Nā hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o nā pepa noiʻi hou loa e pili ana i ka hana pāʻani wikiō. Ua hana wau i papa inoa hōʻuluʻulu sperate no "Kaʻike'enapili pūnaewele". E like me ka ʻai ʻana a me ka piliwaiwai ʻana, hōʻike nā noiʻi lolo i nā loli nui like i ʻike ʻia i nā lāʻau (hypofrontality, desensitization, sensitization).
Hoʻopiliʻia ka hanana glucose o ka'āina ma ka pūnaewele pūnaewele: kahi hoʻonaʻauao kūhohoho o 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron.
CNS Spectr. 2010 Mar; 15 (3): 159-66. (Kōlea Hema)
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka pāʻani Pūnaewele kahi maʻi e kū mai ana a hōʻike i ka hōʻemi o ka impulse control a me ka hana maikaʻi ʻole o ka uku. Iwakāluakūmālima mau kāne komo lima ʻĀkau (9 mea hoʻohana maʻamau: 24.7 +/- 2.4 mau makahiki o ka makahiki, 11 overusers: 23.5 +/- 2.9 mau makahiki) i komo. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kekahi ʻano o ka impulsivity ma hope o ka nānā ʻana.
Nā hopena: hōʻike ka mea hoʻonāukiuki pāʻani pūnaewele ma mua o ka poʻe hoʻohana maʻamau a loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi ma waena o ka hōʻino ʻana o ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma luna o ka Internet a me ka impulsiveness.
Ka Hopena: ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele hiki i ka pili me nā hana neurobiological abnormal i loko o ka cortex orbitofrontal, striatum, a me nā wahi sensory, kahi i hāpai ʻia ma ka kaohi o ke kolo, hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka uku, a me kahi hoʻohanohano o nā ʻike mua. Kākoʻo kā mākou mau hopena i ka manaʻo e pili ana ka pāʻani ʻana o ka Pūnaewele i ka mīkini a me ka hana neural me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā mana hoʻomalu a lula a me nā mea e pili ana me ka waiwai i ʻole.
NĀ KULA: Ke aʻo ʻana i ka lolo ma nā mea pāʻani wikiō. E like me nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe a pau i hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu a me nā poʻe i "hoʻohana nui" i nā pāʻani wikiō. Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻōnaehana metabolism o ka lolo i ka poʻe me ka hoʻowaiwai lāʻau.
Ua kāohiʻia ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻopau i ka makemake no nā pāʻani vidio a me ka hanaʻana i ka lolo i loko o nā poʻe maʻi me ka loli pūnaewele pūnaewele.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Bupropion i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea maʻi me ka waiwai hilinaʻi e pili ana i kona nāwaliwali ikaika ʻana o ka dopamine a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana ʻo norepinephrine.
We hypothesized that 6 wiki of bupropion sustained release (SR) treatment will down craving for Internet game as well as video game cue-induced brain activity in the patients with Internet video addiction (IAG).
Nā Manaʻo: Ua hōʻemi ʻia nā hōʻailona a me nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani vidoe e kahi lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e hana like ai no ka poʻe mikola.
Hoʻoponopono i nā manaʻo no ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma lalo o ka hōʻikeʻana i nā hōʻike i nā mea e pili ana i ka pāʻani i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a i nā mea i hoʻopakeleʻia. (2011)
Kahuna Biol. 2011 Oct 26. doi: 10.1111 / j.1369-1600.2011.00405.x.
Kūkulu maikaʻi ʻia kā lākou wahi-makemake i ka pāʻani pāʻani pāʻani ma lalo o ka cue hoʻopuka. ʻO kēia mau ʻōkuhi i hana ʻia e kohu i ka pōkole o ka lolo i pili i ka hana o ka hana kino o nā maʻi. No laila, e hōʻike ana i ka hana like o IGA ua like like me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai.
Nā Manaʻo: ʻAʻole like me ka hapanui o nā haʻawina ua komo pū kekahi o nā mana a me nā mea hoʻihoʻi pūnaewele ma mua. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi ua loaʻa nā mea me ka addiction pūnaewele i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonaninani mai nā kaohi a me nā mea kīnā pūnaewele kahiko. ʻOkoʻa nā mākeke ʻokoʻa, a alakaʻi ka hoʻihoʻi i ka normalization.
