Sinke, C., J. Engel, M. Veit, U. Hartmann, T. Hillemacher, J. Kneer, a me THC Kruger.
NeuroImage: Kauka (2020): 102308.
o ka Naauao
- Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kiʻi porno i ka hana hana hoʻomanaʻo ʻana ma kahi hana n-hope.
- ʻO nā mea maʻi me ka hana hoʻomākiuki manuahi e hōʻike i nā manawa lohi i hōʻike ʻia i ke wā e hōʻike ʻia ana me nā mea nānā aku i nā kiʻi.
- ʻO ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala i ka pule i hala.
- Pili ka hana ma lingual gyrus me ka hana ʻilihune maikaʻi ʻole.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā kiʻi hoʻohiki i ke kikowaena o ka nānā ʻana i ka lehulehu a ua kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. Akā, ʻike liʻiliʻi kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻouluulu a me ka hoʻonaninani (neuronal) o ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. Eia, i hōʻike ʻia ka hopena a me ka neural underpinnings o nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i ka hana hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā kaʻina hana i loko o kahi hōʻike o nā kumuhana me ke ʻano hypersexual. No laila, ʻoiai e hoʻohana ana i nā magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), kahi hana n-back me nā kiʻi kūleʻa a pona paha i ke kāʻei i hana ma ka 38 mau mea maʻi a me nā 31 ola kūleʻa. Ma ka pae kūlana, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā mea maʻi e nā mea moekolohe a hilinaʻi i ko lākou kiʻi i ko lākou kiʻi ʻana i ka wiki i hala hope nei, i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke gyrus lingual. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka lingual gyrus i kahiʻoihana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe i ka insula i ka wā e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻouluʻana o ka pornographic i ka hui o ka mea maʻi. Hoʻohālikelike, hōʻike nā kumuhana olakino i nā pane e wikiwiki ana i ka wā e ke kiʻi nei me nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi wale nō me ka ukana nui cognitive. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ka poʻe maʻi i mea hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi loa i nā kiʻi kiʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka kaohi ʻana, e ʻōlelo ana no ka mea e pili ana i nā kiʻi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka pūʻulu. Kēlā mau mea i loaʻa i ka incali salience theory of addiction, ka mea ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka network salience me ka insula ma kahi ʻano nui a ʻo ka hana kaila kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻoiho ʻana i nā kiʻi pornographic e pili ana i ka make porn.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102308
1. Introduction
Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā kiʻi hoʻohiki i ke kikowaena o ka nānā ʻana i ka lehulehu a ua kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. Hoʻopilikia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa mai ka hōʻike ʻana o ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o ka nohona pili i ke kumu o ka hana hoʻomāinoino i nā hopena pōʻino. Akā, ʻike liʻiliʻi kahi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻouluulu a me ka hoʻonaninani (neuronal) o ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. Ma o ka maʻalahi o ka hiki, ka hiki a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i ka pūnaewele i kēia manawa, e piʻi mau nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā kiʻi kiʻi kino (Cooper, 1998, Lewczuk et al., 2019).). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi i hiki ke lilo i hōʻailona o ka hana moʻo i moekolohe (CSB). Hōʻike ʻia ka maʻi CSB e ka neʻe mau o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokele i ka paʻakikī, repetitive sexual impulses or urses due to repetitive sexual behavior and psychological strain (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2018). Ma muli o nā ana ʻelele, manaʻo ʻia he 3-7% o nā wahine a me 10.3% - 11% o nā kāne e hoʻopili ʻia (Dickenson et al., 2018, ʻO Grubbs et al., 2019).). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia i hōʻike ʻia e ka make nui o ka wikiō pūnaewele akā hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ma o ke ʻano 'ola maoli ʻole', e like me ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ka moekolohe kāne a wahine ʻole. ʻAʻole maopopo ʻai aku nei ka noetiology a kūkākūkā pinepine ʻo CSB e pili ana i nā hoʻohui (Kraus et al., 2016), e like me nā haʻawina neuroimaging hōʻike i ke komo ʻana o ka pānaʻina uku ma CSB, kūikawā no ka ventral striatum (Brand et al., 2016, ʻO Gola a me Draps, 2018, Gola et al., 2017, Voon et al., 2014).). Eia kekahi, ua nānā ponoʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kiʻi e pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa i ka striatum i nā kumuhana olakino (Kühn a me Gallinat, 2014).). ʻO ka hana striatal kiʻekiʻe i CSB ka mea maʻamau me ka ʻohu salience incent (IST) (ʻO Robinson a me Berridge, 1993, ʻO Robinson a me Berridge, 2008, Robinson et al., 2016), kahiʻokoʻa i waena o ka 'makemake' (eg, craving) a me ka 'makemake' (eg, Nā ʻoluʻolu kūpono) i ka ʻano hana. Manaʻo ia e hoʻolōʻihi i ka ʻōnaehana dopaminergic i kekahi o nā mea e pili ana i ka lohi e pili ana i ke ʻano. Ke hoʻonui nei i ka uluʻana i ka salience ma o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana uku, i hiki mai ke alakaʻi i ka addiction. ʻO ka manaʻo, ʻo ka hana o ka salience ke alakaʻi i ka nānā ʻana i kahi kūpono e pili ana i ka pahuhopu kūpono.Parr a me Friston, 2017, Parr a me Friston, 2019).). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻonāukiuki salient pono e hopu i ka nānā (Kerzel lāua ʻo Schönhammer, 2013).). Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike hoʻonaninani wahine i ka nānā ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hana dot-probe me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wahine a me ka hana laina laina (Kagerer et al., 2014).). Eia nō kekahi, ke hoʻohana nei i ka hana dot-probe, ka mea hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i nā kumuhana nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea moʻokalaleo ʻoi aku ka lehulehu.Mechelmans et al., 2014), alakaʻi iā nā wikiwiki wikiwiki. Eia nō naʻe, no ka hana dot-probe, ʻike ʻia nā ʻike like ʻole ʻAuselelo ʻĀwili a al. (2008) ua ʻike ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki (a, ʻaʻole i lohi) i nā manawa pili i ka hōʻeuʻeu o ka moekolohe, akā ʻo nā hana ʻē aʻe hoʻi e hōʻike ana i ka bias attentional e pili ana i ka hana hōʻeuʻeu. Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi hana ʻike maka, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana i ke kiʻi i nā kiʻi i ke olakino maikaʻi (Pekal et al., 2018).). Eia kekahi, kahi hiki i kahi hui kūpono no ka moe kolohe i nā mea olakino i nā kumuhana olakino e hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hana e pale aku ai.Sklenarik et al., 2019, Stark et al., 2017).). Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia ka paʻakikī e pili ana i ka uku moe i ka CSB (Banca et al., 2016).). Eia kekahi, i kahi noiʻi me nā hui kāne kāne olakino, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i ka hana o ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana no ka hana i ke kiʻi hoʻohālikelike ʻia (Laier et al., 2013), akā, inā hoʻowalewale i nā mea nānā aku i ka hana ʻana i nā hana hoʻomanaʻo e ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ma ka pae neural, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia o ka manawa lōʻihi me ka hana hoʻokaʻawale kiʻi kiʻi a me ka hana o ka laina o nā ʻano hana ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kiʻi ma ka hanana i nā manawa lōʻihi a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe i ka punawai caudate, putamen, thalamus, ACC, a me OFC, kahi ua ho'ākāka ʻia ma ke komo ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana uku (Strahler et al., 2018).
