ʻO ka (pilikia) o ka pāʻani wikiō, hoʻohana waiwai, a me nā pilikia psychosocial i nā'ōpio (2014)

ʻO J Behav Addict. 2014 Sep;3(3):157-65. ^ E Ha yM. doi: 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.013.

VAN Rooij AJ1, Kila DJ2, Griffiths MD3, Kāhea pōkole GW4, Schoenmakers MT1, VAN DE Mheen D5.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

NĀ AIMS:

Ua ʻimi ka noiʻi o kēia manawa i ke ʻano o ka pilikia o ka pāʻani (video addictive) pāʻani wikiō (PVG) a me ka launa pū me ke ʻano pāʻani, ʻona psychosocial, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai.

KANAKA:

I hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi noi pepa a me ka penikala ma ka papa o ka papa. Ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻekolu he mau hoʻohālikelike e hōʻea i kahi helu hoʻohālike o nā ʻōpio ʻokoʻa a 8478. Hoʻokomo nā kaulike i nā ana o ka hoʻohana pāʻani, ʻano pāʻani, ʻāpana like me ka hōʻike Video Video Addiction Test (VAT), ke ʻano haʻahaʻa, ka manaʻo ʻole ʻana iho, ka noho wale ʻana, ka hopohopo kūloko, ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis, ka waiʻona a me ka nicotine (ulaula).

Nā hopena:

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pāʻani pili i ka pilikia he mea maʻamau i waena o nā poʻe ʻōpio'ōpiopio e pāʻani nei i nā pāʻani ma ka pūnaewele. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā keikikāne (60%) e pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma mua o nā kaikamāhine (14%) a ʻo nā mea pāʻani pilikia paha he nui aku i ke keiki kāne (5%) ma mua o nā kaikamahine (1%). Hōʻike nā mea pāʻani pilikia pilikia i nā helu kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ke kaumaha kaumaha, ke minamina, ka hopohopo kūloko, ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO Nikotine, inu ʻawaʻawa, a me ka cannabis e hoʻohana ana i nā keikikāne ua aneane ʻelua manawa e hōʻike i nā PVG kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea hoʻohana ʻole.

NĀ KUMU:

ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻole pili ka pāʻani pūnaewele me nā pilikia. Eia nō naʻe, pāʻani pinepine nā mea pāʻani pilikia i nā pāʻani pūnaewele, a me kahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā mea pāʻani - keikikāne - hōʻike i nā hana psychosocial haʻahaʻa a me nā papa haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hui me ka wai ʻona, nikotine, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis e loaʻa. ʻIke ʻia he pilikia maikaʻi ʻole ka pāʻani pāʻani ʻana no kahi subgroup liʻiliʻi o nā mea pāʻani. Paipai nā mea i loaʻa hou i ka ʻimi hou ʻana i ke kuleana o ka psychoactive i hoʻohana i ka pāʻani pilikia.

KEYWORDS:

Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele; opio opio; waiʻona; make canabis; nāʻauhaʻeha; leona; manaʻo maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole; nā pāʻani pūnaewele; pilikia pāʻani wikiō; ulaula; pōpilikia kūwaho

Introduction

ʻO ka pāʻani pilikia a me ka 'pāʻani hoʻoili pāʻani'

ʻOiai ka huaʻōlelo 'addiction game' a me kona mau unuhi e like me ka koi, hoʻomālamalama, a me ka pilikia pilikia ka manawa maʻamau a me ke hoʻololi pinepine ʻia (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b), ka mana o ka lolo a me ka pono o ka 'game addiction' hou aʻe i kūleʻa ʻole ʻia (Kardefelt-Welther, 2014). Akā, he noi manaʻo no ka Pūnaewele Palekana Pūnaewele i komo i loko o Appendix (Mahele 3) o ka DSM-5 i mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka noiʻi hou aʻe i ke kumuhana (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013; Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia maʻi ma ke ʻano he "[p] ersistent a me ka hana pinepine o ka Pūnaewele e hana i nā pāʻani, pinepine pū me nā mea pāʻani ʻē aʻe, e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻeha ʻana a i ʻole hōʻeha ʻia e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ʻelima (a i ʻole) o kēia mau ʻōlelo a ka mea like i loko o kahi a. 12 ka mahina ʻoi »AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 795).

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hana i kēia manawa ma ka 'pāʻani pāʻani' i alakaʻi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noiʻi ʻana. ʻOiai he mau ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kani, makemake lākou e loaʻa mai kahi ʻano o nā pae hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohana ʻia no ka 'drug use disorder' a me ka 'maʻi piliwaiwai' - ʻo ka mea hope loa ka maʻi maʻi ʻaʻa maʻamau i ka DSM-5 (Griffiths, 2005; Lemmens, Valkenburg & Peter, 2009; Rehbein, Kleimann & Mößle, 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmaker, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2012).). Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia ala, nā noiʻi mai US, Norewani, Kelemānia a me ka Hōlani i hōʻike ai i ka ʻāʻī ʻana i ka pāʻani ʻōpala he 0.6% a 11.9% o nā ʻōpio (Kamahele, 2009; King, Delfabbro & Griffiths, 2012; Mentzoni et al., 2011; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmaker, Vermulst, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2011). ʻO ka hōʻike hōʻuluʻulu ʻana e Ferguson et al. ka hopena o nā koho prevalence ma kahi o 3.1% e pololei loa ana (ʻO Ferguson, Coulson & Barnett, 2011).

