ʻO ke kumu neural o ka pāʻani wikiō (2011) - Loaʻa nā nucleus accumbens nui aʻe

PLoS hana. 2014 Mar 14;9(3):e91506. hana: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0091506. 2014 eCollection.

Ua pili kēiaʻatikala i kuhikuhiʻia e nā mea'ē aʻe ma ka PMC.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

ʻO ka pāʻani wikiō he hana leʻaleʻa maʻamau. Ua hōʻike mua nā noiʻi mua i ke komo ʻana o ka dopamine e pili ana i ka ventral striatum. Akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka lolo ʻōnaehana o ka pāʻani wikiō. On magnetic imon scan scan of 154 14 mau makahiki umikeke, ua haku mākou i ka morphometry e pili ana i ka leo makaʻala no ka huli ʻana i nāʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea pāʻani pāʻani wikiō pinepine pinepine. Eia kekahi, ua loiloi mākou i ka hana Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) i ka wā o ka hana hoʻohālikelike a me ke ʻano a me ka Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT). ʻIke mākou i kahi nui haʻahaʻa hina nui striatal i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike pinepine ai i nā mea pāʻani wikiō palupalu ke kīnā hewa ʻole ʻana me ke manawa kūkala ma CGT. ^ E Ha yM. I loko o ia ʻāina like, ua ʻike mākou i kahiʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i ka hana MID: pinepine hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea pāʻani wikiō hemahema e hōʻike i ka hana hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka pohō me ka hāʻule ʻole. Ua hana like ʻia kēia hana me ka wā noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā pāʻani wikiō e pāʻani ana me ka nui striatum ventral kiʻekiʻe a i hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka uku uku a ma ke ʻano o ka palu neural adaptive.

Keywords: ʻokiʻoki, accumbens nucleus, reward, gaming video, voxel-based morphometry

Introduction

Ua lilo nā pāʻani wikiō a me nā kamepiula i kahi ʻano hana hoʻomaha maʻamau no nā keiki, ʻōpio a me nā pākeke. Hōʻike nā nūpepa maikaʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o ka pāʻani wikiō. Ua hōʻike ʻia no ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka pāʻani wikiō e hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka ʻike maka pili i ka pili ʻana1, 2 a me nā mea pili i probabilistic.3 Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hana ʻoihana cognitive kiʻekiʻe e like me ke hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana, hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo a me nā kumu hoʻi i pili pū me ka holomua o ka pāʻani i nā pākeke kahiko.4

ʻO ka mea i kēia manawa, ua aʻo ʻia nā kaʻina neural i lalo o ke pāʻani wikiō a me ke pāʻani ʻana. Ua nui nā noiʻi i hoʻoili ʻia ke komo ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana uku o ka lolo i ka pāʻani ʻana a me ka pāʻani kamepiula kamepiula. Ma ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka tomography positron, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka dopamine ma ka ventral striatum aʻo ka pāʻani wikiō a me ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana i ka hana i hōʻike ʻia i nā kumuhana olakino.5 Ke hoʻohana nei i ka hana magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ka hana me nā mea hana olakino ma ke ʻano ʻoihana Iowa ua pili me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana o ke koko-oxygen-depend-level (BOLD) o ka ventral striatum.6 Hoʻoikaika ka striatum dorsal i ka wā aʻo mua i wānana ma hope e aʻo ana i ka kūleʻa i ka pāʻani wikiō.7

ʻO kēia mau mea i pili i ka striatum i nā kumuhana olakino i kūlike me ka nānā pono ʻana i ka lāʻau lāʻau dopaminergic i nā maʻi o Parkinson i hiki ke alakaʻi i ka piliwaiwai pathological a me nā hana hoʻomakee e like me ka binge ʻai a me ka moekolohe.8 Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu nui ʻia ʻana o ka dopamine i ka striatum ventral i nā mea maʻi o Parkinson me ka hoʻohuoi, ka pīhoihoi a me ka piliwaiwai ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā maʻi o Parkinson me ka ʻole o kēia mau hōʻailona.9 ʻIke ʻia kēia mau ʻike i ka hana striatal e alakaʻi ʻia e ka dopamine ma ke ʻano nui he nui e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hana addictive. I kaʻaiʻana, ua hōʻike hou ia nei ua loaʻa nā mea nānā pathological i kahi e hoʻokuʻu striatal dopamine ke hoʻokuʻu nei i ke kālā.10 kahi hōʻailona ʻōlima e pale i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka palaka.

