ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana i ka leo haʻahaʻa hina a me ka mālamaʻana i kaʻike i nā poʻe'ōpio me ka maʻiʻeleʻele i ka lewa (2015)

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

KEYWORDS:

anterior cingulate cortex; kahooho mālama; color-word stroop; hina poʻo hina; maʻi addiction pūnaewele

ʻO ke wā'ōpiopio ke hanana hanana kūikawā me ka loli wikiwiki i ka hoʻoikaika kino, ʻuhane a me ka ulu ʻana.Casey et al., 2008).). ʻOiai kahi paʻakikī nui loa i ka hoʻoponopono a me ka manaʻo o ka nāwaliwali e pili ana i ka hana mana cognitive control, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe nui o nā maʻi āpau a me ka hoʻohui i waena o nā ʻōpio (ʻO Steinberg, 2005).). Hoʻokahi i nā mea hoʻomohala pūnaewele (IA), ma kahi maʻi hou, he pilikia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pūnaewele i nā makahiki i hala. Ua hōʻike mai nā ʻike mai ka ʻōpio Pūnaewele ʻĀina Kina (ua hoʻolaha ʻia ma ka lāʻo Pepeluali 2, 2010) ʻo ka ulu ʻana o IA no nā ʻōpio ʻōlio Kepani e pili ana iā 14% me ka huina o 24 miliona (Yuan et al., 2011). IA nō i ʻekolu mau subtypes: Pūnaewele Pāʻani Pūnaewele (IGD), nā hana pilikino a me nā leka uila. (Poraka, 2007).). Ma Kina, ʻo ka subtype koʻikoʻi loa o IA ʻo ia ʻo IGD, a me kahi haʻahaʻa o ka Diagnostic a me ka helu Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Ed., DSM-5) e pili pū ana ka IGD, ka mea e koi nui ai e pono ai ka noiʻi nui e pono ai e hūnā i kona pili loiloi a ma lalo o nā neural. nā mīkini hana (Brand et al., 2014).). ʻO ka pilikia o IA kā hoihoi nui ʻana mai ka poʻe hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao, psychologists a me psychiatrists, no laila he nui noiʻi nui i hana ʻia ma ka IA e noiʻi i kāna ʻano lolo a me nā ʻano hana hoʻoweliweli.Ko et al., 2009, 2013a; Ding et al., 2013).). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hāmeʻa o IA a ʻaʻohe kumu lapaʻau like ʻole no ka IGD loaʻa.Adolescents me ka IGD ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka manawa no nā hana i ka pūnaewele, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nohona, hoʻopoina ʻole, ʻona maikaʻi ʻole a me nā pilikia ʻohana.Murali a me George, 2007; ʻO Young, 2007; Kim a me Haridakis, 2009).). Ua hōʻike ʻia e ia i kahi maʻi lawaiʻa e like me ka palaka pathological (King & al., 2012), nā hana pilikino (Holden, 2001), no ka mea ke kaʻana like lākou i nā maʻi like like me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana, hoʻihoʻi, ʻae ʻana, a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (Jumi a me Wolf, 2001).). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mana cognitive i nā poʻe komo me nā poʻe lawaiʻa kaumaha e pili ana i nā kaohi.Toneatto et al., 1997), ka mea i manaʻo e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hana cognitive control. Cao et al. ua hōʻike i kahi pilina ma waena o ka hoʻomohala cognitive a me IA ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nīnau nīnau, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana IGD i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma mua o ka hui control.Cao et al., 2007).

