ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia manawa no ka Neuroscience Behavioural o ka Disorder Sexual Disorder Disorder a me nā pilikia ponokala kiʻi.

ʻOʻOkakopa 2018, Nā Hōʻike Manaʻo Hōʻike Manaʻo

Rudolf Stark, Tim Klucken, Marc N. Potenza, Matthias Brand, Jana Strahler

DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0162-9

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

Hōʻike Pono

Ma ka puka he ʻumikūmākahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), ʻo ia ka hana hoʻokalakupua a koi ʻia (CSBD) no ka manawa mua i hoʻopili ʻia a kāpili ʻia he maʻi luhi paʻa. Ke pahola nei ka hōʻike i kēia manawa ma ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā hopena empirical e pili ana i ka mana o lalo o ka neurobiological a CSBD, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi pilikia porn. Hiki i ka ʻike i nā mea hoʻomohala ʻia ma lalo o ka CSBD ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hana hou ʻana i nā pono therapeutic no ka poʻe i pili.

Loaʻa hou

Ua hōʻikeʻo nā haʻawina neurobiological hou e pili ana i nā moe kolohe i ka hana maʻamau o ka moekolohe a me nāʻano'ē aʻe i ka hanana a me ka hana.

hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

ʻOiai ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi neurobiological o CSBD a hiki i kēia lā, hōʻike nā ʻenehana i kēia manawa e hōʻike i nā abnormalities neurobiological e hōʻike i nā mea maʻamau me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me ka pili ʻana i nā kīpoki. No laila, hōʻike nā ʻikepili i kēia manawa e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona ʻano ma ke ʻano he hana hoʻohālikelike ʻia i mua o kahi maʻi impulse-control.

Keywords: Ka pilikia kaumaha o ka moe kolohe Hāʻawiʻia nā pono ponoʻole o nā ponokala fMRI ʻO ka wahine maoli Hoʻoweliweli kāne

Introduction

He aha nā pilikia pili kino?

E ka pau ʻana o ka ʻumikūmāiwa ʻumikūmāiwa, v. Krafft Ebing [1] Ua wehewehe ʻo satyriasis a me ka nymphomania i nā ʻano kāne a me nā wahine, ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano kolohe kūpono ʻole ke hopena i ka hana moekolohe (CSB). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo maoli ʻia ka satyriasis a me ka nymphomania i ka ʻumi ʻaha o ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) ma lalo o ka F52.8 coded 'ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i hana ʻole i ka hana ma muli o ka waiwai a ʻike maoli paha i ke ʻano physiological' [2]. Ua manaʻo paha paha ua loaʻa ka CSB i ka ʻike ʻike ʻepekema ma nā 1970 a me 1980s [3, 4]. Me ka ulu nui o ka loaʻa o ka pūnaewele kiʻekiʻe, piʻi aʻe ka makemake naʻauao, a noiʻi ka noiʻi e hiki i ka Pūnaewele ke hoʻoikaika i nā ʻano like ʻole o CSB. I kā lākou hoʻohālike o ka poʻe me CSB, Reid a me nā hoa hana [5] ua loaʻa ka nui masturbation (78%), ke nānā ʻana i ka ponokala (81%), me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka kelepona kelepona (8%) a me ka cybersex (18%), ke kipa ʻana i nā kalapu ʻod (9%), a me ka moeʻelemakule me ka ʻae i nā ʻōpio (45%) e like me ka loa nā kūlana ākea o CSB. I loko o kahi hōʻike kāne kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ka "sex addict", Spenhoff et al. [6] ua loaʻa nā helu hoʻohālikelike i ka manaʻo like ʻole o ka wahine kāne i loaʻa ma ka 20% wale nō.

He nui ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka manawa ʻaʻole i ho'ākāka ʻia ʻia ka CSB non-paraphilic e like me kahi ʻeha, a inā paha, he aha lā ka ʻano kūpono kūpono loa [7, 8]. Manaʻo kekahi mau manaʻo alakaʻi he CSBD ma kahi ʻano hoʻohui eʻano.4, 7], he kuhi puhi [impulse-control]9], ka hana i 'ole i ka hana.10], aiʻole he hypersexuality [11]. Ua loaʻa paha kēia mau kūkākūkā i ko lākou hopena kuʻuna me ka hoʻopuka o ka ICD-11 ma 2018. Eia, ua loaʻa ka maʻi maʻi ka pilikia kolohe kolohe (CSBD) i hoʻohui pū ʻia i loko o ka mokuna o ka pailima o ka luhi a impulse (code 6C72). ʻOiai ke kūkākūkā kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mana e pono ai e hoʻohana i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka CSBD a pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka CSBD mai ka moekolohe ʻole pili ʻole ʻia, aia kekahi ʻae ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona nui: ka mana kīnā ʻole, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka moe kolohe no nā kumu hoʻoponopono o ka naʻau, a me ka hoʻomau e komo. ma CSB ʻoiai nā pōʻino nui i loko o ka pilikino, ʻohana, piliʻāina, hoʻonaʻauao, hana, a i ʻole nā wahi koʻikoʻi o ka hana.

E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia nei, pilikia paha nā kānaka mai nā ʻano like ʻole o CSB. ʻOiai maikaʻi loa, ke ʻano kaulana loa - ʻo ia hoʻi i nā kāne - ke nānā nei i nā kiʻi me nā masturbation [5]. No laila, noiʻi neuroscience noiʻi ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) pili mua i nā kāne kāne e hōʻeha nei i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻikepili pilikia (PPU). Ka mea, e hoʻomau nui ka loiloi ʻikepili i kēia manawa ma ka PPU i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka ʻike neuroimaging, a ʻike ʻia nā ʻike mai pharmacological a me nā noiʻi neurobiological ʻē aʻe o CSB (e ʻike pū kekahi,12]).

ʻO nā hana hoʻonaninani pilikino ka mea e uku ai

Ke nīnau nei i nā poʻe e pili ana i ko lākou mau manaʻo i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea moekolohe, helu lākou i ko lākou mau manaʻo kiʻekiʻe ma ka valence a me ka alousal (eg, [13]). ʻO nā makahiki he 20 i hala o ka noiʻi kiʻi ʻana o ka lolo i hana i ka ʻike nui i nā pane neural i nā mea moekolohe. He mau meta-kālailai a me nā loiloi [14, 15, 16, 17] hōʻike i kahi kiʻi maʻa mau i ka komo ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana pili i ka hana o nā hana pilikino. ʻEkahi papa inoa [15] hāpai ʻia o nā māhele ʻehā (cognitive, emosional, motivational, a me autonomic a me endocrine) e pili ana i nā hana koʻikoʻi pili i ka lāʻau. I loko o ka pae hoʻoikaika, ua hana ʻia nā hana o ka lolo me ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka "uku uku" kanaka, e like me ka ventral striatum (e pili ana i ka nucleus accumbens i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia) a me ka anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), he mea nui ia i ka noiʻi ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o kēia mau hana lolo e hoʻōho a hoʻonāukiuki i nā ʻano o nā hana moekolohe. Kēia kūpono e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohālike e hāʻawi ʻia i ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana i ka moekolohe e hoʻokū i ka hana e hōʻoia i ke ola ʻana o nā ʻano.