No laila, manaʻo mākou e noiʻi i ka hikiʻole o ke kiʻi o nā kiʻi kikoʻī me nā hana hana hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana hoʻomanaʻo magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) i ka manawa o ka hana n-back letter me ka hana wale ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā kiʻi ʻole kiʻi i ka moʻo. We hypothesize that the salient pornographic drawan drawing layo from the task, the more kasalahan and / a i ʻole e lōʻihi mau manawa hele aku, as Fried a me Johanson (2008) hoʻolako ʻia nā hōʻike e manaʻo ai e hiki ke lilo i mea e hiki ai ke lilo i mea e hoʻohuli ai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻikepili o ka huahana. Eia kekahi, makemake mākou e ʻike inā paha e hōʻike ana nā mea hōʻike i ka ʻano nui i ka moekolohe i ka hopena hiki i ka hana hōʻino. Hiki i kēia ke kuhikuhi i ka hana i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ʻoi aku i ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau kumuhana.Robinson et al., 2016).). No laila, hoʻohālikelike mākou i nā kumuhana kāne a me CSB i nā mana olakino. Ma muli o kā lākou preoccupation me ka wahine i wahine (Kraus et al., 2016), ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā kumuhana me nā hana moekolohe e nā kiʻi wahine a no laila, e ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki / lohi i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o ka wahine. Ma ka pae o ka neuronal, ʻo ka hopena i hoʻoili ʻia e pono e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ka ʻoihana mua ma mua o ka poʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia.
2. Keʻano
Nā Kaupapa
ʻO ka laʻana i wehewehe ʻia he subsample o ka haʻawina SEX@BRAIN, me nā kumuhana āpau i komo i nā hoʻokolohua fMRI. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o ka hoʻolimalima ʻana a me ka laʻana holoʻokoʻa ma ʻO Engel et al. (2019). ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻomaka kahi hana hou me kahi nūpepa paʻi, i pane ʻia ai nā 539 kāne. ʻO kēia mau pane, hiki i ka 201 ke kiʻi ʻia ma ke kelepona no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻina mua ʻana o nā kikoʻī i ʻōlelo ʻia e Kafka.Kafka, 2010).). Inā hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka pōʻino e nā kuhihewa kūpono ʻole a i ʻole hōʻino ʻole i nā kānāwai hoʻomana kūʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia nā kumuhana e komo. (e ʻike i ka ʻike Lewczuk et al., 2020 no ke kūkākūkā). Ma nā mea a pau, ua hālāwai ke kumuhana o 73 i nā manawaleʻa i ʻekolu o kēia mau koi. Ma ka hana hou aʻe, hoʻoholo ka 50 o nā papa ʻenehana e komo i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. ʻEkolu mau kumuhana i hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma hope o ka post-hoc, no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou i hiki i ka hōʻoki ʻana i ka ʻoki o 53 i ka Hypersexual Behavioured Inventory 19 (Reid et al., 2011).). Ua kiʻi ʻia nā kumuhana hoʻomalu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻolaha ma ka intranet o ke Kula ʻo Hannover Medical. Ua pane ʻia he 85 mau kānaka, ʻaʻole 29 i pane mai i ke kelepona a kelepona paha. Mai ke koena he 56 mau kāne, 38 mau kāne i komo i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Ua haʻalele ʻia nā poʻe komo ma muli o ka hiki ke ʻike pilikino (e like me ke ʻano ʻana e Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale-IV) (Wechsler, 2013), he pilikia psychotic a mahele paha psychotic episode (loiloi me ka Structured Clinical Uiui no DSM-IV Axis 1 pilikia (SCID-I)) ()Wittchen et al., 1997), ʻo ka hōʻeha ulu poʻo, ka hana pilikino i ke kiʻekiʻe ʻo Kinsey (Kinsey et al., 1948), a me ka makemake moekolohe paedophilic (i loiloi ʻia i loko o kahi ninaninau semi-hanganga). Loaʻa nā ʻikepili a me nā fMRI i 81 mau kāne kāne heterosexual. Ua kānana wale mākou no nā kāne me CSB, ʻoiai ke ʻimi nei kēia mau kāne i ke kōkua i nā hola kūkākūkā i nā manawa pinepine a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hiki. Ua kāpae ʻia nā kumuhana me ka orientation homosexual, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei nā mea ponokala kiʻi e hōʻike i ka moekolohe kāne a wahine. Ma waena o nā mea maʻi he 50, ʻaʻole ʻelima i kūpono no ka hoʻokolokolo MRI ma muli o ke ana MRI a me hoʻokahi kumuhana ma muli o ka lāʻau e pili ana i kāna kipaku wahine (salvacyl). No laila, ua hui pū ʻia nā kāne he 44 me nā mea maʻi me ka moe kolohe i komo i ka hoʻokolohua MRI. Loaʻa i ka hui olakino olakino nā kumuhana 37, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke komo i ka MRI ma muli o ka claustrophobia i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua. No ke anamana hope loa, pono e kāpae ʻia ʻeono mau kumuhana ma muli o ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ke poʻo (ʻekolu no kēlā me kēia hui me ka neʻe ʻana o ke poʻo> 2 mm), hoʻokahi mea hoʻomanawanui ma muli o kahi ʻeha poʻo, hoʻokahi kaohi ma muli o ke poʻo o ke poʻo i hala, hoʻokahi mea komo ma muli o ka kiʻekiʻe HBI (akā manaʻo inconspicuous) hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka nīnauele, hoʻokahi mea ma muli o ka helu haʻahaʻa Hypersexual Behaviour Inventory (HBI) (≤53) (akā nā manaʻo conspicuous) e pili ana i ka nīnauele, hoʻokahi kumuhana hoʻomalu ma muli o kahi moe kolohe a hoʻokahi hoʻomanawanui. ma muli o ka piha ʻole o ka ʻike. No laila, ua kālailai ʻia ka ʻikepili MRI o nā maʻi he 38 a me nā kāohi 31. Ua mālama ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e like me ka Declaration of Helsinki a ʻae ʻia e ke kōmike loina kūloko. Ua hāʻawi nā kumuhana i ka ʻae palapala i kākau ʻia e komo, ua manuahi e haʻalele i ke aʻo ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa a loaʻa ka uku no kā lākou komo ʻana.
Nīnau ʻ Questionlelo Pilikino
I mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻano hypersexual, ka HBI (Reid et al., 2011) a me ka mana i hōʻano hou ʻia o ka Hōʻikeʻike Hoʻohālikelike Pale (SAST-R) (Carnes et al., 2010) ua hana a hōʻike ʻia e like me ka manual. No ka HBI, ua noi ʻia he waiwai hōʻoki ʻia o 53, ʻoiai ʻo SAST-R, kahi waiwai ʻoki o 6 no nā mea waiwai (1). Eia nō hoʻi, ua hana ʻia kahi hālāwai ninaninau semi-i hoʻokipa ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka poʻe komo, a me ka nīnau SIS / SES (Janssen et al., 2002) e loiloi i ke ʻano o nā hana hoʻokipa a me ka pale. No nā kikoʻī, ʻike ʻO Engel et al. (2019).
LoaʻaʻIkepili FMRI
Loaʻa ka ʻikepili MRI ma kahi Siemens 3T Skyra e holo ana ʻo Syngo VE11 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hāelau poʻo kumu o ka pona 64. Ua loaʻa ka 84 o nā koina axial (hoʻonā 2 × 2 × 2 mm) i ka nui o ka puʻu i loaʻa i ke kaomi piʻi ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōkuhi multadiice EPI T2 * e pili ana i nā ʻano kikoʻīa e like me kēia: Nā manawa hana (TR) = 1.55 s, manawa echo (TE ) = 32 ms, pālahalaha flip = 90 °, ke ʻano o ka nānā = 256 × 256 mm a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki = 4. Ma mua o nā hiʻona hana, ua loaʻa i kahi kiʻi anatomical kiʻekiʻe o kahi kanaka no kēlā me kēia poʻe e hoʻohana ana i kahi kikoʻī a T1 kaupaona ʻoi i hoʻomākaukau koke ʻia i ka gradient hopu. kau echo (kūleʻa 0.9 × 0.9 × 0.9 mm, TR = 2.3 s, TE = 3 ms, ke kī kikihi = 9 ° a me ke ʻano o ka ʻike = 255 × 270 mm).