E pili ana ka mana hoʻomohala i ka hiki ke mālama i ka hana a kekahi, ʻano, a me nā manaʻo.Kālā a me DʻEsposito, 2011), me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā manaʻo a me ke ʻano i nā pahuhopu o kēia manawa ma ke koho ʻana a hoʻohui i nā ʻike kūpono mai ke kaiapuni (Blasi et al., 2006).). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ʻana i ka cortex anterior cortex (ACC) i pili i ka loiloi loiloi no nā kiʻi cues, pane ʻana i ka naʻau a me ka makemake ʻana, a me ka dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) i komo i ka hana kohi no ka hoʻōho ʻana i ka uku a me ka pane ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka uku (Sun et al., 2012; Brand et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2014).). Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi i ka hiki ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo cognitive control i nā kumuhana IGD, no ka mea ua hōʻike lākou i nā pane pane hou aku a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa (RT) ma Stroop hana a me nā hana ʻo Go-Nogo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāohi. No ka hana Stroop, ka manawa pane, a me nā pane kūpaʻa a i ʻole ka helu hewa ʻana i ka manawa incongruent ka mea nui i hōʻike i ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana mālama kognitive i nā haʻawina IGD (Dong et al., 2013a, 2014; Yuan et al., 2013a).). Ma nā kikoʻī, Yuan et al. nānā ʻia nā hōʻike ʻelua i hōʻike i ka hopena Stroop nui, kahi i lōʻihi ai ka RT i ka wā incongruent ma mua o ke kūlana congruent. Ua hana hewa aku ka pūʻulu IGD i nā hewa ma mua o ka hui hoʻokele i ka wā o ka incongruent kūlana (Yuan et al., 2013a,b; Xing et al., 2014).). Dong et al. hōʻike pinepine ka pūʻulu IGD i hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ke kaʻina hana pane-inhibition pili i nā mana olakino, no ka mea ua hōʻike lākou i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi no nā RTs lōʻihi (Dong et al., 2012, 2013a,b, 2014).). Ma ke ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hana Go-Nogo a me / a i ʻole Go-stop e hana i nā hana pili pono o ka IGD. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi noiʻi i ka nui o nā poʻe i hui pū me IGD me ka nui o ka mau ʻana i hala ʻole ʻia.van Holst et al., 2012).). Li et al. ua hōʻike ʻo ka hapa o ka pane i hoʻopiʻi mau ʻia i lalo o ka pūʻulu IA ma mua o nā kaohi ʻana ma kahi hana Go-stop, ke kākoʻo hou nei i ka hana o ka pane ʻana aku i nā ʻōpio IA.Li et al., 2014).

Eia kekahi, nui nā haʻawina me neuroimaging a me nā hana electrophysiological i noiʻi i nā hoʻololi o ka lolo a me ka hana cognitive control ma IGD. Dong et al. ua loaʻa ka hana ʻoi aku ka nui ma ka hana ma mua (a me ka poʻe pōpōpō) cingulate cortex no ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka hoʻokele Stroop paradigm i nā poʻe komo me ka IGD hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kumumana hoʻomālamalama.Dong et al., 2012).). E hoʻonui i nā hana lolo i ka cortex frontal cortex a me ACC e kau ʻia ma ka mana cognitive control control (Dong et al., 2013a).). Yuan et al. ʻike pū kekahi i nā mānoanoa cortical a me ka nui o ka haʻahaʻa fluctuation haʻahaʻa (ALFF) waiwai o ka prefrontal cortex correlated me ka hopena Stroop, hoʻolako i ka hōʻike o ka peʻapeʻa pale kiʻi no ka disfunction i ka hana hoʻomohala hana i ka IGD. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi hoʻokolohua pili i ka hanana (ERP) i hōʻike ʻo ka pūʻulu IGD i hōʻike i ka haʻahaʻa NoGo-N2, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka NoGo-P3, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe ʻoGoGo-P3, e hōʻike ana ua hana lākou i nā ʻoihana like aku, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike. a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa maʻamau (Dong et al., 2010).). Eia kekahi hōʻike hou ʻo ERP i hōʻike aku i nā poʻe me ka IGD i ka emi ʻana o ka pale o ka medial frontal negativity (MFN) i ka pau i ke kūlana incongruent ma mua o nā kaohi, ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka mana hoʻomohala huna i ka IGD (Dong et al., 2011).). Eia naʻe, liʻiliʻi kekahi mau noiʻi e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka loli o ka nui o ka mea hina (GMV) a me ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama mālama i ka IGD.

ʻO nā pahuhopu nui o ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa: (1) e nānā i ka hana kāohi kognitive me ka hana Stroop color-word; (2) e nānā i ka pani ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻaanui o ka lolo GMV me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka morphometry e pili ana i ka leo (VBM). (3) e nānā i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o nā ana neuroimaging a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma IGD. Hoʻokumu i ka puke paʻi i paʻi ʻia ma IGD, ua hōʻike mākou i nā mea e hōʻike ʻo IGD e hōʻike i nā hana i hoʻoweliweli no ka hana Stroop a hōʻemi i ka GMV o ka cortex prefrontal. Eia kekahi, e hoʻopololei ʻia ka prefrontal cortex GMV me ka hana Stroop ma ka hana ma IGD.