Nā hana pilikino e pili ana me ka hoʻomeamea pāʻani o ka pāʻani pilahili pūnaewele. (2009)
J Psychiatr Res. 2009 Apr; 43 (7): 739-47. Taiwan.
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e hoʻomaopopo i ka neural substrates o ka pāʻani pili ʻana ma ka pāʻani ma o ka loiloi ʻana o nā wahi ʻili i hui pū ʻia me ka puʻu pāʻani hoʻoili cue-induced.
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka ʻenehana-makemake (ROI) i ho'ākāka ʻia e nā wahi ʻākī o luna e hoʻopili pono ʻia me ka uʻi o ka pāʻani ponoʻī ʻana iho a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ke ʻike pāʻani e hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e nā kiʻi WOW. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka neural substrate o ka cue-induced gaming duke / makemake i ka pāʻani pili i ka pāʻani pūnaewele e like ka mea me ka cue-induced craving i ka dependence waiwai. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā wahi o ka lolo i kau ʻia ma luna nei e kōkua i ka ʻimi i ka waiwai hilinaʻi, a ma laila mākou e hōʻike ai i nā ʻano like ʻole i pili pū kekahi me ke leʻaleʻa pūnaewele. No laila, ʻo nā hopena ke manaʻo nei ka makemake ʻana i ka pāʻani me ke ake nei i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka makemake nui i ka waiwai hilinaʻi paha i ka like ʻana o ka hana neʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Nā Manaʻo: ʻAʻole nui ka noiʻi ʻana i ka lolo o nā mea pāʻani pāʻani wikiō. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi ua like nā ʻāpana o WOW i nā ʻāpana like o ka lolo i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā hōʻailona like me nā mea addicts. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea pāʻani i nā kiʻi o WOW, a hoʻomālamalama ʻia ko lākou lolo e like me ke ʻano o ka addict crack e ʻike nei i ka paipu māwae.
Nā Hoʻololi i nā Hana Kūkākūkā Muamua Kūwaena me ka Pāʻani Pīʻani Video. (2010)
Pūnaewele ʻo Cyberpsychol Behav Soc. 2010 Dec; 13 (6): 655-61. Epub 2010 Mei 11. Kōlea Hema
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pane i loko o nā pōkā, akā ma loko o nā cortices orbitofrontal a me cingulate, i nā c wiki video wikiō i nā haumāna i ke kolamu e like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i nā mea maʻi me ka mea hilinaʻi i pane ʻia i nā kukuna e pili ana i nā mea. I ka manawa o ka wikiō wikiō wikiō wikiō 6, he hana lolo i ka cingulate anterior a me ka cortex orbitofrontal nui o ka hui pāʻani pāʻani ʻoʻAmelika (EIGP) i hoʻonui i ka pane ʻana i nā cune wikiō-pāʻani pūnaewele. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia a i hōʻemi paha ia ka hana i ʻike ʻia i ka pūʻulu o ka mea pāʻani (GP). ʻO kēia mau loli i ka hana o mua-lobe me ka pāʻani wikiō pālani like ia me ka poʻe i nānā ʻia i ka wā mua o ka hoʻohui ʻana.
NĀ HOʻOPIʻI: Ma kēia aʻo ʻana ua pāʻani nā haumāna i nā pāʻani wikiō ma ka pūnaewele no 6 mau pule pololei. Ma mua a ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā ana. ʻO nā mea me nā kuko kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa nā hoʻololi nui loa i ko lākou lolo e hōʻike ana i ke kaʻina hana addicts mua. ʻO ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu, kahi pāʻani i kahi pāʻani liʻiliʻi e hoʻonāukiuki ai, ʻaʻohe o lākou lolo i loli.
Hoʻokumu i nā manaʻo hoʻokūkū maikaʻi loa i nā poʻe'ōpio me ka meaʻupena pāʻani pūnaewele (2011)
Psychiatry Res. 2011 Aug 3. Taiwan.
Manaʻo ia ua loaʻa i ka hui IGA kahi pane kūpono i ka wikiō i nā kiʻi o nā pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO ka cognition ka maikaʻi he hana nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea nona ka dyscontrolled, e like me ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka ʻona. Hōʻike kēia hopena e pili pū ka makemake cognition i ka pāʻani online discontrolled.
