo × Age a me Gender; Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hope e hōʻike i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wā a i ʻole ka wahine i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā hana pūnaewele a me nā helu poʻomanaʻo hoʻohana pūnaewele. Hoʻohui mākou i kahi pihi variang 51 pika hoʻohālikelike. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi plethora o nā ʻano like ʻole mākou e ʻimi i kahi hoʻohālike i pololei a i ka manawa like ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻano paʻakikī ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole demographic a me nā pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, ka lalo o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kikoʻī he nui. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka lālani linear regression e pili loa i ka maikaʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī, a ʻike maoli ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā wānana i ka ʻike hou. Nui nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka iho ʻana o nā hoʻohālikelike kūpono loa (
). No ka launa ʻana ma luna o ke kūpono, ua kamaʻilio mākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōna helu helu out-of-sample (cross-validation) e loaʻa ai ka moena o ka hapanui a me ka manaʻo kuhi hewa o ka kumu hoʻohālike (
). Ua mākaʻikaʻi mākou i kēia ala i kā mākou ʻikepili o kēia manawa ke hoʻohana mākou i kahi manaʻo i waho o ka laʻana o ke aʻa-mean-squared-error i ka huina me nā koho hope o nā loli e hoʻāʻo inā e hoʻomaikaʻi nā hiʻohiʻona i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi helu nui o nā loli i nā papa o nā hui kūpono o nā wānana, a ʻike mākou i nā hiʻohiʻona laulā (ʻo ia hoʻi ma waena o 13 a me 16 mau loli) ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa ma nā ʻano o ka RMSE i hōʻoia ʻia kea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hoʻohālikelike paʻakikī (me> nā loli 16). Hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka exploratory Laau. 3 (hema hema).
2.4
ʻO ke hoʻoponopono kālā me nā palena ʻole o ka sparsity
No nā kumu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka paukū i hala, makemake mākou e hoʻohana i kahi ʻano o ka wānana ʻaʻole kūpono loa i ka nui, ʻoiai e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano kaʻina hana kuʻuna i nā hua o ka wānana ʻana i nā helu PIU. He mea waiwai nō ia inā hiki i kā kā mākou papa hana ke hana i kahi koho koho (ʻo ia hoʻi ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu o nā mea wānana me nā coefficients non-zero), i mea e kōkua ai i ka unuhi ʻana o ka hoʻohālike. ʻO Regularization, i hana mua ʻia e Tikhonov e hoʻoponopono i nā mea hoʻopili hoʻohui (
) a i ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka ʻepekema helu ʻana e kekahi o nā waiwai i makemake ʻia o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohuli i ka sparsity a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka pono-(). ʻO Lasso (ka laikini laina lula maʻamau me ka nui o ka penalized maximum likelihood, ʻike ʻia ʻo regression me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso a i LASSO ())) he hana hoʻoponopono a me ka loiloi regression i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā ʻepekema lapaʻau (;) a he hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā ʻepekema lapaʻau. Pākuʻi wanana hoʻokūkū hōʻeha ma ka psychiatry (RC). ʻO Ridge regression kahi ʻano hou o ka regularized linear regression e hoʻopau ana i nā cefficients ma ke hoʻolauna ʻana i kahi hoʻopaʻi coefficient (). ʻO ka elastic-net he hoʻohālikelike waena waena o ka pihi a me ka lasso a me kona hoʻopaʻi ʻia e hoʻomākaʻi ʻia e α, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka wā ma waena o Lasso (α = 1) a me ka hiʻu (α = 0). Paʻa ʻia ka pahu kani λ i ka ikaika holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻopaʻi. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Lasso i ka hoʻopaʻi L1 a hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana i ka hoʻopaʻi L2. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka loiloi ridge, ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻopaʻi Lasso L1 ka mea, ʻo ka hapanui o nā coefficient e hoʻoiho i ka aʻa, ke alakaʻi nei i kahi hopena repularized e hōʻea ana i ka manawa like. Ma kēia ʻano hana, hana ka Lasso i nā koho koho e hiki ke hōʻoluʻolu nui i ka wehewehe ʻana inā he nui nā mea wānana e pili ana i ka hoʻohālike. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana maʻamau ʻole e ʻike ʻia no ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke pale aku i ka hoʻopiha kūpono ʻana he mau kuʻuna manuahi (
). He lāʻau aʻo nā loina manuahi ka hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻana i nā hilinaʻi non-linear no laila, ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hana a kēia hoʻohālike e hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike i loko o ka hana, 'huna' paha, hui pū.