Aia i nā hemahema o nā haʻawina e hoʻokūkū ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pāʻani wikiō maʻamau. Hoʻokumu i nā haʻawina neuroimaging mua e kau i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ʻoihana uku i ka pāʻani wikiō a, ma ke ʻano, ka striatum ventral, ua wānana mākou i nā ʻokoʻa volumetric ma waena o ka poʻe pāʻani wikiō e pili ana i ka makana pili i ka wahi. Eia kekahi, ua wānana mākou i nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka uku hoʻonaʻauao neuronal ma ka fMRI a ma ka ʻoihana lawena loiloi. Koho ʻia ma nā ʻike i loko o ka petological gaming,10 wanana mākou i ka hana striatum kiʻekiʻe ventral i ka wā o ka hoihoi o ka nalo ʻana i nā mea pāʻani wikiō pinepine.

Ua hoʻāʻo mākou iā 154 14 i nā makahiki ʻōpio mai ka hana IMAGEN11 komo me ka nīnau ninaninau e nānā ana i ka maʻamau o ka pāʻani wikiō, ka hana hoʻonaninani résonance magnetic loea, ka Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) hana.12 i fMRI lāua ʻo ke Kahi ʻImi Kūkākūkā Waihona (CGT13). I ka hana o ka MID, e ʻike nā mea komo e hōʻike ana e lanakila ana a ʻaʻole paha i lanakila kālā, a laila e kali no kahi manawa anticipatory ka manawa e hoʻohuli ai, a hopena ma ka hopena wikiwiki i hōʻike ʻia me kahi kaomi pēpē e hoʻāʻo ai e lanakila a pale ʻole i ke kālā. I ka wā CGT, ua hana nā mea komo ma waena o nā hopena like ʻole ʻelua, a laila kau pono i ko lākou manaʻo i kēlā me kēia manaʻo. Nā mea hou).

Nā Papahana

i komo

Ka nui o nā 154 maluhia 14 makahiki ʻōpio (mean = 14.4, sd = 0.32; 72 kāne, 82 wahine) i loaʻa i loko o ka pā o ka papahana IMAGEN, he pūʻulu moʻomeheu ʻōnaehana henetika-Pākehā i neʻimaimaging i loko o ka wā ʻōpiopio.11 Loaʻa ʻia ka ʻikepili i kākau ʻia mai nā mea a pau i hui a me kā lākou kahu lawaiʻa ʻana. Ua lawe ʻia ka ʻōpio mai nā kula kiʻekiʻe ma Berlin. Ua apono ʻia ka loiloi e ke komite ʻenehana kūloko a me nā kumu alakaʻi o ke kula. ʻO nā mea i hōʻike ʻia me kahi kūlana olakino e like me ka ʻūlū, nā maʻi neʻokeʻo, ka maʻi epilepsy, a i ʻole e pau ka naʻau noʻonoʻo. Hōʻalo ʻia nā kumuhana āpau e komo ana i ka helu hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ʻelua mau papa o waho (e ko lākou mau mākua a me kahi psychiatrist i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka paediatrics) e pili ana i ke Kakauʻolelo International o ka maʻi-10 e like me ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (The Development and Well- Ke Kuhi Helu Heluhelu, DAWBA14).

Nīnau nīnau a me nā hana

Ua mālama wale mākou i kahi nīnau nīnau ma ka laʻana no Berlin e nānā ana i ke ʻano pāʻani o ka kamepiula (CSV-S15) me nā nīnau: 'Ehia mau hola e pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō ma ka awelika i ka lā pule?' a 'Ehia mau hola e pāʻani ai i nā pāʻani wikiō ma ka awelika i hoʻokahi lā i ka hopena pule?'. Ma muli o nā hola i hōʻike ʻia, ua helu mākou i nā hola i hala ma ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō a mahele i ka hui o ka poʻe komo e ka median o 9h i komo pinepine (n= 76: 24 wahine, 52 kāne) a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō haʻahaʻa (n= 78: 58 wahine, 20 kāne).