fMRI Hana Hoʻolālā
Nā Palapala hoʻāʻike
ʻO kēia haʻawina he ʻāpana o kahi ʻano o nā hoʻokolohua e noiʻi ana i nā kumuhana me ka ʻano hypersexual (Sex@Brain-Study). Ua noi ʻia nā kumuhana āpau e kāohi i nā hana moekolohe 24 h ma mua o ko lākou komo ʻana. Maʻaneʻi, ua hoihoi mākou i ka hopena hoʻopilikia o nā mea moe kolohe i nā kaʻina hana hoʻomanaʻo. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hana leka n-back me nā kiʻi hoʻokalakupua a me nā kiʻi pili ʻole ma hope. I loko o kēia hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kumuhana me nā mea ponokala kiʻi no ka manawa mua ma ka noiʻi holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hoʻokolohua he ʻekolu mau kumu: ʻo ka mea ma waena o nā pūʻulu he SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (hoʻomalu / hoʻomanawanui) a me nā kumu kumuhana DIFFICULTY (1-back / 2-back) a me EXPLICITNESS (nā kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā kāne jogging / mau kāne i ka wā o ka moekolohe). Ma mua o ka hana, ua ʻae ʻia nā kumuhana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka mana 1-back a me 2-back o ka hana me ka ʻole e hoʻopilikia i nā kiʻi. Hoʻokahi hola ma hope o ke ana ʻana o ka fMRI, ua hana ʻia kahi hana hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia e hoʻāʻo ai inā ʻokoʻa ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka hope ma waena o nā maʻi a me nā mana.
fMRI hoʻokolohua
Loaʻa i ka hoʻokolohua fMRI o 24 mau poloka, ʻeono o kēlā me kēia kūlana (1-hoʻi me nā kiʻi kikoʻī, 2-hoʻi me nā kiʻi kikoʻī, 1-back me nā kiʻi kīnā ʻole a me ka 2-hope me nā kiʻi kiʻi kūlike. me ka kaawale o aole mau mea e ae o elua mau poloka o na ano i like me i hoikeia i kahi lalani. Hoʻomaka lākou a pau me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻōlelo aʻo (1-back a 2-back) no 6 s. A laila, he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia pākahi, kahi 20 mau leka (A-Z me ka ʻole o nā leo i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ka nui kaupaona 10, ʻano kīpē: Arial a me ke kala kiko: keokeo) i hōʻike ʻia me kahi kiʻi hana-pono ʻole i ka ʻaoʻao. ʻIke ʻia kēlā me nā leka a me ke kiʻi ma hope no 80 s, a ukali ʻia e ke kea hoʻoponopono i hōʻike ʻia no 1 s. Ma loko o kēlā me kēia pākuʻi, ʻekolu mau leka i hoʻokomo ʻia i kahi pā manamana. Ua pau ka pau ʻana me kahi kikowaena inter-block o 1-4 s (nona kahi 8 s), kahi i hōʻike hou ʻia ai kahi kea hoʻoponopono. Ua kauoha ʻia nā kumuhana e pane aku i ka leka i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ke kaomi ʻana i ka manamana lima ʻākau ma ke ʻano pane.
Hana ʻikahi
Hoʻokahi hola ma hope o ka hoʻokolohua fMRI, ua komo nā mea i kahi hana i haʻi ʻia ʻole ma waho o ka scanner. Maanei, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi 80 i hoʻohana i loko o ka hoʻokolohua a me 80 mau kiʻi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua, a hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana e hōʻike i ko lākou hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i kahi mākaukau 6-helu (ʻoiaʻiʻo nō, ʻike ʻia, maopopo ʻole, ʻike ʻole ʻia hou paha, he mau mea hou a ʻoiaʻiʻo nō hoʻi. ).). Ua hoʻomaka ʻia kēlā me kēia hoʻokolokolo me kahi hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono i hōʻike ʻia no ka 1 s. A laila, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi no 2 s, e ukali ʻia e ke ana hilinaʻi, i hōʻike ʻia a hiki i ka hana ʻana o nā kumuhana i kā lākou hoʻoholo. ʻO kēia, ma ke kumu, ua hoʻohele i ka hoʻokolokolo hou. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka pololei o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loli like.
Nā kumu
Ua mālama ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hoʻouluʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike pilikino ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Presentation® (Hōʻike 16.3, Neurobehavioral Systems Inc.,
Berkley, CA, USA; www.neurobs.com) a ua hōʻike ʻia ma kahi mākaʻi 32 ”mai NordicNeuroLab (NNL) (Bergen, Norway; www.nordicneurolab.com), kahi i waiho ʻia i mua o ka mea maʻi a ʻike ʻia ma ka aniani. Ua ʻohi ʻia nā pane me nā ʻōlelo pane mai NNL.
Hoʻoulu ʻia
ʻO ka hana kuʻuna o ka hana n-hope ka nui o nā leka nui o ka leka (A – Z). No nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, 20 mau kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka moe kolohe heterosexual, 20 mau kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka waha, 20 mau kiʻi e hōʻike ana i kahi mau wāwae e hele ana a 20 mau kiʻi e hōʻike ana i kahi mau jogging ua hoʻohana ʻia. Ua māhele like ʻia nā kiʻi ma nā kūlana like ʻole. No laila, 10 mau kiʻi moe kolohe a me 10 mau kiʻi hoʻonā wahaheʻe i hōʻike ʻia i ke kūlana 1-hope, ʻoiai ʻo nā kiʻi 20 ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia he mau kūlana ma ke ʻano o 2-back. ʻO ka paʻa like no ke kūlana kūleʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā me kēia hōʻeuʻeu i ʻekolu mau manawa no ka 2 s i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua holoʻokoʻa.
fMRI Ka Hoʻolālā Kiʻi
Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā kiʻi DICOM i ka format NIFTI me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka dcm2nii. Ma hope o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā māka mua ʻelima no ka uku ʻana i ka hopena sīpona T1, a laila hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hano kikoʻī. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻia ke kiʻi echo planar image i kēlā me kēia kiʻi T1. Hoʻoohie ʻia nā kiʻi no ke kiʻi a me ka hana i ka wahi o ka MNI me ka nui o ka mana o 2 × 2 × 2 mm a e hoʻopuni ʻia me kahi pahu 4 × 4 × 4 mm FWHM Gaussian e hoʻohana ana i ka SPM12.
NāʻIke Heluhelu
ʻO ka helu ʻana i ka ʻikepili ʻano
Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻikepili ʻia e ka Presentation® a ua kālailai ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā SPSS © (IBM Inc.). Ua hana ʻia nā anamanaʻo helu helu me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā huelo ʻelua, a ua manaʻo ʻia he helu helu nui <0.05. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā helu āpau, koe wale nō nā manawa hoʻohālikelike e like me ka nui o ka helu maʻamau maʻamau. No nā manawa hopena, ua kālailai ʻia ka pā waena waena waena maʻamau. Ninaninau ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo Kolmogorov-Smirnov. E like me ka mahele maʻamau o nā loli hilinaʻi, hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻokolohua parametric ma waena. Ua loiloi ʻia nā pilina ma waena o ka hana a me ka ʻikepili hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka coefficient o Pearson. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pololei i ka hana n-hoʻi a me ka ʻike i ka pākēneka o nā pane pololei a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka arc-sine i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka mahele maʻamau.