NĀ HOʻOPIʻI ʻO kahi noi ʻē aʻe e ana ana i nā ʻano o ka hōʻalo a ka maʻa Pūnaewele a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka lāʻau. ʻO kēlā me kēia haʻawina e nānā ana i kahi ʻano e ʻike i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma ka Pūnaewele me nā ʻano ʻāpala kemika.
Ka pāʻani a me ka hoʻolālā iʻoi aku ma kaʻIkepili Pūnaewele: He nui nā pilikia o ka poʻe loea i ka hoʻolālāʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana weliweli? (2011)
Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jun 16. University of Duisburg-Essen, Kelemānia.
Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka EIG i ka poʻe maʻi me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe (e hoʻohālike ana i ka petological gaming), he hana hoʻomalu a i ʻole nā mea hana hewa. Pela Ke hopena nei kēia mau hopena e pili ana i ka pāʻani ʻana i ka Pūnaewele nui ma luna o ka myopia no ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia ka manaʻo e makemake ana ʻo EIG e pāʻani i ka World of Warcraft akā ʻo nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole loa i loko o ka nohona a me nā wahi hana o ke ola.
Nā Manaʻo: Ke hoʻohana nei me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole he hōʻailona nui o ka hoʻohui.
He pāʻani hoʻolālā nui e pāʻani ana i nā hōʻike no ka pāpā a me ka huhū? (2007)
Cyavpsychol Behav. 2007 Apr; 10 (2): 290-2. Berlin, Kelemānia
Ua pane kekahi hiʻohiʻona e like me nā mea pāʻani 7069 i ʻelua mau nīnau nīnau pūnaewele. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili ua hoʻokō ʻia ʻo 11.9% o nā mea komo (840 gamers) i nā koina no ka hoʻokaumaha ʻia o kā lākou pili pāʻani.
Nā Manaʻo: 12% o nā mea wikiō wikiō hiki ke helu ʻia me ka mea hoʻohui
ʻO ka nānāʻana i kaʻike o ka lolo o ka lolo o nā haumāna o ke kulanui me ka meaʻupena pūnaewele (2011)
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2011 Aug; 36 (8): 744-9. [Nā ʻatikala ma ka Hina]
Nā kulu kikowaena: He hana ʻole ke lolo a me ka hoʻōla o ka lolo kūpono i ke kōkuhi Pūnaewele.
ʻO ke kumu kūlāwai o ka pāʻani wikiō (2011).
ʻOiua Psychiatry (2011) 1, e53; doi: 10.1038 / tp.2011.53. Kelemānia.
ʻO ka ʻike nui o ka voluma kiʻekiʻe ma ka striatum ventral hema e pili ana i ka pāʻani wikiō pinepine ʻana e like me ka ʻike o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka dopamine ma ke pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō a me ka nui o ka piliwaiwai i nā maʻi o Parkinson ma muli o ka lāʻau dopaminergic.
Nā Manaʻe: ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka nui o ke striatum (ʻoi aku ka pōmaikaʻi) e pili ana me ka hoʻohui.
ʻO ka hopena o ka homerapy ma ka hoʻololiʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka pāʻani ma luna o ka pāʻani a me ka hanaʻana i ka lolo i nā'ōpio me ka hoʻolālā pāʻani maʻamau.
Ua loiloi mākou i kahi hui ʻana o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻohana 3 wiki he hoʻololi e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lolo i ka pane ʻana i nā aloha aloha a me nā pāʻani pāʻani i nā wā'ōpiopio mai nā ʻohana dysfunctional e hui nei i nā koina no ka add on line game.
Ma mua o nā hebedoma 3, ua noi ʻia nā ʻohana e hana i nā hana ma ka home e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pilina ʻohana no ka hola 1 / lā a me nā lā 4 / hebedoma. Ma mua o ka hoʻonaninani, nā ʻōpiopio me ka papa hoʻolauleʻa pāʻani i hōʻike ʻia i ka hana i hoʻemi ʻia e like me ke ana ʻana o ka magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) i loko o ka caudate, gyrus temporal waena, a me nā limu occipital i pane aku i nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke aloha makua a me ka hana nui ʻana o ka ma waena waena a me nā haʻahaʻa. ka parietal i nā hōʻike hōʻike mai nā pāʻani wikiō, pili i nā kumuhana hoʻohālikelike olakino.
