Nā Manaʻo: Hōʻike hou aʻe e hōʻiliʻili nei no ka "Addent Addiction". I kēia hoʻopaʻa ʻana 18% o nā haumāna o ke koleke i hālāwai me nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ka hōʻalo pūnaewele. Ua manaʻo nā mea kākau i ka hoʻowahāwahā Interent i hoʻokumu i nā ʻano maʻi, e like me ka hopohopo, OCD a me ke kaumaha.
J Res Med Sci. 2011 Jun;16(6):793-800.
Hoʻokaʻaʻike i ke aʻo ʻana holoʻokoʻa
Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M.
kahi
Management and Medical Informatics Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
KEKAHI:
He pilikia ulana ʻo ka pūnaewele he ʻano interdisciplinary ʻano a ua aʻo ʻia mai nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kamepiula, pāpālina, kānāwai, ʻatikala, a me ka psychology. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e hoʻoholo i ka hui o nā hōʻailona psychiatric me ka hoʻohui honua ma ka manawa e kāohi ana i nā hopena o ka wā o ka makahiki, ka wahine, ke kūlana wahine, a me ka pae hoʻonaʻauao. He hypothesized, kēlā me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka addiction pūnaewele e pili pū me nā hōʻailona psychiatric a ua hoʻopili kūikawā ʻia me nā hōʻailona maʻi obsessive-compulsive.
KANAKA:
I loko o kahi noiʻi ʻāpana, ua koho koho ʻia he heluna nui o nā haumāna 250 mai nā kula ʻo Isfahan. Ua pau nā kumuhana i ka nīnau nīnau kanaka, ka nīnau nīnau Young Diagnostic (YDQ) a me ka papa inoa hōʻike hōʻike-90-hoʻoponopono (SCL-90-R). Ua kālailai ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano regression logistic he nui.
Nā hopena:
Aia kahi hui ma waena o nā hōʻailona psychiatric e like me ka somatization, ka naʻau, ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, ke kaumaha, phobias, a me ka psychosis me ka weheʻole o paranoia; a me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i ka wā e pili ana i ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana, ke kūlana male, a me nā ʻano o nā kula.
NĀ KUMU:
Loaʻa kahi pakeneka nui o nā ʻōpio o ka heluna i nā hopena maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele. Pono e pono i nā psychiatrists a me nā psychologists e hoʻomaopopo i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka addiction pūnaewele.
Huaʻōlelo: Hoʻohui Pūnaewele, Nā Pūnaewele, Nā ʻIkikino Psychiatric
I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hūnā ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina me ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele. I 2009, ua hōʻike ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele o Iran me 32 miliona mau kānaka i hele ma ka pūnaewele.1 ʻO kahi helu kēia kahi hōʻailona o ke koʻikoʻi o kēia pilikia i ke ola o nā Iranians i kēia lā. Me ka maʻalahi o ka mea i lilo, ua lilo ka Pūnaewele i wahi hoʻohui i ko mākou ola.
Pākuʻi nā mea akamai, nā poʻe ʻomaʻomaʻi a me nā loea hoʻonaʻauao i nā hopena paha o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me nā pilikia pili kino a me ka noʻonoʻo.2-5 ʻO ka poʻe e nalowale i ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou mau hana i ke ola, a ma ka nui, ua hoʻopau lākou i nā hola 38 i hoʻokahi hebedoma ma kahi hebedoma, e manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻoili pūnaewele. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele he ʻano lohi mana kīnā ʻole i komo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lāʻau ʻonaʻono a ua like like ia me ka papaʻa pathological.4
He pilikia ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele a me nā haʻawina he nui i noʻonoʻo i kēia pilikia. Hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i kēia mau makahiki. Me nā pono āpau e lawe mai ana i ka Pūnaewele, ʻike ʻia nā pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pūnaewele maʻamau. He pono pili i ka piliona a me nāʻike ʻepekema e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, kamepiula, sosiology, kānāwai, ethics a me psychology ua loiloi ʻia mai nā manaʻo like ʻole.6
