ʻO ka manaʻo lapaʻau. 2017; 8: 213.
Hoʻopukaʻia ma ka pūnaewele 2017 Nov 20. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00213
PMCID: PMC5715388
Marko Müller,1,* ʻO Matthias Brand,2 Julia Mies,1 Bernd Lachmann,1 Rayna Yordanova Sariyska,1 a Christian Montag1,3,*
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Hoʻopilikia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele (IUD) i kahi pilikia e ulu ana i ka honua a puni. Ma waena o ia mea, hōʻike ʻia ka nalowale o ka kaohi ma luna o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a me nā pilikia pili lima ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia. ʻOiai ʻo IUD i kēia manawa ʻaʻole maʻi maʻi maʻamau ma DSM-5 a i ICD-10 paha, hōʻike ʻo nā hōʻike hōʻike e ʻike ʻia ʻoi ka IUD hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka pili ʻana i ka hanana. Ma kahi pae o nā neuroscientific system, ua nānā maikaʻi ʻia ka IUD a me nā ʻalā i loko o ka pūhola fronto-striatal-limbic i ʻike ʻia i nā poʻe e hoʻoluhi ʻia nei me ka IUD. Ma ka pae molekula malalo o kēia mau neural dysfunctions liʻiliʻi ʻike ʻia. No laila, ke noiʻi nei ka noiʻi ʻana i ka mana o ka testosterone prenatal e like me ke ana Via ka 2D: 4D hōʻailona o ka lima ma IUD. Hōʻike ka Testosterone i kahi hōʻailona hormonal hoihoi, no ka mea ua nānā ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o ka wahine i ka IUD, e like me nā kāne ke hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻenehana pāʻani pūnaewele (IGD) a i nā wahine paha i ka make nui ʻana o nā pūnaewele olakino pūnaewele (ʻelua i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wahine hoʻohālikelike). I N = 217 nā hui komo i waena o ka 2D: 4D māka o ka lima a me nā IUD i hōʻike ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻano kikoʻī o ka IUD i ʻimi ʻia. Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā lima wahine (ʻaoʻao ʻākau; ʻike ʻia e ka lakio huahelu ʻoi loa o ka papa kuhikuhi i ka manamana lima, ʻo ia hoʻi,> 1, ʻo ia hoʻi ka testosterone prenatal haʻahaʻa) i pili me IGD haʻahaʻa.rho = −0.17, p = 0.01, N = 211). Ua hoʻokau ʻia kēia hopena e ka helehelena o ka nalo ʻana o ka kaohi o ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele i ka laʻana holoʻokoʻa (rho = −0.20, p <0.01, N = 211) a me ka wahine kau inoa (rho = −0.20, p = 0.02, N (f) = 137). Ma waho o kēia, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hui maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ke alo o ka lilo o ka kaohi o ka IUD āpau a me ka lakio helu kūpono i nā kāne e kahakaha ana i ka hana ma mua. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, hōʻike ka hana i kēia manawa ʻo ka māka 2D: 4D kahi māka hoihoi no ka hoʻowalewale pūnaewele a hiki ke hoʻokomo maʻalahi ʻia ma ke ʻano he biomarker e hoʻomaopopo i nā kumu biology o ka hoʻohana Pūnaewele (over-).
Introduction
I kēia manawa, pili iā 3.75 biliona o nā mea hoʻohana o ka honua nei i ka pūnaewele.1 Ke hoʻolako nei ʻo ka pūnaewele i nā mea hoʻohana me nā manawa ākea e hoʻomāʻaʻaʻi me nā poʻe e pili ana i ka lōʻihi, e kamaʻilio maʻalahi a loaʻa i ka ʻikepili me ka wā e loaʻa ana kahi hōʻailona atamai / Pūnaewele. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau hopena maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ke ao honua, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mea noiʻi honua i ke kūkākūkā inā he hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kaila ʻikepili e noʻonoʻo pono ai i ka hana hoʻohālikelike. ((1); see compendium by Montag and Reuter (2)].
Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻōlelo like ʻole e wehewehe i ka hoʻohana nui pūnaewele me ka hoʻohana ʻana Hoʻohana ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, pilikia ʻoihana pūnaewele, ʻikepili pūnaewele, a ma muli o nā holomua hou o DSM-5 pū kekahi Hoʻopilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele (IUD). Ua hana pū ʻia ʻo IUD me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo ʻo Internet gaming disorder (IGD) ma DSM-5 i kāna hoʻopuka (3, 4). Hiki i ke IUD ke wehewehe i nā hōʻailona e like me ka nalowale o ka kaohi o kekahi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pūnaewele ponoʻī, nā pilikia ma ke ola pilikino a me nā ʻoihana ma muli o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana, hoʻihoʻi i nā hōʻailona inā ʻaʻole i ka pūnaewele a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ahonui, e inoa i kekahi. ʻOiai he pono e makaʻala nā mea noiʻi mai ke hele ʻole i luna i ka nohona maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā (5) ke kau nei i nā hōʻike hōʻike ʻia e hiki ai i ke kāʻei kamepiula ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pilikia nui e like me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻana e kekahi mau lono lono mai Asia mai (me nā hihia make; eg ea, e Ref. ((6)). Hoʻolaha nā kumukūʻai o IUD ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa me nā ʻāina o ʻAsia (7) ʻoi aku ka pōʻino ma mua o nā ʻāina Komohana. I Kelemānia, e pili ana i ka 1% o ka heluna o ka lehulehu i hoʻohui ʻia i ka Pūnaewele e like me nā helu helu mai ka noiʻi PINTA (8).
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei ua ʻike ʻia kahi kūkākūkā olakino i ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o IUD (2), inā paha inā inā loaʻa kahi IUD i laulā nui, pono e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano kiko o IUD (9). IUD2 e pili ana i ka make nui ʻana o nā kaila ma ke ʻano he nui ka manawa o nā ao digital, aʻo nā ʻano kikoʻī o IUD me ka hōʻike wale ʻana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻole i ke kahawai ʻoihana e like me ke kūʻai ʻana, ke pāʻani ʻana, ka porno, ka pāʻani ʻana a me nā pūnaewele. . ^ E Ha yM. Me ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā alele pūnaewele e loaʻa ai ka ulu ʻana o ka IUD i nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻOiai i nā makahiki mua o ka Pūnaewele, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, a me ke ʻano pili hoʻomā pili pili i pili i ke kāne, ua loli nui nā mea i nā makahiki i hala. Ma kahi kūlā pūnaewele10) a me nā wahi pūnaewele pūnaewele pūnaewele (11) e pili ana me ka wahine, overusage o nā platform e pili ana i nā kiʻi i nā kiʻi porn (12), Pāʻani Pūnaewele (13), ai ʻole ma nā pāʻani pūnaewele (14) ʻoi aku kahi pūnaewele o nā kāne.