2.5
Nā wānana wānana
No ke koho ʻana i ke kumu hoʻohālikelike kūpono i kā mākou kālailai, ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka regression linear, regression ridge, elet-net, Lasso a me nā hiʻohiʻona ulu lāʻau kū kekahi me kekahi a kūʻē i ka laina kumu naif, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kuhi o waho o ka laʻana o RMSE. Hoʻohui pū ʻia kā mākou cross-validation i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻikepili i kahi hoʻonohonoho a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ana i nā palena hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā wanana no nā helu IAT i ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻāʻo. Ma muli o ke ʻano kaulike o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻikepili i loko o nā pā, ua hana hou mākou i kēia kaʻina hana he 50 mau manawa e kiʻi i kahi kuhi paʻa a replicable. Hoʻohālikelike mākou i nā vector hope loa o nā helu RMSE me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Exact Wilcoxon-Pratt i nā hoʻokolohua kūlana. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hoʻohālikelike āpau i ka laina laina naīve (p i hoʻoponopono ʻia <0.001, Cohen's d = -0.87) (e nānā i ka Papa Kuhikuhi S2 āpau). Hōʻike ʻia nā helu helu hōʻuluʻulu o nā helu RMSE ma ka Papa Kuhikuhi S3. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Lasso a me ka ʻupena elastis i ka regression o ka pali (p-corrected <0.01, d = 0.51, d = 0.49) a me ka linear linear (p i hoʻoponopono ʻia <0.001, d = 0.76) a ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka helu helu ma waena o kekahi (p i hoʻoponopono ʻia> 0.05, d = .0.08). ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ululāʻau ma mua o ka lasso (p = 0.12) a i ʻole ʻupena elastis (p i hoʻoponopono ʻia> 0.05). No laila, i kā mākou kālailai ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou iā Lasso, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka hana o ka wānana ma waho o ka laʻana, ua hiki iā Lasso ke hana i nā koho loli e ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻana i nā coefficients i ka ʻole a no laila hoʻonui i ka interpretability. ʻOiai hiki i ka ʻupena uila ke hana i nā koho loli, makemake ia e koho i nā loli hou aʻe, a ʻoiai he hiʻohiʻona ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, ʻaʻole ia i hāʻawi i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka lasso. I kā mākou kālailai hope loa ʻana i nā ʻike piha a me nā hōʻuluʻulu subgroup, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hōʻoia hōʻoia 10-pā e hana i ka lambda maikaʻi loa no kēlā me kēia hiʻohiʻona lasso a hōʻike i nā coefficients i hana ʻia e kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona. Hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo wehewehe mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili piha i Laau. 3 .
3
Results
Kuhi ʻia nā hopena loina Lasso i nā ʻāpana āpau a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka makahiki i Nā ʻ Xlelo 1 a me 2 . ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike nā papa helu piha no nā loiloi subgroup, me ka stratified e ka makahiki a me ka pūnaewele aʻo i ka papa Hoʻohui pūnaewele ma nā pūnaewele (Tables S4 – S10). Kuhi ʻia nā ʻōkuhi wehewehe i nā kiʻi hoʻohui (Figs. S1-S3). Hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa mai ke alapine helu ʻenehana maʻamau o ka lula ʻana i ka laina ma ka Lako Tahu S4-S10 a i kekahi mau ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻālikelike ʻōhua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hualoaʻa i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei i kau ʻia ma ke koho ʻana o kekahi ʻano hoʻohālike.
| Pūnaewele | Ke poʻea (n = 1749) | 18 ≤ Age ≤ 25 (n = 1042) | 26 ≤ Age ≤ 55 (n = 592) | Makahiki> 55 (n = 115) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʻO ka ʻeʻe ʻana | 2.100 | 2.400 | 1.500 | 0.590 |
| ʻO ka pāʻani pūnaewele | 0.600 | 0.450 | 0.110 | 0.000 |
| RPG | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.710 | 0.000 |
| Hoʻopau i ka manawa | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.450 |
| Nā hana hana | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Kūʻai | 1.400 | 0.840 | 1.500 | 0.000 |
| Nā pūnaewele Pūnaewele | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.990 | 0.230 |
| piliwaiwai | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.780 | 0.000 |
| Ka lawelawe pūnaewele | 0.460 | 0.000 | 1.300 | 0.000 |
| Sports | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| ʻO nā kiʻi'onikala | 1.000 | 1.400 | 0.210 | 0.000 |
| Pilina | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.110 | 0.000 |
| Kahe uila | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.200 |
| PADUA | 0.074 | 0.085 | 0.029 | 0.065 |
| BIS | 0.066 | 0.048 | 0.072 | 0.086 |
| ADHD Kahiki | 1.700 | 0.350 | 3.100 | 0.000 |
| ʻ .lelo GAD | 0.230 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 6.400 |
| ʻO ka hopohopo hopohopo hoʻomehana | 0.000 | 0.560 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| ʻO ka maʻi maʻi OCD | 0.270 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 4.300 |
| Pūnaewele | Ke poʻea (n = 1749) | 18 ≤ Age ≤ 25 (n = 1042) | 26 ≤ Age ≤ 55 (n = 592) | Makahiki> 55 (n = 115) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nā ʻano hoʻohālike Demographic | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| ʻO Gender × kahi hana o ka Pūnaewele | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| ʻAkahi × pālahalaha ākea | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| Age ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele Pūnaewele | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| ʻAkahi × RPG | 0.330 | - | - | - |
| Age ma nā kekeʻe manawa | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| Age age hana Multiplayer | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| ʻAkahi × kūʻai kūʻai | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| ʻAkahi × pā pāʻani | 0.150 | - | - | - |
| ʻOi aku ka pūnaewele pūnaewele lelena | 0.350 | - | - | - |
| ʻAe ʻia ka piliona pūnaewele | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| ʻAkahi × ʻōpio | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| Age ma ponokala | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| Nā memo × ʻeleu | 0.000 | - | - | - |
| Age ma ke kau ʻana ma luna o nā pūnaewele | 0.350 | - | - | - |
3.1
Nā wehewehe
Ma ka minamina lasso ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka lāhui, ka pae hoʻonaʻauao, ke kūlana pili a i ʻole ka pili ʻana o ka moe pili me ka PIU i nā makahiki subgroup a i ʻole ka ʻikepili piha.