ʻO nā māka neurobiological o CSBD

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana pilikino i CSBD

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻōla ʻana o nā pono o ka moekolohe (SEM) i nā kiʻi pili i ka porno e pili ana i ka CSBD. Ua nānā pinepine ʻia ka manaʻo cue-reactivity i ka noiʻi papa o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻokoʻa.18]. ʻO nā kumu hoʻohālikelike, ka mea e hiki ai ke moʻo, nā hōʻuluʻulu, a me nā mea hou aʻe, i hui pū ʻia me ka ʻomo o ka lāʻau (starmitioned stimuli). A laila lilo nā Cues i kahi mea wānana a me nā mea hoʻokauwā. I ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kahi mea i hoʻohui ʻia, c c induce craving e pili pono ana i ka makemake i loko o ke kaʻau o ka insent-sensization theory of addiction [19]. ʻO kahi tesis nui o kēia papa hana ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka makemake. Ke hōʻike nei ke kumumanaʻo ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomohala o kahi mea hoʻohui, ke leʻaleʻa hedonistic (= liking) ka mea i ʻike; ma hope mai, ʻike ka mea i hoʻohui ʻia i ka pono no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau (= makemake) ʻoi aku ka kūʻokoʻa o ka leʻaleʻa. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili a ʻoiai ke makemake e pili ka pilina me nā ala dopamine mesolimbic, ʻaʻole like.

Ma ka ʻōlelo a CSBD e pili ana i ka porno, he nīnau kūpono inā he hōʻeuʻeu a pilikino ʻo ia ka hana. Ma ka manawa pinepine lākou i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai he mau cues ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano (no ka kūkākūkā hou ʻana o kēia kumuhana, ʻike, [20]).

I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua mālama ʻia nā haʻawina hoʻāʻo mua ʻepekema manuahi. Hōʻike kēia mau noiʻi i ka hoʻoponopono hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea moʻa i CSBD (Papa 1).

1 Pūnaewele

Ka wānana o nā kikoʻī o nā haʻawina fMRI e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā pane neural e ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka oxygenation koko e hilinaʻi nei (BOLD) hōʻailona i nā poʻe me ka hana hoʻomālamalama pilikino (CSBD) a me nā kumumanaʻo a ʻaʻole CSBD (mau noiʻi maʻi). Eia kekahi, noiʻi nā noiʻi fMRI i loko o nā pōpilikia o ka hōʻeha o ka CSBD (subclinical Studies). I ka nui o nā haʻawina, ua komo wale nō nā kāne