Ke nīnau nei e pili ana i ko lākouʻano pāʻani, ka mahele nui o nā mea pāʻani e hōʻike i nā pilikia e kāohi i ko lākou ʻano. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā pilikia me ke ana ʻana, ʻaʻole maopopo i ka nui o kēia mau ʻike i nā mea ʻonaʻaka lē pilikia.Ferguson et al., 2011) i nā heluna olakino a me / a i ʻole nā ​​mea hana pāʻani e unuhi i nā hihia maʻi hiki ke loaʻa i ka pāʻani ʻana. Aia kekahi kumu no ka akahele e like me ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o nā helu o ka maʻi i Netherlands - 411 mea pāʻani i ka mālama mālama mālama maʻi.Wisselink, Kuijpers & Mol, 2013) - hoʻokaʻawale mai ka helu kuhi poʻe ʻōpio Hōlani conservative o 1.5% a 2% (Lemmens et al., 2009; van Rooij et al., 2011). Ke paʻakikī mau ka helehelena inā he liʻiliʻi ʻae i loko o nā maʻi diagnostic. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia nā manaʻo no nā ʻāpana hou.Petry et al., 2014), i kēia manawa ʻaʻole hōʻoia ʻia a loaʻa mai nā kaʻina hana 'koho balota' kūloko. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole kūpono loa nā hana i hōʻoia ʻia me nā koi DSM-5 o kēia manawa (King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar & Griffiths, 2013).

Hoʻonāhu wale nā ​​mea kākau i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka addiction terminology i ka noiʻi noiʻi i kona wā ʻōpiopio. Ka mea, ke kuhikuhi mākou i ka pilikia (wikiō) pāʻani (PVG) i ka noiʻi ʻenehana ʻana i kēia manawa i ka ʻike olakino olakino olakino. ʻO ka PVG ka wehewehe ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike like i loaʻa ka ʻike: (a) i ka nalowale o ka hōʻalo ʻana ma ke ʻano, (b) kue me ka mea ʻole a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, (c) preoccupation me ke pāʻani, (d) ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pāʻani no ka kumu o ke kope ʻana / a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana, a me (e) hoʻihoʻi i nā hōʻailona (van Rooij, 2011; van Rooij et al., 2012). ʻO kēia ke ana helu (e ʻike i nā 'Methods') e kau ai i ka PVG ma kahi dimensional hoʻomau (Helzer, van den Brink & Guth, 2006) a me nā helu o ka nui o ka hoʻopili pūnaewele / pāʻani (Lortie & Guitton, 2013).). ʻO ke wā'ōpiopio ka ʻelele kikoʻī ma kēia noiʻi. He manawa koʻikoʻi kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, he hui makahiki e hāpai koke i ka ʻenehana (pāʻani), a me kahi hui demographic e hōʻike pinepine ʻia nei i nā (ʻikepili) e pili ana i nā pāʻani (ʻO Gross, Juvonen & Gable, 2002; Subrahmanyam, Greenfield, Kraut & Gross, 2001).

ʻO ka hui ma waena o nā pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani pīhoihoi

ʻO pinepine ka PVG e pili pū me nā pāʻani Multiplayer pūnaewele (Fono no ke ʻepekema a me ke olakino lehulehu, 2007; van Rooij, Schoenmaker, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2010). Ua aʻo ʻia kahi haole Kelemania (N = 7761, he mau keikikāne wale nō) i ʻike i nā mea pāʻani i kapa ʻia he 'hilinaʻi' (ʻekolu mau ʻēʻī maʻamau a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ka awelika no kā lākou pāʻoihana pāʻani dependence KFN-CSAS-II) i hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o kā lākou manawa pāʻani e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻOiai ua kūpono kēia mau ʻike i ka noi DSM-5 no ka 'pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele', ʻaʻole hiki i ke koho ma ke kaomi ma nā pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani (smartphone) i ʻole ka lau o ke ʻano ma ka puke (Rehbein & Mößle, 2013). ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana e hoʻokumu i nā pāʻani pīpī, ua wānana nā mea kākau e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona uku, ke ʻano kaiaulu o nā pāʻani pūnaewele, ka pau ʻole (King et al., 2012), a me ka ʻoluʻolu o nā pāʻani pāʻani like ʻole (Kuss, Louws & Wiers, 2012). Hiki i nā kuhiakau ke hana ʻia:

  • Hypothesis (1): Manaʻo nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele i ka mea hiki ke maʻalahi i ka pilikia pilikia (addictive) pāʻani pāʻani wikiō, ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka poʻe e pāʻani ana i ka pāʻani ma waho a me nā pāʻani pāʻani.
  • Hypothesis (2): Manaʻo nā mea pilikia pilikia e hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o ka manawa i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea pāʻani o nā pāʻani ma ke alo a ma ke ʻano.