Ke hōʻike nei ka nui o nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli ma ka Pūnaewele ʻo ka hoʻowalewale pūnaewele kahi maʻi psychosocial a ʻo kāna mau ʻano penei: ke ahonui, haʻalele i nā ʻōuli, nā maʻi ʻeha, a me nā pilikia i ka pilina pili. Hoʻokumu ka hoʻohana pūnaewele i ka psychological, social, school a me / a i ʻole nā pilikia hana i ke ola o ke kanaka.7 He ʻumikumamāwalu pākēneka o nā haumāna i manaʻo ʻia e lilo i mau mea hoʻohana pūnaewele pathological, ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka haʻawina, a me nā lehulehu.8 Hiki i ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻikepili pūnaewele ke hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo, ka hopena o ka hiamoeʻuʻuku, kaʻaiʻoleʻana no nā wā lōʻihi, a me ka hana maʻamau, hiki paha i ka mea hoʻohana ke loaʻa nā pilikia o ka maʻi kino a me ke kino. hopohopo.4
Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia me ka pilikia subjective, hana ʻole ka hana a me nā maʻi psychiatric Axis I.9 Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he nui i waena o nā hoʻohui a me nā hōʻailona psychiatric, e like me ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, ke kaumaha, ka makeʻe ʻana, ka pono o ka pono, a me nā mea ʻōpio.10-12
ʻO ke kaumaha ka mea maʻamau i hōʻike pinepine ʻia e ka maʻi psychiatric i pili me ka overuse pūnaewele.10,13-15 Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili pono ʻia ka helu kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻike honua kiʻekiʻe.16
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi Iranian e lilo nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻokoʻa i ko lākou kuleana i ke kaiāulu a me ko lākou kaiāulu, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nohona. Kuhi pinepine lākou ʻaʻole ma ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hana, a he liʻiliʻi ko lākou kākoʻo a me ka haʻahaʻa.6
ʻOiai ka mea i hōʻike nui ʻia e nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i ka pili o ka hoʻohui honua a me nā hōʻailona psychiatric e like me ke kaumaha, he nui wale nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā hōʻailona psychiatric e like me somatization, psychosis a me ka hoʻohui honua. Ua kue kūkaʻi nā mea noiʻi mua a ua palena iki kā lākou ʻike.17
Pono e ʻike i ke ʻano hoʻohana o ka Pūnaewele, e nānā i ka hui ma waena o ka hoʻohui pūnaewele a me nā hōʻailona psychiatric a e ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona noʻonoʻo o ka addiction pūnaewele. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e hoʻoholo i ka hui o nā hōʻailona o ka psychiatric me ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele me ka pale ʻana i nā hopena o nā loli demographic e like me ka makahiki, ka wahine, ke kūlana mare, a me nā pae hoʻonaʻauao. He hypothesized ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele me nā hōʻailona psychiatric a ua hoʻopili kūikawā ʻia me nā maʻi obsessive-compulsive (OCD).
Nā Papahana
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻolālā cross-sectional i kēia noiʻi ʻana. Kahi a pau i ka sampling stratified, ka huina nui o nā haumāna 250 i koho maʻalahi ʻia mai nā ʻekepili ʻehā e like me Isfahan University, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University a Isfahan University of Technology. ʻO nā haumāna ka poʻe i hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele ma kahi o hoʻokahi hebedoma i hala ma mua o nā mahina 6 i hala ma ko lākou home, kula, hale waihona puke, ka waʻa ʻona, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.
No ke ana ʻana i ka pae o ka addiction pūnaewele, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi mana kūpono a me ka hilinaʻi Persian o ka Young Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ), ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ʻo Young Internet Addiction (IAT), a ua hana pū ʻia he ninaninau e pili ana i ka helu DSM-IV-TR no ka hoʻopukapuka hoʻokele lula. (ICD) a ʻaʻole i hoʻoholoʻia i kahi koho (NOS).