like	Topic	Hōʻike	laʻana	Nā hopena nui
nā haʻawina fMRI — nā ʻaninau maʻi
Politis et al. [21]	cue liuliu	pili hana ʻike • poloka o nā kiʻi o - lāʻau lapaʻau - meaʻai - kālā a me nā pāʻani kālā - moepolohe - ʻae ʻole maʻiʻo • ʻelua mau papa: IN a i ʻole hanana L lāʻau D-Dopa	n = 12 (1 wahine) nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi Parkinson a me CSBD n = 12 (2 wahine) nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi Parkinson akā me ka ʻole o CSBD Hoʻololi ʻia me CSBD • ka papa kuhikuhi no ka hypersexuality • nīnau kūkākūkā kūkā kuhi: ʻike nui ʻia nā poʻe maʻi me CSBD i nā agonist dopamine a he nui ka L-DOPA ma mua o nā mea maʻi me CSBD	kūʻokoʻa o ON a he ʻĀ Kau L-Dopa lāʻau lapaʻau paha: • nā pane pili neural e pili ana i nā kiʻi moekolohe i nā hoʻohālikelike i nā kiʻi neʻe i nā mea maʻi me CSBD i: - bilateral OFC, bilateral ACC, bilateral PCC, waiho i amygdala, bilateral ventral striatum, bilateral Hypothalamus (loiloi ROI) - bilateral anterior PFC, bilateral SPL, pololei IPL (kākuhi āpau noʻonoʻo) • hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā pane neural e pili ana i nā kiʻi moekolohe i nā hoʻohālikelike i nā kiʻi pale ʻole i nā mea maʻi me CSBD i: - insula bilateral, pololei claustrum (hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka noʻonoʻo āpau)
Voon a al. [22]	cue liuliu	pili hana ʻike • 9 mau kiʻina kiʻi ʻoniʻoni: SEM, erotic, moe kolohe ʻole, kālā, kūlike ʻole • ka mea nui e pili ana i ka hoihoi: 'SEM minus e hoʻopuka ana i nā wikiō'	n = 19 mau kāne kāne heterosexual me CSBD (kālele ana i ka ponokala pūnaewele) n = 19 mau kāne kāne heterosexual me ka ʻole CSBD Hoʻololi ʻia me CSBD • ʻĀkō Hōʻailona hoʻomaikaʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele [23] • nīnau kūkākūkā pili i nā loiloi o Kafka [11] a me nā ana i wehewehe ʻia e Reid [5]	• makemake nui aku i ka wahine e pane aku ai i ka SEM i nā kāne me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD • nā pane neural nui i ka SEM i nā kāne me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD - dACC, pololei striatum kūpono, amygdala pololei, pololei substantia nigra (ka ʻike ʻikepili) • ka pilina kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ka makemake wahine a me ka hoʻopili hoʻohui ʻana ma waena o dACC / striatum ventral kūpono a me ka dACC / amygdala kūpono, a me ka dACC / waiho mau substantia nigra (ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili) i nā kāne me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā kāne me ka CSBD
Seok & Sohn [24]	cue liuliu	pili hana ʻike • Nā kiʻi ʻoluʻolu SEM a me kekahi-SEM	n = 23 mau kāne kāne heterosexual me CSBD n = 22 mau kāne kāne heterosexual me ka ʻole CSBD Hoʻololi ʻia me CSBD • Hōʻowaliwali Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻokomo Pale-R (SAST-R [25]) • Homo Kino Hypersexual (HBI [26]) • nīnau kūkākūkā kūkā	• makemake nui aku i ka wahine e pane aku ai i ka SEM i nā kāne me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD • nā pane neural nui i ka SEM i nā kāne me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD - dACC hema, hema a hema thalamus, hema caudate nucleus, ʻākau supramaginal gyrus, ʻākau dorsolateral prefrontal cortex • ka nui o CSBD (ana i ka SAST-R [25], HBI [26]) ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia me ka hoʻoweliweli neural i nā kime thalamus a me ka cortex prefrontal cortex kūpono o ka dorsolateral. Kuhi: hōʻike maikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā helu helu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻo FWE
Klucken et al. [27]	hoʻokaumaha kūpono	mea hoʻonaninani hoʻoliʻikā • nā pahu ʻāpana ʻokoʻa no CS + a me CS- • UCS: Nā kiʻi SEM • Hoʻonui a 100%	n = 20 mau kāne me CSBD n = 20 mau kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD Hoʻololi ʻia me CSBD • Kafka mau koho [11] • nīnau kūkākūkā kūkā	• nā pane i aʻo ʻia i nā kiʻekiʻe CS ma kahi ʻē aʻe i ka CS-i nā kāne me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD ma ka amygdala kūpono. • haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma waena o ka ventral striatum a me ka cortex prefrontal i nā kumuhana me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD
Banca et al. [28]	ʻona aʻo	mea hoʻonaninani hoʻoliʻikā • Nā hiʻohiʻona 6 ulana e like me 2 × CS + sex, ʻo 2 × CS + kālā, a me 2 × CS- • ma hope o CS + sex ka kiʻi o kahi wahine hūnā; ma hope o ke kālā CS + hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻailona 1 paona, ma hope o kahi CS-pahu i hōʻike ʻia • hoʻopau i ka pau ʻana ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana: ʻaʻohe mea e uku ai a kiʻi paha i ke kiʻi ma hope o nā CS like ʻole	n = 20 mau kāne me CSBD n = 20 mau kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD Hoʻololi ʻia me CSBD • ʻĀkō Hōʻailona hoʻomaikaʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele [23] • nīnau kūkākūkā pili i nā loiloi o Kafka [11] a me nā ana i wehewehe ʻia e Reid [5]	• ʻaʻohe hopena pili e pili ana i nā pane neural i kēlā me kēia CS • ka hopena i ka kiʻi i nā kiʻi wahine (ma hope o CS + sex) i ka wikiwiki i ka kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻole CSBD i ka dACC • nā kāne me CSBD i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne me ka ʻole o ka CSBD i hōʻike i ka pilina hoʻomohala nui ma waena o ka dACC a me ka striatum ventral kūpono a me ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka hippocampus kūpono no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua mua o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi pilikino.
Gola et al. [29]	cue liuliu	hana hoʻolako paʻa: • nā kiʻina (control cue: hōʻailona o kahi pōʻai, kālā kālā: hōʻailona alapona, erue cue: kiʻi paʻi kiʻi o kahi wahine) i hōʻailona no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kiʻi (kiʻi kiʻi like ʻole) a i ʻole kālā (kiʻi haki o ke kālā a lākou i lanakila ai) a i ʻole nā waiwai erotic. (SEM kiʻi). Ke hoʻokuʻi koke nei ka hopena i ka hihia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i kahi pānaʻi kūlike	n = 28 mau kāne kāne heterosexual me CSBD n = 24 mau kāne kāne heterosexual me ka ʻole CSBD Hoʻololi ʻia me CSBD • Kafka mau ʻōlelo hoʻokekikeke o ka hypersexuality [11] • nīnau kūkākūkā kūkā • ʻimi e ʻimi i nā kāne a pau me CSBD	• nā manawa pōkole e pili ana i nā kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD i nā ho'āʻo erotic akā ʻaʻole ma nā hoʻokolohua kālā • nā pane neural e pili ana i nā puʻupuʻu erotic i nā kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻohe CSBD ma ka hema a me ka striatum ventral kūpono. • ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa hui i nā pane a me nā neural e pili ana i ka cue kālā • ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka hui ʻana e pili ana i nā kiʻi SEM (hāʻawi i nā makana) Kuhi: ka hoʻopili wale ʻana o ka striatum ventral hema a me ka hema.a priori mau wahi hona)
fMRI - kumu subclinical
Kühn & Gallinat [30]	cue liuliu	pili hana ʻike • nā kiʻi moe kolohe a me ka wahine • ākau i nā lula hoʻolālā - nā kiʻi pilikino - nā kiʻi ʻole wahine - hoʻoponopono	n = 64 kāne kāne heterosexual me ka nui o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa: hōʻike ʻia i nā hola o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ma ka hebedoma	• ka hopena maikaʻi ma waena o nā hola i hōʻike ʻia i nā wiki he nui i ka hebedoma a me nā pane neural e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka wahine ma nā pūʻiwa hema
Brand et al. [31]	cue liuliu	pili hana ʻike SEM me • nā mea hana / kāne • nā mea hana / hana wahine • nā mea hana wahine / wahine • hoʻolālā e pili ana i ka hanana • nā mākaukau ma hope o kēlā me kēia kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi ma ke ʻano hānai i nā ʻano moeʻuhane, leʻaleʻa, nā pili kokoke i ke kiʻi 'kūpono'	n = 19 kāne kāne heterosexual ka laʻana me nā ʻano paʻakikī o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele Hoʻopili ʻia ka addiction pūnaewele e ka Short Internet Addiction Test i hoʻololi ʻia no ka cybersex (s-IATsex) [32]	• ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka hōʻeha o ka hoʻopili pūnaewele ma ka nui o ka hopena o ke ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa (wahine / kāne), hōʻemi i nā mea hoʻohana ʻole (male / kāne) 'i loko o ka ventral striatum

FWE haki ʻohana, Sema ʻano hana kūpono ʻole, nā ʻākohu o nā wahi: dACC dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, OFC orbitna IPL inikane paule SPL unggetal lobule

I ko lākou noi seminal fMRI, ʻo Voon et al. [22] hoʻohālikelike i nā pane i nā kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni SEM a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka leʻaleʻa akā, ʻaʻole i moola i ka manaʻo kāne i nā kumuhana kāne me ka ʻole CSBD. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa i nā kāne me CSBD i hōʻike i nā pane nui o ka oxygen oxygen level-depend-depend (BOLD) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana uku (ventral striatum, dorsal ACC) a me ka amygdala ma mua o ka mālama kino i nā kāne i ka SEM. Eia kekahi, hoʻopiʻi ʻo SEM i ka makemake hilili i nā kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻohe CSBD. Ma ka palapala like ʻana e Seok lāua ʻo Sohn [24], ke kāne me ka ʻole o ka CSBD i nānā i nā kiʻi o ka SEM a me nā kiʻi o nā manaʻo i hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi i ka moe kolohe. Eia hou, ʻo nā kāne e hōʻeha nei i ka CSBD hoʻohālikelike i ka poʻe me ka ʻole o ka pane ʻana o ka BOLD i ka SEM i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wahine ʻole ma nā wahi o ka lolo me ka thalamus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ka supyramaginal gyrus kūpono, dorsal ACC, a me caudate. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā pane kumuhana hoʻi e pili ana i nā loiloi moemoeā wahine i ka SEM e pili ana i nā kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻohe CSBD. Nā hopena o ka noi fMRI o Brand et al. [31•] kuhikuhi i ka ʻaoʻao like: ka nui o nā hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pūnaewele porn (subclinical male sample) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pane neural i kahi SEM makemake ʻia (ʻokoʻa i ka SEM i makemake ʻole ʻia) i ka striatum ventral.

Ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kēia mau hōʻike, ʻo Kuehn lāua ʻo Gallinat [30] ua loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā pane neural e ka SEM i ka striatum (waiho kiʻo putamen) a me ka nui o nā hola i hala e nānā i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi i nā keiki kāne subclinical. Ua unuhi nā mea kākau i kēia ʻike counterintuitive i pili paha i ke kaʻina kahi kahi kahi habituation pili i ka hōʻike pinepine ʻana i nā mea hōʻeuʻeu kiʻi. I loko o ka ʻike noiʻi fMRI, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i nā wahi neural e pili ana i ka anticipatory versus phases phases, Gola et al. [29••] ua loaʻa nā pane kūlike o neural i nā kāne e ʻimi nei i ka mālama ʻana no PPU a me nā kāne me ka ʻole o ka PPU i ko lākou nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi moekolohe. Eia nō naʻe, ke nānā nei i ka hoʻokaumaha (= cues) e wānana ana i ka hōʻike o SEM (e like me nā kikoʻī e wānana ana i nā uku kālā) ma ka hana hoʻoulu ʻana e hoʻolōʻihi i ka pane ʻana o ka BOLD kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne me PPU ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻole PPU i ka hema a me ka striatum ventral kūpono. . ^ E Ha yM. Politis et al. [21] i hoʻopaʻa i ʻelua mau pūʻulu o nā mea me ka maʻi Parkinson, hoʻokahi me nā hōʻailona o CSB a me kekahi me ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o ka maʻi Parkinson akā ʻaʻohe hōʻailona o CSB. E like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma lalo nei, ua pili nā CSB a me nā ʻano ʻē ʻole koʻikoʻi'ē aʻe (e pili ana i ka palaka, kūʻai, a me ka ʻai) e pili ana i nā ʻano o nā maʻi o Parkinson me ka mālama ʻana iā ia [37, 38, 39]. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa o kā lākou noi fMRI Ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pane ʻana o ka BOLD i ka SEM i nā poʻe maʻi Parkinson me CSB ma mua o nā mea maʻi me CSB i nā wahi ʻole o ka lolo me ka orbitofrontal cortex, ACC, posterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, a me hypothalamus [21]. ʻO nā wahi ʻelua i hōʻike ʻia ai nā mea maʻi me ka CSB i liʻiliʻi iki ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka insula a me ke claustrum.

E hōʻuluʻulu i ka ʻike, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina fMRI e nānā ana i ka hoʻohālikelike o ka cue i CSBD hōʻike ʻia he nui loa ka pane ʻana o BOLD i ka SEM i ka ʻōnaehana uku i ka hui i hoʻopili ʻia.21, 22, 24, 29, 31]. ʻIke hoʻokahi ʻimi [30] hōʻike i kahi pilina kūwaho ma waena o ka pane ʻana o ka BOLD B e pili ana i ka puhaka hema a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ponokona, ʻaʻole naʻe kēia ma kahi hiʻohiʻona me CSBD.

Ma muli he mea koʻikoʻi nā ʻōnaehana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o CSBD, ʻike mākou ma ʻaneʻi i ʻelua mau haʻawina fMRI e noiʻi ana i nā hanana hoʻololi i CSBD.

Banca et al. [28•] ua hōʻike i nā kāne me CSBD punahele SEM a me nā cues i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka SEM i ka nui ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻohe CSBD. Ua komo pū ʻia kēia noiʻi hoʻokolohua fMRI ma ka leʻaleʻa o ka leʻaleʻa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā hopena like e pili ana i nā pane o ka BOLD i pane ʻia, ka pane ʻana o BOLD i ka dorsal ACC i ka hema i ka nui ʻana o ka SEM ma ka CSBD ma mua o ka hui hoʻohālikelike. Hōʻike nā mea hōʻike i ka hana ACC he kōkua i ka habituation e pili ana i ka inu ʻana i kā porn pilikia. Ma kekahi hanana hoʻokolohua hakakā fMRI me nā kiʻi pilikino e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka unconditioned, ʻo Klucken et al. [27] ua loaʻa kahi kūʻokoʻa nui loa i nā pane BOLD i loaʻa i ka amygdala ma waena o nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD. Eia kekahi, nānā lākou i ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻopili hoʻohui ʻana ma waena o ke cortex prefrontal a me ka ventral striatum ma ka hui CSBD; ua hāpai ʻia kēia mau hopena i ka hiki ke komo i nā ʻekekema prefrontal-striatal ma ka kaohi cognitive ma luna o ka hana hoʻowalewale ʻenehana i CSBD e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā lāʻau lapaʻau [.40].

Pono nā haʻawina nui a me ka lōʻihi e hoʻohālike a hoʻonui i ka ʻike i nā hana hoʻoilo ma CSBD a pehea e mau ai nā hanana ʻē aʻe (e like me, prefrontal control over subcortical responsivity i ka wā o ke neʻe ʻana i ka makemake) he mea nui paha e noʻonoʻo i CSBD a me kāna hana ʻana.

Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā haʻawina fMRI e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā pane neural SEM-elicited ma CSBD, Prause et al. [41] i hōʻike i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa cue ʻano hoʻohālikelike e like me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā mea kūpono i ka wā i ka wā o ka electroencephalogram (EEG). Ua hoʻohana kēia noiʻi i kahi hana nānā passive me nā kiʻi pili kino e pili ana i ka SEM. ʻOiai pili ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka maikaʻi loa e wehewehe i nā ʻike.20], pono nā haʻawina o hope e wehewehe i nāʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma waena o nā haʻawina mua o ka fMRI a me kēia haʻawina EEG.