Ua hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka pilikia hoʻohana ma ka pae maikaʻi ma kahi pae neuroscientific systemic me nā hōʻino o ka loilo fronto-striatal-limbic e like me ka ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻano hana addictive-hana (15, 16). Ma ka pae molekula, ʻike ʻia ʻoi loa. E maopopo ana i ka molekula dopamine kahi system transmitter koʻikoʻi i loko o ka lolo e wehewehe ai i ka makemake no ka ʻike pūnaewele, i ka wā e hoʻopilikia ai kekahi kanaka me kahi cue pūnaewele e pili ana. Ke aniani nei i ka hana striatal (over-) i loko o ka hoʻonohonoho fMRI, e laʻa, i ka wā ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele me nā wīlani mai ka pāʻani punahele i ka ʻimi pōkole (17). Ua kaulana loa aia ke noho ʻana o ka wahi striatal i kahi helu nui o D2 nā mea kūlike [eg, Ref. ((18)). ʻO nā poʻe e pilikia nei i ka IUD ua pili me D lalo2 nā kelike (19, 20), he mea i nānā pū kekahi i ka waiʻona (21, 22). Ma waho aʻe o ka dopamine, nā ʻōnaehana transmitter o ka serotonin (23) a acetylcholine (24) ua hoʻopiʻi i ka pāʻani i IUD.
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona hou e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano kikoʻī o IUD e hōʻike ana i ka hiʻohiʻona I-PACE o Brand et al. ((3) ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka pilina o ke kanaka, hoʻopili, ʻike a me nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka IUD. Kuhi kūlike kēia hoʻohālike ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kanaka ke koloʻo e hana nui i mea e maopopo ai ka genesis a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano o IUD kūikawā. ʻO kēia nō hoʻi i hoʻomālikelike ʻia e nā koho hoʻohemo i loaʻa mai i nā noi māhoe i nā makahiki i hala aku nei [eg, Ref. ((25, 26)). Ke hele nei kahi papa kuhikuhi e aʻo ai i ke kumu molekule o IUD a hiki i kēia manawa. E pani i kēia āpau, Montag et al. ((27) i paʻi i ka pale hana neuroscience. Ma kēia ʻatikala, kahi koho maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ka IUD e lilo i testosterone testosterone (ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā moho he nui e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ma ke ʻano hoʻohālike o Montag). Hāʻawi ʻia i ka sex-dimorphism pinepine e ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka IUD e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma luna, he mea koʻikoʻi paha ka noho ʻana o nā steroid i mea e ʻike ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea kū hoʻokahi i IUD mai ka hiʻohiʻona a ka noʻonoʻo psychological.
ʻO kahi ala maʻalahi e loiloi ai i ka hōʻailona koi e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻike i ka testosterone prenatal e hōʻike ana i ka 2D: 4D hōʻailona ʻo ka lima [ʻike i ka ʻike ma Ref. ((28)). ʻO nā testosterone sex prenatal, e like me ka mea iʻike ʻia e like me testosterone, ka hoʻoponopono o ka lolo a me ka hana (29) me ka ulu ʻana o ka lima i ka wā o ka embryogenesis [ʻike hou aʻe, Ref. ((28)). ʻO ka 2D: mākaʻikaʻi 4D ka loiloi ma ke ana ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāʻī (helu lua — 2D) i ka lōʻihi o ka manamana lima (helu ʻehā — 4D; ʻike pū kekahi ʻāpana "Nā Pono a me nā Una'). Ua hōʻike ʻia aia ka maʻamau o nā lima wahine e nā ʻoi a ʻoi aku ka helu lima (no laila ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka kuhikuhi ʻana i ka manamana lima) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā lima kāne kāne (i ʻokoʻa ʻia e nā helu helu haʻahaʻa. ʻOuncedlelo ʻia kēia hopena no ka lima ʻākau (30), ʻoiai ʻaʻole maopopo ke kumu no kēia ka hihia. Eia kekahi, a ʻo ka mea nui e hoʻomaopopo, ʻo nā kāne me nā lima wahine hou aku, a ʻo nā wahine me nā lima kāne hou aku e ʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu. ʻO 2nd a 4th manamana rīne e paʻa loa ma luna o ke ola [Manning et al. ((31); ʻike pū kekahi hōʻike hōʻike mai ka hoʻopili ʻana a ka lā o Malas et al. ((32)). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā laina o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka helu o ka lima i kahi hōʻailona kūlohelohe no ka prenatal (akā ʻaʻole maoli) ka pae testosterone (33). Ma waena o kēia mau pilina pilina ma waena o ka 2D: ratio 4D i nā pae testosterone prenatal, akā ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia i kāna pilina me ka testosterone prenatal i nā kūlike estradiol (34). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hōʻike e hele mai mai nā haʻawina ʻoihana genetic molekepili e hoʻopili ana i kahi polymorphism o ka androgen receptor gene i nā ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ka 2D: 4D ratio (35). No nā mea kikoʻī, ʻike iā Manning (28).