ʻO ka hana olakino a me ka hana o ke kula

Loaʻa mau nā mea noiʻi i nā pilina ma waena o nā ana o ka PVG a me nā pilikia psychosocial (e hoʻohālike Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen & Yen, 2005; Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij et al., 2011; ʻO Wood, Gupta, Derevensky & Griffiths, 2004). Ua pili pū kekahi o ka hana kula haʻahaʻa me PVG. ʻOiai ke ʻike nei nā pilina ma waena o ka PVG a me nā mea i hoʻemi ʻia i ke olakino psychosocial, ʻaʻole naʻe ko lākou wehewehe ʻana. Pane kekahi mea kākau e manaʻo ʻia paha ʻo PVG e like me ke hōʻike ʻana o kahi pilikia e like me ke kaumaha ʻana a i ke aloha ʻole (e laʻa. Laau wai, 2007). Me kēia i ka noʻonoʻo, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻano kūlana psychosocial i: ʻano kaumaha (Han & Renshaw, 2011; Mentzoni et al., 2011), ʻoe ʻokoʻa (Caplan, Williams & Yee, 2009; van Rooij, Schoen-makers, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2013), ke kaumaha (Cole & Hooley, 2013; Gentile et al., 2011), nā manaʻo maikaʻiʻole (Ko et al., 2005), a me nā hōʻike kūʻokoʻa iā ʻoe iho (Gentile et al., 2011) ma ka poʻe me nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma nā kaulike PVG a me nā mea he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā hihia koʻikoʻi he kūpono ia e like me ka pilina ma waena o ka pāʻani a me nā pilikia psychosocial paha he curvilinear ma ke ʻano, me nā hihia koʻikoʻi e hōʻeha nei (Allahverdi-pour, Bazargan, Farhadinasab & Moeini, 2010; van Rooij et al., 2011). Hāʻawi kēia i nā hypotheses penei:

  • Hypothesis (3): ʻO nā ʻōpio'ōpio i ke pāʻani i ka pāʻani pūnaewele i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka maikaʻi psychosocial ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā mea ʻole e pāʻani nei i nā pāʻani pūnaewele.
  • Hypothesis (4): Nā mea pāʻani pilikia i hōʻike i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka naʻau psychosocial i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā mea pāʻani ʻole pilikia..

Co-hanana hanana ofrisky behorors: inu inu, uahi, a me ka hoʻohana cannabis

ʻO ke wā'ōpiopio ke ʻano hoʻokolohua me nā waiwai ʻelua a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e like me ka pāʻani āpau.Volberg, Gupta, Griffiths, Olason & Delfabbro, 2010; ʻO Winters & Anderson, 2000). Hiki ke nānā aku ʻo PVG i kahi ʻano pōʻino e like me ka hoʻopuni ʻana a pili pū me nā pilikia like ʻole (Rehbein et al., 2010; Sublette & Mullan, 2012). Inā mākou e kiʻi i ka papa i loaʻa i kekahi kanaka kekahi genetic a / a i ʻole predisposition psychological i ka addictive / problematic hoʻohana i kēia e hōʻike iā ia iho i nā hoʻonui o PVG a me ka hoʻohana mea. No ka mea, ʻike like nā hana neurocognitive like ʻole no ka pā pāʻani aiai a me ka hoʻohana waiwai.Goudriaan, Oosterlaan, de Beurs & van den Brink, 2006). ʻO ka mea mua, loaʻa nā mea like neurocognitive me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana no nā PVG pū kekahi (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a). Ua ʻike ʻia ka impulsivity, ma muli o kekahi ʻano hoʻohālike maʻamau e pili ana i nā ʻano pilikia ʻelua (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona) i nā poʻe ʻōpio (Evenden, 1999; Khurana et al., 2013) a nānā pāʻani (Gentile et al., 2011; Pāka, Kim, Bang, Yoon & Cho, 2010; van Holst et al., 2012). Tmaanei he mau wahi kaulike kūpono e pili ana i ka ʻano ʻā aʻe a me nā pilikia wai lāʻau ʻē aʻe i ka ʻōpio (Hawkins, Catalano & Miller, 1992), a he nui, ua aʻo ʻia a loaʻa ʻia no PVG pū kekahi; e like me ka hana o ke kula, pilikia pilikia, hana i nā pilikia, ʻano pilikino, a me nā pilikia nānā (ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2012b).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, he helu maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻohana me kēia mau pilikia e komo paha i ka pāʻani pili ʻana a hoʻohana paha i nā mea waiwai. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka mea iʻike ʻole ʻia e hopena i ka uhi ʻia e like me ka ʻike ʻia, mai ka ʻike ʻana mai ka puke nūpepa ma waena o nā piliona āpau (maʻamau).ʻO Sussman, Lisha & Griffiths, 2011). Hōʻike nā ʻike empirical i ka hana hoʻohui addictive co-hanana. Hoʻopili kēia i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ke ʻano mea e hoʻohana ai a me ka pāʻani kālā (ʻO Fisoun, Floros, Siomos, Geroukalis & Navridis, 2012; Floros, Siomos, Fisoun & Geroukalis, 2013; Griffiths, 2002; Lee, Han, Kim & Renshaw, 2013; Wood et al., 2004), a me ka kamepiula pilikia (game) hoʻohana a me ka hoʻohana mea hoʻohana (ʻO Grüsser, Thalemann, Albrecht & Thalemann, 2005) ai 'ole (Wood et al., 2004). ʻOiai ua pili ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka PVG a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i mua o nā huahana. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike nā haʻawina Kelemānia i nā ʻoihana nui (ʻO Grüsser et al., 2005). Lū mākou i luna o ka nānā ʻana i ka hanana ʻana o ʻelua mau ʻano hana hoʻonaninani: hoʻohana pono ʻia a me PVG.

  • Hypothesis (5): ʻO nā wā'ōpiopio e pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele e hoʻohana i nā mea psychoactive (nicotine, cannabis, alkohol) i kahi pinepine o ka poʻe ʻaʻole e pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele.
  • ʻO ka hypothesis (6): nā mea hoʻohana o nā mea ʻōpio (ʻo nikotine, cannabis, ka waiʻona) ʻoi aku paha ka mea hoʻohana pilikia ma mua o nā mea hoʻohana ʻole.

