ʻO nā kāne e kūʻai i ka moekolohe ʻokoʻa i nā kāne ʻaʻole?

ʻO ke kūʻai a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka moekolohe kahi kumuhana o ke kūkā pinepine a me kahi pilikia olakino lehulehu e pili ana. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ka moekolohe transactional e like me ke kālepa ʻana (kūʻai a kūʻai aku ʻana) o ka moekolohe no ka pono waiwai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kūʻai kālā ʻana, nā lāʻau, nā meaʻai, nā wahi hoʻomalu, a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻē aʻe no ka moekolohe (Carael, Slaymaker, Lyerla, & Sarkar, 2006; ʻO Stoebenau, Heise, Wamoyi, & Bobrova, 2016). Ua wehewehe nui ʻia kēia hanana e like me nā kāne e uku nei i nā wahine no ka moekolohe, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā kāne a me nā wahine e uku ana i nā kāne no ka moekolohe pū kekahi (Berg, Molin, & Nanavati, 2020; ʻO Carael et al., 2006). ʻOiai ke aʻo ʻia ʻana o nā limahana limahana a me nā kānaka e loaʻa kālā a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano uku no ka moekolohe e loaʻa a hōʻike i ke olakino maikaʻi ʻole (Halcón & Lifson, 2004; Miller et al., 2011; ʻO Seib, Fischer, & Najman, 2009; ʻO Ulloa, Salazar, & Monjaras, 2016; Wong, Holroyd, Hinahina, & Ling, 2006), nā noiʻi e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano koi o ka moekolohe e pili ana i ka ʻikepili lehulehu o ka heluna kanaka. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa ka ʻikepili i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ola moekolohe o nā mea kūʻai wahine i Scandinavia, a no laila, ke hāʻawi nei ka noiʻi i kēia manawa i nā ʻike hou. Ma UK, Ward et al. (2005) a ʻo Jones mā. (2015) hāʻawi i nā kuhi mai nā noiʻi lunamakaʻāinana e hōʻike ana he 6-11% o nā kāne Pelekane i uku ʻia i kekahi manawa no ka moekolohe.

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma 1996 me 1145 mau kāne Kuekene nona ka makahiki 18-74 a ua loaʻa he 12.7% o nā mea pane i uku ʻia no nā lawelawe moekolohe. (Månsson, 1996) Ua hōʻike ʻia nā manaʻo mai nā ʻāina Komohana a me ʻEulopa ʻĀkau e pili ana i 12.9% o nā kāne Norewai (Schei & Stigum, 2010), 11–13% o nā kāne Finnish (Haavio-Mannila & Rotkirch, 2000) ua uku ʻia i kekahi manawa no ka moekolohe. ʻO ka uku ʻana a hāʻawi ʻana paha i kekahi ʻano uku a uku paha no ka moekolohe he hewa ia ma Suedena mai ka makahiki 1999, i ka wā i kū hewa ai ke kūʻai ʻana i nā lawelawe moekolohe. Hoʻolālā ʻia ke kānāwai e hoʻonui i ka like o ke kāne a pale i nā wahine nāwaliwali mai ka hana a me ka hana ʻino. ʻO ka hoʻolālā Sweden no ka like o ke kāne a me ka pahuhopu e hōʻemi i ka noi no ka moekolohe. Ua nānā ʻia kahi nānā ʻana ma ka pūnaewele puni honua 2010 ma waena o nā poʻe Kuekene, Norewalia, a me nā Danes nona ka makahiki 18-65 i nā hopena o ka lawehala ma ke koi a me ke kūʻai ʻana mai i ka moekolohe. Ma Nolewai, kū ʻole ke kūʻai ʻana i nā lawelawe moekolohe mai ka makahiki 2009, a ma Denmark, kū kānāwai nō ia. ʻO ka ʻāpana i hōʻike i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka moekolohe ma nā mahina 6 i hala iho nei i haʻahaʻa loa ma Suedena (0.29%), ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma Denmark (1.3%) a ma Norewai (0.93%). ʻO ka hopena o nā mea kākau ka hopena o ka lawena ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka noi a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā lawelawe moekolohe (Kotsadam & Jakobsson, 2014). Ma ka US, 16% o nā kāne i hōʻike e uku no ka moekolohe ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa i ko lākou ola, a ua hōʻike ʻo 0.5% i ka hana ʻana pēlā i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki (Michael, Gagnon, Laumann, & Kolata, 1994). Ma Rūsia, ua ʻike ʻia ua kūʻai ʻia he 10-13% o nā kāne i ka moekolohe ma hoʻokahi manawa (Haavio-Mannila & Rotkirch, 2000). Ma Holland ka helu hoʻohālikelike he 14%, ma Kuikilana 19%, ma UK 7-10%, a ma Sepania 39% (Leridon, van Zesson, & Hubert, 1998). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi i ka pae 70% no Kambupila a me Thailand, akā ʻo kēia mau mea, he kuhi kūpono ʻole (Ben-Israel & Levenkron, 2005; ʻO Della Giusta, Di Tommaso, Shima, & Strøm, 2009). Hoʻomaopopo kahi noiʻi i ka nui o nā kāne Suedena e uku nei no ka moekolohe ma waho, e laʻa me Thailand ma ka wā hoʻomaha (Manieri, Svensson, & Stafström, 2013).