ʻO ka 2D: Ua ʻike ʻia ka mākaʻikaʻi 4D i ka ʻāina o nā wahi like ʻole o nā ʻano ʻimi like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea e ʻike ʻia ai kahi wahine-dimorphism (e like me ka nui o nā kāne ʻo ka wahine i pili me kekahi ʻano a me ka hoʻohuli. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona, ʻo ka 2D haʻahaʻa: ua hui pū ʻia ka hopena a 4D me ka autism (36, 37), a kiʻekiʻe, 2D: ʻo 4D ratios e hui pū ai me schizophrenia (38); ʻike pū kekahi i nā loulou a me nā hiʻohiʻona schizotypal e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e Zhu et al. ((39). ʻO ka 2D: Ua hōʻike ʻia ka mākaukau o 4D i ka pōpoki o ka stuttering (40) a me nā pilina ʻē aʻe ma waena o ka 2D: 4D hōʻailona a me nā psychotypes psychological a me ke ʻano noʻonoʻo, i ʻike ʻia, e like me ka 2D: Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo ka manamana lima 4D no ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana a me ka lanakila (41), ka helu o nā moina pilikino ()42) a me ka lawoticism (43, 44) e like me ka hui pū ʻana e like me ka hōʻeuʻeu o nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i alakaʻi i kekahi hanana pro-i ke ʻano no 2D kiʻekiʻe: ʻo 4D ratios (45, 46). ʻO nā kuʻuna liʻiliʻi a me nā leka loiloi liʻiliʻi (no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lima kāne) ua hoʻopili ʻia hoʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino a me nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka hana haʻuki.47, 48) mai nā mākēkē49-52) ke kumu kōkuhi53), a me nā helu helu (54-56).
ʻO kēia manawa iho, ua noiʻi ʻia ka māhele o 2D: 4D ratio o ka lima. 2D haʻahaʻa: ʻO nā waiwai 4D o ka lima ʻākau (ʻo ia ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne kāne maʻamau me ka manamana lima lōʻihi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka manamana lima) i nā kāne i hui pū ʻia me IUD pono ʻole (57), kahi hopena i alakaʻi ʻia e kekahi ʻano o IUD - ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo IGD-ʻaʻole i loiloi ʻia i kēia hana [ʻo ka 20 mea pūnaewele Addiction Test (IAT) wale nō i mālama. Ma ka laina me kēia manaʻo, Kornhuber et al. ((58) hōʻike i kahi haʻahaʻa o 2D: 4D ratio waiwai i loko o nā kāne ʻōpio i hōʻike ʻia me ka hoʻoili pāʻani wikiō, hoʻohālikelike i nā mana olakino. Kūkū ʻia mai kēia mau hopena mua, hiki i ka testosterone prenatal kiʻekiʻe ke hōʻike i kahi mea palupalu e hiki ai ke hoʻomohala i ka IUD, ʻoi aku ma nā kāne.
ʻAʻole i kamaʻilio kēia mau hana mua ma mua o 2D: 4D a me nā kikoʻī kikoʻī o IUD, ua makemake mākou me ka noiʻi i kēia manawa e pane i kekahi mau nīnau. ʻO ka mea mua, ua makemake mākou i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana e ʻike ana i nā helu helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka IGD, a me nā kāne (ʻoiai paha he mau wahine). ʻO ka mea hope loa, me kēia noiʻi, ʻo ia ka manawa mua e hōʻike ai ka ʻikepili i nā pilina pili ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka IUD a me ka helu kikoʻī. No ka IUD ma ka mea o ka hana pūnaewele e ʻike ʻia ana i nā wahine (kūʻai, ʻoihana pili pūnaewele), ua manaʻo mākou i nā lima wahine hou (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu kālā), no nā koina punaewele (porno, pākē), manaʻo mākou i nā mea kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka IUD pili hou aku i nā lima kāne hou (haʻahaʻa 2D: 4D ratio). E like me Montag et al. ((59) hōʻike i ka pili ʻana o ka kamaʻilio Pūnaewele (ICD) i hoʻopiha nui ʻia me ka IUD maʻamau / lehulehu i kikoʻī ʻia, ua makemake mākou me kēia ʻatikala i kēia manawa e nānā hou i ka nīnau no ka pili ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka IUD i kēlā me kēia. ʻAʻole naʻe i hiki i kēia hana ma mua ke pane i ka nīnau inā he kūʻokoʻa kekahi o nā ʻoihana, ke hōʻike nei mākou i kēia ʻano ʻikepili i ka hoʻohui no nā haʻawina hou.
Nā Pono a me nā Una
Nā Māhele a me nā Kūlana Sociodemographic
No kēia noiʻi, ua hoʻohana mākou i ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai Nowemapa 2016 a hiki i Mei 2017 o N = 217 poʻe i komo mai ka Ulm Gene Brain Behaviour Project (UGBBP). ʻO ka makahiki maʻamau o kā mākou laʻana ʻo M = 23.41 makahiki (SD = 7.77) a he 77 kāne a me 140 mau wahine. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou (83.9%) he haumāna (182). Loaʻa nā 204 i komo i Kelemania (94.0%) ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo makuahine e komo pū ana me nā mea komo i ka ʻōlelo ʻelua. akā, hiki i ke koena o nā mea komo ke hoʻomaopopo a hoʻohana i ka ʻōlelo Kelemania. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, 76.5% (166) o nā mea i komo i kūpono no ke kulanui (Kelemania "Abitur"), he ʻehiku i loaʻa kahi baccalaureate ("Fachabitur"), he 15 mau mea komo i hoʻopau i ka papa 10 ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe Kelemania ("mittlere Reife") a hoʻokahi pau ka ʻōlelo Kelemania “Hauptschule,” ʻo ia hoʻi, pau ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Ua mālama ʻia kahi kekelē ʻekahi 1st me kahi kekelē polytechnic e 27 mau mea komo a paʻa kekahi i kahi palapala koleke ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. E pili ana i ka hāʻawi lima, 91.7% i ʻākau, 6.9% lima hema a 1.4% i ʻōlelo e hoʻohana like i nā lima ʻelua. Hoʻopiha nā mea komo āpau i nā nīnau nīnau i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻāpana aʻe a hāʻawi i kahi scan o ka lima hema a me ka ʻākau. Ua ʻae ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e ke komite kūloko kūloko o ke Kulanui ʻo Ulm, Kelemania.