I ka manawa o ka fMRI, ua hana nā mea komo i ka hana Monetary Incentive Delay (MID).12 ʻO ka hana MID kahi hana hana i hana ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia e nānā i ka hana o ka lolo i ka wā e kali ana ka uku a me ka pane. I kēlā me kēia hōʻike pālua o 66 o 10s ka lōʻihi, ʻike mua nā mea ʻike i kekahi o nā kiʻikuhi kuʻuna (250ms) e hōʻike ana inā he kihi (ke kihi keokeo) ma hope ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a ma ka ʻaoʻao hema paha o ka pā a i hiki paha i nā poʻe komo ke lanakila i nā wahi 0, 2 a i ʻole 10 i kēia hoʻokolokolo. Ma hope o ka lohi ʻana i ka loli (4000-4500ms), ua noi ʻia nā mea e pane me ka puʻe hema a hema paha i ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia ai ka manaʻo (100-300ms) ma ka hema a hema hema o ka maka o ka maka. Kaomi ʻana i nā pihi ʻalo a i nā pihi paha ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻia a i ʻole ka paʻi ʻīwī hewa, ʻaʻole i loaʻa he kiʻi. Kuhi ʻia no ka nui o nā helu i lanakila ai i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ʻia no 1450ms ma hope o ka pane. ʻO ka pilikia paʻakikī, ʻo ia ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻokō ʻana i hoʻoponopono ʻia e kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia hapakolu o nā pilikia a pau. Ma mua o ke nānā ʻana, ua hoʻopau nā mea komo i kahi hanana hana o 5min min (no nā ʻike hou aku e ʻike iā Knutson ¶ AL.12).

Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokele mākou i kahi hoʻololi o ka CGT13 ma waho o ka scanner, kahi a nā kumuhana i hana ai i kahi hoʻokolokolo probabilistic maʻalahi ma waena o nā hopena like ʻelua, a laila kau i ka pā ma ko lākou hilinaʻi i kēlā hoʻoholo. I kēlā me kēia hoʻokolokolo, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kumuhana me ka hui ʻana o 10 mau pahu ʻulaʻula a polū, a pono e koho i ke kala o ka pahu e hūnā i kahi hōʻailona melemele hoʻokahi. ʻO ka lākiō o nā pahu kala i ʻokoʻa ma waena o 9: 1, 8: 2, 7: 3 a me 6: 4 ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo, i ke ʻano kaulele. Kuhi kahi pseudo-randomized a kūʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia hoʻokolokolo. No laila, ma ka hoʻāʻo 9: 1, ʻo 90:10 paha ka manawa kūpono. A laila ua hōʻike nā kumuhana i kā lākou hoʻoholo ʻana ma ka hoʻopā ʻana i kahi papa pane i kapa ʻia ʻo 'ʻulaʻula a i ʻole' uliuli 'ma kahi kāʻei lima. Nīnau ʻia nā kumuhana e pili i ka hilinaʻi i kā lākou hoʻoholo ʻana, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka helu ʻai ma luna o nā hoʻāʻo. Hōʻike ʻia nā pili pili i ke kaʻina piʻi aʻe a i ʻole ke kaʻina o 5, 25, 50, 75 a me 95% o nā helu i mālama ʻia i ka manawa o ka hoʻoholo. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia pā no 2s ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana e ka pili pili hou. Ua hoʻopau mua nā kumuhana i nā hoʻokolokolo he 36 me nā pili i hōʻike ʻia i ke kaʻina piʻi, a laila 36 i ke kaʻina e iho ana, kaulike ʻia no ka ʻoka ma nā kumuhana. Ma hope o ka pili ʻana, hāʻawi ʻia ka manaʻo pane a hōʻike ʻia ke kūlana o ka melemele. Hoʻohui ʻia a hōʻemi ʻia paha ka nui o ka bet i ka helu piha o ke kumuhana. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻekolu mau loli hilinaʻi i lawe ʻia mai ka CGT: ka latency e hoʻoholo ai, ka mahele o nā hoʻokolohua kahi a ke kumuhana e koho ai i ke kala pahu paha, a me ka hapa haneri o nā helu i pili i kēlā me kēia hoʻoholo.