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana a me nā kumu no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka moekolohe paʻakikī a ʻano like ʻole. Hoʻohui ʻia, i ka hana kino o ka moekolohe, ua wehewehe nā noiʻi e pili ana nā kumu no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā hui kāne a komo pū kekahi, e laʻa me ka naʻau, ka pilina, ka pilina pili, a me ka makemake i kahi pilina (Birch & Braun-Harvey, 2019; Monto & Milrod, 2014; ʻO Weitzer, 2007).

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻAmelika ma nā kāne 60-84 mau makahiki o ka makahiki e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka makahiki e pili pono me ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana o ka uku ʻana no ka moekolohe. ʻO ka poʻe me nā loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻole o nā hoa e hōʻike pinepine i nā hana moekolohe ʻole me nā mea hoʻolako, a he nui nā mea i komo i ʻimi i kahi "ʻike wahine," kahi o nā kuʻikahi moekolohe i uku ʻia i loko o kahi pilina e aniani i nā pili pili pili ʻole. (Milrod & Monto , 2017).

Ua ʻike nā noiʻi e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā mea kūʻai aku kolohe i nā mea kūʻai aku ʻole i ke kāne, ʻoi aku paha ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe kūʻai wahine, e hōʻike i ka hoʻoweliweli wahine a me ka likelika i ka pue wahine ma mua o nā kāne e uku ʻole nei i ka wahine. ʻO nā kāne i uku no ka moekolohe i loaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe ma nā ana o ka moekolohe a me ka male kāne ʻole a me ka liʻiliʻi o ke aloha i nā wahine hoʻokamakama (Farley, Golding, Matthews, Malamuth, & Jarrett, 2017). ʻIke ʻia nā ʻike mai nā noiʻi empirical o ka poʻe kūʻai wahine e pili ana ka hopena a me nā ʻano pilikino i ka noi. Hoʻopili kēia i ka ʻike ponoʻī, nā manaʻo o nā wahine, nā makemake moekolohe, nā kumu waiwai (ka hoʻonaʻauao, loaʻa kālā, hana), a me nā ʻano e pili ana i ka makaʻu (ka olakino olakino a me ka makaʻu o ka hopu ʻia ma kahi kūpono ʻole ka hana moekolohe), ka hoihoi ʻole i nā pilina maʻamau. , a me ka makemake no nā ʻano like ʻole i nā hana moekolohe a i ʻole nā ​​hoa moekolohe (Della Giusta, Di Tommaso, & Jewell, 2017).