Ua unuhi ʻia ʻo YDQ nona nā nīnau ʻewalu 'ʻae' a i ʻole 'ʻole' i Farsi. Ua komo i loko o nā nīnau i hoʻohui ʻia i kēia mau ʻaoʻao o ka hoʻohuoi: preoccupation me ka Pūnaewele, ke ahonui (kahi pono e hoʻonui i ka manawa ma ka Pūnaewele e loaʻa ai ka ʻoluʻolu), hiki ʻole ke hōʻoki a hoʻopau paha i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Pūnaewele, hoʻolilo i ka manawa ma ka pūnaewele ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. , nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka pilina kanaka, ka naʻau a i ʻole nā ʻano hana o ke ola, wahaheʻe e hūnā i ka nui maoli o ka hoʻohana Pūnaewele, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele e like me ka hoʻāʻo e pakele i nā pilikia. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā kumuhana 'addict' ke pane ʻana i ka "ʻae" i ʻelima a ʻoi paha o nā nīnau ma kahi o 6 mau mahina. ʻO nā mea pane i pane 'ʻae' i nā nīnau 1 a 5 a ma ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi o nā nīnau ʻekolu i koe ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka ʻehaʻeha ʻana mai ka hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele. ʻO ka hilinaʻi hapa hapalua o YDQ ʻo 0.729 a ʻo ka alpha o Cronbach ʻo 0.713.18 Ua koho mākou i ka YDQ i hoʻololi ʻia e Beard he mau ʻōpū maʻi ʻewalu o ka YDQ e loiloi i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele.7 I kā mākou noi ʻana, he hilinaʻi alpha Cronbach o 0.71 a me ka P-waiwai o ka hoʻāʻo hou ma hope o 2 mau pule he 0.82.19
ʻO IAT kahi hōʻike pilikino 20-item me kahi kikoʻī 5-point, ka hoʻokumu ʻana ma muli o ka papa inoa o ka diagnostic DSM-IV no ka hoʻokūkū paʻakikī a me ka waiʻona. Aia nā nīnau i hōʻike i nā ʻano maʻamau o nā mea pili i ka hake. ʻO ka IAT ka papa inoa e pili ana: ka hana maʻa e pili ana i ka pūnaewele a i ʻole ke kamaʻilio ʻana, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā hōʻailona, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ka lohi ʻana i ka hana kula, ka haʻalele ʻana o ka ʻohana a me ke kula, nā pilikia pili pilikino, nā pilikia hana, pilikia olakino, a me nā pilikia noʻonoʻo. Ma ka uha o ka hoʻohui i hoʻoili ʻia e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana 20-49, 50-79, a me nā hōʻike 80-100 e like me ka maʻamau, maʻalahi, a paʻakikī.20 I ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi mana Persian o IAT i loaʻa kahi hilinaʻi alpha Cronbach o 0.89 a me ka P-waiwai o ka hoʻāʻo ho'āʻo ma hope o 2 mau pule he 0.68.21
Hōʻike Symtom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) he multidimensional hoʻowalewale hōʻike hōʻike pilikino, hoʻomohala ʻia e Derogatis et al., A me kāna neʻeneʻa kūhelu Iranian standard maʻamau22 ua hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia hoʻopaʻa haʻawina. Aia nā SCL-90-R i nā nīnau he 90 i ka huina, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻeiwa mau ʻōuli ʻōuli: somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitive, depression, hopohopo, inaina, hopohopo phobic, paranoid ideation a me psychoticism. Aia kēlā me kēia nīnau i kekahi o nā hōʻailona psychological i loko o Likert spectrum mai '1 = ʻaʻohe pilikia' a '5 = koʻikoʻi loa' e wehewehe i ka nui o nā ʻōuli a lākou i ʻike ai i nā pule he 2 i hala. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻeiwa i loko o ʻekolu mau papa kuhikuhipuʻuone e like me "index severity index" e hōʻike ana i ka nui a i ʻole ka hohonu o ka haunaele psychiatric i kēia manawa, "total gejala maikaʻi" e hōʻike ana i ka helu o nā nīnau i helu ʻia ma luna o ka helu 1, a me "index positive depressant index" e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o nā ʻōuli. I kēia noi ʻana, ʻo ka mana ʻIlani o SCL-90-R i loaʻa kahi hilinaʻi alpha Cronbach o 0.95 a me ka hilinaʻi hapa-hapa 0.88.
Kūkulu nā ninaninau ma nā kuhikuhi DSM-IV-TR no kahi maʻi ʻeha luhi (ICD) ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia (NOS). Hana ʻia lākou e kahi psychiatrist i aʻo i ka ICD (ʻeha a me nā maʻi) kūikawā i ka maʻi addict pūnaewele.
Kuhi ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18.0. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā helu wehewehe e hōʻike i ka demograpics a me nā ʻano o nā hōʻailona psychiatric e pili ana i ka ʻike. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohui pūnaewele ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi loiloi loiloi.
Results
Ua komo he ʻelua haumāna a me kanalima nā haumāna no kēia haʻawina hoʻi. ʻO ko lākou mau makahiki mai ka 19 a i 30 mau makahiki me ka nui o 22.5 ± 2.6 mau makahiki (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ± SD). Ma waho o lākou 155 (62%) he kāne; ʻO 223 (89.2%) he male male a 202 (80.8%) he mau haumāna liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā helu maʻamau o nā lā a me nā manawa e hoʻohana ai i ka Pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia pule he 2.1 ± 1.1 a me 2.2 ± 1.1, ma kēlā 1 Pūnaewele hōʻuluʻulu ʻia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā haumāna e pili ana i kā lākou maʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele.