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka pilina ʻohana ma hope o 3 wiki o ka mālama ʻana i ka pili o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana o ka caudate nucleus i ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana a aloha ʻia a me ke ʻano o nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka manawa pāʻani. Me nā hōʻike o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lolo i ka pane i ka pāʻani on-line pāʻani i nā cues a me nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke aloha makua, hōʻike nā mea hōʻike i kēia manawa he kumu koʻikoʻi nui ka ʻohana ma ke ʻano o ka pāʻani on-line game.
Nā Manaʻo: ʻO ka pilina me nā mea aloha e hoʻohuli i ka lolo, a hoʻemi ʻia i nā hana hoʻohui.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani wikiō ma waena o nā ʻōpio he ʻelua longitudinal study. Pālaʻi. 2011
Feb; 127 (2): e319-29. Epub 2011 Jan 17.
Ua hana ʻia he 2 makahiki lōʻihi, ka lōʻihi, ka papa noiau me ka lehulehu kula a me ke kula ma ke kula ma Singapore, ʻo 3034 nā keiki i nā helu 3, 4, 7, a me 8. ʻO ka like nui o ka pāʻani pāwīwī me ia i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe (∼9%).
Hoʻohui kēia noi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi i ke kūkā e pili ana inā "pāʻani" ka pāʻani wikiō e like me nā ʻano mea addication ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana hiki ke hala i mau makahiki a ʻaʻole wale ia he hōʻailona o nā maʻi comorbid.
Nā Manaʻōlelo: Ma kahi o ka hapalua 3rd a me 4th mau haumāna haumāna, a ʻoi aku ka hapalua wahine, akā ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 9% i hoʻohui ʻia i nā pāʻani wikiō. He aha ka hapaʻina o ka ʻenekini inā nā kāne ka 7th a me 8th kāne? ʻIke pū kekahi hiki i nā keiki ke loaʻa i kēia hoʻohui me ka ʻole o ka morbidities co i kēia manawa.
ʻO ka hoʻohana pāʻani maʻamau i nā'ōpio ma 8 i ka 18: kahi hana o ka'āina (2009)
Kaumaka Sci. 2009 Mei; 20 (5): 594-602. ʻAmelika
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻike makaʻāina, ua ʻohi kēia noiʻi i nā ʻike e pili ana i ka hana ma ke ʻano wikiō a me ka komo ʻana o nā mākua i ka pāʻani, e hoʻoholo i ka pakeneka o nā poʻe ʻōpiopio e hālāwai nei i nā koina maʻi lapaʻau e pili ana i ka petological gaming. Ua k pollkkia ka Harris poll kahi kikoʻiona i wae ʻia a 1,178 ʻAmelika ʻōpio a ʻo 8 a 18. E pili ana iā 8% o nā mea pāʻani wikiō ma kēia hoʻohālike e hōʻike nei i nā hiʻohiʻona pathological o ke pāʻani.
Nā Nīnau: ʻO ke aʻo ʻana ʻAmelika e loaʻa ana iā 8% o nā makahiki ʻōpioʻAmelika 8 a me 18 e hoʻokō nei i nā kūpaʻa lapaʻau no ka pāʻani pathological.
Nā ʻōpiopio ma waena o nā ʻōpio Singapore.
Ann Acad Med. 2010 Nov;39(11):822-9.
Hoʻonui ka nui o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani wikiō i ka hopohopo nui i ka lehulehu ma o ka pāʻana i ka pathological a i ʻole ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō i waena o nā keiki a me nā'ōpiopio ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike iki ka mea liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā hōʻailona pathological i ke pāʻani ʻana i ka wikiō ma waena o nā ʻōpio Singaporean a me nā ʻano psychometric o nā mea hana e ʻike ai i nā hōʻailona pathological i ke pāʻani wikiō.
Nā hopena: I nā poʻe āpau aʻo, ua helu ʻia ka 8.7% e like me nā mea pāʻani o nā pathological me nā keikikāne e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona pathological ma mua o nā kaikamahine.