Ma nā ʻano o nā haʻawina fMRI a me EEG i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ua nānā kekahi mau noi hana hoʻohālike i nā ʻaoʻao neuropsychological o CSBD, ka mea e hāʻawi i ka ʻike hou aʻe i lalo o nā mana o nā hana i loko o CSBD. Miner et al. [33] hōʻike i nā kāne 8 me CSBD i hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻike a me ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻonāukiuki ma kahi hana Go / No-Go ma mua o nā kāne 8 ʻaʻohe CSBD. ʻO nā hualoaʻa o kahi hoʻokolokolo dot-probe study ʻo Mechelmans et al. [42] Hōʻike i nā kāne me CSBD he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka pae nui i ka SEM akā ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano erotic ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻohe CSBD. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia kēia ʻenehana i ka wā o kahi hāmeʻa pane kokoke i ka hōʻike kiʻi kiʻi, ma mua o ka hoʻopau ʻana a ʻike naʻau ʻana paha cognitive. Messina et al. [43] ke hoʻohālikelike i nā hana mana (e hoʻohālike, i ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma ka ʻIra Gambling Task, ka ʻike ʻana i ka cognitive ma ka Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) i nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD ma mua a ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka SEM. ʻO nā kāne me CSBD e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea i hana hou ʻia i ka hopena ma ka Iowa Gambling Task a hōʻike i ka emi ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo cognitive ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka SEM. Schiebener et al. [44] i nānā i waena o kahi tauira o nā kāne 104 e hana ana i kahi papa hana me nā kiʻi pilikino a i ʻole moe kolohe, nā kāne me CSBD tendencies i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hana ma waena o nā kiʻi moekolohe a me ka pili wahine, me nā ʻike e hōʻike nei i ke ʻalo ʻole a i ʻole ke komo ʻana i ka SEM i hui pū me CSBD tendencies. Ma kahi noiʻi hou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana Approach-Avoance, i mālama ʻia ka poʻe me ka makemake e pili ana i ka addiction cybersex i ʻole a haʻalele ʻole a hoʻokokoke paha i ka SEM [45]. Hōʻike kēia mau mea i ka heterogeneity e pili ana i ka hōʻike o nā ʻanoʻano e pili ana i ka CSBD i nā kāne.

Hoʻololi ka paepae hulina o Strrainural ma CSBD

Miner a me hoahele [33] ua hana i ka nānā 'ana i ka pakanā' ana o ka tensor imaging (DTI) e hoʻohālikelike ai i ke ʻano o ka diffusivity a me ka anisotropy fractional i loko o ka wahi haʻahaʻa a maikaʻi i ke kanaka 8 a me nā kāne 8 me ka ʻole o CSBD (Papa. 2). Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā manaʻolana e pili ana i ka diffusivity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma nā wahi iʻike mua i ka hopena i loko o nā maʻi impulse-control (eg, [46]), ua loaʻa iā lākou ma lalo iho o ka diffusivity i waena o nā wahi mua. Schmidt et al. [34] ua loaʻa ka nui makā poʻomanaʻo hina amygdala e like me ke ana ʻia e ka morphometry (vox-based morphometry (VBM) i nā kāne me CSBD e like me nā kāne ʻole. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻemi ʻia ka pilina hana hoʻomaha hoʻomaha ma waena o amygdala hema a me ka bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex i ka hui me CSBD e like me ka hui ʻole. Hōʻike kēia hopena i nā mana olakino prefrontal e pili ana i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka manaʻo a me ke alakaʻi. Ma nā noiʻi hou aku nei e Seok lāua ʻo Sohn [36], ʻo ka nui o nā gyrus temporal hema hema a me ka gyrus waena waena kūpono i hōʻemi ʻia i nā kāne me CSBD e like me nā kāne ʻole. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka pilina o ka hana hoʻomaha hoʻomaha i ka CSBD ma waena o ka gyrus temporal hema hema a me ka precuneus hema a me ka caudate hema. ʻOiai ka nui o nā hina hina o ka gyrus kino ma waena a me ka pili ʻana o ka hana ma waena o ka gyrus temporal hōʻino hema a me ke caudate kūpono, ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia me ka paʻakikī o CSBD, ua ʻōlelo aku nā mea kākau e pili ana i ka hewa i loko o ka gyrus temporal kiʻekiʻe hema i ka CSBD . ^ E Ha yM. I loko o kā lākou kāne male subclinical, ʻo Kuehn a me Gallinat [30] hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā hola i hala i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule me ka nui o ka hina hina a loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka caudate kūpono. Eia kekahi, ʻike lākou i ka pilina o ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha ma waena o ka caudate kūpono (kahiki hua) a me ka dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hema i hoʻopuni me nā hola i hala o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi. Ua wehewehe nā mea kākau i kēia mau luhi maikaʻi ʻana he hopena kūpono loa o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana uku, ʻoiai na nā haʻawina lōʻihi e ʻike pono i kēia hiki.

2 Pūnaewele

ʻO nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa hakakā ma waena o nā kāne me CSBD a me nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD (nā noiʻi haʻawina) a me nā haʻawina pili (subclinical Studies). Ua noiʻi ʻia nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā kumuhana kāne