ʻ studylelo aʻo

Ua hoʻohana nā haʻawina i kēia ʻikepili mai ka nui o ka ʻōpio ʻōpio e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka pāʻani pilikia (addictive) pāʻani. Ua nānā ʻia ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano pāʻani o ka pāʻani, ke olakino psychosocial, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai me ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hana psychosocial, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pili me PVG. Hoʻohālikelike i ka hana mua, hoʻomohala ʻia ka noiʻi o nā manawa a ke kau nei i ka hana i kēia manawa ma o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻikepili nui mua mua e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana a me ka PVG

Nā Papahana

Nā mea komo a me ka hana

Ua hoʻohui ʻia ke aʻo ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo 2009, 2010 a me 2011 o ka haumāna ʻIno Hoʻolālā Hōʻike Hōʻikeʻike makahiki 'Dutch and Youth'. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia nīnū pepa me ka penikala peni i ke koho ʻana i nā kula no ke komo ʻana ma luna o ka ʻāina, urbanization, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao ma Netherlands. Ma 2009, ʻumi mau kula i komo (ua hōʻike ʻia nā nīnau ma 4909), ʻumi mau kula i komo ma 2010 (ua māhele ʻia ʻo 4133) a ua komo nā kula o 13 ma 2011 (ua māhele ʻia ʻo 3756). ʻO ka huina helu pane pane ʻo 83% (n = 4063; 2009), 91% (n = 3745; 2010), a me 84% (n = 3173; 2011). ʻAʻole no ka pane ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā papa āpau e pau ana ma muli o nā pilikia hoʻoluhi kūloko. Me ka wehe ʻole ʻia o kēia mau papa, ʻo ka helu maʻamau o kēlā me kēia papa helu 93% (2009), 93% (2010), a me 92% (2011).

I ke noiʻi nei i hoʻohana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī ma kahi hana cross-sectional a hoʻohui ʻia paha ma luna o ʻekolu mau makahiki; na neʻe ʻia nā hihia ka lōʻihi i loaʻa i kahi kōkuhi me nā mea kū hoʻokahi. No ka mea hoʻohālikelike inā e komo hou kekahi kanaka ma T2, ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i T1, ua kāʻili ʻia kēia hihia mai ka helu aggregate ma 2010 (a hiki paha 2011). Hoʻo ʻia i kēia ʻano hana, ʻo ka helu helu helu ʻikepili hope loa he 8,478 pau. (No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana: van Rooij et al., 2010, 2012, 2011).

Pākuhi

Nā ʻano hoʻohālike Demographic

Nā ʻano hoʻohanohano Demolds pili i ka sex, pae hoʻonaʻauao (haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia nō ke aʻo ʻana ma ka haʻahaʻa a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe paha, ʻo ia hoʻi ma mua o ke kolamu a ʻo ka ʻĀpana aʻo paha) a me ka makahiki ʻona mua aʻo Dutch (a me ka lua, ka ʻakolu, ʻekolu paha, a i ʻole ʻehā makahiki).

Hoʻohana pāʻani

Hoʻohana a me nā hola hebedoma i hoʻopau ʻia i nā pāʻani pūnaewele, pākahi (mākaʻikaʻi) pāʻani, a me nā pāʻani ma waho. Ua wehe ʻia nā ʻano o nā pāʻani he ʻekolu ((ʻili) i nā pāʻani pūnaewele (e laʻa, Call of Duty, World of Warcraft), nā pāʻani manuahi (pākela). freebrowsergames.com), a ma hope o nā pāʻani hāmeʻa (eg Sims 2). Ua loaʻa ka nui o nā hola i kēlā me kēia pule no kēia mau ʻano pāʻani ma ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ʻelua mau nīnau e pili ana i nā lā i kēlā me kēia pule o ka pāʻani (ʻaʻole hoʻi e (aneane no kēlā me kēia lā) a me nā hola o ka pāʻani ma kēlā lā i kēia lā e pāʻani ai lākou (ʻaʻole i 9 + hola). ma ka laina me nā haʻawina mua (van Rooij et al., 2010, 2011). ʻO kēia ka mea i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ma ke ʻano hoʻohana ʻole a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i kahi ʻano kī. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpio i noiʻi ʻia e pāʻani ana i kekahi o nā ʻano pāʻani (N = 6757, 80%). He pāʻani maʻamau nā pāʻani pāʻani; Pāʻani 41% o nā mea pāʻani i ʻelua mau pāʻani pāʻani, ʻoiai 22% o nā mea pāʻani e pāʻani nei i nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā ʻano pāʻani.

Pāʻani pāʻani wikiō hōʻike (VAT). Hoʻohui ka 14-item VAT scale (van Rooij et al., 2012) i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano hana hoʻomohala, me ka: pio o ka hoʻomalu, hakakā, preoccupation / salience, coping / mood modification, a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā hōʻailona. Hōʻike ka VAT i ka hilinaʻi maikaʻi loa i ka kēia manawa (Cronbach's a = 0.93). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona VAT e komo ai: 'ʻEhia mau mea paʻakikī iā ʻoe e hoʻōki i ka pāʻani?' a 'Pehea kou manaʻo e pili ana i ka pāʻani, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ma ka pūnaewele?' a me nā koho pane mai ka 'kore' (kiʻi 0), ʻokoʻa (1), i kekahi manawa (2), i ka pinepine '(3) a me ka' pinepine pinepine '(4) ma ka pae ʻelima mau kikoʻī.