ʻO kahi noiʻi i hana ʻia e The Sweden National Council for Crime Prevent i ka makahiki 2008 i hōʻike ʻia he hui heterogeneous ka poʻe kūʻai wahine Suetena ma kahi o ka ʻoi aku ka hapa nui he kāne a ʻaʻole wahine (BRÅ, 2008). ʻO nā mea kūʻai mai nā ʻaoʻao socioeconomic like ʻole a me nā makahiki āpau, ʻoiai ʻo nā makahiki maʻamau he 30-50 mau makahiki. Ma kahi o 50% o ka poʻe kūʻai i aʻo kiʻekiʻe a male. ʻO kahi loiloi noiʻi lehulehu e Priebe lāua ʻo Svedin (2011) hōʻike i ka poʻe kūʻai kūʻai Suède ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa i ka poʻe kūʻai ʻole e pili ana i ka pae o ka hoʻonaʻauao a i ʻole ke kūlana male. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe i waena o nā mea kūʻai mai: Ua ʻike ka hapa kiʻekiʻe i ka hemo a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ka nui o nā loli o nā hoa, ua hana pinepine ʻia lākou, ʻoiai he poʻe hana ʻole nā ​​mea kūʻai ʻole pinepine ʻole, nā haumāna, hoʻomaha a wā hoʻomaha maʻi paha. he kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kahi ʻāpana ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe e huakaʻi me nā hana i ka makahiki i hala. ʻO ka poʻe kūʻai, i kahi kiʻekiʻe, ua ʻike ka hana hoʻomāinoino i nā pilina ma mua, ua ʻike lākou i ka hana ʻino i ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka moekolohe un-volitional ʻike. ʻO ka waiʻona a me ka hoʻohana lāʻau lāʻau ka mea maʻamau i waena o nā mea kūʻai mai, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoa kolohe o ka poʻe kūʻai aku a hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele no ka moekolohe ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka poʻe kūʻai ʻole (Priebe & Svedin, 2011). ʻO nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā pūʻulu kāne i wae ʻia i uku no ka moekolohe manaʻo ʻia he hui nui kēia mau kāne i nā maʻi i loaʻa i ka moekolohe e hōʻike ana i nā mea hana kolohe a me kā lākou mau hoa kolohe ʻē aʻe. (Moore, 1999) Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka wahine i ke koi no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka wahine e ʻimi hou ʻia.

Nā Aims

ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e kuhi i ka nui o a ʻike i nā mea e pili ana i ka uku ʻana a i ʻole hāʻawi ʻia i kekahi ʻano uku no ka moekolohe ma waena o kahi laʻana o nā kāne ma Suedena.

Nā mea komo a me ka Hoʻomākaukau

I ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻikepili mai ka SRHR2017 (ke olakino a me ke ola kino a me nā pono), kahi noiʻi e pili ana i ka lehulehu me nā wahine a me nā kāne ma waena o nā makahiki 16 a me 84 ma Suetena. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka papahana noiʻi nui, i hana ʻia e ka Public Health Agency of Sweden, e ʻimi i kahi ʻano o nā kumu i ka olakino a me nā pono hānau.

Ua mālama ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili e Statistics Sweden, kahi ʻāpana aupuni, i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo o 2017. Ua kono ʻia kekahi laʻana e like me ka nui o 50,000 mau kānaka nona ka makahiki 16-84 e komo i ka ana ma o ka pane ʻana ma ka pūnaewele a pepa paha ma ka leka. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka laʻana o ka poʻe komo i ka ʻikepili mai ka papa inoa Helene Heluna Heluna. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia papa inoa i ka makahiki 1968 a komo pū me ka ʻike e like me ka lā hānau, makahiki, moekolohe, nā lā o ka neʻe ʻana, nā lā a me nā wahi noho. ʻO 7,906,368 kānaka i ka laʻana o ka laʻana. Ua huki ʻia kahi laulā kaulike stratified o 50,016 kanaka. Ma muli o ka overcoverage, 232 mau kānaka i kāpae ʻia, no laila 49,784 i koe a loaʻa ka nīnau nīnau. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā nīnau ninaninau e ka Public Health Agency of Sweden ma hope o ka loiloi loiloi i mālama ʻia e Statistics Sweden. ʻO ka nīnau hope loa he 66 mau nīnau (118 e pili pū ana me nā nīnau muli).

Ua leka uila ʻia nā nīnau nīnau pepa a ua loaʻa pū i nā mea pane i kahi leka hoʻomaopopo e pili ana i ke ana a me kāna kumu. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka poʻe pane e kōkua ʻia ka nīnau nīnau me ka ʻikepili a me ka hāʻawi manawaleʻa ʻana. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻekolu mau hoʻomanaʻo. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, 15,186 mau kānaka i pane, e hoʻopuka ana i kahi pane pane no 30.5%. ʻO nā mea pane ʻole e hānau ma waho o Suedena, i loaʻa ka pae aʻo haʻahaʻa, he kāne, a he ʻōpio. Ua loli ka pane pane ʻole ma waena o 0 a me 14% no nā nīnau like ʻole. Ua kāpae ʻia nā nīnau ninaninau he 639 no ka pane contradictory, no laila, he 14,537 kanaka ka mea i hōʻike ʻia. Kaupaona ʻia nā hopena ma ke kumu o ka moekolohe, ka pae makahiki, ka ʻāina o ka noho ʻana, ka ʻāina hānau, a me ka pae aʻo kiʻekiʻe loa. Ma muli o nā kaupaona, hiki iā mākou ke huki i nā hopena e pili ana i ka lehulehu o Suedena, ma kahi o ka poʻe wale nō e hoʻokumu nei i kahi laʻana.