like	Kūpono a me ke ʻano	laʻana	Nā hopena nui
ʻĀina haʻawina
ʻO Miner et al. [33]	He pilina pili: DTI	n = 8 mau kāne me CSBD n = 8 mau kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD Hoʻololi ʻia me CSBD • ke kū ʻana o nā moemoeā kolohe hou a ikaika a kolohe hoʻi, ka moekolohe, a i ʻole nā lawena ma kahi o 6 mau mahina e hōʻeha a hōʻino ʻole paha. • ʻimi e ʻimi i nā kāne a pau me CSBD	• nā kāne me CSBD i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD e like me ke ana ʻana i nā nīnau nīnau a me kahi paradigm o Go / No-Go. • He haʻahaʻa loa ka diffusivity i nā kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD ma nā wahi mua o ka ʻāina Kānā: ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hopena o ka diffusion i ka hopohopo e manaʻo ana i ka diffusivity e like me ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke alo o mua
ʻO Schmidt et al. [34]	• ka nui hina-hina: VBM • ʻikipili: hoʻomaha ʻana i ka hana pili kūlana	n = 23 mau kāne me CSBD (nānā i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pūnaewele) n = 69 mau kāne me ka ʻole ʻo CSBD (n = 45 no ka nānā ʻana i ka mokuʻāina hoʻomaha. Ua loaʻa i ka CSBD ka: • Kafka mauʻikepili o ka pākaukau [11] a me nā Carnes nā hoʻokae i ka moekolohe.35] • nīnau kūkākūkā kūkā	• ʻoi aku ka nui kelu poʻokela hina amygdala i nā kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne ʻaʻohe CSBD • hōʻemi i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka pilina hana ma waena o ka hua a me ka hua lua me ka bilateral PFC (e nānā nei ka nānā ʻana i ka nānā ʻana o VBM) i CSBD
Seok & Sohn [36]	• ka nui hina-hina: VBM • ʻikipili: hoʻomaha ʻana i ka hana pili kūlana	n = 17 me CSBD n = 17 me ka ʻole CSBD Ua loaʻa i ka CSBD ka: • Kafka mauʻikepili o ka pākaukau [11] a me nā Carnes nā hoʻokae i ka moekolohe.25] • HBI [26] • nīnau kūkākūkā kūkā	• ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui i ka nui hina hina i nā kāne me CSBD i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD ma STG hema a me MTG kūpono. • ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i ka hana hoʻomau ʻana i ke kūlana me nā kāne me CSBD ma mua o nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD ma waena o STG (hua) a waiho i mua precuneus a me ka caudate pololei.
Nā haʻawina haʻahaʻa
Kühn & Gallinat [30]	• ka nui hina-hina: VBM • ʻono pilina: hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka mana ka hoʻomaha	n = 64 kāne kāne heterosexual me ka nui o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa: hōʻike ʻia i nā hola o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ma ka hebedoma	• nā hopena maikaʻi maikaʻi ma waena o nā hola i hōʻike ʻia i nā kiʻi i hoʻolaha ʻia i kēlā me kēia pule me ka nui caudate nucleus kūpono • ka hopena kaulike ma waena o nā hola i hōʻike ʻia e ke kiʻi hoʻohemo ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala hana ʻana ma waena o ka striatum kūpono a me ka dorsolateral hema i ka wā hoʻomaha o ka fMRI

DTI ʻenslaʻa kikohalike imaging, VBM morphometry e pili ana i nā mele, nā ʻāpana o ka lolo: PFC ka palekana mua, MTG mediana gyrus STG hoʻoliʻi maikaʻi loa gyrus

Lawe ʻia pū kekahi, ʻike mua ʻia ka CSBD i nā kāne me ka loli ʻōnaehana o kekahi mau wahi ulu o ka lolo. E noʻonoʻo pono nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe paha e hōʻike ana nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻike a i ʻole nā hopena o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o CSBD.

Nā Hessona Stress a me CSBD

I loko o kahi kikoʻī Sweden CSBD, Chatzittofis et al. [47] ua hōʻike ʻia ma kahi hana o ke koʻi hyprenalamic pitrenary (HPA) axis i nā kāne me CSBD. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka pae cortisol a me ka hormone adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) ma waena o nā kāne me ka ʻole o CSBD. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ka hoʻokolohua dexamethasone, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka hui CSBD e hōʻike ana i nā keʻakeʻa ʻole a me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā keʻena ACTH ma mua o ka hui ʻole CSBD. I loko o ia mau kiko like, ua loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi kahi hōʻemi o nā methylation o nā CRH kumuhana ma ka hui CSBD [48]. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ke kaʻina hoʻokaumaha koʻikoʻi i hoʻoiho ʻia i CSBD i nā moʻo i kūlike me nā kūlana psychiatric a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaumaha, ka inu waiʻona, a me ka suicidality (e nānā, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, [49]).

Nā Kūlana pilikino a me CSBD

Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau lono e pili ana i ka moekolohe pili i ke kiʻekiʻe ma CSBD, e komo pū ana me ka hana moekolohe.50, 51]]27], a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa aku [52, 53]. Pono nā haʻawina o hope e nānā i ka hana moderating o kēia mau ʻano ma CSBD. Loaʻa i nā manaʻo maʻamau e piʻi i CSBD i loko o ka impulsivity [28, 42, 52, 54, 55], noiʻi hou ʻia [56], a me nā pilikia ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i [ke kānāwai]54, 57, 58], ma inoa o nā inoa kikowaena kaulana wale nō. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hana ʻōpio, a me ka hoʻoweliweli interpersonal a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka moekolohe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe me CSBD [59, 60, 61], a pono e noʻonoʻo pono i kēia ma ka mālama ʻana i ka CSBD.

Nā Genetics

Ke ʻike nei ka noiʻi e pili ana i nā genetics o CSBD i kona wā kamaliʻi, me nā noi ʻana a hiki i kēia wā ke nānā nui nei i nā gen's calon, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole i pili nā poʻe me CSBD (e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole). Ua nānā aku kekahi mau noiʻi i ka polymorphism e pili ana i ka hana dopamine e pili ana i ka ʻano moe kino. ʻO kahi laʻana, kahi noiʻi e Miller et al. [62] Hōʻike i ka makahiki o ka launa mua i pili me nā alleles o nā gen receptor dopamine DRD2 a me ka hui ma waena DRD1 a DRD2 allelel ʻO ka manaʻo, ka nui o DRD2 nā ʻike i pili i ka genoding coding no ka D2 dopamine receptor per se ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia, no ka laʻana, ka pilina me ka maʻi maʻi pākaʻi me ka ANKK1. Ua pili pū ʻia nā makahiki o ke kiʻi moe kolohe mua i kahi dopamine D4 receptor gen (DRD4) kaihaihua [63]. Eia kekahi, Ben-Zion et al. [64] loa loaʻa kahi hui o ka DRD4 nā polymorphism nīnau a me ka nīnau noiʻi e pili ana i ka makemake pili i ka moekolohe, hapai, a me ka hana. Pēlā nō, Garcia et al. [65] ua haiia e na DRD4 pili ka polymorphism me ka moekolohe male hewa a me ka moekolohe. Beaver et al. [66] hōʻike i kahi polymorphism o ka dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) pili me ka helu o ka moʻo wahine. Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu kālā, nā loiloi noi mua no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka dopamine e pili ana i ka polymorphism allelic e pili ana i ka maʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ka mālama ʻia i loko o nā haʻawina genetic nui (eg, genome-wide hui Studies (GWAS)) loaʻa ʻole i ke kākoʻo ikaika o nā allelic variants i hāpai ʻia i loko o nā haʻawina gen hope. ʻO kekahi mau huaʻōlelo ʻo GWAS i hana hou i hōʻike ʻia e pili pū ka ʻenekani pili i ka moe kolohe e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka waiʻona hiki ke pale aku i nā mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia i nā pilikia kūlohelohe a me nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe a i noʻonoʻo paha kēia i ka kāne / sex [67]. Pono nā haʻawina hou o kēia ʻano e noiʻi pololei ana i ka CSBD me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā GWAS a me nā ala ʻē aʻe (e hoʻohālikelike ai, nā helu ʻai ʻana no polygenic.