Nā Pono a me nā Una

ʻO nā kaʻina noiʻi āpau ua apono ʻia e ka Hōʻea Hoʻonaʻauao ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mua ma Xiʻan Jiaotong University Subcomm Committee ma Human Studies a ua hana ʻia e like me ka Hōʻike ʻia o Helsinki.

Nā Kaupapa

Ua loaʻa i nā haumāna he iwakāluakūwalu mau haumāna me ka IGD i kā mākou aʻo ʻana e pili ana i nā mana o ka ʻĀina noiʻi ʻo Diagnostic Youngna no ka hoʻohui honua (YDQ) e Beard lāua ʻo Wolf (ʻO Young, 1998; Jumi a me Wolf, 2001).). ʻ suggestedlelo ʻo Young e pane nā mea pane i ʻelima a i ʻole ke "ʻae" no nā ʻewalu mau nīnau i manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻohana pūnaewele.ʻO Young, 1998).). ʻOiai ʻo Beard lāua ʻo Wolf i hoʻololi i nā pono o ka YDQ (Jumi a me Wolf, 2001), ke noi aku nei i nā poʻe pane i pane "ʻae" i nā nīnau 1 i 5 a i ka liʻiliʻi i kekahi o nā nīnau ʻekolu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka IA, ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea huli ʻana no kēia noi ʻana. Nīnau mākou i nā kumuhana e hoʻomanaʻo i ke ola o ko lākou ola i ka wā i hoʻomaka mua ai lākou i ka pūnaewele, kahi helu hoʻihoʻi no ka addiction he hana maʻalahi a hoʻolālā mākou i ka huli ʻana i nā loli o ka ʻaoʻao o ka lolo. Ua hoʻāʻo mākou iā lākou me nā paʻi YDQ i hoʻololi ʻia e Beard lāua ʻo Wolf (Brand et al., 2014) e hōʻoia i ko lākou mākaukau no ka maʻi maʻi o IA. Ma ka kamaʻilio pū ʻana me ko lākou mau mākua ma ke kelepona mākou i hōʻoia i ka hilinaʻi o nā hōʻike pilikino mai nā kumuhana IGD. Ua hoʻopaʻa pū mākou i kēia ʻikepili mai ko lākou mau hoa noho a me nā hoa papa inā he hoʻokani pinepine lākou i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a hiki i ka pō poʻokela hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka ola o kekahi. I ka iwakāluakūwalu mau makahiki a me ke ʻano wahinep > 0.05) ua kāohi ʻia nā kaohi olakino me ka ʻole o ka mōʻī pilikino a ʻohana paha o nā maʻi psychiatric i kā mākou noi. I mea e hōʻoia ʻole ai nā kaola olakino mai IGD, lawelawe ʻia lākou e ka YDQ i hoʻololi ʻia no ka hoʻowalewale pūnaewele o Beard a me Wolf. ʻO nā mea komo a pau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia he kamaʻilio Kina maoli, lima ʻākau. Ua hana ʻia ka ho'āʻo mimi no nā kumuhana āpau e kāpae i ka hōʻino ʻana i nā lāʻau ma mua o ka nānā ʻana o ka magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. ʻO nā pae hoʻohālikelike no nā hui ʻelua (1) nā maʻi neurological a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi o ke kino, e like me ka tumo lolo, hepatitis, a i ʻole epilepsy i loiloi ʻia e nā loiloi lapaʻau a me nā moʻolelo olakino; (2) ka waiʻona, nikotine a lāʻau hoʻomake lāʻau paha; a (3) hāpai keiki a i ʻole ka manawa menstrual i nā wahine; Loaʻa nā palapala ʻae i kākau ʻia e nā mea maʻi a me nā kaohi āpau. ʻO ka ʻike kikoʻī kikoʻī i hāʻawi ʻia i ka Papa 1.

NĀ KULA 1

ʻ Xlelo 1. Nā hōʻikeʻike o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā hui hoʻoili.