Kālepa FMRI
Ua mālama ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Model Model Linear (GLM). Ma ka pae kumuhana, loaʻa i ke kkohu ʻehā regresoror o ka hoʻohālikelike hoihoi, nā kūlana hoʻokolohua ʻehā (1-hoʻi me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi (maʻalahi maʻalahi), 2-hoʻi me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi (paʻakikī paʻakikī), 1-hoʻi me nā kiʻi kūlike ʻole (maʻalahi maʻalahi ) a 2-hoʻi me nā kiʻi kūlike ʻole (kūleʻa paʻakikī)). Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻeono mau regressor o ka hoihoi ʻole i loko o nā ʻaoʻao neʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia. Ua hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia hana stimulus boxcar me kahi hana pane hemodynamic canonical. A laila, kānana kiʻekiʻe ka ʻikepili i kānana ʻia me kahi wā oki o 128 s. Ma ka pae pae, nā kiʻi ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia kumuhana e hōʻike ana i nā hopena nui (paʻakikī> maʻalahi a maʻalahi> kūlike ʻole) a me nā launa pū (DIFFICULTY X EXPLICITNESS: explicit (easy> paʻakikī)> kūleʻa (maʻalahi> paʻakikī)) a me GROUP X EXPLICITNESS: hoʻomanawanui (explicit> kūlike ʻole)> kaohi (explicit> kūlike ʻole)) i hoʻohana ʻia no kahi loiloi hopena hopena. Ma hope aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua ʻelua ʻaoʻao e loiloi i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hui. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka paepae no nā loiloi āpau i ka p ≤ 0.05 hewa naʻauao ʻohana (FWE) i hoʻoponopono ʻia no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui i ka pae cluster. ʻO ka voxel piko o nā puʻupuʻu koʻikoʻi i kahi ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lepili anatomical akomi (AAL) (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002).
Hoʻopuka ʻana i ka naʻau
E ʻimi hou aku i nā ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wahi gyrus lingual i ka wā o ke kaʻina ʻana i nā kiʻi porno, kahi hōʻike psychophysiological interaction (PPI).Friston et al., 1997) hana ʻia. Hōʻike kahi loiloi PPI i nā ʻokoʻa i ka pilina o ka hana ma waena o kahi ʻano hua a me nā voxel āpau āpau ma ka lolo holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he hana psychological. Maʻaneʻi, ua alakaʻi mākou i kahi anamanaʻo PPI e ʻike i nā wahi o ka lolo e hōʻike ana i ka pilina ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hui ʻelua i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi ponokala. Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā ʻāpana o ka gyrus lingual hema i ka manawa o ka hoʻonāukiuki ponokala kiʻi e like me ka hua, no ka mea ua hōʻike ʻia kahi pilina SEXUAL BEHAVIOR X EXPLICITNESS o ka hana neuronal (hua hua (x, y, z) (-2, 82, 2)), e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohālikelike pilina (nā mea maʻi (kiʻi ʻoniʻoni> kūlike ʻole)> nā kaohi (ponokalakala> kūlike ʻole)) (ʻike 3 Pūnaewele).). Kuhi ʻia ka manawa o ka oxygen oxygen level-dependence manawa mai loko mai o kahi nū i loaʻa i ka gualus lingual (5 mm ka palena a ua kaili ʻia i ka puʻu voxel) no kēlā me kēia kumuhana āpau e hoʻohana ana i ka hana o ka manawa eigen-manawa (ka manaʻo noiʻi nui). Kahu ʻia ka papa helu PPI no kēlā me kēia kumuhana ke kumuhana o nā hua ʻenehana o ke ʻano o ka hoʻākāka ʻia ʻana o ka hua hua (i lawe ʻia i ka manawa manawa) a me ka vector coding no ka hoʻohuli ʻano psychological (1 ma luna o nā papa hana kiʻi porno a -1 ma luna o ke kau inoa. ka lula hoʻokele hoʻokele no nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ke kiʻi ʻana o nā kiʻi porno). No laila, ua ho'āʻo kā mākou PPI no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pornograpie kikoʻī o ka pilina ma waena o kahi gyrus waʻa hema a me kekahi ʻano ʻāina ʻē aʻe. I ka hope, ua hōʻike nā mea hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka psychological a me ka physiological (PPI regressor) i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi hōʻike-ʻelua t-hoʻāʻo.
3. Nā hualoaʻa
Kaʻikepili
Ua hui pū ʻia nā hui i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka mahalo i ka makahiki (mau mana 37.6 ± 11.7, nā mea maʻi 36.3 ± 11.2, T (67) = 0.46, p = ns), mau makahiki o ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā ʻōnaehana (ʻehā mau lima hema no kēlā hui) a ʻaʻole i ʻano like me mahalo i ka hana hana hoʻomanaʻo e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka WAIS-IV Arithmetic subtest (e hoʻomalu ai: 11.16 ± 2.66 a me ka helu pākēkē, nā maʻi: 11.16 ± 2.59 i hōʻea i ka pane, T (67) = 0.005, p = ns). No nā kikoʻī hou aku, ʻike 1 Pūnaewele.
1 Pūnaewele. Nā hōʻailona: Hoʻākāka (M) a me ka derivation maʻamau (SD) o ka wehewehe ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ke kumukūʻai T me ka waiwai a me ka p-waiwai kūpono no ka hoʻohālikelike hui.
| ʻO nā mea maʻi (M ± SD) | Nā Kāohi (M ± SD) | Aila / p-waiwai | |
|---|---|---|---|
| makahiki | 36.3 ± 11.2 | 37.6 ± 11.7 | 0.46 / 0.647 |
| Nā makahiki i ke kula | 11.7 ± 1.6 | 12 ± 1.5 | 0.849 / 0.399 |
| WAIS IV - kaʻaahi ʻōkuhi | 107.7 ± 16.6 | 106.87 ± 15.3 | 0.22 / 0.826 |
| HBI | 73.1 ± 10.9 | 28.1 ± 8.7 | 18.624 /> 0.001 |
| SAST - R | 13.3 ± 3.2 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 16.44 /> 0.001 |
| Kaʻai kiʻi porn - i ka pule i hala (min) | 213 ± 242 | 49 ± 70 | 3.646 / 0.001 |
| Ka helu o nā orgasms - masturbation (pule) | 13.1 ± 18.3 | 2.0 ± 2.5 | 3.34 / 0.001 |
| SIS-1 | 35.6 ± 8.2 | 31.9 ± 5.4 | 2.274 / 0.026 |
| SIS-2 | 25.8 ± 5.3 | 29.8 ± 4.4 | 3.359 / 0.001 |
| ʻO ia | 60.5 ± 10.5 | 49.4 ± 8.5 | 4.735 /> 0.001 |
ʻAlohelohe
Ke hoʻāʻo nei no nā ʻokoʻa o ka hui ma ka laulā maʻamau, hana i ka hana hoʻomanaʻo a me ka hana ʻana i ka manawa kūpaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma waena o nā hui. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike maka 2 Pūnaewele. Ma aneʻi, kahi 2 × 2 ana anamanaʻo hou me ka mea ma waena o ke kumuhana kumuhana SEXUAL BEHAVIOR a me ka mea kumuhana DIFFICULTY hōʻike i kahi hopena o DIFFICULTY (F (1,67) = 63.318, p <0.001, η2 = 0.486) akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa hui (F (1,67) = 3.604, p = ns) no ka pololei a me ka hopena hou o DIFFICULTY (F (1,67) = 40.471, p <0.001, η2 = 0.377) akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nā hui (F (1,67) = 0.317, p = ns) no nā hopena median.