Ua waiwai hou ʻia ʻo SRHR2017 e ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka National Longitudinal Integration Database no Health Insurance and Labor Market Studies (LISA) Mai LISA, ka ʻike e pili ana i ka moekolohe, ka makahiki, ka ʻāina hānau, ka ʻāina o ka noho ʻana, ke kūlana o ka neʻe ʻana, loaʻa i ka pae aʻo kiʻekiʻe loa a loaʻa kālā no nā mea pane. Ua hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma muli o ka helu ʻike pilikino pilikino i kamaʻilio ʻia i nā kamaʻāina Suedena āpau.

Pākuhi

ʻO ka loli hopena ua uku a hāʻawi ʻia i kekahi ʻano uku no ka moekolohe ma muli o ka nīnau "Ua uku anei ʻoe a hāʻawi ʻia i kahi uku ʻē aʻe no ka moekolohe"? Ua loaʻa nā koho ʻē aʻe i ka “ʻae, hoʻokahi manawa,” “ʻae, i nā manawa he nui,” “ʻae, ka makahiki i hala,” “ʻae, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki i hala,” a “ʻaʻole.” Ua ukali ʻia ka nīnau e kekahi huaʻōlelo wehewehe "ʻO nā ʻano uku ʻē aʻe e hiki ke komo pū me nā lole, nā makana, nā waiʻona, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole kahi wahi e hiamoe ai, akā e loaʻa ai a i ʻole holomua a mālama paha i kahi hana." Ua dichotomized nā koho ʻē aʻe a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hoʻololi ʻē aʻe a pau o ka "ʻae" i ka "ʻae" a me ka "ʻaʻole" i ka "ʻaʻole". Hiki i nā mea pane ke nānā i nā pahu he nui.

Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā lauwili sociodemographic e hiki mai ana i nā kālailai: ka wahine, ka makahiki makahiki (16-29, 30-44, 45-64, 65-84), loaʻa ka pae kula kiʻekiʻe loa (≤ 9 mau makahiki, 10-12 mau makahiki a me> 12 mau makahiki. ), pae loaʻa (5 pūʻulu: pūʻulu loaʻa haʻahaʻa (0-20) hōʻike i ka 20% o nā kānaka me ka loaʻa kālā haʻahaʻa, a me ka pūʻulu loaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa (80-100) e 20% o nā kānaka me ka loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe.

Nā Loli o ke Life Sex

ʻO kahi nīnau e pili ana i ka hōʻoluʻolu moekolohe a me ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole o ka moekolohe i nīnau ʻia, "He aha kou manaʻo e pili ana i kou moekolohe ma mua o 12 mau mahina i hala?" Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i pane ʻia: (1) Maona wau i ka hapanui; (2) ʻAno hauʻoli ʻole wau. E like me ka hiki i nā mea pane ke hōʻoia i nā pahu ʻelua, ʻo 3604 mau kānaka i hana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ke kolu o nā koho i unuhi ʻia ʻo "māʻona a ʻoluʻolu ʻole."

ʻO ka nīnau "He aha kou manaʻo e pili ana i kou moekolohe ma mua o 12 mau mahina i hala?" Ua noi ʻia wau e hāʻawi ana i nā mea ʻē aʻe i pane aʻe "nele au i ka wahine moe kolohe," "makemake au i mau hoa moe kolohe," "ʻaʻole i loaʻa iaʻu ka moekolohe pinepine," a "ʻaʻole wau i moe kolohe i ke ala aʻu e makemake ai." ʻO kahi loli hou i kapa ʻia ʻo "Loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi o ka moekolohe ma mua o ka makemake o hoʻokahi" i hana ʻia e ka pane ʻana i ka "ʻae" ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelua o nā ʻano ʻehā pane.

