ELIZABETH ODDONE PAOLUCCI, MAKINA KULA, A ME CLAUDIO VIOLATO
NATIONAL FOUNDATION NO KA'ĀINA HAUMĀNA A ME HAWAIʻI, CALGARY,'ĀINAʻO ALBERTA o CALGARY, CALGARY, ALBERTA.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Ua hoʻokumuʻia kahi hoʻolālā'ānō o 46 i ka neʻeʻana o nā noiʻi e hoʻoholo i ka hopena o nā kiʻi ponoʻole i ka moe kolohe, ka hoʻomauʻana i ka moekino, nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā pili pili pono, a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka moemoeke. Ka hapa nui o ka haʻawina i hanaʻia i loko o ka United States (39; 85%) a kaulua i loko o ka lā, mai 1962 a hiki i 1995, a me 35% (N = 16) paʻi ma waena o 1990 a me 1995, a me 33% (N = 15) ma waena o 1978, a 1983. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o nā poʻe 12,323 i komo i loko o ka hoʻolālāʻana o kēia manawa. Ua heluʻia nā kumukūʻai (d) ma kēlā me kēia mau hilinaʻi hilinaʻi no nā noiʻana i paʻiʻia ma kahi puke pai hoʻonaʻauao, loaʻa ka nui o ka nui o ka 12 a iʻole ka nui, a ua komo pū kekahi me kahi hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻohālike. ʻO nā kaulike kaulike ʻole ʻia a me nā mea kaumaha a D no ka moekolohe moekolohe (.68 a me .65), hana moekolohe (.67 a me .46), nā pilina pili loa (.83 a me .40), a me nā moʻo pākana (.74 a me .64) hōʻike maopopo. ke hōʻoia nei i ka loulou ma waena o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka makaʻu no ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻole ke hōʻike ʻia i nā kiʻi pono ʻole. Ke hōʻike nei nā hualoaʻa e hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi ma waho aʻe o ka nīnau o ka loaʻaʻana o ka ponokalakala i ka hanaʻino a me ka hanaʻohana. Mai Ke Kula Kaiapuni palena papaha hoʻie aiaiiuo e like me ka wahine, socioeconomic kūlana (SES), ka helu o ka mea i hana 'o ka waiū, pilina o ka kanaka i hoʻolauna pornography i ka i komo, degere o ka explicitness, malalo o ka pornography, pornographic meakino, a me ka wehewehena o ka pornography i auhau no kela a me keia o ke aʻoʻia. Ua kūkāʻia nā hopena e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka noiʻi pornokala i loaʻa a me nā palena o ka hopena i hala i loko o ka hoʻolālā kūkākūkā o kēia manawa. ʻO kahi Meta-'Ikewai o ka'Iha i Hoʻopukaʻia ma nā Pōʻino o nā'IlikalakalaʻO ka hopena o kaʻike i ka ponokala kiʻi uaʻike nuiʻia i nā makahiki. ʻO ka hapanui nui o nā mākua i loko o ko kākou kaiaulu,ʻo nā kāne a me nā wāhine, hōʻike pū i ka hōʻikeʻana i nā waiwai pili i ka wahine. I ka mea, Wilson, a Abelson (1973) loaʻa i 84% o na kanaka a me 69% o na wahine hōʻike waiū i kekahi a oi o pictorial a kuhia kikokikona 'ole o ka pornography, a me ka hapanui o ka pae mua i paku ole ia i pelapela mea ma mua o ka makahiki o Nā makahiki 21. Hoʻohui pūʻia me nā mea hou aku e hiki ai i nā kānaka ke komo i nā mea ma o ka nui o nā media (e like me nā nūpepa, ka lekiō, ka wikiō, ka pūnaewele puni honua), e lilo i mea nui e nānā i ka hopena o ka hoʻonaninaniʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi i ka hana kanaka. ʻOiaiʻo ka papa inoa o nā manaʻo iʻikeʻia e nā mea noiʻi iʻikeʻia heʻano maʻamau i nā mea iʻikeʻia i ka pilaliʻi he nui loa, ua nui nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa a me ka kānalua. ʻOiai ka piliʻana o ke kūkākūkā a me ke kūlana pili i kaʻoihana pili aupuni a me ka politika, he mea maopopo ke kiʻi pinepineʻia ka hoʻopukaʻana o nā ponokala i kahi kūlanaʻikepili a me ka pono. Ke hoʻāʻo nei ka hoʻokolohua meta-analitik i kēia manawa e hoʻohuli i ka nānā o ka nīnau no nā hopena kūpono o nā ponokala kiʻi i kahi papa hana empirical. ʻO ka pahuhopu eʻike i ka hopenaʻana o nā mea i ka pilikino ponoʻole ma luna o ka pilikino pili i ka moe kolohe, ka hana kolohe, nā pilina pili pili, a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka moemoeke.
KA HOOHOLO
Kūlike me nā kākāʻina mua (Allen, DʻAlessio, & Brezgel, 1995) a me nā noi hoʻokahi (Baron & Straus, 1987; Fisher & Barak, 1991; Garcia, 1986; Gray, 1982; Gunther, 1995; Hui, 1986; ʻO Lottes, Weinberg, & Weller, 1993), nā hopena o ka meta-analysis o kēia manawa e hōʻike nei i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hana i nā ʻano hopena maikaʻi ʻole he nui. Ke hoʻohana nei i ke kumumanaʻo aʻo kaiāulu a me ke kumu hoʻohālikelike, hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā kumumanaʻo o ka huhū, ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi hoʻonāukiuki, ka maʻalahi o ka moekolohe a me nā gymnastics, a me ke ʻano o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hoʻoikaika a / a i ʻole e hōʻoia i nā ʻano like a me nā hana i nā lā a me ka pili kanaka. ʻO ka poʻe e nānā ana i nā mea ponokala kiʻi e manaʻoʻiʻo paha i ke ʻano o ka moekolohe e hana ai i ka moekolohe ma ke ʻano he "maʻamau" a hōʻike kūpono i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Me ka mākaukau i kēia mau mea i manaʻo ʻia, komo paha lākou i nā hana i ʻae ʻole ʻia e ka lehulehu a i ʻole makemake ʻia i kēlā me kēia pae. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he mana hoʻokahi, ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole kekahi mea nui e hāʻawi pololei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me nā lawena.
Maopopo a kūlike nā hopena; ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea ponokala kiʻi i kahi mea e hoʻonui i ka makaʻu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano kolohe, hana hewa i ka moekolohe, ʻike i nā pilikia i ka pilina pili o kekahi, a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka moʻo pue wahine I mea e hāpai ai i kahi kaiāulu olakino a paʻa, ʻo ka manawa kēia e hele ai mākou i ka hopena o ka noiʻi empirical maikaʻi.
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