3.2
Nā hana pūnaewele
I ka ʻike piha piha Lasso regression, ua pili kekahi mau hana pūnaewele me nā helu PIU kiʻekiʻe me ka heʻe nalu ʻana (β: 2.1), pāʻani pūnaewele (β: 0.6), kūʻai pūnaewele (β: 1.4), hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele kūkālā (β: 0.027), pili pūnaewele (β: 0.46) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele (β: 1.0). ʻO nā pilina ma waena o PIU a me nā pāʻani pāʻani (RPGs), piliwaiwai pūnaewele, hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele kudala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā papaho i kaohi ʻia e ka makahiki (β: 0.33, 0.15, 0.35 a me 0.35 pakahi), me nā makahiki ʻelemakule e pili ana me nā helu PIU kiʻekiʻe aʻe. . I ka hōʻuluʻulu makahiki-ʻōpio (nā haumāna i komo i ka makahiki ≤ 25, nā haumāna komo waena 25 <makahiki ≤ 55; ʻelemakule i komo makahiki> 55), ua pili ka heʻe nalu ʻana me PIU i nā makahiki āpau, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻōpio (β: 2.4) , emi ma waena o ka makahiki (β: 1.5), a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe komo mua (β: 0.59). Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano like i ka pāʻani pūnaewele (β: 0.45, 0.11 a me 0.0 no nā hui makahiki ʻekolu) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele (β: 1.4, 0.21 a me 0.0). Ua pili ikaika kekahi mau hana pūnaewele e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā RPG pūnaewele me PIU i nā mea komo i waena o ka makahiki i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hui makahiki ʻē aʻe (β: 0.71). Pēlā nō ia no ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele (β: 0.78), leka uila koke (β: 0.11) a me ka pili pūnaewele ʻana (β: 1.3). Ua pili pū ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pūnaewele kudala me PIU i waena o nā poʻe komo ʻelemakule (β: 0.99), akā wānana pū nō hoʻi i nā mea komo mua (β: 0.23). Pili ka pāpālina pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻonee manawa me PIU i nā mea komo i ka wā kahiko (β: 1.2, 0.45 pakahi), ʻaʻole naʻe i kekahi mau makahiki ʻē aʻe.
3.3
Nā hiʻohiʻona lāʻau a me nā hana
Nā ʻōpū o ka nānā ʻana-deficit hyperactivity maʻi (ADHD) (β: 1.7), ka pilikia ʻōhumu maʻamau (GAD) (β: 0.23) a me ka maʻi obsessive-compulsive (OCD) (β: 0.27) i hoʻopili ʻia me nā helu kiʻekiʻe o ka PIU. I ka loiloi makahiki sub-makahiki, e pili ana ʻo ADHD a me SAD me nā helu PIU kiʻekiʻe i nā poʻe ʻōpio ʻōpio (β: 0.35 a me 0.56 i kēlā me kēia), aʻo ADHD mau ka mea nui ma ka pae waena o waena (β: 3.1). Ua pili ʻia ʻo GAD a me OCD me nā helu Piʻi ʻoi aku ma nā pae kumuhana kahiko (β: 6.4 a me 4.3 ma mua), akā, ʻaʻole ma nā pūʻulu makahiki ʻē aʻe. Nā helu BIS (kuʻuna hoʻokaumaha) a me nā pADUA (PADUA tendencies) i pili me nā kiʻi Piʻi ʻoi aku i ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa (β: 0.066 a me 0.074 i kēlā me kēia) a i nā helu subgroups nā makahiki āpau.
4
kūkākūkā
ʻO kēia pepa ka mea mua e hoʻowalewale i ke ʻano o nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka pūnaewele i pili i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia. Ua hana pinepine ʻia nā hana i hala e pili ana i ka pilikia o nā hana pūnaewele ma ke ʻano pilikia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ma o ka pūnaewele kaʻawale.
; ; ; ; ). Ua hōʻike mākou ma ʻaneʻi he ʻano nui o nā pūnaewele, me ka ʻike nū honua, ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ka kūʻai ʻana pūnaewele, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele nui, ka pākē pūnaewele, ka pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pili me nā pūnaewele pili i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a hoʻokahi hoʻi iā PIU, e hāʻawi nei i nā hōʻikeʻike he paʻakikī o PIU. ʻano hanana e pili ana i nā ʻano pākaha ʻano. ʻO ka mea hou aku, ua hōʻike mākou i kēlā mau ʻano e mālama i kā lākou mau kumuhana statistically nui me ka PIU, ʻoiai ke ʻike nei i nā hōʻailona psychiatric i ʻike pū ʻia me PIU (ʻo ia nā hōʻailona o ADHD, GAD a me OCD) (;) a me nā hiʻona o ka ʻano i ʻike ʻia e wanana ʻO PIU (ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke ʻano pilikino a me ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana) (;
) e noʻonoʻo ʻia. Ua hōʻike hou mākou i nā hana pūnaewele maʻamau e like me RPG, pākuhi pūnaewele, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele lelepona a me nā media streaming e pili ana i nā helu PIU kiʻekiʻe a ua pili ʻia kēia pilina ma ka makahiki. ʻO ka mea hope loa, hōʻike kā mākou data i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe o ka pūnaewele (e like me ke kūʻai aku, ke kiʻi ʻana i ka ʻike, ka lawaiʻa ʻana) ka pili o ka pūnaewele ma mua o ka pāʻani ʻana a ua hiki ke pili kēia i nā loiloi o mua i hoʻokomo pū ʻia i kahi ʻano like ʻole. ka laulā o nā hana pili pūnaewele. He hopena koʻikoʻi nā hualoaʻa no ka conceptualization o PIU me kahi maʻi hōʻona ʻo ia i ka manawa, ʻoiai lākou e kaʻi aku i ka manaʻo mai ke unidimensional a me ke ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hana 'Internet gaming', i ke ʻano o ka lehulehu multidimensional e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele a i ʻole ka hoʻohui hoʻohui pūnaewele me nā mea he nui. o ke ʻano kūlohelohe kanaka.