2 Pūnaewele. ʻO ka hana pilikino: ʻO ka hōʻike pilikino mai ka hana n-i hope a me ka hana mahalo pihoihoi. Kuhi ʻia ka manaʻo (M) a me ka derivation maʻamau (SD) o nā pūʻulu ʻelua e like me nā kiko o ka hoʻohālikelike pūʻulu (T-waiwai a me nā p-waiwai kūpono).
| ʻO nā mea maʻi (M ± SD) | Nā Kāohi (M ± SD) | Aila / p-waiwai | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kūleʻa pololei 1-hoʻihoʻi | 93.4% ± 11.1 | 97.7% ± 4.7 | 2.136 / 0.037 |
| Kūleʻa pololei 2-hoʻihoʻi | 80.1% ± 18.6 | 88.2% ± 10.3 | 2.274 / 0.027 |
| Kūleʻa kūlike 1-hope | 95.9% ± 5.9 | 98.0% ± 3.9 | 1.788 / 0.078 |
| Kūleʻa kūlike 2-hope | 82.3% ± 14.7 | 87.6% ± 11.9 | 1.627 / 0.109 |
| RT mau mea 1-hope | 668ms ± 113 | 607ms ± 75 | 2.552 / 0.013 |
| RT mau mea 2-hope | 727ms ± 125 | 696ms ± 97 | 1.149 / 0.255 |
| RT kūleʻa 1-hope | 609ms ± 90 | 597ms ± 81 | 0.57 / 0.57 |
| RT kūleʻa 2-hope | 693ms ± 116 | 714ms ± 112 | 0.765 / 0.447 |
| Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi pololei i kahi kikoʻī 1-hope | 65.5% ± 21.0 | 48.3% ± 21.7 | 3.299 / 0.002 |
| Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi pololei i kahi kikoʻī 2-hope | 52.0% ± 19.4 | 40.0% ± 18.6 | 2.641 / 0.01 |
| Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke kūlohelohe 1-hope | 40.0% ± 18.4 | 46.2% ± 20.3 | 1.311 / 0.194 |
| Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke kūlohelohe 2-hope | 25.3 ± 18.0 | 34.7% ± 22.0 | 1.936 / 0.057 |
3 Pūnaewele. nā hopena fMRI: Nā hopena o ka loiloi fMRI. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻonaninani ʻo ka punalu, ka nui cluster a me nā hōʻailona AAL e pili ana i ka hoʻonaninani ʻokoʻa no nā ʻokoʻa hoʻohālikelike like ʻole a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻae ʻia no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui (ʻo ia hoʻi ke hoʻoponopono ʻana ʻo FWE ma nā pae kīwaha no nā hopena nui a ma ka pae cluster no ka hopena o ka hoʻopili).
| Kahua (AAL) | hemisphere | x | y | z | ʻIliʻā | p-kūlā | Hālike T -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ʻO STIMULI:explicit> kūlike ʻole; Pihi FWE> 25 | |||||||
| nā gyrus haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | L | -44 | -76 | -6 | 15139 | 0 | 15.65 |
| He cortex mua i mua nā orbital | R | 28 | 32 | -14 | 180 | 0 | 7.51 |
| Holo i loko o Parietal cortex | R | 30 | -48 | 54 | 589 | 0 | 9.42 |
| Frontial medial mua / ACC | L / R | -4 | 48 | 20 | 1694 | 0 | 9.21 |
| Talamus | L / R | 0 | -10 | 10 | 98 | 0 | 8.95 |
| He cortex mua i mua nā orbital | L | -30 | 32 | -14 | 229 | 0 | 8.55 |
| ʻO nucleus Caudate | R | 24 | -28 | 28 | 84 | 0 | 8.41 |
| PCC | L / R | -2 | -48 | 28 | 348 | 0 | 8.17 |
| Hippocampus | R | 32 | -32 | -2 | 109 | 0 | 7.36 |
| Hoʻokū | L | -34 | 24 | 10 | 40 | 0 | 7.25 |
| ʻO nucleus Caudate | L | -18 | 0 | 30 | 43 | 0 | 7.23 |
| Cortex waena waena | R | 20 | -16 | 34 | 38 | 0 | 7.15 |
| Cortex waena waena | L | -22 | -40 | 36 | 29 | 0 | 6.86 |
| Cortex waena waena | L | -2 | -18 | 40 | 30 | 0.001 | 6.64 |
| ʻO nucleus Caudate | L | -12 | 18 | 8 | 39 | 0.001 | 6.46 |
| ʻO nucleus Caudate | R | 8 | 16 | 6 | 34 | 0.002 | 6.42 |
| Mua mua 2 | L | -26 | 40 | 28 | 28 | 0.003 | 6.3 |
| Pākuʻi | L / R | 0 | -58 | 66 | 41 | 0.003 | 6.23 |
| ʻO STIMULI:kūlike ʻole> explicit; Pihi FWE> 25 | |||||||
| ʻO Parahippocampal gyrus | R | 24 | -28 | -16 | 20 | 0.001 | 6,57 |
| Kikika ʻulaʻula | R | 44 | -64 | 52 | 5 | 0.007 | 6.04 |
| ʻO Parahippocampal gyrus | L | -18 | -36 | -12 | 1 | 0.029 | 5.68 |
| Hoʻokū | L | -36 | -26 | 20 | 1 | 0.037 | 5.6 |
| KOHANAINA:paʻakikī> maʻalahi; Pihi FWE> 25 | |||||||
| Cerebellum | L | -28 | -56 | -32 | 1089 | 0 | 13.52 |
| Hoʻohui ʻokoʻa kaʻa | L / R | -4 | 16 | 44 | 6678 | 0 | 13.12 |
| Hoʻokū | R | 34 | 22 | 2 | 1750 | 0 | 12.88 |
| ʻo ka cerebellum | R | 34 | -52 | -30 | 856 | 0 | 11.79 |
| Pākuʻi | L / R | -6 | -60 | 52 | 4649 | 0 | 11.77 |
| Kūhelu Kūʻai | R | 24 | 12 | 60 | 3733 | 0 | 11.6 |
| Cerebellum | R | 30 | -62 | -48 | 499 | 0 | 10.94 |
| Cerebellum | L | -6 | -52 | -56 | 65 | 0 | 8.61 |
| Cortex kikowaena Orbitofrontal | R | 22 | 40 | -12 | 47 | 0 | 6.85 |
| Cerebellum | R / L | -2 | -44 | -16 | 52 | 0 | 6.72 |
| KOHANAINA:maʻalahi> paʻakikī; Pihi FWE> 25 | |||||||
| Cortex kūloko waena | R | 52 | -74 | 4 | 4580 | 0 | 11.11 |
| Pākuʻi | R / L | 6 | -50 | 24 | 1463 | 0 | 10.76 |
| Hippocampus | L | -24 | -18 | -16 | 3316 | 0 | 10.25 |
| Hoʻoikaika cortex kūmole | L | -34 | 34 | -12 | 107 | 0 | 10.13 |
| ʻO ka operculum Rolandic | R | 54 | -4 | 10 | 1262 | 0 | 9.41 |
| Hoʻohui ʻokoʻa kaʻa | R / L | 2 | -16 | 52 | 540 | 0 | 7.03 |
| Kūlana cortex mua | L | -12 | 38 | 52 | 80 | 0 | 8.53 |
| Nā pahu kūloko waena | R | 42 | 22 | -34 | 341 | 0 | 6.86 |
| ʻO Olfactory | L / R | -2 | 26 | -12 | 603 | 0 | 8.29 |
| Cerebellum | R | 26 | -76 | -34 | 25 | 0 | 7.86 |
| Hoʻoikaika cortex kūmole | R | 38 | 34 | -12 | 58 | 0 | 7.84 |
| ʻO Gyrus kūpono | R | 46 | -22 | 64 | 279 | 0 | 7.77 |
| Cortex kūloko waena | L | -58 | 6 | -18 | 67 | 0 | 7.48 |
| Holoi mua hema | R | 52 | 36 | 12 | 51 | 0 | 7.04 |
| Nā pahu kūloko waena | L | -46 | 14 | -34 | 61 | 0 | 6.92 |
| Kūleʻa kino | L | -54 | -6 | 6 | 32 | 0 | 6.9 |
| Frontal i mua medial | L | -6 | 52 | 36 | 37 | 0 | 6.88 |
| Cerebellum | L | -28 | -80 | -34 | 49 | 0.001 | 6.56 |
| Hokona kiko | L | -64 | -8 | -12 | 51 | 0.001 | 6.53 |
| MAKANA X STIMULI:explicit (maʻalahi> paʻakikī)> kūlike ʻole (maʻalahi> paʻakikī); Kāpili FWE | |||||||
| Inipili occipital | L | -44 | -70 | -6 | 1804 | 0.000 | 6.58 |
| Hoʻokū | L | -30 | 18 | -12 | 271 | 0.000 | 5.78 |
| Hokona kiko | L | -58 | -18 | -10 | 173 | 0.000 | 5.02 |
| Kohui kahuna | R | 32 | -48 | 54 | 912 | 0.000 | 4.83 |
| Hoʻoikaika kino | R | 48 | -62 | -4 | 296 | 0.000 | 4.78 |
| ʻO ke kino o ka'okihue | L / R | -2 | 30 | 26 | 758 | 0.000 | 4.77 |
| Gyrus Supramarginal | L | -60 | -32 | 40 | 193 | 0.000 | 4.74 |
| Precueneus | L | -10 | -62 | 70 | 1433 | 0.000 | 4.69 |
| Kūʻē alo | L | -22 | 30 | 50 | 156 | 0.001 | 4.88 |
| Hopu i mua ka papa hana i mua | L | -46 | 14 | 32 | 585 | 0.000 | 4.52 |
| ʻO nā cortex medial orbitofrontal | L / R | -2 | 46 | -8 | 99 | 0.013 | 4.47 |
| HUI X STIMULI: hoʻomanawanui (explicit> kūlike ʻole)> kaohi (explicit> kūlike ʻole); Kāpili FWE | |||||||
| ʻO Lingual gyrus | L | -2 | -82 | 2 | 84 | 0,032 | 4,34 |
No ka loiloi i nā hopena o nā kiʻi porno e pili ana i ka hana hana, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili me ka 2 × 2 × 2 e hoʻomau ʻia ana me ANOVA e ʻike i nā mea SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (nā mea maʻi / hoʻomālamalama), EXPLICITNESS (pornographic / neutral) a me DIFFICULTY (1-back / 2- hope).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka pololei i kahi hopena nui o DIFFICULTY (F (1,67) = 140.758, p <0.001, η2 = 0.678) a SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (F (1,67) = 5.213, p = 0.026, η2 = 0.072) akā ʻaʻole ia he hopena o EXPLICITNESS (F (1,67) = 0.305, p = ns) a i ʻole ka launa pū ma waena o nā kumu (ʻike Kiʻikuhi 1a).