Nūpepa Palepa
Hōʻike pōkole o ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohui Pūnaewele (s-IAT)
I hōʻiliʻili mākou i nā ʻikepili i nā mea ʻike ʻole IA i haʻi ʻia me ka Kelemānia s-IAT e pili ana i ka hoʻokolohua kumu mua e Young (60).). ʻO ka s-IAT ka ʻelua mau mea, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nalowale o ka kaohi / hoʻokele wā manawa (LoCTM) a me ka pilikia craving / social (CSP) me nā mea ʻeono no kēlā me kēia mea (61). Hiki ke pane ʻia nā mea āpau ma kahi pālākiō 5-likert (1 = "ʻaʻole loa," 2 = "kākaʻikahi," 3 = "kekahi manawa," 4 = "pinepine," a me 5 = "pinepine pinepine") me kahi pae kūpono mai 12 a 60. Nā helu ma luna o 30 a hiki i ka 37 (30 <s-IAT ≤ 37) e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui iki ʻana (pilikia) o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele. Kuhi ʻia nā helu ma luna o 37 ma ke ʻano he hoʻohana pūnaewele pathological. ʻO kā alpha Cronbach no ka nīnau nīnau piha α = 0.85 (LoCTM: αLoCTM = 0.79, CSP: αCSP = 0.74).
s-Kaona IANA
Ke hōʻike nei ka s-IAT ma ʻelima mau pilikia pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele — ʻo ka pāʻani pūnaewele pūnaewele (A1), kahi pāʻani pūnaewele (A2), kūʻai kūʻai pūnaewele (A3), nā kiʻi kiʻi pūnaewele (A4), kahi pūnaewele pūnaewele pūnaewele (A5). Aia i kēlā me kēia māhele i ʻehā mau mea a ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻelua mau mea e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ʻike no nā kumu LoCTM a me CSP, kēlā me kēia. He mea e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ʻike ma LoCTM kahi i unuhi ʻia: "Pehea ʻoe e ʻike ai i hoʻolilo ʻoi aku ka manawa me ka nui (c. I ka pāʻani pūnaewele) ma mua o kou makemake?" A "Pehea ʻoe e hoʻowahāwahā ai i nā hana o ka hale e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa me (e la. , ka pāʻani pūnaewele)? ”ʻO nā mea aʻe i hana ʻia e kiʻi hou ai i ka ʻike ma CSP:" Ehia mau manawa āu e haunaele ai me ka (ʻoi aku. ʻO ka pāʻani pūnaewele) i ka manawa ma waho, a i ʻole ke kuhihewa (e pili ana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele)? "a" Pehea pinepine? i koho paha ʻoe e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa me ka (eg. online gaming) ma ke hele ʻana me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe? "A 5-point-likert scale (like me ma s-IAT). ʻO ka alpha Cronbach no kēia mau pae ʻelima i kēlā me kēia mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā mea ʻehā mau mea i hōʻike ʻiaA1 = 0.87, αA2 = 0.64, αA3 = 0.77, αA4 = 0.83, αA5 = 0.79.
2D: 4D Ratios
No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka 2D: Hoʻohālikelike 4D, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā kiʻina o nā lima ʻelua. Kahi ʻia ka lōʻihi o nā manamana lima ma nā aniani (scan hoʻonā 300-400 dpi) e hoʻomaka ana ma waena o ka pihi kokoke loa i ka pākuʻi a i ka manamana lima. ʻO ke ana ʻana i hana ʻia me ka polokalamu kiʻi kiʻi GIMP 2.8.14.3 Loaʻa ka 2D: 4D ratio ma o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka manamana kiko e ka lōʻihi o ke manamana lima. All 2D: 4D ana ʻoi ʻia e ʻelua mau pipi kūʻokoʻa a laila kūpono ʻia. Ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hilinaʻi ʻana o nā mau raters ʻelua: ʻO nā coefficients correlation interclass (ICC) me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻae ʻana o 2D: ʻo 4D quotients ka ICC(hema) = 0.97 a ICC(pololei) = 0.96. ʻO ke kaulike ma waena o ka 2D: nā waiwai o 4D o nā mau palaka ʻelua r(hema) = 0.93 a r(ʻākau) = 0.93 (ʻelua ma p <0.01).
ʻIkeʻIke Heluhelu
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hana helu helu helu me ka mana o ka SPSS 24.0.0.1 no MAC. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻole-parametric ma muli o nā maʻamau kīnā ʻole like ʻole, s-IAT, a me nā unahi s-IAT. ʻO nā ʻikepili o ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka hema 2D: Ua hōʻiliʻili maoli ʻia nā pākuʻi lima 4D. Ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nāʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma waena o kēia mau pūʻulu, kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa t-ili i hoʻohana ʻia. Ua alakaʻi mākou iā Mann-Whitney U hōʻike i ka nānā ʻana no nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia o ka pūnaewele pili i ka wahine. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Spearman correlations e kāohi i nā hui ma waena o ka makahiki, nā ʻano pūnaewele, a me ka hoʻohālikelike o ka manamana lima.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻikepili
ʻOiai hiki i kahi manamana lima a hōʻeha paha ke alakaʻi i ka lōʻihi o ka loli me ka nui o ka mana ma ka 2D: 4D ratio, ua haʻalele ka poʻe i komo mai i ka hoʻohālike.
Eono e komo e hōʻike i kahi manamana lima haki (4 hema, 2 ʻākau) a ʻehiku mau kaula lima hōʻoki lima (4 hema, 3 ʻākau). Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohana o 24 ʻaʻole i ʻike e pili ana i nā manamana lima poʻokela i ke kumu a mākou i ʻike ʻokoʻa ai i nā ʻike o ko lākou mau lima. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka mau mea hōʻino, noho mau kēia poʻe i komo i ka hoʻohālike. Eia nō kekahi, ʻo ka hapa hema o ka pihi hema o kekahi e komo i ka pōkole (2D: 4D ratio = 0.81; 4.9 SD kahi mamao mai ka mean). Ma muli ʻole o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ʻike hou ʻana i kahi wehewehe kūpono no kēia mea, ua hoʻoholo mākou e kāpae i kēia mea i komo (ʻo ka lima hema wale nō) mai ka hoʻohālike. A laila, ʻikepili o NL = 208 hema 2D: 4D lakio a NR = 212 pono 2D: hiki ke hoʻohana i nā lakio 4D no ke kālailai. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi kahi mea i pili i ka ʻike ma ka pālākiō s-IAT pālākiō pūnaewele, kahi e alakaʻi ai i kahi nui o ka laʻana i hoʻemi ʻia e 1 no nā kālailai ʻana me ka IA kikoʻī kikoʻī pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea i hāʻawi ʻia i hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili no ka mea 3 o ke kūʻai pūnaewele ʻana ʻo ia ke kumu N hōʻemi ʻia e 1 i kekahi mau papa.