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Kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā haumāna e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele
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Nā hōʻailona psychiatric e like me ka somatization, hoʻonaninani, hopohopo, hopohopo, hōʻeha, phobias, psychosis koe wale nō iā paranoia me ka nānā ʻana i ka pili o ka hoʻohui honua ʻana i ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ke kūlana male, a me nā ʻano o nā kula. 2 Pūnaewele hōʻuluʻulu i ka hopena o ka nui o ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻenehana psychiatric ʻokoʻa e pili ana iā OR (95% CI).
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ʻO ka hui o nā hōʻailona psychiatric me ka Addiction Pūnaewele (nā hualoaʻa o nā loiloi logistic nui)
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kūkākūkā
Wahi a kā mākou ʻike, pili nui nā haumāna kāne i ka Pūnaewele ma mua o nā wahine. ʻO ka pilikia o ka hoʻoili pūnaewele ma ke kāne he mea e pili ana i nā manawa 3 ma mua o nā wahine. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi e pili ai i ka male ma ke ʻano o nā mea pili i ka pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina ʻē aʻe i ka ʻoi ʻana o nā kāne ʻōpio i loaʻa ka ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka hoʻohui pūnaewele.14,23-27
I loko nō naʻe o kēia mau mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe mau noiʻina i pili i kahi pilina ma waena o ka wahine a me ke kolohe pūnaewele.28-29 akā ua loaʻa iā Young i kahi nui o nā wahine i hilinaʻi ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele.4 ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka ʻimi i hopena ai nā hopena o nā moʻomeheu moʻokalaleo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele.
ʻIke mākou ua loaʻa nā mea pono ma ka Pūnaewele i nā maʻi psychiatric co-morbid. ʻO ia ka mea a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele e lawe pū me ia i nā mensions like ʻole o nā hōʻailona psychiatric, ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka loaʻa ʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kūlana olakino o ka ʻōpio. Hoʻopili kēia mau ʻike i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe a kākoʻo i nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma mua.30-31
Ua hoʻoholo nā nui he nui o ka preoccupation me ka hoʻohana pūnaewele e hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia psychiatric; Loaʻa i nā mea ponoʻī pūnaewele ma ka naʻau a me ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo, e like me ke kaumaha, hopohopo a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO Nathan et al. i ʻōlelo ʻia he pilikia pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele me ka ʻehaʻeha kumuhana, hana hoʻopiʻi a me nā maʻi psychiatric Axis I, a ma kahi 86% o nā hihia IAD ua hōʻike pū ʻia me kekahi mau maʻi DSM-IV.9,32 ʻO nā maʻi obsitive-compulsive ka mea e ʻike ai ka pili ʻana i nā moʻokū ʻelua ma nā mea pili i nā Pūnaewele.33
Whang et al. ua loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka pae o ka pono o ka Pūnaewele a me nā ʻāina noʻonoʻo kino e like me ke kaona, ke kaumaha, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa.16 Ha et al. Hōʻike i ka hana hoʻopili pūnaewele me ka nui o ke pili me nā mea i kaumaha a me ka nānāʻana.12 van den Eijnden et al. hōʻike ʻoi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻelele koke a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā lumi kamaʻilio e pili pono ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ponoʻī ma hope o nā mahina 6.34
Yen et al. ua hōʻike ʻo pili pono pū kekahi pūnaewele me nā hōʻailona o ADHD a me nā pilikia kaumaha. Eia nō naʻe, pili ka hoʻonāukiuki me ka hoʻohui honua ma nā kāne wale nō, a ʻo ADHD wale nō a me nā hōʻailona kaumaha ua pili i ka addiction pūnaewele i nā haumāna wahine. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hui ma waena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele a me ke kaumaha i nā ʻohana ʻelua.13 Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i ka correlation maikaʻi ma waena o ka hana nui o ka Pūnaewele a me nā ʻino maikaʻiʻole (e like me ka hopohopo, ke kaumaha a me ka luhi).35-36
Hōʻike kēia mau loina ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele i mea e pono ai nā kānaka e pakele mai ka hoʻoluhi ma ke ao maoli. Manaʻo ʻia kekahi poʻe e makemake i kēlā mau kānaka e lilo i nā pilikia i ka lawena e hoʻohaumia a me nā hanana interpersonal ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Akā ʻo ka hopena kumu ma waena o ka huhū (ʻehaʻī) a me ke pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele e pono e loiloi hou ʻia i loko o nā huli kūpono a me ka lōʻihi. ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau ʻike ʻana, ʻaʻole i pili kekahi noiʻi pili i ka hoʻohui pūnaewele ma ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo pili kino, a me ka huhū.17,37-38
Ma muli o nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia, paʻakikī ke kahakaha i ka hopena ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka pūnaewele i ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka nohona o nā mea kīnā; hoʻokahi wale nō hopena maikaʻi hiki ke alakaʻi i ke komo i ka hana me ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, nā hana ʻenehana, nā hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā, a me ke olakino noʻonoʻo a pēlā aku. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ia i maopopo inā ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻia o ka Pūnaewele ke kumu a he hopena paha no ka pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo.