Hōʻike 1. Nā hopena hopena: a) hopena koʻikoʻi o ka pilikia a me ka moekolohe ma ka pololei o ka hana n-back. Hōʻino nā mea i ka paʻakikī o ka 2-hope i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a mahele i nā mea maʻi outperform kūʻokoʻa i ka paʻakikī. ʻO nā hala kuhi hewa e hōʻike i ka hala hewa o ke kumu (SEM). b) Hoʻāhewa ʻia ka hoʻonaninani X meaʻikepili e pili ana i nā hopena median e hōʻike ana i ka wikiwiki o ka mea maʻi me nā mea nānā ʻole i ke kiʻi ʻole. ʻO nā hala kuhi hewa e hōʻike i ka hala hewa o ke kumu (SEM). c) Ka hana o ka moekolohe X pili wili i ka hana hoʻohālikelike. Hōʻike nā maʻi i nā hana hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi loa no nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi ʻole i ka pono ʻole a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa no nā kiʻi kū like ʻole. ʻO nā hala kuhi hewa e hōʻike i ka hala hewa o ke kumu (SEM).
E pili ana i nā hopena ʻano median, ʻo rm-ANOVA i hōʻike i ka pilina ma waena o SEXUAL BEHAVIOR a me EXPLICITNESS (F (1,67) = 11.73, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.149) a me nā hopena nui o DIFFICULTY (F (1,67) = 45.106, p <0.001, η2 = 0.402) a e KaʻuwEU (F (1,67) = 4.142, p = 0.046, η2 = 0.058) akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi o SEXUAL BEHAVIOR (F (1,67) = 0.868, p = ns) a i ʻole he mau ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i loaʻa. Nā hōʻike ma hope iho o nā hōʻike ma hope iho, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea maʻi me nā kiʻi hoʻohālikelike kiʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hoʻohālikelike kino (T (67) = 2.271, p = 0.027), akā hana like nā hui like ʻole me ka hoʻokolohua kūlohelohe i ka hope (T (67) = 0.563, p = ns). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe maʻi me ka hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻohālikelike o ka neʻe ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ma ke kua ʻana (T (37) = 3.195, p = 0.003), ʻoiai i nā kaola e hiki ai ke ʻike i ke ʻano he hiki ke ʻike (T (30) = 1.956, p = 0.060), e kuhikuhi ana i nā manawa wikiwiki i ka manawa kūlohelohe Kiʻikuhi 1b).
No ka nānā pono aku i ka hopena hūnā, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia mākou i nā manawa kūlike ʻo median i kēlā me kēia hui pākahi. No laila, ua hana ʻia kahi loiloi hana hoʻomalu 2 × 2 e hoʻopili ʻia ana i nā mea e KAUTOHE MAU ʻ andLOAʻO. I ka hui hoʻomanawanui, ʻike mākou i nā hopena koʻikoʻi o EXPLICITNESS (F (1,37) = 10.209, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.216) a me DIFFICULTY (F (1,37) = 23.021, p <0.001, η2 = 0.384) me ka wikiwiki o ka manawa ma ka maʻalahi o ka maʻalahi a me ka manawa e kū nei i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi ʻole, akā ʻaʻole hoʻi i like me ke ʻano o ka ʻike ma waena (ʻike pū kekahi Kiʻikuhi 2a). No ka pūʻulu kaohi, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kahi hopena nui o DIFFICULTY (F (1,30) = 21.736, p <0.001, η2 = 0.42) a loulou DIFFICULTY × EXPLICITNESS interaction (F (1,30) = 4.606, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.133) i ʻike ʻia, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ke hopena koʻikoʻi o EXPLICITNESS (F (1,30) = 3.826, p = ns) (ʻike pū kekahi Kiʻikuhi 2ʻo nā b). Hōʻike nā hōʻike ma ka hoc t a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā kumuhana olakino i ka paʻakikī 2-hope i ka wā i hōʻike ʻia ai nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi (T (30) = 2.666, p = 0.012), aʻo ka maʻalahi 1 ka hope o ka pane, ua hoʻohālikelike ka wikiwiki ma waena o nā kiʻi kū pono ʻole a me ka lawehala (T (30) = 0.583, p = ns)
Hōʻike 2. Nā hopena kūpono no nā hui like ʻole: a) hopena koʻikoʻi o ka mea nānā aku: Hoʻohui hou nā mea maʻi me nā kiʻi kiʻi o ke kiʻi kūʻokoʻa me ka paʻakikī o ka hana. b) Uikahiki X ka paʻakikī paʻakikī. E wikiwiki ka neʻe o ka maʻi olakino i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i nā kiʻi paʻakikī wale nō.
I ka hana hoʻomaopopo, ua hōʻike ka 2 × 2 × 2 rm-ANOVA i kahi hopena nui o EXPLICITNESS (F (1,66) = 31.574, p <0.001, η2 = 0.324) a me DIFFICULTY (F (1,66) = 85.492, p <0.001, η2 = 0.564) a me kahi EXPLICITNESS × SEXUAL BEHAVIOR launa pū (F (1,66) = 16.651, p <0.001, η2 = 0.201) no ka pololei o ka hana. Ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua post hoc i kahi hana hoʻomanaʻo like ma waena o nā hui no nā kiʻi kūlike ʻole (T (66) = 1.51, p = ns), akā ʻo kahi hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā mea ponokala kiʻi i ka hui hoʻomanawanui (T (66) = 3.097, p = 0 .003). Hoʻohui ʻia, hana like ka hui hoʻokele i nā kūlana kūlike ʻole a moekolohe hoʻi (T (29) = 1.012, p = ns), ʻoiai ua hōʻike nā mea maʻi i kahi hana hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi loa no nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi (T (37) = 7.398, p <0.001) ( ʻike Kiʻikuhi 1c).