Results
Nā ʻikepili Descriptive a me nā helu helu helu helu no ka wā o ka makahiki, nā kāne, a me nā ʻikepili nīnau noiʻi
ʻO nā kumu (M) a me SD no nā ana nīnau nīnau a pau a 2D: Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike 4D ma ka Papa Table1.1. ^ E Ha yM. E like me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka Papa Table2,2, ua nānā mākou i nā helu kaulike ʻoi aku ma ka lima ʻākau i nā wahine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kāne.t(212) = -2.34, p = 0.02]. Ua hoʻohuli pū kekahi kāne i kekahi helu IUD (ʻike hou i ka Papa Table1) .1).). Ma waena o kēia mau helu kiʻekiʻe no nā kāne i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā wahine ma ke pāʻani pūnaewele.U = 2,790, p <0.01), kolohe piliwaiwai pūnaewele (U = 4,693, p <0.01) a i loko o ka pīkino ponokala pūnaewele (U = 2,010, p <0.01). No ka hoʻoponopono kamaʻilio pūnaewele, hōʻike nā wahine i nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kāne (U = 4,397, p = 0.02). ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi no nā helu s-IAT a me nā mea hōʻalo kūʻai pūnaewele.
Hōʻike ka hopena o kā mākou mau makahiki ʻo ka wā ʻokoʻa me ka hoʻohālikelike lima ʻelua a me ke ʻano pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele ma nā wahine, akā ʻaʻole no nā kāne. He mea nui, hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike mai nā nūpepa paʻi, ua 2D: 4D mark mau paʻa ma luna o ke ola (e ʻike i ka hoʻomaka). Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo mākou he hiki ke hiki i nā makahiki ke hoʻopilikia i kekahi o nā loiloi e pili ana (i nā mea āpau i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka Papa S2 ma ka Papa Hoʻohui).
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano kikoʻī o IUD a me ka IUD i ʻole e hoʻopili ʻia me ka hopena o ka kāne
Hōʻike ʻia kahi pākuʻi correlation o nā unahi IUD āpau i ʻike ai i ka nui o ka nui (Pepa S4 ma ka Hana Hou). ʻO ka leka a me ka laina me kahi noiʻi ma mua e Montag et al. ((59), ʻo ka ʻoi loa a me ka ikaika e hiki ke mālama ʻia ma waena o ICD (A5) a me ka pā pania s-IAT (rho = 0.40; p <0.01). ʻO ka lua o nā hui kiʻekiʻe i hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā Pūnaewele Pōwelewele Pūnaewele (IPD, A4) (rho = 0.31; p <0.01) a me IGD (A1) i hoʻopili ʻia me IUD i hōʻike ʻole ʻia (rho = 0.30; p <0.01). Ke hele nei ma ʻō o kēia mau hopena, ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā waiwai s-IAT i hoʻopili ʻia me IGD (A1) i nā kāne (rhom, A1 = 0.52, p <0.01) a me ICD (A5) i nā wahine (rhof, A5 = 0.48, p <0.01). No laila, noʻonoʻo mākou i ka wahine ma ke ʻano he mea nui e kiʻi i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i kēia mau hui. E ʻoluʻolu, ʻaʻole i loli nā hopena hopena i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻopili kaulike e kāohi ana no ka makahiki. I nā kāne wale nō, Pūnaewele Kūʻai Pūnaewele (ISD, A3) (r = 0.39, p <0.01) hoʻopili kaulike ʻia a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o nā hoʻopili bivariate maʻamau me ka s-IAT maʻamau (Papa S5 ma nā mea hoʻohui).
2D: Hoʻohui 4D i ka ʻōlelo Hoʻoikaika IUD (s-IAT) Pāʻani Pūnaewele (A1), Pāʻani Online (A2), a me ka Pūnaewele Puka Pūnaewele (A4) ma nā Lī hema / ʻākau.
Ua ʻike mākou i kahi hui kūlohelohe ma waena o nā kuʻekuʻe manamana lima ma nā lima kāne kūpono a me ka sub-facet LoCTM o ka s-IAT (rhoR = −0.24, p = 0.04, NR, m = 74) a me kahi hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻole kūʻokoʻa o ka wahine ma waena o ka lakio 2D: 4D o ka lima ʻākau a me IGD (A1) (rhoR = −0.17, p = 0.01, N = 211). Hoʻokele ʻia ka hopena e ka helehelena o ka lilo o ka kaohi o ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele i ka laʻana holoʻokoʻa (rho = −0.20, p <0.01, N = 211) a me ka sub-facet LoCTM i ka hāpana wahine [rhoR(LoCTM) = −0.20, p = 0.02, N = 137]. No ka pili kālā pūnaewele, ʻike mākou i kahi hui maikaʻi ʻole (rhoR = −0.17, p = 0.01, N = 212) kipaku ʻia e ka sub-facet CSP i ka hāpana wahine (rhoR = −0.17, p = 0.05, N = 138).
ʻO IPD i ka helu holoʻokoʻa kekahi i hui pū ʻole i nā kuʻima lima lima ʻākau.rhoR = −0.16, p = 0.02, N = 212, A4) pālua ʻia e nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua (rhoR(LoCTM) = −0.15, p = 0.03, NR, m = 212, rhoR(CSR) = −0.15, p = 0.03, NR, m = 212) akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā kāne a i ʻole nā wahine wahine. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hui nui no ka lima hema (hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hou i ka Papa Table3) .3). E hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole mākou e kāohi no ka makahiki i ka hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia, no ka mea, ʻaʻole pili ʻo IGD me ka makahiki i ka pauku holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka 2D kūpono: ʻo ka ratio 4D wahine a me ke kūlike me ka hōʻailona ʻana o ka IGD ma nā mea i hōʻike ʻia.rhoR(LoCTM) = −0.20, p = 0.02, N = 137]. ʻAʻole pili ʻo LoCTM i ka makahiki ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ʻākau. No ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele, pili pū ʻia ka sub-facet CSP me 2D: 4D [rhoR = rhoR(CSP) = −0.17, p = 0.01, N = 138]. Ma muli o ka pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka makahiki a me ka ʻiʻini i ka pili kālā pūnaewele, ua kāohi mākou no ka makahiki (no nā hopena hou aku, e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ka Papa Table33 a me ka Papa S2 ma ka Hoʻohui kumuhana).