ʻO nā ʻike i nā hopena o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ma ke olakino noʻonoʻo o ka mea addict. Akā i ka huina, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke olakino olakino o nā mea hoʻopili pūnaewele ma mua o ka mea hoʻohana maʻamau.
Pono e makaʻala i nā kikoʻī demografika i hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena. Pono ka noiʻi o ka wā e hana i ka hana i koi i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi psychiatric e like me ke kaumaha a i ka maʻi obsessive-compulsive. No ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻokūpaʻa inā loaʻa i nā hōʻailona psychiatric ke kumu a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, pono nā mea noiʻi e hana i ka noi lōʻihi ma ka Pūnaewele a me kāna mau mea hoʻohana.
hoʻokau
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole maopopo i kā mākou mau hopena i ke ʻano o ka psychological i kēia ma kēia noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana hoʻoweliweli pūnaewele a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. ʻO ka lua, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili i kahi manawa pōkole loa a me nā nīnau nīnau YDQ, IAT a me S-CL-90 i kā lākou mau palena. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia ke kaʻina hana no ka koho ʻana i ka pōpoki pili i nā hopena i ka lehulehu kīkole ʻole.
ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke kaohi a ana paha i ka manawa o ka manawa i hoʻohana nui ʻia ai kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka Pūnaewele, no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia pehea ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Pūnaewele ma kahi o ka lōʻihi o ka manawa i ka olakino a me ke olakino olakino o kekahi.
Panina
Ma ka hopena o nā hopena o kēia noiʻi, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ʻano hana i ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo me ka pilikia o ka hanauna ʻōpio e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomohala i kahi kaiāulu e hiki mai ana. Pono e aʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana pono ʻana o ka Pūnaewele a makee ia kahi koho ʻana ma o ka hoʻonaʻauao kūpono ma ka home, ke kula a me ke kulanui.
Eia kekahi, pono ia i nā psychiatrists a me psychologists e hana i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo olakino, e ʻike pono i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka Internet e like me ke kaumaha, ke kaumaha, ka huhū, ka hana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao. Pono lākou e ʻike i kēia ulu e ulu ana a me ka hana e hiki ai i ka ʻekekema ke hana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a me ka hōʻino.
ʻO nā pilikia i loaʻa ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele e hōʻike pono ana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka moʻomeheu o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ma ke kaiāulu a me nā ʻohana e hoʻohana ana i nā hoʻonaʻauao kūpono.
Nā mea hoʻohana
Ua hāʻawi kā SSA i ka hoʻolālā, ka litterateur review, kaʻenehana, a me ka kūkākūkā o ka pepa. Ua kākoʻo ʻo MRM i ka hoʻolālā, kaʻina hana, nā hopena, a me ka kūkākūkā o ka pepa. Ua hāʻawi ʻo FJ i ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā nīnau nīnau. Ua kōkua ʻo Me i ka hālāwai ninaninau i hoʻonohonoho ʻia me nā haumāna. Ua heluhelu a kākau ʻia nā mea kākau a pau i nā ʻike o ka kākau ʻana.
mau hoomaikai ana
Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia haʻawina me kahi ʻokoʻa e ka ʻIsepahan University of Medical Sciences a me nā lawelawe Health.
Nāʻaoʻao hemahema
ʻO nā hakakā ʻana o nā mea i manaʻo ʻole ai nā mea kākau.
E hoʻomaopopo '
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