Nā Trends in Scientific Literature e pili ana i nā mea hōʻole i ka Internet, nā Pūʻona Video, a me nā Waea Pūnaewele mai 2006 a 2010 (2016)

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Introduction

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke alapine o kekahi ʻike a me ka ʻikepili Kūʻai (ICTs), e like me ka Pūnaewele, kelepona kelepona ʻole, a me nā pāʻani wikiō i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā mea ʻenehana ʻenehana, [1] ua loaʻa nā makaʻi ākea nui a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka makemake i nā puke ʻepekema i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. [2] Ke ulu nei ka ICT i kahi hanana holomua o ka honua a puni ka honua. Hāʻawi nā ICT i nā mea hoʻohana i nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi, kōkua, a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka nui o nā ʻĀina ICT, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou hopena maikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka pono o ka mea hoʻohana. I loko o nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala iho nei, nā pilikia olakino e pili ana i ka Pūnaewele, [3,4] kelepona lawe lima,[5] a me nā pāʻani video6,7] ua hōʻike i ka nui nui. Aia kekahi hapa o ka ʻike pono no ke kuhi ʻana i ka nui o kēia mau pilikia, e ʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻōpio a me nā haumāna ʻōpio.8,9,10,11,12] ʻO nā hopena noʻonoʻo maʻamau o kēia mau hoʻohui i ka hoʻokaʻawale, ka nalo o ka mālama, salience, loli ʻano, ʻoluʻolu, hoʻihoʻi i nā hōʻailona, ​​hakakā, a me ka hoʻomaha ʻana [11,13] ʻo ia paha e alakaʻi i ka nalowale o ka hana, ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pilikia paha, a me nā pilikia ʻohana. [14] ʻO ka hoʻohui hou ʻana o ka Pūnaewele Hoʻohālikelike Pūnaewele (IGD) ma ka ʻāpana III o ka Diagnostic a me ka Manual Manual o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo, 5^th Edition (DSM-5) ma ke ʻano he pilikia e koi ana hou i nā nīnau noi empirical [15] hōʻike ʻia i ka pilina o kēia kumuhana. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i kēia ulu ʻana i ka hopena a me nā ʻ variouslelo like ʻole o ka ʻĀina e pili ana i ke olakino olakino a me ka noʻonoʻo, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka loiloi ʻana i nā puke paʻi e hiki ai i nā mea noiʻi ke hoʻomau maikaʻi i nā hana o ka wā e hiki mai ana i kēia hana ma ka hana ʻana i ka hana kūpono a me ka pono. A ma kahi noiʻi mua [2] nā mea i noiʻi i nā paʻi ʻepekema 179 e pili ana i ka Pūnaewele, ke pāʻani wikiō a me nā hoʻohui kelepona ma waena o 1991 a me 2005 i hōʻike i kēia mau puke e hoʻonui ana, akā i nā makahiki i hala o kēlā manawa; liui ma 2004 a me 2005. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i loko o ia manawa, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa kekahi mau nūpepa e paʻi i nā mea hou aku; ua hōʻike pū kekahi mau ʻāina maʻEsia i kahi hana ʻepekema kūpono. Wahi a kēlā me kēia haʻawina, ʻo ke hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ke kumuhana aʻo i ʻike ʻia, a ʻo ka ʻaha pinepine loa i aʻo ʻia (ma loko o ka hapalua o nā haʻawina i loiloi ʻia) ʻo ke ʻano hoʻohui o nā ʻōpio a me nā haumāna o ke kulanui. E like me nā ʻokoʻa like i ʻike ʻia i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā wā like ʻole 5 a i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ai i kēia mau ʻano me kēlā me nā wahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā mea hoihoi loa ke nānā i ke kāwele o kēia wahi no 5 mau makahiki, mai 2006 a 2010. I mea e kōkua ai i nā mea noiʻi e hana ana i kēia kīlena, hiki i kēia ʻikepili ke hāʻawi i kahi papa inoa pono ʻole o nā nūpepa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi.