ʻO ka helu awelika ma nā huahana 14 VAT e hōʻike nei i kahi hōʻike o ka hōʻāʻī iki o ka hanana pilikia ākea ma waena o nā mea a pau. Ua helu ʻia ka awelika ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua hapakolu o ke kala, akā 99% o nā helu VAT helu i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ko 13 a i ʻole 14 mau mea. I ka noiʻi o kēia manawa, ʻo ka pahuhopu e nānā i ka hui i kiʻi i ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka VAT. I mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i kēia hui, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā helu pākēneka i ʻelua mau pūʻulu. Ka awelika helu helu 'āpau ma waena mai o ka' ʻaʻohe 'i kekahi manawa, aʻo nā pane no ka hui kekelē mai nā' pinepine 'a' pinepine pinepine '. ʻO kēia pūʻulu hope ka māhele i hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o PVG.

Hoʻohana a hoʻohana ʻole no ka psychoactive substance

ʻO ka inu ʻawaʻawa, ka uahi uila, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis i hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia a hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā lā heʻina (Lanakila a i ka Pōʻalima) a i nā lā pule paha (Pōʻalima a i ke Lāpule) i ka malama hope aku.

Nā ʻano ʻokoʻa psychosocial

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hana me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka noʻonoʻo pono, e nānā ana i ka manaʻo o ka pono iho, ke noho wale ʻana, ka naʻau kaumaha, a me ke kaumaha ʻana. ʻO ka mea mua loa, ʻo Rosenberg's 10-item self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) ua hoʻohana a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia i kēlā me ke kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia e nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa iho nei (Cronbach's a = 0.87). Hāʻawi ʻia nā pane ma kahi ʻaoʻao ʻehā. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka UCLA 10-item Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1980) i hoʻohana ʻia me kahi helu pane ʻelima helu (Cronbach's a = 0.85). ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ka unuhi ʻana Dutch i ka papa inoa 6-item Depressive Mood List (ʻO Engels, Finkenauer, Meeus & Deković, 2001; Kandel & Davies, 1982, 1986) i hoʻohana ʻia, me kahi kiko pane pane 5-point (Cronbach's a = 0.81). ʻO ka hope, ʻo ka Revised Social Anruptcy Scale no nā kamaliʻi (ʻO La Greca & Pōhaku, 1993) subscales Social prevention and distress (a = 0.85, 6 item) a me ka ʻohiʻona olakino a me ke kaumaha i ka laulā nui (a = 0.81, 4 mau mea) i hoʻohana ʻia me kahi pane pane 5-point, ka helu ʻana mai ka ʻina ʻole (1) 'a i ʻole 'nui loa (5)'. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau unuhi i nā noi Holani mua ma mua (van Rooij et al., 2013, 2011). No nā helu ʻehā ʻehā, ʻoi aku ka helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i nā pilikia i hōʻike ʻia a me nā helu pākuʻi ma luna o nā mea āpau ma ka paona i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā loiloi.

Hoʻoikaika hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao. ^ E Ha yM. No ka loiloi (hoʻoikaika ʻana) i ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, nīnau ʻia nā haumāna i kēlā me kēia nīnau: “Pehea ʻoe e hana ai ma ke kula?”, Me nā pane mai kēlā me kēia a maikaʻi loa (1) 'a i ʻole ka maikaʻi' (7).

Nānā

No nā ʻano o nā PVG kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma nā ʻōpiopio Dutch.van Rooij et al., 2011; Verdurmen et al., 2011). ʻOiai ke nānā nei nā hypotheses i ka hui ʻana o kēia mau ʻano, ʻaʻole nā ​​lula hoʻokūkū i koho ʻia no nā ʻano noiʻi a me nā hoʻokolohua crosstab non-parametric i hoʻohana ʻia i kahi e pili ana. No nā hana hoʻomau, hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūʻokoʻa hiʻona t-test, kahi hopena o ka nui o Cohen d o> 0.2 ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he hopena liʻiliʻi,> 0.5 ma ke ʻano waena, a>> 0.8 ka nui (Cohen, 1992).

nā mea pono

ʻO nā kaʻina loiloi i hana ʻia e like me ka Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Helsinki. No ke kumuhana pili, ʻaʻohe koi kūlike i waho e koi ʻia ma lalo o ke kānāwai Dutch. Loaʻa i nā keiki a me nā mākua ke hōʻole i ke komo ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa me kahi hopena ʻole.

Results

Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona

Hoʻomomo ka lāʻau hoʻohālike i nā haumāna mai ke kula haʻahaʻa Holani makahiki a hoʻokahi makahiki (43%) a me ʻelua makahiki (32%). Ua hui pū ʻia nā makahiki ʻekolu a ʻehā (25%) no ka mea he makahiki ʻehā paha hapa o nā poʻe pane. ʻO ka makahiki i ka makahiki mua he 13.2 mau makahiki ma ka maʻamau, 14.3 i ka lua o ka makahiki, a ʻo 15.5 i ke kolu o ka makahiki / ʻehā. ʻO ka hapanui o nā makahiki pane pane 14.2 (SD = 1.1). Hoʻokahi nā keikikāne iā 49% o ka laʻana, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻona hoʻonaʻauao ma mua o ke kolamu mua / kulanui (kiʻekiʻe) aʻo (59%) a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa aʻo mua (haʻahaʻa) (41%).