Ke kaʻina scanning

I hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā kiʻi Structural ma kahi scanner General Electric 3T (GE Signa EXCITE, Milwaukee, WI, USA) a me kahi Siemens Verio 3T (Siemens, Erlangen, Kelemānia) me kahi paʻu ʻāwalu poʻo ʻewalu hewalu. Ua helu ʻia nā mea i hana ʻia ma ka scanner GE ma 35 pinepine a me 30 ka mea pāʻani wikiō wikiō a me 41 ka pinepine a me 48 nā mea pāʻani wikiō e ana ʻia ma ka scanner Siemens (χ2= 0.91, P= 0.42). Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi poʻohiwi nui-kā mākaʻikaʻi nui o kāNANUMX-MANUMX (MPRAGE) e pili ana i ka protocol ADNI (http://www.adni-info.org; Scanner GE: repetition time = 7.16ms; echo wā = 3.02ms; sudut kikowa = 8 ° 256 × 256 × 166 matrix, 1.1 × 1.1 × 1.1mm3 leo pālākiō; Nā scanner ʻo Siemens: i ka manawa hana = 6.9ms; echo wā = 2.93ms; sudut kikowa = 9 ° 240 × 256 × 160 matrix, 1.1 × 1.1 × 1.1mm3 leo pālākiō). Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā kiʻi hana holoʻokoʻa i loaʻa i nā mea pena like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi T2*-weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) mahele i ka ʻatikala o BOLD (ka manawa hoʻi o ka hoʻi ʻana (TR) = 2200ms, iuka manawa (TE) = 30ms, image matrix = 64 × 64, kahua o ka ʻike (FOV) = 224mm, flip angle = 80 °, ʻoki poloka = 2.4mm, 1mm hakahaka, 40 kokoke i ka ax-pōpoki ālani, al laina me ka laina o ka commissure anterior-posterior. Ua loaʻa he ʻekolu mau kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i ka wā MID.

Ka ikepili ikepili ma ka Morphometry (VBM)

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻikepili Anatomical ma o ka pahu hana VBM8 (http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/vbm.html) me nā mea i kālai ʻia e Gaser a me ka waihona polokalamu SPM8 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm).). Hoʻokomo ka pahu hana VBM8 i ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono ʻana, ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mahele ʻeleʻele i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kulu hina (GM) a me ke keʻokeʻo (WM) e kūkulu i kahi DARTEL i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano inoa inoa ʻo diffeomorphic anatomical ma o ka algebra lie exponentiated.16) leʻaoʻao. A laila ua hana ʻia nā māhele GM a me WM. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mana ʻānō e mālama i ka nui o kahi kiko i loko o kahi voxel ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waiwai voxel i nā kiʻi i māhele ʻia e nā mea hoʻoholo no Jacobian i loaʻa mai i ka pae spatial normalization. I ka hopena, ka loiloi o nā hōʻike ʻike modd no ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka wahi i ka nui o ka nui (ka nui) o GM. I ka hope, ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā kiʻi me kahi pahu piha o ka hapalua piha o 8mm. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka helu helu helu ʻana ma o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka lolo-piha o ka nui GM ma waena o ka pinepine (ʻoi aku ma mua o 9h ma kēlā me kēia pule) a me nā mea pāʻani wikiō haʻahaʻa wikiō (liʻiliʻi a i ʻole a like paha me 9h ma kahi pule). Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka sex, scanner a me ka puʻupuʻu lolo e like me ke ʻano o ka makemake ʻole. ʻO nā palapala hopena i hoʻonani ʻia me P<0.001 a ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka paepae laulā helu no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui a hui ʻia me kahi hoʻoponopono laumanu ʻole nonstationary.17

