Ka ho'āʻoʻana i kaʻike kūpono a me ka hanaʻana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele pili pono (2015)

ʻO Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Dec 15;5(4):602-25. doi: 10.3390/bs5040602.

Kahiʻu CL1, Kahi huru D2, Kauhai RL3, ʻO Lynch PJ4.

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Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

ʻEkolu mau haʻawina i loiloi i ka hana ʻana o ka hoʻohana wikiō ʻenehana a me ka hoʻohuli i ka pono o mua. Ke hoʻohuli nei i ka noiʻi mua, Ua hana ʻo Study 1 i nā hōʻike hōʻike no ka hoʻololi ʻana i 8th a me 9th mau haumāna (N = 607) i koho ʻia no nā mea pili o ka papa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻo 2 a hoʻonui i nā ʻike o Study 1 me nā haumāna haʻawina kula (N = 504). Ua hoʻokūpa ʻia ka mana kūpono i loko o Study 3 ma ke ana ʻana i ka cue ka hopena i ka pāʻani wikiō ma nā haumāna haʻahaʻa kula (N = 254), ʻo ia nā mea pili i nā puʻuwai manu hou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia a hāʻawi i nā loiloi subjective kiʻekiʻe o nā pāʻani wikiō ma mua o nā mea pāʻani non-pathological a me nā mea pāʻani ʻole. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻekolu e hōʻike ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pāʻani wikiō pathological i nā like me nā mea hou i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona no ka hoʻoponopono ʻia me nā kūkulu hou aʻe. ʻO nā kūkā manaʻo a me ka wehewehe pono o ka Pūʻali Pūnaewele Pūnaewele.

Kūkākūkā

I nā haʻawina 1 a me 2, ua hoʻāʻo mākou i ka pāʻani wikiō-pathological me nā pae like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole. Aia i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka comorbidity no nā mea waiwai a me nā mea pili i ke ʻano, e like me ke ʻano hanana antisocial, ua wānana mākou e hōʻike i nā pāʻani wikiō pākēneka e hōʻike i nā kūlike me ka huhū.46], kūlike waiʻa [47], nā hana antisocial, a me ka makemake i ka hana ʻino i nā pāʻani. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano āpau. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea pāʻani non-pathological, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea pāʻani o ka poʻe pathological i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka huhū, he hana i nā kiʻekiʻe o nā hana antisocial a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki, a ua makemake ʻo ia i ka makemake hoʻomāinoino i nā pāʻani wikiō. ʻOi ka makemake o ka hoʻomāinoino i ka pāʻani wikiō ma waena o ka pāʻani wikiō pathological i hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia e hōʻike ʻia ai ke ahonui.48,49]. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā pilina nui ma waena o ke wikiō wikiō a me ka hōʻeuʻeu a me ka hana ʻino a hoʻoweliweli i ka hiki ʻana o ka hanana antisocial character for gaming pathological video, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia nā loiloi ma kēia noiʻi.

No ka laʻana o ke kolamu, ua like nā hualoaʻa me nā mea ʻōpio ʻōpio ke kūlohelohe ʻia mai ka Study 1. ʻAʻole naʻe i hoʻokō kekahi o kēia mau pilina i ka paepae no ka pili o ka statistical ma kēia helu kahiko. Loaʻa nā mea pāʻani i ka pae holomua ma luna o nā ʻano hana ʻae like ʻole o ka maʻi ʻano, a hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā hana antisocial a me nā hana hoʻonāukiuki. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea pāʻani pathological ma mua o nā mea pāʻani o ka pathological e hōʻike i ka makemake ʻana i nā huhū nui i nā pāʻani wikiō. Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala manaʻoʻiʻo i nā hōʻike maikaʻi o ka paʻa o ka kūkulu, akā ke ʻōlelo nei no ka nāwaliwali o ka hopena ma waena o nā haumāna haumāna. ʻOiai ke nānā ʻia ʻana o ka pāʻani patological a me nā makahiki he nui (ʻoi aku,50,51]), he mau liʻiliʻi hou i hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua o nā hui ʻelua ʻokoʻa ma ka hōʻike like ʻole.46]). Pēlā, e hoʻohui i ka hana i kēia manawa i kēia mau ho'āʻo mua ma ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka laulā o kēia hana ma nā makahiki he nui.