Eia kekahi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana o ke kū i hōʻike ʻia ma waho o ka hoʻohālike i hōʻike ʻia nei ʻo ke ala ʻae ʻole a ke kūlana maʻamau o ke hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi o Lasso i ʻoi aku ka pololei ma ka wānana ʻana i nā helu PIU i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka loiloi linear hou aʻe. Ke hoʻohana nei i waho o ka hoʻākāka hiʻona o ka wanana o ka wānana o kahi hoʻohālike pinepine i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i kahi hanana e pili ai i nā aniani o nā wīwī i nā noi kumu. Eia nō naʻe, ke koho ʻia nei ke koho ʻana o ke ʻano a me ka puʻu i koho ʻole ʻia e nā kumu hoʻohālikelike (me nā kumu coefficients) hiki ke koho ʻia, ʻoiai inā aia nā kaukau kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole a koho ʻole ʻia. I kā mākou ʻike ʻikepili, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole e loiaa, akā naʻe, ʻo kēia palena ka mea e pono ai mākou e mālama i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. No ka laʻana, ka hemahema o ka pilina ma waena o ka wahine a me ka PIU a me ka nele o ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻenehana × Hoʻohana Pūnaewele me ka ʻoU ʻo PIU me ke kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka hypothesis inā he ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano ma nā ʻano a me nā mea hoʻohilahila. ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea hema o ka PIU (
; ). Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka palena o kā mākou hōʻike ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kāpae i ka hiki ke pili ʻana i nā pilina ʻē aʻe ma waena o ka PIU a me ka wahine. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia e hoʻololi ka wahine i ka pilina ma waena o ke kūʻai pūnaewele a me ka PIU a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahine (). ʻO ka mea i pili paha, ʻo ia ka mea e koi ai ke kūʻai aku i ka maʻi, kahi maʻi i kaulana i nā pākeke ʻoihana ma ke ʻano nui o ka wahine ma 5: 1 ratio (), a e holo paha no kēlā mau ʻike. ʻAʻole mākou i loaʻa kahi ʻike e pili ana i kēia pilikia e hoʻāʻo ai i kēia hypothesis. He mea nui hoʻi ia e hoʻomaopopo, ua loaʻa i ka mea hana IAT ma aneʻi i loaʻa ka hōʻemi no ka ʻike ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana e pili ana i nā ʻano kumu, nā ʻokoʻa mai ka holo ʻana o ka DSM-5 holoʻokoʻa (hoʻoilo pāʻani) a waiho ʻia ma hope o ka holomua o nā ʻenehana hana pūnaewele (;
). Mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka noiʻi ʻo PIU e ka methodologically robust, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mea hana, hiki ke hopu ʻia i ke ʻano holomua o ka ʻoU ʻo PIU mai kahi ʻano hana ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa.
Hāʻawi ʻia kā mākou loiloi i ka moʻomeheu i nā ʻike ma ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana e pili ana i ka makahiki ma waena o ka PIU a me nā hana like ʻole pūnaewele. ʻAʻole pono ke kuhi hewa maʻamau ʻo PIU i ka ʻōpio o nā wā ʻōpiopio, a ua kau ʻia paha ma muli o ka nele o nā haʻawina kūpono i kūpono i ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻano pūnaewele ma waena o nā makahiki āpau. ʻAʻole lawa ka ʻike no ka moʻaukala kūlohelohe o ka PIU ma ke ola holoʻokoʻa i ʻole e ʻae i kahi ka holo ʻana o kahi ʻike ma o ka nāwaliwali o nā iwi kahiko ma nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hoʻouluʻana iā PIU. Eia naʻe, hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena i ke ola nei nā mea palupalu a ua noi hou ʻia nā noi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano o nā kānaka i ka hopena. No ka laʻana, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ADHD a i ʻole nā hopena hopohopo makaʻāina paha he mea wānana no ka PIU i nā poʻe ʻōpio, ʻoiai loaʻa he mau maʻi OCD a GAD paha he mea wānana no ka PIU i ka poʻe ʻōpua. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ʻo OCD e pili pū me ka PIU i kahi hana loiloi hou nei (
) he kīpē paha ka unerstudied ʻōpiopio. ʻO ka ʻoi loa o ka ADHD a pili pū me ka nui o nā kiʻi PIU kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha, no ka mea, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka nui o ka ADHD (a hiki i 100%) i nā iwi PIU (). I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpio waena waena (ma waena o 26 a me 55) e weliweli iā PIU, inā e loaʻa pū lākou i ke kīlehema kūʻai kūʻai paha a i ʻole ka palaka wīwī, hāʻawi ʻia i ka mōʻaukala kūlohelohe o kēlā mau maʻi, e kū nei i ka waenakonu (
).
Eia kekahi, nā mea i ʻike ʻia e pili pū ana ka hana pūnaewele pūnaewele me ka PIU i nā hui ʻana o ka makahiki, e hōʻike ana i nā pae makahiki ʻokoʻa paha ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano o ka PIU. ʻOiai e ʻeha paha ka ʻōpio i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka PIU me ka nānā nui i ke nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi kikowaena, kahi nāwaliwali i emi aʻe ka ikaika ma waena o ka makahiki waena a ua ulu hope ke ola, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe ʻōpio i mua e hoʻomohala i ka PIU e ka pilikia hana ʻana o ka manawa. wasters and streaming media (see exploratory Laau. 4 ). ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka heʻe nūhou e lilo i lalo o ka PIU, ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia e pili ana i nā kiʻi PIU kiʻekiʻe loa i ka poʻe ʻōpio, akā he mea nui ma waena o nā makahiki āpau; pili paha kēia ʻike i ka mea hiki ke ola mua ka wā kahiko a ʻoi aku ka poʻe ʻōpio i ka wā o ka hana i hana ʻole ʻia ma ka pūnaewele pūnaewele i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hui kahiko.