ʻO ka mea e ʻōlelo ʻia ana, ʻo ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻo ia hoʻi ka helu ʻana i nā ʻepekema ʻepekema e pili ana i nā mea ʻenehana hoʻomehana i kahi makahiki 5-2006), e hoʻonui ana i ka noi ʻana ma mua mai 2010 a 1996, [2] e hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano o nā mea paʻi ma kēia wahi (ʻo ka mea e hana nei i ka noiʻi, a ʻo a hea kahi e lawe ʻia ana, a ma nā puke nūpepa ua hoʻolaha ʻia nei), a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka noiʻi ʻana e like pū me ka palapala palapala a me nā manawa. kaʻikepili i ka paʻi ʻana ma ke ʻano o nā manawa i ʻekolu mau ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻenehana: Pūnaewele, kelepona kelepona, a me nā pāʻani wikiō.

METHOD

No ka hoʻihoʻi i nā ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia mau kumuhana, ua hana ʻia nā huli bibliographic ma nā ʻikepili bibliographical ʻelua: PubMed a me PsycINFO. ʻO ka mea mua e uhi i nā nūpepa hoʻonaʻauao biomedical a ʻo ka lua hoʻi e pili ana i nā paʻi psychology. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau paikikala ʻelua i ʻike ʻia i ke kolamu a ua ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i ka huli ʻana i mau ʻatikala.

Nā ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka addiction i ka Pūnaewele, nā pāʻani wikiō, a me nā kelepona mai 2006 a 2010 a kuhikuhi ʻia i PubMed a me PsycINFO. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole ma kēlā me kēia waihona i mālama ʻia, e like me ke ʻano ma ka noiʻi o mua.2]

PubMed waihona waihona (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez) ʻaʻole ia e komo i nā huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi Kauka Kauka Mahana (MeSH) no nā additions i aʻo ʻia. ʻO ka ʻimi noiʻi e pili ana me nā huaʻōlelo me MeSH e pili kokoke ana i nā kumuhana noiʻi ʻo "Search (" Internet "[MeSH] a i ʻole" Cellular Phone "[MeSH] a i ʻole" Pāʻani pāʻani wikiō "[MeSH] a i ʻole" Computer Pūnaewele "[MeSH] a i ʻole" Pūnaewele A MA ʻ Beh "Behaviour, Addictive" [MeSH]). "Filters: Kiʻi kope ʻana mai Ianuali 01, 2006, a i Xekemaba 31, 2010.

ʻO ka loiloi ʻimi i hoʻohana ʻia ma PsycINFO o "(DE =" Waihona kelepona "A ʻole DE =" Pāʻani Pūnaewele "Aʻo DE =" Pūʻulu uila "A I DE =" Pāʻali uila "A i ʻole DE =" Pūnaewele "A i ʻole LE = Kamaʻilio Pūnaewele Hoʻohālikelike ") A (DE =" Kahikina "A i ʻole DE =" Hoʻohui Pūnaewele ") A i ʻole (DE =" Addiction Pūnaewele "A i ʻole DE =" Hōʻaloʻeha Puhi " Nā koho i hoʻohana ʻia i komo ʻia: makahiki hoʻopuka: 2006-2010; ʻano palapala: ʻatikala nūpepa; a me nā ʻano huli: Boolean / ʻōlelo. "

Ua nānā ʻia nā hualoa a me nā hualoaʻa e ka haʻalele ʻia mai nā loiloi ʻole i pili ʻole ʻia. Ua hōʻole ʻia nā pepa e pili ana i ka palaka, nā petological patele, a me nā moena pūnaewele. ʻO ke kumuhana o kekahi ʻano nui o nā ʻatikala i hōʻole ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā wikiō wikiō a me ka Pūnaewele i ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole pale ʻana o nā addiction a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e like me agoraphobia. Nā ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia no kēlā me kēia hoʻolaha: makahiki a me ka ʻōlelo o ka hoʻopuka, ka pilina a me ka ʻāina o ka mea kākau mua, nūpepa, a me ke kumuhana (Internet, cell phone a i ʻole addict game wikiō). Kuhi ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka helu helu helu helu descriptive.