Hoʻoikaika data fMRI

Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻopuka mua ʻana o ka ʻike fMRI me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā SPM 8 a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka manawa, spignal realignment i ka volume mua a me ka nonlinear warping e kū ana i ka wahi MNI. A laila kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi me kahi kākā Gaussian o 5-mm piha piha-hapalua ka lōʻihi. Aia ka ʻōlelo hoʻohālike i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēlā me kēia puʻupuʻu a me kēlā me kēia hōʻike hōʻike ʻana, i mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā loiloi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me nā kūlana pane. Ua hoʻākoakoa ʻia kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua me kahi hana pane hemodynamic a me nā ʻōnaehana neʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka hana hoʻomohala hoʻolālā. No nā loiloi o kēia manawa, makemake mākou i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kekahi pane o kekahi (a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi nui a me ka luhi) me ka pane ʻana o ka pohō e like me ka ʻike a Linnet ¶ AL.10 Hana mākou i kahi helu lua no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā wikiō wikiō pinepine a me ka pinepine e ʻohi nei no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka sex nuisance a me ka scanner. ʻO ka hopena t-haps ua hoopili mua ʻia me P<0.001 a me ka nui o 10; ka hoʻoponopono liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma loko o ka ʻāpana o ka hoʻololi o ka hanana i ka striatum ventral i ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono hemahema ʻohana pilikino me ka paepae P

Results

Ua pāʻani nā mea komo ma ka awelika 1.5h (sd = 1.8) i ka wā pule maʻamau a me 2.3h (sd = 2.6) i nā lā i ka hopena o ka hopena pule, i ka nui 12.1h Ma kahi pule. Ke hoʻokaʻawale nei i ka hoʻohālike e like me nā hola hebedoma o ka pāʻani wikiō e pāʻani nei i nā manawa pinepine (n= 76: 24 wahine, 52 kāne) a infrequent (n= 78: 58 wahine, 20 kāne) kamaliʻi kāne (median 9h) a kūlike i ka hoʻokaʻina GM a me WM i waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, ʻike mākou i kekahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ventral striatum GM no nā kamaliʻi wikiō pinepine pinepine ʻia (P<0.001, i hoʻoponopono ʻia no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui; Hoʻohui MNI: −9, 12, −5; Hōʻike 1a).). I mea e hōʻoia ʻole ai ka neʻe ʻana o ka hopena i loko o ka ventral striatum e nā ʻahā like ʻole, ua ʻōlelo hou mākou i ka ʻano loiloi no nā ʻāpana ʻelua. Ma ka laina me nā hualoaʻa i hōʻike ʻia, ʻike mākou i nā piʻi no ka striatum ventral hema (a ʻaʻohe ʻāina ʻē aʻe) i ka hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia me nā mea pāʻani hemahema (nā hualoaʻa i Nā mea hou).). ʻAʻole i hōʻike kekahi wahi i ka nui o ka GM nui i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā wikiō wikiō pinepine a ʻaʻohe mau ʻokoʻa i loaʻa i nā māhele WM. I mea e hōʻike i ka hiki ʻana o ka hana o ka wahi o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka hoʻokaumaha o ka ventral striatal GM, ua hoʻoponopono mākou iā ia me nā hana kūpono o ka CGT. ʻO kahi hōʻino maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka manawa noʻonoʻo a waiho i ka striatal GM nui (r(153) = - 0.22, P<0.01, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Bonferroni ma P<0.05, Hōʻike 2) ua nānā ʻia i nā poʻe hōʻike me nā helu GM kiʻekiʻe i ka striatum ventral ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoholo ʻana. Ua hōʻike mākou i ka hana lolo i loaʻa ma ke ʻano o ka hana pahuhopu (MID) a ʻike mākou i ka hana kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia me nā mea pāʻani wikiō hemahema i ka wā o ka manaʻo o ka nalo (liʻiliʻi a me ka nui) ma ka pane ʻana mai i ka nalowale ʻole o ka hana MID i kahakiʻi me ka wahi ma kahi o ka ʻāina ua nānā mākou i ke kiʻekiʻe striatal GM nui (P<0.001, hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia; no ka hoʻoponopono liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i ka hōʻuluʻulu hanana o ka hewa hemahema ʻohana ventral striatum P<0.05; Hoʻohui MNI: −9, 8, 4; Hōʻike 1b).). Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hui like ʻole ma waena o ka manawa noʻonoʻo i CGT a waiho i ka volume striatum ventral, ʻike ʻia mākou i ka hopena maikaʻi ma waena o ka manawa kūkākūkā a me nā manaʻo pane o ka nalowale ana - ʻaʻole e pili ana kahi luhi i ka hana MID (r(153) = - 0.25, P<0.01, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Bonferroni ma P