Loaʻa i kā mākou hopena nā hopena olakino lehulehu e pili ana i ke kaohi ʻana o ka ʻike pūnaewele, a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā hana. Inā pili ikaika kekahi mau hana me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hoʻohana pilikia ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a laila kū ka nīnau inā paha e hoʻokau nā kulekele olakino lehulehu i nā hui o nā kānaka nāwaliwali e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūpaʻa i ka makaʻu o PIU, a i ʻole nā hana ākea ākea e kuhikuhi ana i nā ʻaoʻao kikoʻī. o nā ʻano pūnaewele, pono e noʻonoʻo e hana i nā wahi pūnaewele me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i nā paepae pūnaewele ke hoʻohana i nā hoʻolālā kikoʻī e hoʻohana pono i nā nāwaliwali o nā mea hoʻohana (ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano impulsive a compulsive paha) a makemake e hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi o ka noho o nā mea hoʻohana ma waena o ka pūnaewele. ʻOiai he kūpono kēia mai kahi ʻike kūʻai aku, hāpai ia i ka hopohopo inā paha e hoʻopuka kēia mau wahi i kahi ʻōlelo olakino i ka mea hoʻohana.
4.1
hoʻokau
He mahele pūnaewele kēia ma ka pūnaewele, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke huki i nā pilina pili. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ke kaʻina hana loiloi, a hiki i ka poʻe me PIU e ʻoi aku ka nui e hoʻopau i kahi ana pūnaewele, ʻaʻole paha e ʻike ʻia nā mea i loaʻa i kēia manawa iā PIU i ka heluna o ka lehulehu. ʻO kekahi palena o kā mākou noi ʻana ka nele o ka ʻike maʻi no kekahi mau mea diagnostics e pili pū ana me PIU, e laʻa me ke kaumaha a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i ka lāʻau. No laila, hiki i ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka hoʻohana hewa ʻana i nā lāʻau ke hōʻike i kekahi o nā hui i ʻike ʻia i kā mākou noi. Pono e hoʻopili i nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana i ka laulā o nā kaila hoʻokolohua e mākaʻikaʻi ai i kēlā mau helu no nā hui i mālama ʻia ma waena o PIU a me nā hana pūnaewele. Aia kekahi mau palena hou e pili ana i kā mākou ʻikepili hoʻokolohua i loaʻa mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka MINI; ua hōʻoia ʻia e hāʻawi ʻia mai kahi kanaka hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hālāwai ninaninau he alo akā he alo i kā mākou noi i lawe ʻia ai ma o kahi mea hana pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, ʻae ʻia kā mākou ʻikepili hoʻokolohua me nā noiʻi i hala ma PIU. Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi mea ʻē aʻe i kā mākou ʻikepili hōʻiliʻili, ʻo ia ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manawa i lilo i ka hana ma ke ʻano he pani no PIU o kēlā hana. ʻOiai hiki i kēia ke hopu i ka nui, a no laila hoʻohana pilikia, hiki iā ia ke hopu i ka hoʻohana pono. ʻOiai nā hana i loiloi ʻia i loko o kēia noi pinepine ʻia e nā paʻamau no ka pono ʻole ma muli o kā lākou kūlohelohe (e like me nā mea hōʻemi manawa), a i ʻole ke hana ʻia i kahi ʻoi loa (eg> 8 h / lā o ke kūʻai ʻana, piliwaiwai a i ʻole nā ponokala kiʻi) e hoʻokomo i nā ana i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka pono mai ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻole pono ʻole no kēlā me kēia hana pūnaewele, e ʻae ai i nā kālailai. ʻO kekahi palena o kā mākou hoʻopaʻa ʻana ka nele o ka ʻikepili no nā keiki a me nā heluna ʻōpio. Hiki i nā keiki a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpio ke launa pū me ka pūnaewele ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa, akā hōʻike pū ʻia i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻana i ka manawa o ka puka neurodevelopmental ʻokoʻa. No laila, hiki i kēlā mau ʻokoʻa ke hoʻohālikelike i nā nāwaliwali ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ke kūpaʻa i nā ʻōlelo o ka makaʻu e hoʻomohala iā PIU. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke kakahiaka nui, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka nohona pūnaewele e loaʻa paha kahi hopena 'inoculation stress' (
) e hoʻokele i nā poʻe mai ka hoʻomohala o PIU i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Inā pēlā ka hihia, hiki i kēia ke wehewehe hou aʻe no ke aha e maʻalahi ai ka nui o nā poʻe kahiko i hōʻike i nā wahi pūnaewele i ka wā makua. Hiki i nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana ke hoʻopili i kēlā mau pūʻulu makahiki keiki a ʻōpio a nānā prospectively inā paha e wānana nā hana pūnaewele kikoʻī iā PIU. Minamina, ua liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā mea komo e hōʻike nei i ka wahine transgender (n = 18), ka mea i ʻae ʻole i kahi hoʻokalakupua kūpono o ka hopena o ke kāne transgender. ʻO ka palena hope loa o kā mākou noi ʻana ʻo kā mākou heluna kanaka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina nā olakino olakino wale nō i <1% e ʻeha i nā ʻano PIU koʻikoʻi (IAT> 80). E pōmaikaʻi nā haʻawina e hiki mai ana mai ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena kiʻekiʻe o ka pae o ka PIU e hiki ai ke hoʻohālikelike i kēlā mau heluna nui o ka PIU me kahi hui kaohi o nā poʻe haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa a PI ʻole paha. ʻOiai ʻo ka prevalence kiko o PIU i kā mākou hāpana he ~ 8.5% (me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā IAT ≥ 50 ʻokiʻoki ʻia), noho paio nā paepae no ka caseness lapaʻau no PIU a me nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana mai kahi ana i ʻae ʻia a me ka wehewehe o PIU.