MRI KuhiʻIkepili

Hana ʻia nā scan imaging no kahi scan 3T GE i kahi kikowaena imaging o ke kikowaena ʻoihana ʻo Xiʻan Jiontong. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōlima poʻo poʻo manu e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka pale a me ka pale ʻana i nā pale umauma. Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi kaupaona 3D T1 me ke kiʻi poʻomanaʻo a me nā ʻano i loaʻa i kēia mau kikoʻī aʻe: nā manawa hana (TR) = 8.5 ms; manawa echo (TE) = 3.4 ms; ke ana kikowaena (FA) = 12 °; kahua ʻike (FOV) = 240 × 240 mm²; data matrix = 240 × 240; ʻoki = 140; leo halea = 1 × 1 × 1 mm.

MRI Data Analysis

Kuhi ʻia nā ʻikepili MRI me FSL-VBM (Douaud et al., 2007),¹ kahi protocol VBM i kālai ʻia (Maikaʻi et al., 2001) o ka FSL ()Smith a me., 2004).). ʻO ka mea mua, ua kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi i hana ʻia i ka noʻonoʻo a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hina hina i ka wahi maʻamau MNI 152 e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻole laina.Andersson et al., 2007).). Hōʻalo ʻia nā kiʻi i hopena ʻia a hoʻoili ʻia ma kahi x-kaisa e hana i ka symmetric hema, hemahema haʻawina hina. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole i inoa lihi ʻia nā kiʻi hina hina maoli i kēia papa kuhikuhi no ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka "modulate" e hoʻoponopono no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūloko (a i ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻana) ma muli o ka wae ʻole o ka loli o ka spatial. Kahi ʻia nā kiʻi hina hina i hoʻoneʻe ʻia me kahi kāmele Gaussian isotropic me kahi sigma o 3 mm. ʻO ka hope loa, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo GLxel akamai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o ka nui. ʻO ka hoʻolālā wahi ma nā mea hina hina i nānā ʻia e nā hoʻokolohua-ʻokoʻa lē-parametric hoʻokolohua (5000 manawa) (Nā Nikolia a me nā Holmes, 2002).

ʻO ka ʻikepili helu moʻo ʻana

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hana Stroop color color-word e ka polokalamu E-prime 2.0. Ua komo i kēia hana he hoʻolālā poloka me nā kūlana ʻekolu, ʻo ia hoʻi, congruent, incongruent a hoʻomaha. ʻUlaʻula, ʻulaʻula, a me Green, ʻekolu mau huaʻōlelo i hōʻike ʻia i ʻekolu ʻulaʻula (ʻulaʻula, polū a me ke kā hoʻi) me ka hōʻeuʻeu a me ka hoʻonaninani incongruent. I ka wā hoʻomaha, ua kau wale nā ​​kumuhana i ko lākou maka ma ke kea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kikowaena o ka maka. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia i ʻelua holo holo me nā ʻenemi like ʻole o nā congruent a me nā poloka incongruent (Xing et al., 2014).). Ua hoʻāʻo mākou i nā mea hana pilikino i kahi lumi maluhia a mālama ʻia nā wahi i noho mālie o ka noʻonoʻo. Ua aʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻoi i ka pane i ka waiho ʻia i ka wikiwiki me ka hiki i kaomi ʻana i kahi pihi ma kahi Serial Response Box TM me ka lima ʻākau. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāʻōlelo, waena, a me ke manamana lima lima pololei e pili ana i keʻulaʻula, uliuli, a me ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka hōʻike hōʻike i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau lā ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana o MRI ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono

Ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana o covariance (ANCOVA) me ka makahiki, nā hopena ʻōpena a me ka nui intracranial volume e like me ka covariates. Ua hoʻohana mākou a mahope iho ka loiloi correlation e ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka GMV a me ka hoʻokō hana i loko o ka pūʻulu IGD, a me nā pane pane, a me ka manawa pane no ka incongruent kūlana o ke kala-kupu Stroop hana i hana ʻia nā kumu o ka pilina o kēlā me kēia pūʻulu IGD.