Hōʻike 1 

(a) ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea hina hina i waena o nā mea pāʻani wikiō ma waena o nā mea pāʻani ma ke alo o ka ventral striatum, (b) ʻoi ka ʻoi o ka hoʻāʻalāʻau o ka oxygen oxygen high-dependence i ka pinepine ma waena o ka mea pāʻani pāʻani wikiō ma waena o nā manaʻo o ka mauʻu liʻiliʻi a nui hoʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻōlelo whakahoki ...
Hōʻike 2 

Kuhi i kahi mākuhi hōʻike e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻopiʻi hewa ʻana ma waena o ka manawa noʻonoʻo ma ke Kulanui Hoʻolaha Kūkākūkā (CGT) a me (a) ka mea hina hina i ka striatum hema a (b) koko neʻe-oxygen-level-dependant (BOLD) hōʻailona ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pane ʻana o ka nalowale ...

kūkākūkā

ʻO ka ʻike nui i ka nui o ka nui ma ka ventral striatum e pili ana i ka pāʻani wikiō pinepine i ka hanana ʻana me ka ʻike ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka dopamine i ka wā o ka pāʻani wikiō.5 a me ka piliwaiwai nui i nā maʻi o Parkinson ma muli o ka lāʻau dopaminergic.8 ʻO ka hoʻokuʻuʻana Striatal o ka dopamine e like me ka mea i kau ʻia ma ka tomitrima eminton positron ua hōʻike ʻia e hoʻoponopono me ka pane ʻana o BOLD i ka striatum,18 a no laila ke kuhikuhi nei i kahi pili neurochemical i ka ʻike fMRI e hōʻike ana i kahi hui ma waena o nā hana petekino a me ka hana BOLD i ka striatum.6 Eia kekahi, ua wānana ka hana striatal BOLD e nā ʻano genetic o ka ʻōnaehana dopamine.19, 20 Inā paha nā ʻokoʻa volumetric i loko o ka ventral striatum ma waena o nā mea pāʻani pāʻani wikiō ma waena o ke ʻano pāʻani a alakaʻi i kahi nāwaliwali no ka preoccupation me ka pāʻani a i ʻole he hopena paha ia o ka hoʻōho lōʻihi ʻana i ka wā pāʻani ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia me kahi hoʻopaʻa cross-sectional. ʻElua mau aʻo i mua e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pāʻani ma nā wikiō wikiō e hōʻike i kahi hana nui o ke striatum i nā preconditions o ka pāʻani wikiō pinepine. Erickson ¶ AL.21 ua loaʻa i kahi correlation ma waena o ka volume o dorsal striatum a ma hope ke holomua o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kahi pāʻani wikiō. Ma ka laina me kēia, Vo ¶ AL.7 ua wehewehe i kahi hui ma waena o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua aʻo FMRI i ka striatum a ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka tomai i ka wā o ka pāʻani wikiō. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ka waiwai nui o ka striatal volume a me ka hana ma ka hana ʻana i nā makemake o nā mākau no ka pāʻani wikiō ma mua o nā loli striatal ka hopena o ka pāʻani nui. ʻO nā hapanui me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ventral striatum e ʻike i ka pāʻani wikiō e like me ka mea e uku nui ʻia ma ka wahi mua. E hiki i kēia ke maʻalahi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mākaukau a alakaʻi i ka uku hou aʻe e hopena ana i ka pāʻani.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole mākou i hūnā maikaʻi i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pāʻani pathological a me ka wala-pathological, nā ʻokoʻa volumetric o ka striatum i pili mua i ka hoʻohui i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka cocaine,22 metallameka23 a me ka waiʻona.24 Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ke kuhihewa ke kuhikuhi o nā ʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia; hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina e pili ana i ka hana hoʻomau i ka hoʻoliʻi ʻana i ka nui o ka striatal i hōʻea ʻia ma muli o nā hopena neurotoxic o kekahi mau lāʻau hōʻino.24 Inā he mau hopena i ka striatal i ka noiʻi i kēia manawa he hopena o ka pāʻani, hiki i ka pāʻani wikiō ke koho ʻoluʻolu i ke ʻano e pili ana i nā loli kūlohelohe i ka hoʻomau i nā haʻawina i ka wā e hala ana i kekahi mau mea neurotoxic.