Hāʻawi ʻia ʻaʻole kekahi o nā ʻoihana ma waho o ka IUD / IGD i kuhikuhi ʻia (a i ka ʻōlelo o nā hana i hala mua ma 2D: 4D a me nā ʻano like ʻole o IUD), ʻaʻole mau ia mau hopena no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Eia naʻe, ke hōʻike nei mākou iā lākou no nā hana noiʻi e hiki mai ana.
kūkākūkā
Ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai i ka hypothesis mua, ʻike mākou i ka nīnau inā inā ma nā lima wahine e hōʻike ʻoi aku nā kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kāne. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi kūlike koʻikoʻi ma ka lima ʻākau o ko mākou poʻe komo, i hoʻopili ʻia me ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i ka puke (30). E nānā hou inā pololei nā hōʻike ʻikepili i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ka pōmaikaʻi o ka ʻikepili o ka IUD, ua ʻike mākou ma ka pauku hopena i hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o ka wahine ma ka helu IUD i haʻi ʻole ʻia a me nā helu IUD kikoʻī e like me ka mea i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma ka hoʻolauna. No IUD i nā wahi o ka pāʻani, ka pili a me ka hoʻohana ʻia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porn, ua hoʻohaki mākou i nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana nā kāne i nā helu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, hōʻike nā wahine i nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma ICD ma mua o nā kāne. No ka IUD ma ka wahi o ka kūʻai kūʻai pūnaewele, ʻaʻohe ʻike nui ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai naʻe ke kuhikuhi nei nā helu wehewehe i ka ʻike i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka puke me nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe o nā wahine i nā kāne. Ma ka huina, loaʻa nā ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻao 2D o kēia manawa: he nui loa nā kuʻina 4D a me nā ʻāpana IUD e pili ana i ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kahua noiʻi ma mua a hōʻike i ka hōʻoia o kā mākou ʻike.
2D: Hoʻohālikelike 4D a me nā ʻoniʻei e pili ana i ka IGD
ʻO ka mea nui o kā mākou aʻo ʻana e nānā hou i ka pilina ma waena o 2D: 4D hōʻailona a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka IGD e like me ka ʻike i loko o ka paʻi puke ʻana o nā kāne. ʻO nā haʻawina ma ke kula e Kornhuber et al. ((58) a Canan et al. ((57) ʻelua i nānā i lalo 2D: Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo 4D (no laila ke kiʻekiʻe o ka testosterone testosterone prenatal) e pili me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o IUD i nā kāne. I ke kūlike i ka pololei, Kornhuber et al. ((58) pili i nā haʻahaʻa o 2D: Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo 4D i ka addiction wikiō kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ʻia N = 27 nā mea pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele me N = 27 nā mana olakino. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka CSAS II ana no ka nānā ʻana a me ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō. Ua kākau nā mea kākau e "ʻO CSAS II kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohui pūnaewele ISS-20, kahi i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia e loiloi ai i ke ʻano o ka pāʻani wikiō" (p. 2). I Canan et al. ((57), Mea ʻĀpana ʻo 20 IAT i lawelawe ʻia e nānā i IUD. Eia kekahi, no ka mea ʻaʻole i loiloi nā mea kākau i nā ʻenehana IUD i kekahi mau wahi ma ka pūnaewele ʻē aʻe, akā naʻe ua noi lākou no nā hana ma ka pūnaewele o nā poʻe komo a me ka māhele ʻana i nā helu IUD (hōʻike ʻana i ka IUD nui) ma nā loiloi e like me ka mea pinepine o ka pūnaewele pūnaewele o nā mea hoʻohana. No ka 'aohele, ua hopena kēia ma N = 55 ma waho N = 650/652 poʻe i hōʻike e hoʻolilo pinepine i ka manawa ma ka pūnaewele no ka pāʻani ʻana. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā helu IUD i hōʻike ʻole ʻia no kēia mau 55 i hui pū ʻia me nā helu IUD i hōʻike ʻole ʻia o ka papa hōʻike e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele (n = 315) a me nā wikiō e kahe ana (n = 206) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (n = 74). ʻO ka helu helu i loaʻa ma Canan et al. (57) i lalo e nānā i ka 2D haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: 4D markers i nā kāne me nā IUD ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ʻo ia ka nui o ka helu ma ka ʻenehana pāʻani pūnaewele.
Holo aku kā mākou noi i ka ʻike ʻia i ʻōlelo ʻia, no ka mea (a) loiloi mākou IUD i ʻelima mau ʻokoʻa kūikawā (ʻākani, ʻoihana, ke kūʻai aku, ʻonaʻōlelo, kamaʻāina) a me ke ʻano he IUD pono ʻole. Eia kekahi, a (b) ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ka hana o kēia manawa i kahi hōʻoki no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hui o nā mea i hoʻohui a hui ʻole. Ma kahi i ʻimi ai mākou i nā hui mau ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke olakino a me ka pathological o ka Pūnaewele (a me nā kahawai pūnaewele kikoʻī) ma ka ʻike makaʻina piha o N = 217 nā mea komo. I ka nānā mua ʻana, kūlike kā mākou mea i loaʻa me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā hana e Kornhuber et al. (58) a Canan et al. ((57), ʻo ia hoʻi ko 2D haʻahaʻa: ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o 4D o ka lima ʻākau ua pili me ka IGD kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe ua nānā mākou i kēia kaʻi ʻana i neʻe ʻia e nā wahine wahine no ka lima ʻākau a ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā kāne. He mea kupanaha kēia, no ka mea, ua nānā pono nā noiʻi mua i kēia hopena ma nā kāne.