Nā Hua

ʻO ka hulina bibliographic no nā hoʻohui i ka Pūnaewele, ka pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele a i ʻole nā ​​kelepona ma waena o 2006 a me 2010 i hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻōlelo 245 ma PsycINFO a me 536 ma PubMed. Ma ka ʻimi loea no ka nui o nā ʻatikala i nā mea ʻole e pili ana i ka hemahema o kahi descriptor kikoʻī e pili ana i nā mea hoʻomohala ʻepekema. [2] ʻO ke kumu ʻē aʻe i ka mālama ʻana o kā mākou hulina akā ʻaʻole i kikoʻī, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻihoʻi i nā pepa āpau i pili, a me ka uku ʻana o ka wā e hiki ai ke hoʻopau i kēlā mau mea ʻole. Ke hoʻohemo ʻia nei nā kope a me nā mea pono ʻole, paʻa mau nā moʻolelo 330 pololei.

Nā puke inoa

Ua hoʻopuka ʻia nā ʻatikala 330 i mau nūpepa ʻokoʻa 153 (ʻae ʻia nā ʻōlelo 2.15 ma kēlā me kēia nūpepa). Nā puke i paʻi i ʻekolu a i ʻole nā ​​mea hou aʻe (n = 21) ma ka Pūnaewele, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kelepona kelepona a me nā hāmeʻa wikiō, ma ke ʻano ponoʻī, ma 1 Pūnaewele. ^ E Ha yM. Nā ʻberpilikian = 73) ka puke nūpepa i paʻi i ka hapa nui o nā ʻatikala mai 2006 a i 2010, ukali ʻia e Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology (n = 27), International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (n = 16), Nā kamepiula i loko o ke kanaka kanaka (n = 11), Kaʻi Kauka Mental Health Chinese (n = 10), a me CNS Spectrums (n = 10). ʻO nā nūpepa 132 ke koena i paʻi i kahi mea hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau atikala.

 

1 Pūnaewele

Hoʻopuka nā hale paʻi i ʻekolu a i ʻole paha e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, nā pāʻani wikiō a me nā kelepona pūnaewele, 2006-2010

Kūkā (ʻano i noiʻi ʻia o ICT): Ma muli o ke kumuhana nui o ka paʻi, ua ʻae ʻia nā ʻatikala 336 (e ʻoluʻolu e kuhikuhi ʻia i ʻeono mau kumupaʻa i ʻelua mau kumuwaiwai) e like me ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele (ʻo ke kumuhana i aʻo pinepine ʻia; n = 219; 65.2%), hoʻohui i nā wikiō wikiō (n = 56; 16.7%), hoʻohui i nā wikiō wikiō pūnaewele (n = 43; 12.8%), a me ke hoʻohui i nā kelepona paʻalima (n = 18; 5.4%).

KA HOOHOLO

ʻO kekahi o nā pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻepekema ʻepekema e pili ana i nā ʻenehana ʻenehana (Pūnaewele, kelepona kelepona, a me nā pāʻani wikiō) mai 2006 a 2010 a hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena me nā mea i paʻi mua ʻia no ka manawa 1996 – 2005. [2] No ka ʻike like ʻole e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena, i hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻolālā like ma nā papa ʻelua.