No ka hana like ʻana i ka ʻike volumetric i ʻike ʻia, ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka hana BOLD ma waena o nā mea wikiō wikiō pinepine a me ka pinepine i ka wā o ka manaʻo o ka pohō e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hōʻike kumu ʻole o ka nalowale i ka hana MID. ʻIke mākou i kahi hana kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻohālikelike pinepine ʻia me nā mea pāʻani hemahema. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana me ka striatum ventral me ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka pane ʻana o ka uku.25 I nā poʻe papaʻa pathological, loaʻa kahi piʻi i ka hoʻokuʻu dopamine i ka striatum ventral i ka wā e pau ai ke kālā.10 Kahi ʻano pane dopaminergic hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano o ka ʻoihana e pili ai i nā kōkō pili i ka pili ʻana26 a hiki ke wehewehe i ka hana i kapa ʻia ʻo 'loss chasing' i ka manawa e hoʻomau ai nā mea pāʻani pāʻani pathological i ka piliwaiwai me ka nalo ʻana naʻe.

Loaʻa nā hopena hoʻoili a me ka hana no ke ana hana o ka hana pili kelepa, kahi i lawelawe ʻia ma waho o ka scanner. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi hui maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka manawa kūkā i ke kau ʻana a me ka nui o ka striatum ventral a ʻo ka hana hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka nalowale ʻana i pane ʻia mai ka nalo ʻana o ka striatum ventral ʻaʻole i loaʻa. Hōʻike kēia i ka striatal ka nui a me ke hana striatal e hoʻopuka i nā ʻano hana i loko o ka pā pāʻani. Eia kekahi, ua pili i kahi noiʻi hou i ka hana fMRI o ka striatum (ma ka hana caudate cusate) me ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe maikaʻi aʻe e hiki mai ana i nā mea pāʻani o ke pāʻani pāʻani papa Kepani.27 Eia kekahi, ʻo nā manawa hoʻoholo pōkole ma kahi hana ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka lohi a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pane a me ka uku e manaʻo ʻia ai nā mea a no laila e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia a kōkua ʻia hoʻi i kahi pūnaehana uku like ʻole. I nā haʻawina neuroimaging, ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hana striatal wikiwiki-wikiwiki i ka hana striatal e pili ana me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka hana criterion.28, 29 ʻO ka mea pilikino, ʻo ka pilina o ka cortico-striatal ikaika loa e pili ana me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā paepae pane pane, e hiki paha i ka hana i ka mālama a mālama paha paha.30 No laila, hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka striatal kaomi me ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hoʻoholo hoʻoholo.

Loaʻa nā hopena o kā mākou hopena i ka ʻike o ke kumu a me ke kumu hana o ka pāʻani wikiō wikiō nui ʻole ʻole pathological a me ke kuleana o ka ventral striatum i loko o ka hana 'behavioral'. Manaʻo lākou e pili ana ka pāʻani wikiō pinepine i ka nui o ka nui ma ka ventral striatum, a ma ia hōʻike e hōʻike i nā hana kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka nalowale i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka nalowale i nā mea pāʻani pinepine. Kūkākūkā maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka manawa kūkā i ka hoʻohanohano ʻana a me ka hoʻopuka GM a me ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka hana i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka nalowale i ka striatum hema hema i lalo o ka hana ʻana i ka hana pili pili i ka pāʻani..

mau hoomaikai ana

Loaʻa ka noiʻi IMAGEN i ke kālā noiʻi mai ka ʻEulopa Framework Program (LSHM-CT-2007-037286) a ua kākoʻo ʻia e ka UK Health Department NIHR-Biomedical Research Center 'Mental Health' a me ka polokalamu MRC hāʻawi i nā 'alanui ulu i nā ʻōpio. 'hoʻohana ʻino'. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kālā hou e ka Berliner Senatsverwaltung 'Implikationen biopsychosozialer Grundlagen der Spielsucht für Prävention und Therapie' Vergabe-Nr. 002-2008 / IB 35.

Notes

ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e nā mea kākau i ka paʻi kālā.

Nāʻaoʻao hemahema

Hoʻohui ʻikepili ua hele pū me ka pepa ma ka pūnaewele Translational Psychiatry (http://www.nature.com/tp)

Nā mea hou

E hoʻomaopopo '

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