ʻO ka pae nui o ka pāʻani wikiō ma ka papa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana 2 ma mua o ke aʻo ʻana 1 (6% a me 12% o nā mea pāʻani, ma kēlā me kēia). Aia he nui nā kumu no ka pāholo o lalo i waena o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio ma mua o nā ʻōpio. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻololi mākou i kā mākou mau mea e lilo i mea ikaika loa ma nā ʻehā ʻehā. Ua kākau ʻia nā mea i ʻike ʻia e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā mākau pili pili o ka papa pelekikena DSM-IV (no ka mea ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kēia mau ʻike ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o DSM-5), akā no nā ʻōpio ʻōpio ua kau ʻia nā mea i kēia mau manaʻa, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻia e maopopo ʻole ke maopopo. 8th poʻe haumāna. Pēlā nō, ʻelua mau mea hou i kākau ʻia e hoʻokokoke pono ai i ka DSM, ua waiho ʻia kahi mea i hoʻoulu ʻia a ua hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ka diagnostic cut-point no nā haumāna kula. ʻO ka lua, ua koho ʻia nā koho i nā mea pane no nā haumāna kula haʻawina ma Study 2, kahi he nui wale nā ​​mea i loaʻa ʻole / koho ʻole, ʻo ka hapanui o nā huahana he ʻie / ʻaʻole / i kahi manawa i koho ʻia ai nā poʻe ʻōpio a me nā manawa i hui pū ʻia me "ʻae" no ka hapa nui mea. E pili ana i kēia manawa, ua ʻike mākou i kekahi mau hihia o nā haumāna haʻawina e hōʻailona ana "ʻaʻole maopopo" i kekahi mau mea ma mua o ka hōʻailona "ʻae". ʻO kekahi o kēia mau hihia i like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano nui me ka nānā ʻana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wikiō wikiō, akā ua helu ʻia i ka non-pathological ma muli o kā mākou hana koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka mea kupanaha wale nō ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa nā mea pāʻani pathological ma luna o kā lākou loiloi ʻana i ka hopena o ka pīpī ʻana i nā pāʻani. Hiki i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mai ke cue reactivity hōʻiliʻili e pono ai e ʻike nā mea pāʻani i nā pāʻani i nā mea e hoʻonāukiuki hou ʻia, akā hiki nō paha i ke ʻano ke hoʻopukapuka nā poʻe holomua pathological a no laila e ʻike i nā pāʻani e hōʻemi. ʻO ka nele o kekahi hopena koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole e kau i kahi mālamalama i kēia mau mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ʻelua.

ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ia paha ka liʻiliʻi o nā haumāna o ke kula i nā haʻuki wikiō ma muli o ko lākou ʻano he hui nui. ʻO ka mea hope loa, he mea pono i ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā ʻana, e like me ka mea ʻōpio o nā wā'ōpiopio i nā papa aku i ke pāʻani ponoʻī wikiō, no ka mea he liʻiliʻi lākou i nā koi hoʻokūkū no kā lākou manawa ma mua o nā haumāna haumāna. ʻAʻole ʻae kēia haʻawina i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā, inā kahi o kēia mau moʻokāki no nā ʻokoʻa i nā pae hoʻonui. Inā aia kekahi hewa i ko mākou ala me ka wā'ōpiopio, hiki i kā mākou mau pakeneka ke hoʻemi haʻahaʻa i ka nui o kēia pae makahiki. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua Nasioni o ka ʻōpio ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 8 a 18 i ka nui o ka 8.5% o nā mea pāʻani.6]. Eia nō naʻe, nā pilina pili nui ma waena o ka wikiō papaʻa kalima a me ka huhū, ke kipi, a me ka makemake nui i ka hoʻoweliweli ma kēia mau ʻelua ʻelua i hoʻohui ʻia e hōʻike ana i ka pāʻani wikiō pathological e like me ka helu ʻana ʻana o ka papa inoa ʻano DSM e hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