Byun ¶ AL., [16] ma ka meta-synthesis o ka noiʻi nui ma ka manawa 1996 – 2006, ua hana i nā ʻimi like ʻole ma ka ʻikepili bibliographic haʻawina, a ma Google a me Yahoo! Google a me Yahoo! ʻO nā huaʻōlelo a lākou i hoʻohana ai he addict pūnaewele, hoʻohui i ka Pūnaewele, pilikia pūnaewele, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana kamepiula. ʻO nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe, [17] ma ka meta-synthesis o ka noiʻi kūloko ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻolālā loiloi like ʻole a me nā ʻikepili like ʻole. Eia kekahi, nā hana i hoʻohana ai nā mea i kākau ai e hoʻihoʻi i nā moʻolelo emirika āpau o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele ma luna o nā lāhui 31 he nui a ua kamaʻilio pū nā mea kākau me nā mea noiʻi na lākou i paʻi ma ke kumumanaʻo i ka makahiki i hala.12] No laila, ʻaʻohe manaʻo i ʻikepili i ka ʻikepili e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai a i ʻole he ʻano maikaʻi loa e kiʻi hou i nā ʻatikala.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano o kēia kula i ka puke ʻepekema mai 1996 (n = 4) a hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe i 2008 (n = 99). Ma 2008, ʻo ka nui o nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻana i nā manawa 9 ka ʻoi aku ma mua o ke 2000 [Hōʻike 1]. Mai 1996 a 2000, lawe ʻia nā ʻatikala 39; ʻO 140 mai 2001 a 2005 a me 245 ma 2006 – 2010, e hōʻike ana i ka ulu nui o kēia kumuhana. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻatikala i kiʻi ʻia e ka meta-synthesis o ka ʻimi i noiʻi (n = 120) [16] a noiʻi kūloko (n = 140) [17] ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o nā kiʻi 179 i kiʻi ʻia i ka manawa like (1996-2005) [2] paha no ka mea ʻokoʻa ka loiloi ʻike a ʻokoʻa nā ʻikepili.

 

Hōʻike 1

Ka helu o nā puke i paʻi ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, nā pāʻani wikiō a me nā kelepona kelepona (1996 – 2010)

ʻO nā ʻāina maikaʻi loa e pili ana i ke kumuhana, ʻo Kina, United States, United Kingdom, Taiwan, a me Korea. He mea nui e hoʻomoʻa i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kuleana o nā ʻāpana ʻĀina i kēia kahua. ʻOiai ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻepekema ʻĀina o kēia mau ʻāina i nā wahi ʻepekema āpau, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kahi kūlike like i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma luna o Kina, Korea a me Taiwan, [18] a me ka Hikina Hema. [12] Hiki i kēia hopohopo ke hoʻopili kūpono i kahi pilikia ākea ma kēia mau ʻāina. ʻO ke ʻano o nā cybercafes a i ʻole ka "mākeke" e kūʻai aku i nā kālā kālā no ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani o ka pūnaewele e like me ka World of Warcraft e lilo i kumu hoʻohālike i kēia pilikia. ʻO ke ʻano o ka Pūnaewele i ka honua, akā hiki ke koho kūikawā; e noʻonoʻo, no ka mea, ka hana o ka launa pūnaewele i nā kipi a ʻĀpana ʻAmelika nei i hala a me ka Spanish "huhū," a i ʻole ka mea nui o ke kelepona a kamaʻilio ʻia ma nā wahi kuhi kahi i kūleʻa ʻia ai ke kuʻikahi o ka ʻōlelo a me nā mea ākea o nā wahine.

As Hōʻike 2 hōʻike, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o China, Taiwan, a me Korea ma waena o 2006 a me 2010 ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka European Union a kokoke i ʻelua mau manawa o ka hui ʻana o ʻAmelika a me Canada. Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻomaopopo kekahi e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻepekema he kahua hou o ka ʻike ʻepekema, ʻike paha nā mea kākau mai nā ʻāina hou e ulu ana i mea e hoʻolaha ai. ʻO ka mahalo, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka addictionence no ka pūnaewele no nā ʻāina me ka piha ʻole i ke ola ma ka laulā. Ua ʻike nā mea kākau i ke kīhāpai ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i ke ʻano me ka maikaʻi o ke ola. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau ʻike me nā ʻano ʻelua o nā kuhikuhi: Kūkākūkā (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoluʻolu ke ola) a me ka pahuhopu (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻano o nā kūlana o ke kaiāulu.)12] ʻO ka pīhoihoi, i nā wahi me ka pūnaewele kiʻekiʻe loa, loaʻa i ka pūnaewele kahi pae kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau ʻano loli i ka pae ākea ma nā wahi o ka honua i kuhikuhi i ka pono o nā mea moʻomeheu. Ua mālama ʻia ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina pili ʻana ma ka Pūnaewele.19No laila, ʻo ka mana o nā moʻomeheu i ka nānā ʻana a me nā hiʻohiʻona makua kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe i kahi e hoʻokaki ai i ka pili kino olakino pili ʻokoʻa.20]