ʻO nā hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele a me ke koena o ka hoʻohālike

1 Pūnaewele hoʻolako ka ʻike ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele a me ke koena o ka laʻana (ʻaʻohe mea pāʻani online) no kekahi mau hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike nui. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loaʻa ʻana ka ʻoi aku o nā keikikāne ma mua o 4.4 mau manawa ma mua o nā kaikamahine he mau mea pāʻani online (Relative Risk a RR paha). ʻO ka lua, ʻoi aku ka poʻe o nā makahiki haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (nā haumāna ʻōpio) mua o nā makahiki haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele (39% i ka makahiki mua a me 31% i ka makahiki ʻekolu. ʻOiai kahi hopena liʻiliʻi i loaʻa nō hoʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cannabis (RR = 1.25), ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokō i ka pono no ka ʻike nui. Loaʻa nā mea pāʻani o ka pūnaewele ma mua o ka helu ʻana ma mua o nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele ʻole ma ke ana o ka PVG (ʻo Cohen's d = 0.79). Aia kekahi mau nāwaliwali (Cohen's d <0.20) hōʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka naʻau depressive i nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manaʻo iā ʻoe iho ma mua o nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele ʻole. Hōʻike ka hopena o nā hopena nāwaliwali i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mehameha, ka hopohopo pili kaiāulu i nā hanana hou, a me nā hana kula i hōʻike ʻia e nā haumāna pūnaewele.

1 Pūnaewele. 

ʻO nā Demologics a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea no nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele ʻole (hapa o ka hoʻohālike)

ʻO ka pāʻani pilikia me nā huakaʻi hypothesized

Hoʻokomo ka haʻalulu i ka hana nui i ka pāʻani: maʻamau ka pāʻani o nā keikikāne i nā manawa lōʻihi a nui pinepine. Nā hopena mai 1 Pūnaewele Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo no ka pāʻani pūnaewele, kahi e pili pū me ka PVG a me ka wahine. No laila, nā mea i loaʻa i 2 Pūnaewele ua māhele ʻia e ka wahine. As 2 Pūnaewele aia nā mea pane i hoʻopiha i ka papa inoa VAT, hiki ke kaʻi ʻia e nā mea pāʻani ʻole, ua loaʻa i ka papaʻaina nā hopena no ka loiloi a gamer.

2 Pūnaewele. 

Lilo i ka hoʻohana a me nā demographics i kū'ē i nā pāʻani wikiō Hoʻomaʻamaʻa hōʻike pāʻani wikiō

No nā keikikāne, ʻo nā mea pāʻani e pāʻani nei i nā pāʻani pūnaewele i aneane ʻehā paha eʻoi aku ka nui ma ka PVG ma mua o nā mea pāʻani pūnaewele ʻole (RR = 3.84). ʻAʻohe mea i loaʻa i ka ʻano o nā pāʻani pākahi a me waho. No kēlā mau ʻano mea hoʻohana ʻekolu, ua loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa: ʻo ka poʻe e inu ʻawaʻawa (RR = 1.9), i nā mea ulaula (RR = 1.8), a i ʻole hoʻohana manuahi (RR = 2.4) i mau manawa ʻelua mau manawa iʻoi aku ka helu ma mua o PVG. Ma ke kaulike mau, ua ʻike ʻia ka pūʻulu gamer pilikia pilikia e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa i ka wā e pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani pūnaewele (ka hopena nui, Cohen's d = 0.97), ʻoi aku ka manawa o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani waho pūnaewele (hopena hopena, Cohen's d = 0.49), a ʻoi aku ka manawa o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani pāʻani (ʻoi aku ka hopena liʻiliʻi, Cohen's d = 0.31). ʻO ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i nā pāʻani online, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa ma ka awelika, me nā hola 23 no nā mea pāʻani pilikia pilikia, a ʻo 11 mau hola i hoʻopau ʻia ma nā pāʻani ma waho a me nā hola 4 ma nā pāʻani pāʻani. Ua loaʻa pū ʻia ke pūʻulu pāʻani pāʻani kāne kāne pūpiopio kiʻekiʻe e helu i lalo ma ka palupona psychosocial; ua loaʻa ka hopena nui no ka piʻi nui ʻana i ke kaumaha, nā hopena me i ʻike ʻia no ka minamina i ka hopohopo, ka hopohopo pāpila (generalised a me nā kūlana hou), kūʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo maikaʻi, a me ka hopena haʻahaʻa no ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Ma waena o nā kaikamahine, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pilikia pilikia ma mua o nā kāne i 1.3% o nā wahine wahine (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 4.8% o nā keikikāne i kiʻi ʻia ma PVG). ʻO ka hopena, nā helu kūʻokoʻa i 2 Pūnaewele no ka haʻahaʻa o nā kaikamahine, me ka nui o 30 i ka hui pilikia. Mālama kēia palapala i ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kuea Chi-square kuea, kahi e loaʻa ai i kekahi o nā keena i ʻike ʻia ma lalo o 10 mau hihia a ʻo kekahi mau helu i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka pūnaewele i lalo o ʻelima. Eia nō naʻe - a like me nā keikikāne - manaʻo paha nā kaikamahine pāʻani pūnaewele i nā kiʻekiʻe ma luna o PVG (RR = 20.0). ʻO nā mea hoʻohana cannabis wahine (RR = 3.3) a me nā mea inu ʻona (RR = 9.0) me he mea lā he poʻe pāʻani pilikia lākou. ʻO ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia ma nā pāʻani pūnaewele a offline hoʻi i ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka hui pilikia o nā wahine pāʻani wahine, me ka nui o ka hopena ikaika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka awelika o ka manawa o kēlā me kēia pule e nā kaikamahine e like me ka haʻahaʻa no nā pāʻani pūnaewele, me ka awelika o 14 mau hola i kēlā me kēia pule. Eia hou, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hui pilikia nui ma nā ʻōuli a pau o ke olakino psychosocial: ua loaʻa nā hopena ikaika no ke ʻano depressive a me ka hopohopo lehulehu maʻamau, a me nā hopena waena no ka mehameha, manaʻo pilikino maikaʻi ʻole, hopohopo pili kaiāulu i nā hanana hou, a hoʻemi i ka hana o ke kula.