I ke aʻo ʻana 3, ua pāʻani nā mea āpau i ʻekolu pāʻani a hāʻawi i ʻike i kā lākou moku'āina a hoʻoponopono i nā nui o nā pāʻani. Aʻo ka hana, pono nā mea pāʻani mākaʻikaʻi e hōʻike i nā hōʻike hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia. E like me ka hypothesized, hōʻike ka poʻe pathological i nā loli nui i loko o nā moku ololi a me ka ʻike ʻana i ko lākou mau ʻike i ka pāʻani i nā pāʻani ma mua o ka maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā mea pāʻani non-pathological a me nā mea pāʻani ʻole.

ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea pāʻani i nā manaʻo pāʻani i nā pāʻani e paʻakikī ana, akā naʻe, e pono ke nānā ʻia kā mākou wehewehe ʻana a hiki i ka noiʻi hou aʻe ke hoʻohuli hou iā ia. ʻO kekahi wehewehe i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea pili o nā papa no ka hoʻomākeʻaka a me ka huhū ma hope o ka pāʻani ʻana no ka mea ua hoʻolako ʻia kahi "hoʻoponopono". Ua hōʻike aku nā mea pāʻani pathological no ka lilo ʻana o ka minamina, ke kaumaha, a hauʻoli a ʻole ikaika hoʻi ma hope o ke pāʻani ʻana. Hāʻawi ʻia i kahi kuhi hoʻokahi no ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea hoʻokani e pāʻani i ke pāʻani i pakele ai mai nā wahi olakino maikaʻiʻole, ua kākoʻo kēia mau ʻikepili i ka manaʻo e pili ana nā mea pāʻani i nā pāʻani me nā hoʻoemi maikaʻi ʻole. Eia naʻe, hōʻike pū lākou i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻana, maluhia, ʻoluʻolu. Hoʻohālikelike kēia i ka reue cue ʻano maʻamau, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai me ka hoʻoulu ʻia e pili ana i ka mea hoʻokau pili i hoʻonui ʻia i nā hōʻailona o ka hila a me ka craving (k.52,53]). Eia kekahi, kiʻi maopopo ke kiʻi i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hauʻoli a me ka huhū. ʻO kekahi mau mea pāʻani pathological ʻoi aku ka makemake o ke hauʻoli a hōʻemi iki hoʻi ma hope o ka pāʻani ʻana, akā hōʻike kekahi i ke ʻano kūlike. He mea hiki ke kūpono i kēia mau hopena i kahi mahele i kahi loiloi loiloi no ke ana ʻana i ka manaʻo, ma mua o ka nīnau ʻana i ka manaʻo o nā poʻe ʻona hehena. Manaʻo mākou e noiʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hōʻike i nā pane kūloko i nā pāʻani i ka nui o ko lākou manaʻo i kēlā me kēia, ʻaʻole i ka papa inoa dichotomous i hoʻohana ai e ka MAACL. Inā ʻaʻole kahi mea ʻē aʻe, e ʻoi aku ka naʻau o ka loli. Kuhi, ʻaʻole like kēia me ka reue cue ʻano maʻamau, ʻoiai e pāʻani ana i kahi pāʻani wikiō no 20 mau minuke ma mua o kahi "cue". Eia nō naʻe, kākoʻo ka ʻikepili i ka hypothesis mua e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻoliʻoni e pili ana i nā pāʻani wikiō.