4.2
Panina
E hōʻuluʻulu i ka ʻike, ʻike nui ʻo DSM-5 i ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he pilikia kaohi ʻana, akā ʻo nā ʻano like ʻole o ka pūnaewele (e like me ke kūʻai aku, porn, a me ka ʻike honua ākea) i ka pilina ikaika me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka pūnaewele ma mua o ka pāʻani. Nā maʻi maʻi psychiatric a me nā hana pūnaewele e pili pū ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pilikia pilikia pūnaewele me ka nui o ka makahiki, kahi loaʻa i loaʻa nā hopena pili kino. Hāʻawi kēia mau hopena i ka ʻike palena pili e pili ana i nā hana pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia a hiki i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka helu diagnostic i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia me ka maʻi multifaceted.
Role kūʻai kālā
Ua loaʻa i kēia noiʻi kālā kālā kūloko o ka 'Oihana Psychiatry ma ke Kulanui o Chicago. ʻO kākoʻo ʻia nā hana noiʻi ʻo Ioannidis e nā ʻĀina Hoʻonaʻauao Health o East of England Higher Training Special session session. ʻAʻole loaʻa nā mea kākau i kahi kālā no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o kēia kākau pepa. ʻAʻole kū maikaʻi ke kumu o ke kumuwaiwai i ka hoʻolālā, ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻikepili, a i ʻole kākau palapala.
Nā mea kōkua
Ua hoʻolālā ʻo KI i ka manaʻo no ka palapala, kālailai i ka ʻikepili, kākau i ka hapa nui o nā palapala a me nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia nā hāʻawi a nā mea kākau. Ua komo ʻo MT a me FK i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka loiloi o ka ʻike helu. Hoʻonohonoho a hoʻohui ʻo SRC, SR, DJS, CL a me JEG i ke aʻo ʻana a hōʻiliʻili a mālama i ka ʻikepili. Ua heluhelu a ʻae nā mea kākau āpau i ka palapala hope loa a hāʻawi i ka palapala ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka pepa a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena.
Kōkua hihia
Ua loaʻa iā Dr. Grant nā noiʻi noiʻi mai NIDA (RC1DA028279-01), ka National Center for gaming Responsible, a me Roche a me Forest Pharmaceuticals. Loaʻa iā Dr. Grant ka uku uku mai ʻo ia ʻo Springer ma ke alakaʻi poʻokela nui o ka Journal of Gambling Studies a ua loaʻa iā ia nā royalties mai McGraw Hill, Oxford University Press, Norton, a me ka APPI. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ʻo Kauka Chamberlain no ka ʻĀpana ʻo Cambridge a me kona komo ʻana i kēia noiʻi i kākoʻo ʻia e kekahi Intermediate Clinical Fellowship mai ka Wellcome Trust (UK; 110049 / Z / 15 / Z). ʻO Dana Stein lāua ʻo Christine Lochner e hōʻemi ʻia e ka ʻĀina Kauka Pū ʻIa Kauka o ʻApika Hema. ʻAʻole hōʻike nā mea kākau ʻē i ka pili kālā me ka hoihoi kālā. ʻAʻole kekahi o nā kumu i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka hoʻolālā ʻatikala, hōʻiliʻili, ka nānā ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻikepili, ka kākau ʻana i ka kākau ʻana, a i ʻole hoʻoholo e waiho i ka pepa no ka paʻi.
ʻO ke aloha
Kūʻē mākou i nā mea hana o nā pūnaewele ʻelua i komo i ke aʻo ʻana.
'Apili A
Nāʻikepili
Nā mea'ē aʻe
E hoʻomaopopo '
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala - AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013. American Association Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic a me statistic manual o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo: DSM-5. Wakinekona, DC: ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻAmelika, 2013.
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Carli et al., 2013. Carli V., Durkee T., Wasserman D., Hadlaczky G., Despalins R., Kramarz E., a me Kaess M.: ʻO ka hui ma waena o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele o pathological a me psychopathology comorbid: He loiloi ʻōnaehana. Psychopathology 2013; 46: pp. 1-13
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Claes et al., 2016. Claes L., Müller A., a me Luyckx K: Kāohi koi a hoʻoweliweli e like me nā mea hoʻokumu o ka waiwai: ʻO ka hana o ka mea e manaʻo ai ka waiwai nui a me ke kaumaha. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2016; 68: pp. 65-71
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Cole lāua ʻo Hooley, 2013. Cole SH, a me Hooley JM: Hoʻopuka ke kanaka lapaʻau a me ke ʻano pilikino i ka pāʻani MMO: ʻO ka hopohopo a me ke komo ʻole ʻana ma ka hoʻohana pūnaewele pilikia. Hōʻikeʻike ʻepekema ʻikepili ʻo 2013; 31: pp. 424-436
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Cunningham-Williams et al., 2005. Cunningham-Williams RM, Grucza RA, Cottler LB, Womack SB, Nā Pukapuka SJ, Przybeck TR, a me Cloninger CR: Hoʻomaka a me nā mea wānana o ka pāʻani patolo: nā hopena mai ka noi ʻana o St. Louis, ke olakino a me ke ʻano ola (SLPHL). Journal of Psychiatric Research 2005; 39: pp. 377-390
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - von Elm et al., 2008. von Elm E., Altman DG, Egger M., Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, a me ka Initiative S.: ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā haʻawina mālama ana i nā maʻi epidemiology (STROBE): Nā alakaʻi no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā haʻawina nānā. Ka Nupepa o nā Clinical Epidemiology 2008; 61: pp. 344-349
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Fernández-Villa et al., 2015. Fernández-Villa T., Alguacil Ojeda J., Almaraz Gómez A., Cancela Carral JM, Delgado-Rodríguez M., García-Martín M., a me Martín V.: Hoʻohana pilikia Internet i nā haumāna haumāna: nā kuʻina e pili a me nā ʻokoʻa a ka wahine. . ^ E Ha yM. Adicciones 2015; 27: pp. 265-275
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Friedman et al., 2010. Friedman J., Hastie T., a me Tibshirani R.: Nā ala hoʻohuli no nā hoʻohālike laina maʻamau ma o nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho. Ka Moʻolelo o ka Pūnaewele Helu 2010; 33: pp. 1-22
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Ha a me Hwang, 2014. Ha Y.-M., a me Hwang WJ: Hoʻopilikia nā kūlike o ka hoʻoweliweli ma ka pūnaewele e pili ana i nā hōʻailona olakino noʻonoʻo ma waena o nā ʻōpio e hoʻohana ana i kahi Pūnaewele Uʻi Pūnaewele. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2014; 12: pp. 660-669
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Ho et al., 2014. Ho RC, Zhang MWB, Tsang TY, Toh AH, Pan F., Lu Y., a me Mak K.-K.: ʻO ka hui ʻana ma waena o ka hoʻohui honua a me ka psychiatric co-morbidity: He meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14: pp. 183
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Igarashi et al., 2008. Igarashi T., Motoyoshi T., Takai J., a me Yoshida T: ʻAʻohe kelepona, ʻaʻohe ola: He hōʻike pilikino a me ke ʻano o ka leka uila i waena o nā haumāna kula kula Kepani.