 

Hōʻike 2

Ka nui o nā ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele, nā pāʻani wikiō a me nā kelepona i nā manawa 1996 – 2005 a me 2006 – 2010 e nā wahi kikoʻī.

Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua paʻi ʻia ʻo 70.3% o nā moʻolelo ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. ʻO nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e like me Kina (15.4%), Kelemania (4.1%) a me French (2.9%), i ukali ma kahi mamao. Loaʻa kekahi ʻano like like i loko o nā kumuhana ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, ka mea kūpono i ka pānaʻi o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Akā, i kēia noiʻi o kēia manawa, ʻoi ka nui o ka waihona i ka ʻōlelo Pelekane ma lalo i ka papa o hope (addiction drug). Hiki paha iā ia ke wehewehe ma muli o ka noho ʻana ma ka waihona PsycINFO o kekahi mau nūpepa Kina e like me Acta Psychologica Sinica, Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, a me ka ʻĀpana Kaukaʻi Pūnaewele Mental; ʻo ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike o ka ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka moʻohelu ʻānō. ʻO ke ʻano e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo nīpepa e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia no ka manawa 1996 – 2005, kahi ʻōlelo maʻamau loa ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo Pelekane (65.4%), ukali ʻia e Chinese (12.8%) a me ke koena (21.8%).

ʻO Cyberpsychology, Behavioured, and Social Networking, ʻo ka Cyberpsychology and Behaviour o mua, ʻo ia ka puke nūpepa i paʻi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā moʻolelo mai 2006 a i 2010 (n = 73), e hōʻoia ana i ke kākau moʻolelo he kumu mua loa ia o ka ʻike ʻepekema no ka poʻe makemake i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pathological o ke Pūnaewele, kelepona a me nā pāʻani wikiō. ʻO ke poʻo inoa hou o kēia nīpepa e hōʻike i ka makemake i ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ka ʻoihana kaiapuni ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kanaka (kūkulu kūmole, ʻike maikaʻi, alakaʻi, a pēlā aku). Hiki i kēia ke kaohi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā helu o nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka hopena o ka manawa; paha makemake i nā mea noiʻi e makemake i ka pōʻino paha i ka hōʻemi ʻia e ka ʻenehana ʻepekema a makemake nui i ko lākou mana. Hoʻomaopopo kēia kuhi i kahi palena o ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa. No ka mea ke hoʻohana nei mākou i ka hoʻolālā like ʻana i nā wā ʻelua (1996-2005 a me 2006 – 2010), ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā pepa pili e pili ana i ka helehelena pili pūnaewele no kēia mau kumuhana.21,22,23,24,25] Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele e pili ana i kā lākou mana i ka ʻike ʻōpio,26] kūhelu kālā, [27,28] a hoʻohana i nā kumu hana.29] ʻO kahi mea e puka mai ana mai nā nūpepa paʻi e pili ana iā lākou ma nā ʻano āpau e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka multidisciplinarity o ka noiʻi ma kēia mau mea ʻepekema hana a kuhikuhi i ka pono o ka hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻana ma waena o nā hoʻopaʻi.