Ke loiloi nei i ka ʻike pili pāʻani no kēlā me kēia pāʻani, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka poʻe loea pathological i nā pāʻani me ka maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā mea pāʻani ʻole a me nā mea pāʻani ma mua. Ua manaʻo lākou i nā pāʻani he mea leʻaleʻa, hoihoi, leʻaleʻa, hoʻopili, hoʻāla, hoʻoulu, hoʻoulu, hoʻoulu ʻia, a me nā mea hoʻokaumaha ma mua o nā mea pāʻani ʻole a me nā mea pāʻani non-pathological. Hāʻawi lākou i nā pāʻani i ka hōʻemi ʻana ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. E like me ka wānana ʻia, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻokoʻa i nā pae loiloi o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pāʻani, e like me ka mea hoʻomohala, ua hana ʻia, a paʻakikī paha nā pāʻani. ʻO ia no ke kumu i komo ai kekahi poʻe noiʻi i kahi kākuhi “manawa” a loaʻa iā ia ma ka ʻaoʻao ma waena o ka "ʻae" a i ʻole "no" [6,46].

E mau ʻia nā pilikia kikoʻī e nānā ʻia. No ka laʻana, hoʻokumu mākou i kā mākou kumuhana ma ka DSM-style maʻamau, kahi i helu ai nā mea i pane i ʻalima a i ʻole a i ʻole a i ʻole o nā mana o ka diagnostic i helu ʻia he mau mea pathological a ʻo nā mea āpau ʻē aʻe i helu ʻia he mea ʻole-pathological. Hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia i kahi hōʻike o ka pono no kēia ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani dichotomous me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi papa ʻokiʻoki. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka nui o nā palekika diagnostic e hōʻike ana i kahi mea pāʻani e hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi e hiki ke kūlike. ʻO ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou he hōʻoia nui loa i hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻoia ʻana no ka helu o nā koina i ka manawa i hāʻule paha nā mea i komo ma luna a i ʻole ma lalo o kā mākou neʻoki, hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou e ʻike pono i kēia pilikia, ʻoiai mākou ʻike i ka waiwai o ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā waiwai ʻokiʻoki no ka nā pahuhopu maʻi. Loaʻa paha he mau pae o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pathological e hōʻike i nā pilikia like ʻole a e pono ke hana ʻia i kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe. E pili i kahi pili e pili ana i ka pono o nā mea nānā loiloi kākoi nānā i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea pāʻani mai ka poʻe holomua pathological (e laʻa, [51,54]). ʻO ke ʻano o nā mana o ka DSM-5 i alakaʻi i ka mea e lilo nei i hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui loa e pili ana i nā hōʻailona e hoʻokaʻawale loa i nā pae holomua (e laʻa, [31,55,56,57,58,59]). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia paha ka hopena nui loa i ka mahina. ʻAʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia e hōʻike i kahi hoʻokolohua o kēia mau nīnau, akā, ʻoiai, ke manaʻo nei mākou he waiwai paha ka ʻikepili no ka kūkākūkā. No ka mea, inā i hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua hou aku (e like me ka koi ʻana o nā mea ʻeha loa, e hōʻino paha i nā helu a me ka wahaheʻe, e manaʻo ʻia no kekahi e manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano he ʻano) mau ka lawena pilikia.

Hoʻokumu ʻia kā mākou hypotheses i ke kūlana ʻoihana e hōʻike i ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻohui i nā hiʻohiʻona like o ka correlations, e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka huhū a me nā ʻano antisocial. ʻOiai ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia mea nui, pono e noʻonoʻo i ke kumu o ia paha. ʻAʻohe kumu kūpono ʻole ke kumu e wānana ai nā pāʻani pathological i nā hana hoʻohiwahiwa. Kuhi mākou no ka mea ua hōʻike kēia kumu i kahi pilikia i lalo o ka mana o ka impulse-control, kahi e noʻonoʻo ai mākou i kēia manawa i ka Internet Gaming Disorder. Pono nā haʻawina o ka wā e ho'āʻo ai i kēia hypothesis.

E hoʻomaopopo '

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