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Kessler et al., 2005. Kessler RC, Adler L., Ames M., Demler O., Faraone S., Hiripi E., a me Walters EE: ʻO ke World Health Organization dewasa ADHD self-report scale (ASRS): He puʻupuʻu screening pōkole no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka laulā heluna kanaka. Psychological Medicine 2005; 35: pp. 245-256
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Kessler et al., 2016. ʻO Kessler RC, van Loo HM, Wardenaar KJ, Bossarte RM, Brenner LA, Cai T., a me Zaslavsky AM: Ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka algorithm wikiō e aʻo ai i nā wīwī e wānana i ka hoʻomau a me ka hōʻeha nui o nā maʻi hoʻohemo nui mai ka papa hōʻike pilikino. ʻEclelo Lūkini Molecular 2016; 21: pp. 1366-1371
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Khazaal et al., 2015. Khazaal Y., Achab S., Billieux J., Thorens G., Zullino D., Dufour M., a me Rothen S.: Factorstrate of the internet addiction test in online gamers and poker players. JMIR Health Maul 2015; 2:
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala - Kim et al., 2016. Kim D., Kang M., Biswas A., Liu C., a me Gao J: Kāleka hoʻohui ʻia no ka infereni ʻana i nā ʻoihana hoʻoponopono gen ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano loea a lasso a me ka noi ʻana i nā maʻi psychiatric. BMC Medical Genomics 2016; 9: pp. 50
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala - Aliʻi, 1999. King SA: Piliwaiwai pūnaewele a me nā kiʻi pono ʻole: Nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻi o nā hopena psychological o ka anarchy kamaʻilio. Cyberpsychology & Hana 1999; 2: pp. 175-193
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala - Aliʻi me Barak, 1999. King SA, a me Barak A .: Piliwaiwai Pūnaewele Pono. Cyberpsychology & Hana 1999; 2: pp. 441-456
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Király et al., 2015. ʻO Király O., Griffiths MD, a me Demetrovics Z.: ʻO ke kīlei pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka DSM-5: ʻĀpono, hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa. Nā Hōʻike Hoʻomaopopo ʻĀina 2015; 2: pp. 254-262
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala - Kittinger et al., 2012. Kittinger R., Correia CJ, a me Irons JG: pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana Facebook a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pili pilikia ma waena o nā haumāna haumāna. Cyberpsychology, Hoʻoiho a me ka ʻenehana Pūnaewele 2012; 15: pp. 324-327
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Ko et al., 2012. Ko C.-H., Yen J.-Y., Yen C.-F., Chen C.-S., a me Chen C.-C.: ʻO ka hui ʻana ma waena o ka hoʻohui honua a me nā maʻi kūlohelohe: ʻO ka loiloi ʻana o ka palapala. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻIlelo Lūkini Wīwī 2012; 27: pp. 1-8
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala - Ko et al., 2007. Ko C.-H., Yen J.-Y., Yen C.-F., Lin H.-C., a me Yang M.-J .: Nā mea wānana i kuhi ʻia no ka hanana a me ke kala ʻana o ka hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio: A hoʻopaʻa haʻawina prospective. Cyberpsychology & Behaviour: Ka hopena o ka Pūnaewele, Multimedia a me Virtual Reality ma Behaviour a me Society 2007; 10: pp. 545-551
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Kuss a me Griffiths, 2011. Kuss DJ, a me Griffiths MD: ʻo ka pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohui i ka ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao - ʻO kahi loiloi o ka palapala noʻonoʻo. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2011; 8: pp. 3528-3552
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Kuss et al., 2013. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, a me Binder JF: Pākuhi pūnaewele ma nā haumāna: Prevalence a me nā hopena pōpilikia. Nā kamepiula i loko o Human Behaviour 2013; 29: pp. 959-966
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Kuss lāua ʻo Lopez-Fernandez, 2016. Kuss DJ, a me Lopez-Fernandez O.: Hoʻohui pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele Hōʻea: He loiloi ʻōnaehana no ka noiʻi o ka loiloi. World Journal of Psychiatry 2016; 6: pp. 143-176
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Laconi et al., 2016. Laconi S., Andréoletti A., Chauchard E., Rodgers RF, a me Chabrol H .: hoʻohana Pūnaewele pilikia, hoʻohana manawa i ka pūnaewele a me nā ʻano pilikino. LʻEncéphale 2016; 42: pp. 214-218
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Laconi et al., 2014. ʻO Laconi S., Rodgers RF, a me Chabrol H.: ʻO ke ana ʻana o ka hoʻohui pūnaewele ʻana: ʻO ka loiloi koʻikoʻi o nā pae ʻona i nā manawa a me kā lākou ʻano psychometric. Nā kamepiula i loko o Human Behaviour 2014; 41: pp. 190-202