Ka helu ʻana i nā ʻatikala e ke ʻano o ka ʻenehana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka Pūnaewele i ka wahi i aʻo pinepine ʻia. Kākoʻo ka meta-synthesis ma ka noiʻi kūloko a me ka helu kālā ma kēia kumuhana.16,17] Manaʻo nō ka mea, ma ke ʻano o kekahi poʻe noiʻi, he mea kūpono ka Pūnaewele a me ka "all pass pass" i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka pāʻani ʻana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka piliona pūnaewele, a me nā ʻike pilikino. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka ʻike i ka piʻi nui ʻana ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe e like me nā pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele a me nā kelepona kelepona [2 Pūnaewele]. Hōʻike ka hopohopo e ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) me ka hoʻopili ʻana o IGD. He mea maopopo loa ia ke koi ʻia nei nā DSM-5 e pili ana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a ʻaʻole kūpono ia e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohui pūnaewele.30,31] Ke DSM-5, ʻo IGD wale nō ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻenehana i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka nānā hou aku. [32,33] Ua manaʻo nui ʻia ka APA ʻaʻole pono e pili i nā mea ʻenehana ʻenehana a pau e like me ke kelepona a me nā pūnaewele kelepona paha. ʻO kēia paha no ka mea, e like me ka haʻi ʻana o Petry lāua ʻo O'Brien, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā kūlana i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia a i ʻole ka hopena i ka DSM-5 e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hōʻoia o nā maʻi psychiatric ʻē aʻe, a laila hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka hōʻeha o nā maʻi psychiatric e like me e like me nā mea e pili ana i nā ʻenehana pūnaewele. [31] Akā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻenehana. Ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa i ʻae ʻia me DSM-5, ke kahakaha nei kekahi mau mea kākau i kahi kumu me kā mākou Internet addiction (GIA) a me nā ʻano kikoʻī. [14] ʻO ke kumu hoʻokahi ke makemake nei ka noiʻi i hope e wehewehe, a hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a noiʻi i kēia hoʻohālike GIA a me nā hopena o nā hoʻohui ʻē aʻe. Ma kēia wahi, ʻimi ʻia ka noi i ʻōlelo ʻia e loiloi i nā kūloko i ka hāmeʻa wikiō gaming pathological [34] (lima (* puʻuwai * A laila pilikia * A i ʻole ke kaohi ʻia * A make ʻole a ʻĀ ke hilinaʻi *) A (wikiō ʻona kamepiula) gam *. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia loiloi ma The Academic Search Premier, PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, a me ka ʻikepili Pūnaewele ʻepekema ma waena o 2000 a me 2012 ka mea i hāʻawi i ka pepa piha o 4120. ʻO ka mahalo, ʻo ka helu o nā pepa i kiʻi ʻia ma PsycINFO (n = 957) ua ʻoi aku ma mua o nā manawa 3 i kiʻi hou ma PubMed (n = 235).

 

2 Pūnaewele

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o ke ʻano o ka ʻenehana i aʻo ʻia i nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ka hoʻohui i ka Pūnaewele, ke pāʻani wikiō, a me nā kelepona ma waena o nā manawa 1996-2005 a me 2006-2010

KE KULA

Ua piʻi ka nui o nā nūpepa e pili ana i nā hoʻohui ʻepekema ma kahi o 2008. ʻO ka wehewehe no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana ma hope, ua neʻe ka makemake ʻepekema mai kahi waiwai o ka Pūnaewele a me nā noi kikoʻī, e like me nā pāʻani pūnaewele, i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻepekema ʻepekema o nā ʻāina e like me China, Taiwan, a me Korea e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻē aʻe e like me ke kala ʻana i ka lawena, kahi mea e hiki ke loaʻa i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe o kēia ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike i kēia mau ʻāina a i ʻole ka mana o nā puke paʻi. Hiki i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka IGD i DSM-5 ka hoʻololi i ka laha paʻi i ka ʻenehana hoʻohui ʻepekema a ka hoʻomohala i ka pilina o kēia hūnā e hiki mai ana i ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole i ke ola ma ka laulā. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o nā ʻimi paʻi a me nā huli ʻana i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka makahiki 5 makahiki (2011 – 2015) e ʻae ana no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka hopohopo ma nā wahi o nā hoʻohui ʻepekema.

E hoʻomaopopo '