I mea e ʻike ai i ka wehewehe ʻana no kēia hanana, hoʻohālikelike mākou i nā mea komo o kā mākou noiʻi me nā mea mai nā noiʻi mua i hoʻopuka ʻia. ʻO ka mea mua, ua loaʻa nā mea ʻelua i nā hui like me nā ʻāpana helu helu helu pono a me nā nīnau nīnau IUD. Kūʻē kēia i ka manaʻo, ʻokoʻa ka hiʻohiʻona o kā kāua hiʻona i nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka palapala. ʻO Kornhuber et al. ke noiʻi wale ʻia ʻikepili (male pāʻani wikiō ma ke olakino) kāne a me ke kūlohelohe i kā lākou hoʻohālike e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea komo mai ka hana o kēia manawa. Canan et al. [(57), p. Hōʻike ʻo 32] no kā lākou kolaʻike, "ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele no ka ʻoihana pūnaewele a me ke wikiō wikiō ma mua o nā kāne. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wahine, ʻoi aʻe kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne i hōʻike i ka pāʻani Pūnaewele i kā lākou ʻohana pūnaewele pinepine loa (p <0.001) ”. I ka mālamalama o kēia, manaʻo mākou ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o kā mākou mau laʻana. Asides, ua nānā mākou i nā hana addicts i loko o ka "Big Five of IUD" e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, akā ʻo Canan et al. (57) nā loiloi i loiloi ʻia i nā wahi e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ai ka Pūnaewele (ʻaʻohe ʻikepili i hoʻohui ʻia i nā loiloi ma aneʻi a i ʻike wale ʻia nā ʻāpana i nā wahi). No laila, hoʻohālikelike kā mākou noiʻi ʻana i kekahi nui. Eia kekahi, a ʻo ka mea nui, ka nalo o ka ʻaha o ka IUD i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i ka 2D kūpono: Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka 4D ma kēia mau kāne kāne e kākoʻo nei i nā ʻike e hoʻopili nei i ka helu helu helu me ka IUD kuapo e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e Canan et al. ((57) i kahi nui.
Hōʻike ʻia kā mākou mau ʻike i nā kumu ʻē aʻe no ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā helu hoʻohālikelike a me IGD i nā kāne, akā ʻo nā wahine wale nō. ʻO ka mua, ke aʻo ʻana e Canan et al. ((57) ua hana ʻia ma Turkey. Ke hoʻomaka nei kā mākou haʻawina mai Kelemānia, hiki i nā ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu ke kuleana no ka hopena o kēia manawa. E loaʻa paha kēia mau mea i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka pilikino, kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka Turkish a me nā Kelemānia.62). Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua hōʻemi ke Komohana o ʻEulopa (me Germany nō hoʻi) i ka ʻae like ʻole a me ka ʻeuʻeu ʻana e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻāina o Middle East (me Turkey). Hiki i kēlā mau ʻōuli i ke ʻano he mea i ʻike ʻia i ka hana o kēia manawa, no ka mea ua pili pū ʻia ka 2D: 4D mark.43, 44). Eia kekahi, ʻo kā mākou noi i kēia manawa ua komo pū kekahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā kāne (n = 77 kāne vs. n = 140 mau wahine), no ka mea ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i kahi laʻana o kēia manawa i nā papa psychological. No laila, ko mākou mana helu e ʻike i nā hopena like no nā kāne a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka kuhiakau mana, aia kahi haʻahaʻa i ʻike ʻia ma waena o ka lakio helu lima ʻākau a me ka IGD i ka hui kāne o nā mea i komo i ka Papa. Table3: 3: rho = −0.04, p = 0.72, N = 74. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻaʻole e hoʻopili wale ʻia ka lakio helu o ka lima ʻākau i ka IGD i nā kāne (57, 58), akā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me IGD i nā wahine. No laila, aia ka poʻe wahine i lalo o ka mana o ka testosterone prenatal (a i ʻole ka prenatal testosterone i ka pae estradiol) e hōʻike hou i nā ʻano kāne male ma ke ʻano o ka IGD. Ke hoʻomohala nei mai nā hualoaʻa i kēia manawa, pono e noiʻi nā mua e pili ana i nā wahine i mea e ʻike pono ai i nā loulou ma waena o ka IGD a me ka helu o ka lima (ʻākau). Eia hou, hoʻolaha mākou i ka wā e loiloi ai i IUD i ka laulā o ko mākou mau hoa kāne, ʻike nui ʻia nā mea like like me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia e Canan et al. ((57).
Ma waho aʻe o kēia, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia i kēia ʻoihana ʻē aʻe me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka IUD. E hoʻomaopopo, ʻaʻole e kūkākūkā nui nā pilina ma waena o 2D: 4D ratio a me nā hemahema e pili ana i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a i ʻole ka ponokala, no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e paʻa no nā hoʻokolohua he nui i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hemahema o ka hoʻokūkū ʻā premori hypothesis (ʻoiai ua hoʻonohonoho mākou i ka hypothesis kuhikuhi. ʻO nā hōʻike mana wale nō i loaʻa ma luna o ka IGD / i kuhikuhi ʻole ʻia ma ka IUD a me 2D: ʻo 4D ma mua o kā mākou aʻo ʻana). Kuhi kēia e pili ana ka testosterone prenatal i pili ʻole i ka IGD / I ʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia ʻia ʻo IUD akā ʻaʻole naʻe i nā wahi ʻē aʻe ke nānā aku nei i ka IUD ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻoponopono hou ʻia kēia ʻōlelo, a nānā aku kekahi mau mea noiʻi i kā mākou mau pilina ma waena o 2D: 4D a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pelekane / porno. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa i ka helu o ka haumāna haumana ololi olakino nui (a me nā helu ma ka nīnau nīnau IUD ma kahi e piʻi nui ai ka palena o ka hoʻohele). No ka kikoʻī me ka sex-dimorphism i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi he nui o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele, hōʻike ʻia nā mea lapaʻau i nā hopena like ʻole.
Ke nānā hou nei i ka nīnau ma ka pilina ma waena o ka IUD i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia a me nā ʻano kikoʻī o IUD ma lalo o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka kāne.