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Laier et al., 2013. Laier C., Pawlikowski M., Pekal J., Schulte FP, a me Brand M .: Kūkākūkā o Cybersex: Hoʻohālikelike i ka moekolohe a nānā aku i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i ka moekolohe maoli hana i ka ʻokoʻa. Ka Nupepa o nā Kumana ʻAmelika 2013; 2: pp. 100-107
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Liang et al., 2016. ʻO Liang L., Zhou D., Yuan C., Shao A., a me Bian Y: ʻO ka ʻokoʻa e pili i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele a me ke kaumaha: He ʻano noi i hala i loko o ka ʻōpio Kina. Nā kamepiula i loko o Human Behaviour 2016; 63: pp. 463-470
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Lopez-Fernandez, 2015. Lopez-Fernandez O.: Pehea ka ulu ʻana o ka noiʻi i ka ʻike honua ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o ka pūnaewele pāʻani hoʻoili pūnaewele? ʻO kahi hiʻona o nā cyberaddictions mai kahi manaʻo noʻonoʻo. Nā Hōʻike Hoʻomaopopo ʻĀina 2015; 2: pp. 263-271
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Masten a me Tellegen, 2012. Masten AS, a me Tellegen A:: Resilience in the developmental psychopathology: Hāʻawi i ka papahana ʻoihana hoʻokūkū longitudeinal. Ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka Psychopathology 2012; 24: pp. 345-361
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Mueller et al., 2010. Mueller A., Mitchell JE, Crosby RD, Gefeller O., Faber RJ, Martin A., a me de Zwaan M .: Kuhi ʻia ka hanana ʻana o ka pono e kūʻai i Kelemānia a me kāna hui pū ʻana me nā ʻano sosiodemographic a me nā hōʻailona kaumaha. Psychiatry Research 2010; 180: pp. 137-142
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - ʻO Patton et al., 1995. Patton JH, Stanford MS, a me Barratt ES: Kīna hanana o ka Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1995; 51: pp. 768-774
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Rutland et al., 2007. Rutland JB, Sheets T., a me Young T: Hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi pālākiō e ana i ka hoʻohana pilikia o ka lawelawe memo pōkole: Hoʻohana ka pilikia SMS i ka nīnau nīnau diagnostic. Cyberpsychology & Hana 2007; 10: pp. 841-844
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Kaukaʻi ʻia, 1993. Rutter M .: Resilience: Kekahi noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo. Ka Nūpepa o ke olakino ʻĀpio: Ka Hoʻopuka Paʻa a ka ʻaha ʻ Societypika no ke ʻApiopio ʻoihana 1993; 14: pp. 626-631
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Shaw a ʻ Blackʻele, 2008. Shaw M., a me Black DW: Pākuʻi pūnaewele: Kahakaha, loiloi, epidemiology a me ka hoʻokele hauola. Nā Kālā CNS 2008; 22: pp. 353-365
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Sheehan et al., 1998. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y., Sheehan KH, Amorim P., Janavs J., Weiller E., a me Dunbar GC: The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Uiui (MINI): ʻO ka hoʻomohala a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka hālāwai ninaninau psychiatric hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no DSM-IV a me ICD-10. Ka Nupepa o nā Kaukaʻi Clinical Psychiatry 1998; 59:
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala - Trotzke et al., 2015. Trotzke P., Starcke K., Müller A., a me Brand M.: ʻO ke koho Patological e kūʻai aku ana ma ka pūnaewele me he ʻano kikoʻī o ka hoʻopili pūnaewele: He hoʻokolohua hoʻokūkū e hoʻohālikelike ʻia. PLoS Hoʻokahi 2015; 10:
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E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Wallace, 2014. Wallace P .: ʻO ka maʻi hōʻino pūnaewele a me ka ʻōpio: ke ulu nei nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hana pūnaewele koʻikoʻi a hiki i kēia ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana a nā haumāna a me ko lākou nohona nohona. Nā Hōʻike EMBO 2014; 15: pp. 12-16
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Xin et al., 2018. Xin M., Xing J., Pengfei W., Houru L., Mengcheng W., a me Hong Z: ʻO nā hana ma ka pūnaewele, prevalence internet addiction a me nā hopena e pili ana i ka ʻohana a me ka kula ma waena o nā ʻōpio ma Kina. Nā Hoʻoikaika Hoʻohālikelike ʻo 2018; 7: pp. 14-18
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - Yuen et al., 2004. Yuen CN, Lavin MJ, Weinman M., a me Kozak K .: Ka hilinaʻi pūnaewele i ka heluna o ke koleke: ke kuleana o ka hilahila. Cyberpsychology & Hana 2004; 7: pp. 379-383
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross - ʻO Young, 1998. KS ʻōpio: Ka hoʻowalewale pūnaewele: Ke kū ʻana o kahi maʻi maʻi hou. CyberPsychology & Hana 1998; 1: pp. 237-244
E nānā i loko o ka ʻatikala | Keke Cross
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