Ka Hopena: Hoʻohālikelike ka nui o ka pāʻauʻau wikiō papahele ma waena o nā ʻōpio Singaporean i kēlā me kēia mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe i aʻo ʻia a i kēia manawa, a ua kū like pū ka ʻokoʻa o nā kāne a me nā ʻike o ka noiʻi mua..
KOMOHANANA: Ua ʻike nā noiʻi ua hiki ke helu ʻia ke 8.7% o nā poʻe ʻōpio e lilo i ka lawena wikiō wikiō.
Hoʻohālikelike kiko'ī kūikawā ma nā polokalamu kamepiula pili pili e pili ana i nā mea pāʻani nui (2007)
Neurosci. 2007 Jun; 121 (3): 614-8. Ke Kula Nui ʻo Berlin no ka Psychology Lapaʻau.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka pāʻani pāʻani leʻa kamepiula, i kapa ʻia i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pāʻani kamepiula, ke kū nei i nā kūlike i hoʻokū ʻia i ka honua e wehewehe i ka hoʻohui lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO nā mea nui ma waena o nā ʻokoʻa i waena o nā hanana i pili ʻia i nā hanana pili i nā hanana e pili ana i ka pāʻani o ka kamepiula i ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi parietal a kuhikuhi i ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o kēia mau cues i nā mea pāʻani pathological i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea pāʻani kūlohelohe. Kūkākūkā kēia mau hopena me ka manaʻo e pili i ke addict a mālama ʻia ma o ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mesolimbic dopaminergic me ka ulu ʻana o nā kikoʻī pili i pili i ka addiction.
Nā manaʻo: Hoʻohālikelike ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea pāʻani kamepiula i nā mea pāʻani ʻole. Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka noiʻi ka hopena o nā mea pāʻani i nā kiʻi (kuhi) i kūlike i nā pane a ka mea ʻaʻai lāʻau i nā kuhi o ka hoʻohana lāʻau.
ʻO ka hopena o ka methylphenidate ma ka pāʻani wikiō Internet i pāʻani i nā keiki me ka maʻi-hemahema / hyperactivity (2009)
Ua nānā ʻia kekahi helu o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o ka nānā-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a me ka pāʻani pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele pūnaewele i ka prefrontal cortex a me ka system dopaminergic. ʻO nā Stimulants e like me methylphenidate (MPH), i hāʻawi ʻia e mālama i ka ADHD, a ua loaʻa ka pāʻani wikiō e hoʻonui ai i ka daptamine synaptic. Ua hoʻohālikelike mākou e hōʻemi ka mālama ʻana iā MPH i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ma nā kumuhana me ka ADHD a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka pāʻani wikiō pūnaewele.
Ma hope o nā wiki o 8 o ka mālama ʻana, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia nā helu YIAS-K a me nā manawa hoʻohana o ka pūnaewele.
Manaʻo mākou ua pāʻani ka pāʻani wikiō Pūnaewele i ke ʻano ponoʻī ponoʻī no nā keiki me ADHD. Eia kekahi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi mākou i ka loiloi ʻia ʻo MPH e like me ke kūpono o ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻo Pūnaewele.
Nā Kōkua: ʻO Methylphenidate ʻo Ritalin. ʻO ka mea hea lākou e mālama nei - hōʻalo a ADHD paha? Hoʻopili ka mea hōʻalo i ka dopamine haʻahaʻa, a hoʻokiʻekiʻe ka ritalin i ka dopamine.
Hoʻohākaʻa ʻia ʻo ke ākea tensor imalamus a me nā pūkope cingulate cortex abnormalities i loko Internet nā mea pāʻani pāʻani.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele (IGA) ma ke ʻano he pilikia ākea me nā hopena koʻikoʻi a me nā hopena olakino. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pololei keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i ka hapanui o nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i pili i nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau me IGA. ʻO ke kūleʻa keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i ka hoʻomohala i kahi pili me ka hōʻino o ka addiction, pane a me ka hōʻeha ʻana o ka mālama ʻana. Ua pili ʻo Higher FA i ka thalamus me ka paʻakikī nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka FA ulu honua i nā kānaka me ka manaʻo hoʻoili ma ka pūnaewele ʻoi paha kahi o ka huakaʻi ma mua o IGA, a i ʻole e kū mai i ke lua ma IGA, ʻoiai paha ma ke hopena pololei o ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani nui pūnaewele.
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