Results

Hōʻike ko kā mākou mau hopena ʻo nā awelika maʻamau o ka IGD a me ka hui hoʻokele ʻo 18.8 ± 1.33 a me 19.3 ± 2.56 mau makahiki he ʻokoʻa, a ʻaʻohe ʻano helu ʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou (p > 0.05). Wahi a kā lākou hōʻike ponoʻī o ka hoʻohana Pūnaewele, ʻo ka manawa hoʻolilo e nā ʻōpio IGD i kēlā me kēia lā a me kēlā me kēia pule i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu (p <0.005). Ua hoʻolōʻihi ka poʻe IGD i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele (p <0.005) (Pākaukau 1).

Nā Hualoaʻa Behavioral

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hopena Stroop nui ma ka hui ʻelua, kahi lōʻihi loa ka RT no ka poʻe incongruent e pili ana i ke kūlana congruent (IGD pūʻulu: 628.24 ± 59.20 vs. 549.38 ± 44.17 a me ka hui mana: 707.52 ± 66.43 vs. 581.97 ± 39.35; p <0.005). Ua hana ʻoi aku ka hewa o ka hui IGD ma mua o ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu i ka manawa incongruent (pūʻulu IGD: 8.67 ± 5.41 vs. pūʻulu hoʻomalu: 6.64 ± 3.65; p <0.05), a me ka lohi o ka pane (RD) i ana ʻia e RT i ka manawa incongruent i unuhi ʻia nā kūlana congruent ua ʻokoʻa loa ma waena o kēia mau pūʻulu ʻelua (pūʻulu IGD: 78.87 ± 45.38 vs. pūʻulu hoʻomalu: 125.56 ± 49.20; p <0.05) (Pākaukau 2).

NĀ KULA 2

ʻ Xlelo 2. Nā hopena pili pono no nā pāʻani pili i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā pūʻulu hoʻomalu.

Nā hopena kik Brain

Ua hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻohālikelike VBM i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka GMV i kekahi mau ʻaoʻao o ka lolo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka bilateral ACC, precuneus, ʻōnaehana hoʻonaninani (SMA), cortex parietal maikaʻi, haʻalele i ka DLPFC, waiho mau insula a me ka cerebellum bilateral i ka hui IGD i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui mana (Kiʻi) 1).

MAKAHI 1

Ke kiʻi 1. (A) Hōʻike ʻo ka pūʻulu IGD i ka hōʻemi haʻalulu hina nui (GMV) i ka bilateral ACC, precuneus, SMA, ʻo ka parietal cortex, cerebellum, haʻalele DLPFC a waiho i ka insula. (B) ʻO ka pilina ma waena o GMV o ka ACC a me Stroop hana pane pane i ka wā i kahi kūlana incongruent i ka pūʻulu IGD.

Nā Hualoaʻa Kohoʻo Nā Uila

Hōʻike ka hana hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hoʻopuka hewa ʻana o ka GMV o ka ACC me nā pane pane ʻana no Stroop no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke kūlana ma ka pūʻulu IGD (Kiʻi. 1), akā, ʻaʻohe mea helu olakino ma waena o GMV a me RT no ka kūlana incongruent ma ka pūʻulu IGD.

kūkākūkā

ʻO ke wā'ōpiopio ka manawa me nā loli nui i ka pae honua a me ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi manawa me nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka hopohopo a me nā pilikia addict (Casey et al., 2008).). Ua hōʻike kekahi nui ʻepekema ma Asia ua lilo ka IGD i nā pilikia olakino olakino i ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio (Ko et al., 2007; Park et al., 2008).). He mea paʻakikī ke loaʻa i kahi maʻi kūpono e pili ana i ka hana kūkaʻa ʻole o IA. Hoʻololi ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka lolo a me nā hemahema huna cognitive i nānā i nā ʻōpio ʻo IGD. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hana o ka lolo a me ka mālama cognitive ma IGD he mea koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ala kūpono no kēia pilikia. Ma kēia haʻawina, ʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka mana cognitive a me ka abnormal otak GMV i ka poʻe ʻōpio IGD i nānā ʻia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hui pū ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka mea nui, aia ka hopena hewa ma waena o ka GMV o ACC a me ka pane ʻana i nā hewa hewa no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke kūlana i loko o ka waihoʻoluʻu. Nā hana maʻa a ma ka hui IGD.