4. fMRI
ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi wahine i ka hope loa i hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻili nui i loko o ka cortex occipital a me ka cingulate cortex (anterior, waena a me posterior) bilaterally. Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi hana kiʻekiʻe i ka hippocampus a me ka nucleus caudate i nānā. Ma kahi hoʻohālikelike, nā pale kiʻi kūleʻa i alakaʻi ʻia i nā hana kiʻekiʻe i ka parahippocampal a me nā gyrus angular. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka hana 2-hope i kahi ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aʻe i nā wahi koikoi haʻahaʻa a me nā wahi mua ma mua Hōʻike 3 a 3 Pūnaewele).
Hōʻike 3. nā hopena kumu fMRI: Kuhi ʻia nā hopena nui o ka pilikia, ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hoʻōho kiʻekiʻe ma ka pūnaewele nānā ʻo fronto-parietal no ka paʻakikī ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ʻo 2back e like me ka hopena nui o ka mea pīhoihoi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻāliʻi kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi occipital a me ka aniani cingulate cortex i ka wā e nānā ana i nā kiʻi pornographic . ^ E Ha yM.
ʻO SEXUAL BEHAVIOR × EXPLICITNESS ka mea i hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā manawa no ka poʻe maʻi i ka wā e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nei i nā kiʻi porno i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻoulu kūlohelohe (ʻike. 3 Pūnaewele no nā kikoʻī). ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua hoʻohiki maikaʻi ʻia nā koho pākēnē o kēia mau uka i ka hopena o ka hopena i waena o nā kiʻi kiʻi kūlohelohe a me ke kūlohelohe (r = 0.393, p = 0.001), ka manawa manawa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi i nā kiʻi i ka hebedoma hope (r = 0.315, p = 0.009) , ka helu o nā orgasms ma o ka masturbation e hoʻohana ana i ka pornographic material (r = 0.323, p = 0.007) a me ka helu hōʻeuʻeu wahine (SES) (r = 0.41, p = 0.0004). Eia kekahi, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi pilina ma waena o nā ʻokoʻa i ka wā kūlike (wehewehe ʻole) a me ke nānā ʻana i ka kiʻi ʻana i ka wiki ma ka hebedoma i hala (r = 0.254, p = 0.038) i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ke ʻano nui o ka manawa e hoʻopau ana i nā kiʻi porno pili me ka hopohopo kiʻekiʻe. i nā kiʻi porno (ʻike pū kekahi Hōʻike 4 a 3 Pūnaewele).
Hōʻike 4. hopena hopena fMRI: A) Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻoulu kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma ka gualus lingual no nā mea maʻi i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kiʻi kū ʻole. B) Kuhi ka palena o ka hopena o ka pilina. C) Hoʻohui ma waena o nā kuhi palena palena a me ka ʻokoʻa o ka manawa hopena (explicit - kūlike ʻole).
5. Hoʻopuka ʻo Psychophysiological
Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi ʻanuʻu 5 mm a puni ka lingual gyrus peak voxel ma ke ʻano he hua no ka hoʻopili piha ʻana o ka lolo PPI e hoʻāʻo no ka ʻokoʻa pili o ka pilina i hoʻokomo ʻia ma o ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi > nā kiʻi kūlike ʻole)), ua ʻike mākou ua hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i ka pilina o ka hana iʻoi aku ka ikaika ma nā mea maʻi i ka wā e hoʻowalewale ana i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi me nā wahi e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea a me ka hana ʻana i ka nānā, ʻo ia ka left left and inferior parietal Cortex a me nā insula (see 4 Pūnaewele no nāʻikepili).
4 Pūnaewele. Nā hopena PPI: Nā hopena o ka loiloi PPI mai kahi hua i ke gualo i loaʻa i ka hui. Hōʻike ʻia nā wahi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻālikelike hana ʻoi aku i ka hui o ka mea hoʻomanawanui i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kūpono ʻole FWE i hoʻoponopono ʻia no nā hoʻohālikelike he nui i ka pae cluster.
| Kahua (AAL) | hemisphere | x | y | z | ʻIliʻā | p-kūlā | Hālike T -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOHEA:Lingual gyrus (-2 -82 2); Pae cluster FWE, nā mea maʻi> nā kāohi | |||||||
| Hokona kiko | R | 48 | -52 | 4 | 357 | 0.000 | 5.27 |
| Cerebellum | R | 28 | -50 | -50 | 124 | 0.005 | 5.14 |
| Hoʻokū | R | 40 | 12 | 6 | 84 | 0.036 | 4.96 |
| Putamen | R | 34 | -18 | -4 | 173 | 0.001 | 4.7 |
| Hoʻokū | L | -36 | -2 | -4 | 147 | 0.002 | 4.69 |
| Kahunaetal kūlia | L | -24 | -52 | 58 | 113 | 0.008 | 4.61 |
| Mipipili waenga | L | -42 | -68 | 16 | 176 | 0.001 | 4.49 |
| Waihona waena | L | -40 | 36 | 32 | 81 | 0.042 | 4.37 |
| Kohui kahuna | L | -44 | -36 | 36 | 137 | 0.003 | 4.27 |
| Tukuhewa | R | 50 | -22 | 40 | 126 | 0.005 | 4.21 |
| Hope | R | 56 | 2 | 38 | 82 | 0.04 | 3.94 |
| Inipili occipital | R | 40 | -76 | -16 | 178 | 0.000 | 3.38 |
ʻO ka mea mahalo, ka waiwai o ka PPI i ʻae i ke pua i loko o ka insula (MNI: 40 12 6) me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā wā kūlike no nā kiʻi kūlike a me ke kūpaʻa (r = 0.289, p = 0.016), e hōʻike ana ua lohi nā kumuhana nui ma muli o ʻO nā kiʻi porn, ʻo ka ikaika nui ka hoʻopili i ka hana ma waena o ke gyrus lingual a me ka insula. See 4 Pūnaewele no ka mea, details.
6. Kōkua
Ua noiʻi ʻia kēia noiʻi i ka hopena hōʻino o ke ʻano porno e pili ana i nā hana hana hoʻomanaʻo i loko o kahi hōʻike o nā kumuhana e hōʻike ana i CSB. Ma ke ʻano hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā mea maʻi e nā kiʻi porno e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā kiʻi porno i ka pule hope aʻe. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻia kēia me ka hoʻōho kiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka gualo nui. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka lingual gyrus i kahiʻoihana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe i ka insula i ka wā e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻouluʻana o ka pornographic i ka hui o ka mea maʻi. Hoʻohālikelike, hōʻike ʻia nā kumuhana olakino i nā pane e wikiwiki ana i ka wā e ke kiʻi me nā kiʻi e ʻike ʻia me nā ukana nui.