kūkākūkā

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia mau ʻikepili nui i ʻike ʻia (N = 8,478) e aʻo i nā pilikia pilikia (addictive) i ke pāʻani i ka wā ʻōpio'ōpio. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pāʻani pili ʻana i ka maʻi maʻamau ma waena o nā mea pāʻani ʻōpio'ōpio e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani pāʻani online. ʻO nā mea pāʻani i pāʻani i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ua aneane ʻehā paha e piʻi i kiʻekiʻe ma ke ana o ka PVG. Ua hana nui ʻo Gender ma nā pāʻani like ʻole a me PVG: mau keiki kāne (60%) ʻoi aʻe ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma mua o nā kaikamāhine (14%) a ʻo nā mea pāʻani pilikia paha he nui ke mau keikikāne (5%) ma mua o nā kaikamahine (1%). ʻOiai ʻoi ka poʻe o ka poʻe pilikia pilikia i hoʻolilo i ka manawa ma nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā ʻano pāʻani, ua hōʻike ke pāʻani pūnaewele me ka nui o nā hola kiʻekiʻe (mau hola 23 i hoʻokahi pule) a me ka nui o ka hopena kiʻekiʻe (Cohen's d = 0.97) no nā mea pāʻani kāne kāne pilikia pilikia kiʻekiʻe.

Ma mua o ke keikikāne, kaikaina iki, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka PVG, ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā mea pāʻani multiplayer pūnaewele a me ke koena o ka laʻana. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻonui i ka psychoactive hoʻohana pono a ʻaʻohe (nui) hoʻonui i nā pilikia psychosocial i loaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ua pili ka PVG kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a me nā pilikia psychosocial no nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine. ʻO ka Nicotine, ka wai ʻona, a me ka cannabis e hoʻohana ana i nā keikikāne he ʻelua mau manawa a ʻoi paha e hōʻike i ka PVG kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hui PVG kiʻekiʻe o nā kaikamahine ua liʻiliʻi loa i ka manaʻo paʻa (n = 30). No laila, aia kekahi mau hōʻailona e hōʻike pinepine nā kaikamahine psychoactive-hoʻohana i nā kaikamahine, kikoʻī i ka waiʻona a me ka cannabis, ma luna o ka PVG pinepine, akā pono ʻia ka akahele me ka wehewehe ʻana ma muli o ka nui o ka hui. Pono pono e hoʻomaopopo pono i kēia hui, a makemake paha kahi noiʻi e hiki mai ana e ʻimi iā PVG i nā kaikamahine. ʻO nā mea pāʻani pilikia nui - nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine - hōʻike i ka hoʻonui i ka naʻau kaumaha (ka hopena nui), ka mehameha, ka hopohopo kaiāulu (nā kūlana maʻamau a me nā hanana hou), ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, a me nā hana o ke kula haʻahaʻa i hōʻike.

Ua like me nā mea i loaʻa i kēia manawa me ka leka uila o mua a hoʻonui i ka paʻakai o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai a me ka PVG. Kākoʻo ʻia ka hana o nā pāʻani Multiplayer pūnaewele i ʻike ʻia ma ʻaneʻi e nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe (Fono no ke ʻepekema a me ke olakino lehulehu, 2007; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij et al., 2010). Hoʻoikaika, ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻike e noiʻi e pili ana nā noiʻi i nā loiloi a me nā ʻano i ʻike ʻia i kēia mau pāʻani online a hoʻonui i ko lākou hiki ke hoʻohui. Hoʻomaopopo wale ka DSM-5 i ka pūnaewele (online) i ka pāʻani. Hoʻohālikelike i kekahi ʻano pāʻani kikoʻī kekahi ʻoihana mua i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi. ʻOiai ke ʻike nei nā pāʻani pūnaewele i mea paʻakikī loa, e pāʻani ana nā pāʻani ʻana i nā ʻano pāʻani like ʻole (63% o nā mea pāʻani e pāʻani nei i ʻelua mau ʻano heʻumi paha. Ma ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pūnaewele e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻano pilikia.Griffiths, King & Demetrovics, 2014).

ʻOiai ua hana ʻia nā liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka pilina kūikawā ma waena o PVG a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka psychoactive substance, ʻike ʻia nā hopena i nā hopena ma ka pili o ka palaka. Ua ʻike ʻo Griffiths a me Sutherland i ko ka poʻe ʻōpio ʻōpio (11-16 mau makahiki he nui) i ʻoi aku ka inu ʻawaʻawa, inu i ka ulaula, a lawe i nā lāʻau lapaʻau (a hewa).ʻO Griffiths, Parke & Wood, 2002; ʻO Griffiths & Sutherland, 1998). Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā lā kiʻekiʻe PVG a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea i like me nā mea like, ʻaʻole e like me nā hana Kelemania mua (ʻO Grüsser et al., 2005). Hiki i kā mākou mau ʻike ke loaʻa i ke kākoʻo no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kahi haʻahaʻa i lalo o nā ʻano ʻōpio 'addictive' e hoʻopau ana i nā ʻōpio i nā ʻano ʻelua o ka hanana ʻalāHawkins et al., 1992; Shaffer et al., 2004).