Ka Hoʻololi o ka Hōʻailona e hoʻololi a me ka Kelepa Palapala Matene ma ka Pūʻulu IGD

I mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hiki o ka mana cognitive controlly i loko o nā ʻōpio me ka IGD, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hana Stroop i waiho ʻia i ke ʻano o ke aʻo ʻana i kēia wā. Consist me nā ʻike mua (Dong et al., 2011, 2013a; Yuan et al., 2013a,b), ʻo ka pūʻulu IGD ua hana hewa hou aku ma mua o ka mana o ka pūʻulu i ka manawa incongruent, ka mea i hōʻike i ka poʻe ʻōpio me IGD i hōʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama kognible hemahema, e like me ke ʻano ʻana o ka hoʻāʻo ʻia ka huaʻōlelo Stroop. ʻO ka hopena o ka RT ma ke kūlana incongruent a me RD o ka pūʻulu o IGD i ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma mua o ka hui control a ʻo ke kumu paha ia i hōʻike ʻia ai nā kumuhana IGD e pili ana i nā mana hoʻohālikelike, a pane koke lākou akā lawe kā lākou i nā hana hou aʻe he mau hewa, ʻo ia ka mea i maopopo ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pane. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi ua hoʻololi ʻia ka GMV o ka ACC, DLPFC, precuneus, SMA, ʻo ka parietal cortex maikaʻi, insula, a me ka cerebellum i loko o ka pūʻulu IGD, kahi i kū pū ai me nā haʻawina IGD i paʻi ʻia. Zhou me Weng et al. ua hōʻike i ka hōʻemi o ka GMV a i ʻole ka hana ʻohi kino i kekahi mau wahi o ka lolo i nā kumuhana IGD (Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2012; Ko et al., 2013b; Weng et al., 2013).). ʻOiai ʻaʻohe haʻawina i hōʻike i ka GMV o ka precuneus i hōʻemi, hōʻike ka haʻawina fMRI ua hōʻike ka precuneus i ka hana maʻamau i ka wā o ka hana cue-induced ma ke kumu o ka IGD (Ko et al., 2013a,b).). Loaʻa ka cortex parietal maikaʻi loa i pili me ka kāohi cognitive (Durston et al., 2002, 2003; Ko et al., 2013a).

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o Grey Matter Volume o ACC a me ka Hana ʻana o nā Kūlana Stroop Tae-ʻōlelo