Nā mea e hoʻokomo nei i nā waiwai o ka Neurobiological o CSB mai nā pānaʻi noiʻi e pili ana

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka lāʻau'ōkuhi-CSB

ʻO Dopaminergic a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (e la i ka ʻōnaehana serotonergic) e hāʻawi i ka CSBD. Ua hui pū ʻia nā agonist Dopamine me CSB a me nā mea hoʻohua-makemake ʻē aʻe [impulse-control]68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74]. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka CSB a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i makemake ʻia i ka maʻi o Parkinson, me ka wahi o ka ʻāina a me ke kūlana male ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka etiology o CSB i nā maʻi Parkinson e hoʻopulapula paha a multifactorial [75]. Eia kekahi, pono e makaʻala kekahi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai kahi maʻi e like me ka maʻi Parkinson (ka mea i pili me ka dopamine degeneration koʻikoʻi) i nā iwi non-Parkinson. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā agonist Dopamine i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻoihana o ka kelima pituitary a me nā wāwae hake ʻole, a hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike hōʻike i kēia mau lāʻau (a i ʻole nā kūlana i mālama ʻia) i kekahi manawa me ka CSB (kaʻi ʻana o nā kelima hipuitary: [76, 77, 78, 79]; ka mālama ʻana i nā wāwae hānā80, 81]). Eia kekahi, nā hōʻike hihia o ka monoamine oxidase inhibitors (safinamide [82] a lan [kua]83, 84]) i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi o Parkinson no ka hypersexuality. ʻO ka mea nui, pono e makaʻala i ka unuhi ʻana mai o ka ʻike mai nā hōʻike hihia a me nā ʻikepili nui e pili ana i nā hōʻike hihia he nui nā mea e like me ka nui (e laʻa, ka lehulehu.)85]. Pēlā e mālama pono ʻia ai nā noi nui o ka maʻi epidemiological nui i mālama ʻia e pili ana i ia mau mea.

Aia hoʻi nā hōʻike hihia no ka CSB pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā psychostimulants (ampethamine [86], makexia [87], ai nā modafinil [88])), lāʻau lapaʻau antiepileptic [89], a me nā antidepressants (ujxetine [90]]91]). Hōʻike paha nā manaʻo o CSB me nā antidepressants no ka mea ua pili kēia papa o nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka hyposexual dysfunction. Aia kekahi mau hanana hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i nā lāʻau antipsychotic atypical (risperidone [92], paliperidone [93], a aripiprazole [94, 95, 96]) a CSB. ʻOiai ke hōʻike nei nā hihia i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei e pono e nānā i nā kauka no ka CSB i ka lehulehu o nā mea maʻi e mālama ʻia me nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole, ua mālama ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hōʻike hōʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka mekanika ma ka loaʻa ʻole o nā loea nui a ʻoi aku ka nui.

Ke lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau o CSBD

ʻO nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau o CSBs i hiki ai ke kuhikuhi pono i nā ʻōnaehana neurotransmitter i lalo o CSBD. Hōʻike nā ʻikepili i ʻekolu papa hana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hōʻemi i nā CSBs (ʻikeʻike [97]): (1) nā lāʻau antidepressant e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka dopaminergic, noradrenergic, a me ka serotonergic transmission; (2) anti-androgens; a (3) gonadotropin-hoʻokuʻu i ka hormone agonists. Hoʻohana mua ʻia nā ʻelua ʻelua i nā ʻōkuhi forensic ma muli o ke kumukūʻai nui a hiki ke loaʻa paha nā hopena koʻikoʻi o kēia mau lāʻau. Eia nō naʻe, Safarinejad [98] ua hōʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi i loko o kahi hoʻokolokolo wehe ʻana o ka gonadotropin-hoʻokuʻu i ka hormone (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo triptorelin) i nā kāne me nā maʻi nonparaphilic. Hōʻike mau ʻia nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ma CSBD.

Loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi o ka serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - ʻoiai i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaumaha, hopohopo, a me nā mea hoʻomāʻeha-obsitive-ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma nā CSBs ua hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā noi mua o citalopram [99, 100], flioxetine [101], a paroxetine [102]. Eia nō naʻe, ua pono ka hoʻokolohua lāʻau lapaʻau manuahi e loiloi i ka holomua pōkole a me ka lōʻihi. Ma kēia kuleana, ʻo ka haʻawina e Gola a me Potenza [102] hāpai i nā kānalua e pili ana i nā hopena hoʻomau me ka manaʻo e aʻo ai ka lāʻau lapaʻau (paroxetine) i hiki ke ʻimi i kahi ʻāpana o nā hiʻohiʻona (e laʻa, hopohopo a i ʻole ke kaumaha paha) e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma CSBs.

Aia i nā hanana hihia hou e pili ana i nā hopena kūpono o nā opioid antagonist naltrexone [103, 104, 105], beta blockers (i loko o kahi ʻōpiopio kāne autistic [106]), nā lāʻau lapaʻau antipsychotic atypical (clozapine [107]), nā kaukaʻi cholinesterase (ma ka maʻi Alzheimer [108]), a me nā mea kanu anticonvulsant / antimanic (topiramate [109]) ma ka mālama ʻana i CSB.

Hōʻike nā hōʻike i ka hihia i ka hiki ke komo o nā neurotransmitters lehulehu i CSBD. Eia nō naʻe, ua pono ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua palekaumaha na plebo i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hopena a me ke kūleʻa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe nā lāʻau lapaʻau me ka hōʻailona (e like me ke ʻano, nā US kai ʻai a me ka ʻAlala Hoʻolaha) no CSBD.

Nā kīʻaha CSBD a me nā hui like ʻole

Hiki i nā pilikia i hoʻopilikia ʻia nā ʻike ʻike i nā kumu waiwai o ka neurobiological o CSBD. ʻO nā maʻi i hoʻopiʻi ʻia pinepine ʻia ma CSBD a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻi a alakaʻi i ka mālama ʻana. I kahi noiʻi pūnaewele koke i kēia manawa, Wery et al. [110] Loaʻa loaʻa ʻo 90% o nā poʻe hui me CSBD i hōʻike pū ʻia e nā maʻi psychiatric e noho nei. ʻO nā kūlana kaulana loa e pili ana i ka manawa ke hopohopo, ka hopohopo, nā kumu-hoʻohana, a me nā pilikia impulse-control [111, 112]. ʻO nā maʻi pilikino [113, 114], ma kahi ʻano moha54], pinepine pū kekahi hanana me CSBD.