Ma ka pae kūlana, ʻike mākou i paʻakikī ka hana a me nā kiʻi porno i ka hoʻoiho ʻana i ka manawa hōʻike. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ka hui ʻo explicologist hui i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea maʻi (akā ʻaʻole naʻe ka mana) i hōʻike aku i ka manawa lōʻihi i ka wā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kiʻi kiʻi porno a no laila, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka hopena o nā kiʻi porno e ka hui maʻi. Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia e ka nānā ʻana o nā hui pilikino e hōʻike ana, ma nā mana olakino, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka wā hoʻonaninani ma o nā kiʻi porno, akā wale nō i ke kūlana paʻakikī, ʻoiai i ka hui maʻi, nā kiʻi kiʻi porn kūʻokoʻa o ka paʻakikī i alakaʻi i ka wā lohi. . ^ E Ha yM. Ka mea, ʻike ko mākou ʻikepili i ke kiʻi ʻana o nā kiʻi pakanani i nā maʻi a me nā kaohi. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole e mau ka mana olakino i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka mea e ʻike ʻia ai nā kiʻi ma mua o ka kiʻi kūlohelohe, ʻoiai nā mea maʻi e hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi loa. Ma muli o kēia mau ʻike, ua manaʻo mākou ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻikepili kiʻi ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka nānā ʻana i nā kumuhana olakino. E like me nā mea olakino e nānā, ua ʻike mākou i kahi hopena wale nō i ke kūlana paʻakikī. No nā hana hou aʻe, pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka hana. Eia naʻe, ke nānā nei i nā kumuhana me nā hana kūlohelohe nui i hopena i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pakano a me nā kumumanaʻo e ke kiʻi, no ka mea ua lohi lākou i kā lākou pane a i ka wā e pili ana i nā kiʻi kiʻi pono ʻole i kū ʻole i ka paʻakikī hana. ʻO ka hoʻoponopono kūpono ʻana ma waena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka porno a me nā hoʻokaʻawale i nā manawa kūlike e pili ana i nā hopena o Pekal et al. (2018), ka hōʻike ʻana i nā loulou i ka pili kino i ka pūnaewele pili ana i ka pili o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a Sklenarik et al. (2019), e hōʻike ana i kahi ala hoʻokokoke e pili ana i ka nānā aku i nā mea nānā aku i ka pili ʻana i nā porn. E pili ana i ka pūʻulu o nā kumuhana me ka nui o ka moekolohe, ua lōʻihi ka manawa o ka ∼50 ms i ka manawa kūkaʻa a me ka ∼25% e ʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka hana hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia e hōʻike ana nā loiloi i nā kiʻi ʻōpōpili i nā kikoʻī he nui, ka mea i alakaʻi i kahi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma hope aku, ʻoiai ʻo kēlā me kēia kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia no kahi kū hoʻokahi o ka manawa o ka hopena. No laila, ʻaʻole iʻokoʻa ka manawa hoʻolaha i waena o nā hui. ʻO ka mea mahalo, loaʻa i nā mea maʻi he kiʻi maikaʻiʻole o ka wahine a ma muli o ko lākou ʻike, e alakaʻi ana i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe. E like me ke hōʻike ʻia ʻana o ka hopena hilahila o ke hōʻeha ke ʻokoʻa i hōʻokoʻa ʻia e nā manaʻo o nā mea nui.Sinke et al., 2016, 2017) hiki iā ia ke hiki ke hoʻolei i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i ka leʻaleʻa i ka leʻaleʻa e ke ʻano o nā kumuhana e pili ana i nā kiʻi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i ka manaʻolana o nā kumuhana e pili ana i ka ponokala, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke nānā i kēia, akā ʻo ka noiʻi hou aʻe e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kumuhana e pili ana i ka moeʻuhane a me nā porn kiʻi.
I ka pae neural, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi porno e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻoiai ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau no ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻano hanana wahine, e like me ka mea haʻalulu, ka mea palupalu, orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal, cortex, insula, a me ka aniani cingulate cortex (Stoléru et al., 2012).). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aʻe i ka hoʻōla i nā wahi parietal a me nā mua.Owens et al., 2018, ʻO Takeuchi et al., 2018, Wager a Smith, 2003).). Hōʻailona ka mea hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i ka hana i ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻano loiloi. Kālai ʻia i ka hana o ke kaila lingual no ka hoʻopāʻike ʻike.Machielsen et al., 2000), hiki i kekahi ke kuhi ka noʻonoʻo o kēia hoʻākāka ʻoi aku ka hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi ʻana no nā kiʻi kikoʻī i ka pūʻulu hoʻomanawanui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mākou kahi pilina ma waena o ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka pololei a me nā koho pākuʻi ʻana i ka gyrus lingual. E pili pū ana ka lingual gyrus i ka hoʻoilo ʻana i nā leka (Mechelli et al., 2000), hiki no ia ke hiki i ka ʻoi ke kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoulu ʻia e ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa e hoʻike i nā mea maʻi i nā leka. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia nānā ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka pākuʻu koho i ka ʻokoʻa o ka wā kūlike ma waena o nā kiʻi kūlike a me ke kūlohelohe, e hōʻike ana he pono nā kumuhana e lōʻihi i ka neʻe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka gualum Lingual.
Eia kekahi, ʻike mākou i ka manawa o ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia me ka moekolohe a me nā orgasms i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia o nā kiʻi i nā kiʻi e pili ana i ka hana ma kēia wahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa e hele ai ke nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia kumuhana no ka hōʻea i kahi orgasm, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻāla ʻana. keia wahi. Hiki ke hoʻākāka ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano o kahi hoʻonaʻauao haʻawina ma ke ʻano, inā e ʻai pinepine kekahi i nā kiʻi porn (a loaʻa i nā orgasm hoihoi), ke aʻo ʻia ua ʻano nui nā ʻano o kēia ʻano a laila ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kanaka ke hālāwai me ke ʻano pili. , me ka like oʻO Robinson a me Berridge, 1993, ʻO Robinson a me Berridge, 2008).). Kākoʻo ʻia kēia ʻike e ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka manawa ma ka manawa a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike i ka wiki ma ka hebedoma i hala aku nei, e hōʻike ana ʻoi ka nui o ka manawa e nānā ʻia ai ke kiʻi ʻana. ʻO ka mahalo ʻO Gola et al. (2017) ua loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ma CSB ma waena o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kiʻi porno a me ka hana striatal i ka wā e cue ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uku moe kuhihewa pū kekahi me ka ʻono ʻana i ka manaʻo sensitive. Iie ka Kühn et al. (2014) i hōʻike i kahi hui i waena o ka nui o nā mea hina hina o ka nucleus caudate kūpono a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pona wikiō i kēlā me kēia pule i nā kumuhana olakino.
I ka wā o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka hoʻouluuluʻana i ka pornographic, ka hoʻohui o ka hana ma waena o ke gualus a me ka ʻoihana o ka frontal waena, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ka hina o ka parietal, nāwaliwali a me ka waena o occipital cortex a me ka insula e hoʻonui. ʻO ka insula ka mea ʻoluʻolu loa a me ka ʻili, no ka mea he ʻano nui ia o ke kikowaena salience (Menon lāuaʻo Uddin, 2010).). Hiki ke unuhi i kēia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale kiʻi porn (ma muli o nā hana aʻo) i kahi pilina kiʻekiʻe no nā mea maʻi a no laila e hoʻōla i ka salience (insula) a me ka uʻi o ka paʻakai (inferior parietal), a laila e alakaʻi i ka manawa lohi me ka wā o ka salient. ʻaʻole pololei ka ʻike no ka hana. Wahi a kēia mau ʻike, hiki i kekahi ke pane aʻe i nā kumuhana e hōʻike ana iā CSB, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana kiʻi. Ma hope aku, kākoʻo ke hōʻike i ka ʻikepili IST i ka hoʻohui i CSB.
Eia nō naʻe mākou e ʻike i ka noiʻi e noiʻi wale ana i nā kumuhana heterosexual kāne a ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻōlelo helu e like me nā kuleana o Kafka i hiki ʻole i ka unuhi i ka ʻōlelo ICD-11.
ʻO nā mea āpau a pau, ua hoʻoholo mākou i kēlā, ma nā kumuhana olakino, ʻaʻole e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i nā mea i ʻike ʻia a ʻike ʻia e like me ka maikaʻi o ka koi ʻana i nā hana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia nā kumumanaʻo me ka nui o ka moekolohe, ka mea i hoʻowalewale ʻia e ka lōkika lingualia a ma muli o ka luhi ʻana o ka naʻau o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano (maʻa ʻia ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka orgasm a me ka make ʻana o ka porn) a me ko lākou mau ʻano maikaʻi ʻole i kā lākou hele maikaʻi.
7. ʻ .lelo hōʻike a me ka ʻike pāʻālua
Loaʻa ka ʻikepili raw ma ka noi mai ka mea hoʻopuka pili.
Nā Kū'ē o ka Hulehua
Ua kōkua ʻia kēia noiʻi noiʻi e ka European Society for Sexual Medicine Research Grant (TK; hāʻawi nr .: 15-20). Ma ke ʻano ʻole o nā mea kākau (CS, JE, MV, JK, TK) i ʻole nā hopena kālā a mea ʻole paha e pili ana i ka paio.
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