ʻO ka pahuhopu hope o kā mākou noi ʻana e hoʻi hou i nā ʻike mai kahi hōʻike mua e Montag et al. ((59) ka nānā ʻana i loko o nā ʻeʻe kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa mai kēlā me kēia moʻomeheu like ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo ICD me ka IUD ʻaʻole palapala. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia haʻawina mua ke noʻonoʻo i ka wahine ma kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūlohelohe (ʻoiai naʻe i loiloi ʻia), no ka mea ua ʻano nui nā ʻokoʻa i nā kuʻuna o ka kāne, ʻano, ʻo ia kekahi o nā loiloi noiʻi wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kāne 9 a me 66 wahine (Kelemānia, pepa-ʻāpana pepa) a i ʻole. ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻohālike i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia (ʻo 23 kāne a me 28 wahine; Kina, pepa penikala pepa), he liʻiliʻi nō hoʻi no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa wahine i ka maikaʻi o ka IUD correlations. ʻO ke kumu wale nō mai kēia noiʻi mua ʻana i hiki ai ke kūkā ʻia i kēia ʻoihana e ʻae ʻia mai Kina (i ka ʻāpana kiʻi pūnaewele), akā ʻaʻole ke ʻano o nā hana mua i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole i nā socio-demographics ma nā hiʻohiʻona i noiʻi ʻia. . ^ E Ha yM. No laila, hoʻi mākou i kēia nīnau i ka hana o kēia manawa. No ka laʻana piha, hiki iā mākou ke huki i ka loaʻa o nā mea i makemake nui i ka ICD e pili nui loa i ka IUD i ʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia (r = 0.40 **, e nānā i ka Papa S5 ma nā mea hoʻohui). Ke hoʻokaʻawale nei i kēia mau hopena i kahi papa inoa kāne a wahine hoʻi e hōʻike nei ke alakaʻi ʻia nei kēia hui e ka wahine wahine (r = 0.50 **), ʻoiai nā kāne he palupalu ia (r = 0.29 **). ʻO ka lua a me ke kolu o ka hui ikaika ma waena o nā ʻano kikoʻī a me IUD i hōʻike ʻole ʻia e kūʻai ana (r = 0.34 **) a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni (r = 0.28 **) i nā wahine. I nā kāne, ʻike nui ʻia nā hui nui me nā pāʻani ʻana (r = 0.57 **), kiʻi ʻoniʻoni (r = 0.53 **) a kūʻai aku (r = 0.39 **). Maliʻa paha koe no ka loulou IUD i hōʻike ʻole ʻia i nā kiʻi pono ʻole, kūlike nā hui me nā ʻokoʻa kāne i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā puke.
Hōʻike pololei ʻia kā mākou ʻikepili hou e pili ana i nā hoʻohālikelike i waena o nā ʻano o IUD a me ka IUD i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia. ʻO kēia ka mea, ua ʻike ka hui laulā ma waena o ka ICD a me ka IUD i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia e Montag et al. ((59) kākoʻo ʻia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia manawa. Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia he nui kuhi manu e hele mai ana mai Kina me ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine (281 vs. 63) i mālama pū i nā pilina ikaika ma waena o ka pili ʻana i ka ICD a me ka IUD i hoʻopuka ʻia ʻo IUD. rho = 0.68, p <0.01; kāne: rho = 0.67, p <0.01; wahine: rho = 0.70, p <0.01, (59)). ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā kaʻina e loiloi i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka pili pono i ka Pūnaewele i waena o nā mea o kēia a me kā mākou hana mua. E akaka, ʻo nā hui ma waena o nā ʻano kiko o IUD a me ka IUD ʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia he paʻakikī a maʻalahi nā loiloi correlations e pono ai e hoʻonui ʻia e ka moderation / mediation analysis ma ke kokoke ana e pili ana i nā hoʻololi like ʻole e like me ka Internet Use Expectancies e like me ka Gratification a me nā ʻina Hoʻolaha no kēlā me kēia domain [ma kahi aʻe i hōʻike ʻia i ke ʻano wahine a me ka moʻomeheu i ʻōlelo ʻia; ʻike pū ʻo Ref. ((3)].
Panina
Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻawina āpau i hōʻike hou ai no kahi kuleana o 2D: 4D hōʻailona ʻo ka lima ʻākau ma IGD. Hōʻike kā mākou mau ʻike i nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka testosterone testosterone prenatal) e pili ana me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka IGD. He mea kupanaha, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kā mākou ʻike i nā wahine a ʻaʻole hoʻi nā kāne, kekahi mea, hiki ke wehewehe wale ʻia (ʻoi paha ke kiʻekiʻe. n ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia a / a i ʻole nā mea ʻeha kāne i hoʻopilikia ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka tauira subclinical i noiʻi ʻia i kēia hana). I nā kāne, hele mai kahi hui ʻino ma waena o ka helu helu o ka lima ʻākau a me ka laulā IUD (facet loss of control) e kākoʻo ana i nā ʻike o Canan et al. ((57). Pono nā haʻawina o ka wā e komo ai i nā mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne i like me ka wahine ke nānā aku i nā nīnū liʻiliʻi (akā maikaʻi pū kekahi) ma waena o ka 2D: 4D hōʻailona a me IGD.
Ka'ōlelo Kaumaha
Ua apono ʻia ka haʻawina e ke komite ʻenehana kūloko o Ulm University, Kelemānia. Manaʻo https://www.uni-ulm.de/einrichtungen/ethikkommission-der-universitaet-ulm/ Hiki ke loaʻa ka pūnaewele limahana o ke komite moʻomeheu.
Nā mea kōkua i kākau
Ua hoʻolālā ka CM, MM, a me MB i ke aʻo ʻana. Ua hana ʻo MM ma ka helu helu helu helu. Ua hoʻolālā ʻo MM i ke ala a me ka hopena hopena (a me ke kumuhana). Nā helu helu helu helu āpau e BL. Ua lawe ʻo MM a me JM i ke ana o ka lima. Ua kākau ʻo CM i ka papa mua o ka hoʻomaka. Ua kākau ʻo CM a me MM i ka papa mua o ke kamaʻilio. Hoʻololi hou ʻia ʻo MB, RS, a me BL i ka kākau ʻana.
Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana
Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.
Kākoʻo kālā. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kūlana o ka CM e kahi Heisenberg-hāʻawi ʻia e ka German Research Foundation (DFG; MO 2363 / 3-2). Eia nō hoʻi, ua hoʻāla ʻia ka haʻawina e ka ʻokoʻa ma ka kamepiula a me ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele e ka German Research Foundation (DFG, MO 2363 / 2-1).
1http://www.internetlivestats.com (ʻike ʻia ma 14th o ʻOkakopa 2017).
2Ma nā ʻōlelo aʻe, e ʻōlelo mākou 'a'ole i ho'ākāka'ia ma kahi o ka IUD no ka laulima, no ka mea, ka mea i hoʻopiha ʻia e kahi kanaka no ka IUD e manaʻo nui nei, noʻonoʻo paha i kāna neʻe pūnaewele maʻamau (s).
Nā mea hou
Hiki ke loaʻa nā mea kōkua hou no kēiaʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele ma http://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00213/full#supplementary-material.
E hoʻomaopopo '