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o ka GMV o ka ACC a me nā pane pane ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi o ka GMV o ka ACC ma ka hui ʻoDI ua pili ʻia me nā hewa pane hou i ka wā incongruent i loko o ka hana Stroop color color, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻia no ka aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa. Ua hoʻokū paʻa ʻia ka hana o ACC i ka hoʻomohala kognitive a ua hōʻike ʻia i ka helu ʻana o nā haʻawina fMRI e pili ana i ka Stroop interference paradigm i nā poʻe komo maʻamau. Botvinick et al. ua hōʻike ʻia ua pili ʻo ACC me ka hana hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka hakakā, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ACC ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka hakakā nui (ʻO Botvinick et al., 1999).). ʻO kekahi noiʻi hou ʻo Angus W. MacDonald III i ʻike i ka hana o ACC mai i kāohi ʻia mai luna o ka mana o lalo, a he hana mau loa ia no ka nānā ʻana i ke kuea i ka wā pane (MacDonald et al., 2000).). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o Kerns i ka hana pili i ka hakakā o ACC e wānana ana i ka hana cortex e pili ana i ka hana nui a me ka hoʻoponopono i ka hanaKerns et al., 2004).). Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻo Matsumoto i ka mana o ka cognitive i mālama ʻia e ka ACC he "hopena" e pili ana i nā hakakā ma waena o nā hoʻolālā evaded a me nā hana pāka (Matsumoto lāua ʻo Tanaka, 2004).). Ua hoʻōla ʻia kahi nui o nā hōʻike hōʻike i nā maʻi he nui e kākoʻo i ka hana nui o ACC i ka hoʻomohala kognitive. Akio Soeda et al. a noiʻi i nā maʻi hōʻeha o ka maʻi traumatic (TBI) a ʻike i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ACC e pili ana me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana cerebral function, e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka kort cortical disinhibition hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale a i ʻole ka uku no ka hana hiki ʻole i ka hoʻomohala ʻokoʻa.Soeda et al., 2005).). Ua ʻike ʻia ka hana maʻamau a ACC i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka maʻi obsitive-compulsive (OCD), nānā deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a me nā maʻi kaumaha kaumaha (MDD; Ursu ​​et al., 2003; Liotti et al., 2005; Murali a me George, 2007).). Ua ʻike ʻia nā haʻawina neuroimaging hou i hoʻololi ʻia o ka ʻACC ma heroin- a me nā poʻe opioid e hilinaʻi nei ma GO / NOGO paradigm (Forman et al., 2004), e kuhikuhi ana i ka ACC he wahi nui i ka pane ʻana i ka pane (Fu et al., 2008).). ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana i cocaine ua hōʻoia i ka hana o ACC ma ka pale kinoKaufman et al., 2003; Goldstein et al., 2007, 2009).). Ma kahi noi no Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka nikotine i hōʻike i nā pae glutamate + glutamine (Glx) i hōʻemi ʻia ma ACC, e hōʻike ana i ka ACC pili i ka mālama cognitive ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hana (Wheelock et al., 2014).). Ma kahi huaʻōlelo, mea nui ka ACC no ka hiki ke mālama pono. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua nā ACC's abnormalities a me disfunction ma IGD. ʻO nā hopena VBM o Zhou et al. hōʻike iā GMV o ACC i hōʻoki i IGD i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mana (Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011).). Nui nā noiʻi ma IGD i hōʻike ʻia i komo ka ACC i ka hoʻomohala kognitive, e like me ka pale pipili, ka nānā ʻana o ka hala ʻana, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hoʻoholo (Dong et al., 2012, 2013a,b).

Panina

Ma kēia noiʻi ʻike mākou i loaʻa nā GMV i hoʻemi ʻia i ka ACC a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka lolo, a me ke ʻano kumu e hoʻololi ʻia ana i ka hana hoʻomohala cognitive, ka mea i kūlike me nā haʻawina kiʻi paʻi ma luna o IGD a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe, e ʻōlelo ana i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o IGD i ka hana pili a me ke ʻano hana neural. i nā keiki'ōpiopio me IGD. Eia kekahi, ʻike mākou i ka helu ACC maikaʻi ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia me nā pane pane incongruent no Stroop paradigm, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike like ʻole i ka poʻe IGD a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka ʻōnaehana o ka ʻōpio i nā wā'ōpiopio.

Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana

Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.

mau hoomaikai ana

Na ZM lāua ʻo KY ke kuleana no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā. Hāʻawi ʻo HW, CJ, XN, GL a me CN i ka loaʻa o ka ʻike MRI. Ua hana ʻo HW, CM a me KY i ka hōʻike ʻike a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hōʻike. Kuhi ʻo HW a me KY i ka kākau ʻōlelo. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻo STM i nā hemahema i loko o ka kalama. Nānā nā mea kākau a pau i ka ʻike a apono ʻia i hope no ka paʻi. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia noiʻi e Nā National Science Foundation o Kina (81371530, 81271546, 81101036).

Nāʻaoʻao hemahema

1. ^ http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/FSLVBM

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Huaʻōlelo: hoʻomāhele honua hana, hina ka manaʻo, ka hoʻomohala cognitive, anterior cingulate cortex, kala-huaʻōlelo stroop

Ka Citation: Wang H, Jin C, Yuan K, Shakir TM, Mao C, Niu X, Niu C, Guo L a me Zhang M (2015) Ka hoʻololi i ka pākuʻu hina hina a me ka mana hoʻomohala i ka poʻe ʻōpio me ka pili ʻana o ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Kākau. Behav. Neurosci. 9: 64. doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2015.00064

Loaa: 15 ʻOkakopa 2014; ʻAe ʻia: 24 Pepeluali 2015;
Kūpono ʻia me ka pūnaewele: 20 Malaki 2015.

Hoʻoponoponoʻia e:

Raymond CK Chan, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, China

Nānā ':

Xun Liu, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, China
Frauke Nees, Pūnaehana o Mental Health, Kelemānia