Ua loaʻa kahi pilina ma waena o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke olakino psychosocial, hana haʻahaʻa kula, a me PVG kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke ʻano kaumaha, ka hopohopo kaiāulu, ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, ka mehameha, a me nā hana a ke kula i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka hui PVG kiʻekiʻe - no nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine. ^ E Ha yM. ʻOiai kēia mau ʻike i kūpono i ka puke paʻi, hāʻawi lākou i kahi hōʻike e hōʻike ana ka pūʻulu o nā mea pāʻani hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe i nā pilikia ma mua o ka mōʻī PVG ponoʻī iho. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia ʻikepili i kēia manawa i kahi ala cross-sectional e ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike inā he mau kumu kēia i ke kumu a he hopena paha o PVG. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ka ʻatikala ʻana paha. ʻO ka mea mua, aia kekahi mau hōʻike e pili ana i nā keiki me nā pilikia psychosocial ʻē aʻe, e like me ke hopohopo kūloko, makemake i nā pilina pilikino pūnaewele.ʻO Valkenburg & Peter, 2011). ʻO ka lua, he papa ʻelua mau haʻawina neʻe i waena o nā mea pāʻani ʻo 543 Dutch.Lemmens, Valkenburg & Peter, 2011) hōʻike i ka hoʻokūkū kūwaho, hoʻopaʻa i ka poʻe, a me ke kaona kahi mau wanana i nā hoʻololi i PVG (me ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena), ʻoiai ke kaawale kekahi hopena. Ua hōʻike kekahi like noiʻi ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea pāʻani, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka nui o ka impulsivity he mau pilikia no ka PVG ʻoiai ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, hopohopo, phobia, a me ka haʻahaʻa kula haʻahaʻa e like me ka hopena.Gentile et al., 2011).

ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka ʻāpana nui, i hoʻohui ʻia i kahi ikaika o kēia noiʻi. Eia nō naʻe, aia nō kekahi noiʻi i kekahi mau palena. ʻO ka mea mua, ua mahele ʻia nā ʻano pāʻani pāʻani i ʻekolu ʻāpana. Ua hana kēia i ka ʻano kūpono me ka noiʻi o mua i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia ʻokoʻa.van Rooij et al., 2010), akā ua lilo nā kikoʻī e like me ke ʻano o ka pāʻani (Elliott, Golub, Ream & Dunlap, 2012; Ghuman & Griffiths, 2012). ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke ana no ka PVG e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūʻulu pilikia haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻo ka helu ʻoki ʻia, ʻoiai ke kūpaʻa, hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa (van Rooij et al., 2011). No ka mea, i ke ʻano haʻahaʻa o kekahi mau hanana i manaʻo ʻia e mākou, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoponopono i nā loiloi no nā hopena clustering hopena (ma o ka papa a i ʻole ka makahiki). ʻO ka hope loa, hōʻike pilikino ka ʻikepili i kēia noiʻi. Hiki paha ke noiʻi i ka wā e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hopena hopena waho waho, e like me nā māka a i ʻole ka polokalamu e pili ana i ka polokalamu kūpono e ʻike ai (ʻO Griffiths & Whitty, 2010).

Ma ka hopena, hoʻohana ka haʻawina i kēia manawa he nui no ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā noiʻi noiʻi o ʻekolu mau hiʻohiʻona o ka pāʻani pilikia (addictive) pāʻani: ka hana o ke ʻano o ke ʻano pāʻani, ʻoki kino, a me ke olakino psychosocial. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi i kahi kiʻi i kāwili ʻia. ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻole pili ʻole o ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka pili. ʻO kekahi, aia kekahi mau hōʻailona palupalu ke pili me kahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka naʻau a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike pono iā ʻoe iho. Eia nō naʻe, ke hōʻike pinepine nei nā pāʻani pūnaewele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilikia me, a hōʻike nā mea pilikia i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hana psychosocial a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hui me ka waiʻona, Nikoline, a me ka hoʻohana cannabis i loaʻa no nā keikikāne. ʻIke ʻia nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei i ka ʻike mua ʻana i ka hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mana psychoactive i loko o ka PVG a hōʻike ʻia paha he hoʻomaka paha ke nānā ʻole i ke kuleana o nā pāʻani ʻole pūnaewele i ke aʻo ʻana o ka 'Internet Gaming Disorder'.

ʻO nā kumuwaiwai kālā

Ma ke ʻano o ka noiʻi i kēia manawa ua hoʻolauna ʻia e kahi huakaʻi huakaʻi (#31200010) i loaʻa ma o ka Netherlands Netherlands for Health Research and Development (ZonMw).

ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana

Ua kākau ka mea kākau mua i nā papa hana mua, hōʻiliʻili a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻike. Ua hoʻopili pololei nā mea kākau ʻehā mua i ka ʻikepili ʻike. Hoʻopuka ka mea kākau a pau i ka kākau ʻana a kūkā ʻana i nā kākau.

Kōkua hihia

'A'ohe.

'Ōlelo hōʻeia

Mahalo nā mea kākau i nā ʻoihana aʻe no ke kālā ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili o ka Monitor Study 'Internet and Youth': Netherlands Organization for Health Research & Development (ZonMw, papahana no 31160208), Kennisnet Foundation, Tactus Addiction Care, a me Volksbond Foundation Rotterdam. Eia kekahi, mahalo mākou i ka mea heluhelu kūʻokoʻa ʻo Edwin Szeto no kāna mau hāʻawi.

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