Nā CSB i nā maʻi neurological

ʻO CSB kahi noʻonoʻo lapaʻau i nā kūlana neurological he nui. Ua nānā ʻia CSB, no ka laʻana, i ka dementia [115, 116, 117]. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o ka dementia frontotemporal a me ka maʻi ʻo Alzheimer, ʻo Mendez lāua ʻo Shapira [118] loaʻa CSB i 13% o nā mea maʻi me ka dotia frontotemporal akā ʻaʻohe mea o nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi o Alzheimer. Eia kekahi, aia nā hōʻike laka o ka CSB i nā mea me ka hōʻeha o ka lolo traumatic [119],] Maʻi ʻo Huntington [120], ke kakali ʻo bipolar (ma nā wahine) [121],) nui '122], ʻo Kluver Bucy syndrome [123, 124]. ʻO nā hōʻike i ka maʻi Kluver Bucy e hōʻike i ka komo ʻana o ka limahana temporal i CSB me Kluver Bucy syndrome e pili ana i nā maʻi laahi o ka limahana. Ua mālama ʻia kekahi kuleana no ka pahu temporal ma CSB e nā ʻike e pili ana i nā pehu i loko o ka puʻu kino.125] a me nā puhaka lobe pilikino e hopena ma CSB. Ma kēia pili, Korpelainen et al. [126] ua loaʻa he piʻi sex libido i 10% o nā mea maʻi maʻi.

Hōʻike ka ʻikepili mai nā poʻe me nā maʻi neʻola e pili i ke komo ʻana o ka cortex prefrontal a me ka lewa pilikino i CSB. Hāpai kēia mau ʻike i nā hana o kēia mau ʻāina kahalaha i ke kaʻina olakino / hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaika a me ka hoʻoponopono kānāwai.

Panina

ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o CSBD i ICD-11 e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena o ka pilikia e loaʻa i ka poʻe me ka CSBD e ʻike ʻia a loaʻa ke mālama pono. ʻO ka loaʻa pinepine ʻana o nā ʻoihana maʻi diagnostic no kēia pilikia e kōkua i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pono noʻonoʻo a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono no ka CSBD. E hoʻoikaika ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā lāʻau kūpono e ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hana noʻonoʻo a me nā hana ʻenekia i lalo o ka CSB. He mea koʻikoʻi nā haʻawina neʻe ʻana o ka maikaʻi no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ko mākou ʻike i nā hana ma lalo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, perpetuation, exacerbation o CSBD, a me ka hoʻihoʻi mai CSBD. Mahele ma muli o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa a i ʻole ke heluhelu ʻana i ka CSBD me ka maʻi āpau a me ka nele o ka ʻae ʻana i nā ʻoihana hoʻonaninani maʻamau, ua paʻa nā hana noiʻi neurobiological a i kēia lā.

ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi nā noiʻi neuroscience hoʻopaʻa ʻia i CSBD, hiki ke loaʻa kekahi mau manaʻo. ʻO ka mea mua, hōʻike nā haʻawina fMRI i nā ʻokoʻa i ke kāne a me ka ʻole o ka CSBD i ka hoʻoilo ʻana i ka hōʻeuʻeu o ka moʻo ʻana e like me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pane ʻana o ka BOLD i ka "ʻōnaehana uku." isalena o CSBs i nā lehulehu lehulehu. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana uku i ʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina imaging aʻo a hiki i kēia manawa ke kūpono me nā haʻawina mai ke kula hoʻohui.

ʻO nā hopena i hōʻuluʻuluʻia ma kā mākouʻaoʻao e hōʻike ana i nā kūlike e pili ana me nā mea i pili i ka halihali a me ka pili kino, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā meaʻinoʻole i loaʻa no CSBD (e like me ka nānāʻia ma [127]). ʻOiai ma waho aʻe o ka hōʻaia o ka hōʻike o kēia manawa, uaʻikeʻia nā meaʻawaʻawa a me nāʻano o ke kino e keʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻohālikelike i heluʻia e nā kumuhana, a me nāʻano neurobiological (ka nānā a me nā hōʻike:128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133]; waipika: [134, 135]; cocaine: [136, 137]; ka paka: [138, 139]; leka paka: [140, 141]; nā pāʻani: [142, 143]). Nā hualoaʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻohui pūʻana o ka hoʻohohoʻana i ka hoʻohālike hōʻike i nā like like ma waena o CSBD a me nā mea lāʻau'ē aʻe [144, 145]. No laila, hoʻoholo nā noiʻi i hope i ka papa helu kūpono kūpono loa o CSBD. ʻO ia, inā pono e helu pū ʻia he pilikia haki, e like me ka ICD-11 o kēia manawa, a i kūpono paha nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli. Kahi mea luhi (mai ka mana-i ke kuhi i hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia) i pili me ka maʻi kalepona ma DSM-5 a me ICD-11 e pili ana i ka ʻikepili i kēia manawa. Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia nei nā ʻike hou aʻe ma CSBD, hiki i kāna papa helu ke kau hou ʻia.

ʻOiai ua holomua ka holomua ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka CSB a me ka CSBD, e noho nei nā nīnau nui. No ka laʻana, he nīnau kūkākūkā inā pili nā hanana neʻe like me ka pili o PPU i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā CSBs ʻē aʻe (e like me ke ʻano, nā hana lawelika pilikia e pili ana i nā hoohana). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi i kau i luna o nā kāne ʻōpio, heterosexual, keʻokeʻo. Aia mau i ka nīnau wehe ʻia inā loaʻa nā ʻano hanana like pu me nā hui ʻē aʻe (e laʻa, nā pākeke kahiko, nā wahine, ka wahine like ʻole, bisexual, transsexual a i ʻole nā hui ʻē aʻe, a me nā mea ʻole keʻokeʻo me CSBD). ʻO ka hope loa, ma muli o ka hala ʻole o nā hoʻokūkū hoʻokipa hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū o ka CSBD i nā makahiki i hala (a i kēia manawa i loli me ICD-11), ʻaʻohe mau loiloi kūpono a kūpono o ka prevalence o CSBD. I ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻana o kēia mau ʻike, pono e hana ʻia ka holomua o ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana iā CSBD, a me nā kuleana e pili ana i ka CSBD.

E hoʻomaopopo '

Nā mea kikoʻī o ka makemake nui, i paʻi ʻia ma kēia manawa, ua hōʻike ʻia e like me: • ka mea nui •• ʻO ka nui nui

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ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo piha i kēia manawa no ka Neuroscience Nehavioral o ka Hoʻonāukiuki Puʻewaʻewa Hoʻopilikia Puʻewa a me nā Puʻewaho Ponokala Hoʻohālike (2018)