Ua nīnau ʻia kahi nīnau e pili ana i nā hana moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele: “Ua hana mua ʻoe i kekahi o nā hana aʻe ma ka pūnaewele, ma o ke kelepona paʻalima a ma o nā polokalamu paha?” ʻO nā koho ʻē aʻe i pane ʻia: "ua nānā no ka wahine moe" a "loaʻa i kahi wahine moekolohe" (ʻAe / ʻAʻole). Ua hana ʻia kahi loli hou "i nānā a loaʻa paha i kahi hoa kolohe ma ka pūnaewele" e pili ana i kahi pane "ʻae" ma kekahi o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻelua.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua nīnau ʻia kahi nīnau e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole. Pākuʻi ʻia nā koho ʻē aʻe: "I kēlā me kēia lā a ʻaneʻane paha i kēlā me kēia lā," "3-5 mau manawa i ka pule," "1-2 manawa i ka pule," "2 a 3 mau manawa i ka mahina," "Hoʻokahi manawa i ka mahina a emi iki paha," "ʻAʻole loa wau e nānā i nā ponokala kiʻi, "a" ʻaʻole au e nānā pono i nā ponokala kiʻi, akā ʻo nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i koʻu puni e nānā iā ia ". Ua dichotomized nā pane i loko o ka "hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi" me nā pane "i kēlā me kēia lā a ʻaneʻane i kēlā me kēia lā" a me "3-5 mau manawa i ka hebedoma," ʻaʻole hoʻohana pinepine i nā ponokala kiʻi me ke koena o nā koho ʻē aʻe.

ʻIkeʻIke Heluhelu

Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka helu o nā wahine e hōʻike nei i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka moekolohe (0.4%), ua kaupalena ʻia nā loiloi aʻe i nā kāne. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili kanaka i ka wā he nui e ka makahiki, ka pae aʻo a me ka pae loaʻa ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike hoʻolālā a me nā kaupaona hāpana. ʻO ka lua, nā demografics kāʻei kua a me nā mahele o nā kāne i uku ʻia no ka moekolohe e hōʻike ʻia e ka makahiki, ka pae aʻo, a me ka pae loaʻa, e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻike hoʻolālā a me nā kaupaona kau. Hōʻike ka loiloi crude i ka pākēneka o nā kāne e hōʻike nei i ka uku ʻana no ka moekolohe kahi i nānā ʻia ai nā ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻāpana e hoʻohana ana i kahi chi-square test (p <.05). Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka loiloi loiloi multivariate e nānā i ka "makaʻu" o ka uku ʻana no ka moekolohe i loko o ʻekolu mau hiʻohiʻona kau. Hōʻike ka hiʻohiʻona mua i nā koho kolohe, i ka lua o nā hiʻohiʻona a mākou i kaohi ai no ka makahiki, pae aʻo a me ka pae loaʻa. I nā hiʻohiʻona aʻe me ka Model 2, ua pākuʻi mākou i nā hoʻololi aʻe ma ke kaʻawale, ma ka Model 3 leʻaleʻa me ke ola moekolohe, i ka Model 4 i ʻimi a loaʻa paha i kahi ipo wahine ma ka pūnaewele, ma Model 5 no ka liʻiliʻi o ka moekolohe ma mua o ka makemake o kekahi. makemake i, a ʻo ka hope loa i ka Model 6 no ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole. Ua lawe ʻia nā kālailai āpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Stata, mana 15 (StataCorp).

I ka Papa 1, hōʻike 'ia nā' aoʻao kūpuna e like me ke kaupaona ʻole ʻia a kaupaona ʻia nā pākēneka. He 9.5% (95% CI: 8.58-10.32) o nā kāne i hōʻike i ka uku a hāʻawi ʻia paha i kahi uku no ka moekolohe. Ua hoʻonui nā kāne o nā makahiki makua i ka uku no ka moekolohe. ʻO nā kāne me ka pae loaʻa haʻahaʻa (pākēneka 1-20) i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka pae loaʻa kiʻekiʻe (pākēneka 81-100) ua hōʻike pū kekahi i ka hoʻonui i ka makaʻu o ka uku ʻana no ka moekolohe; akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi hui nui e pili ana i nā pae loaʻa ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kānaka me 9 mau makahiki a ʻoi aku paha ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻemi ʻia o ka uku no ka moekolohe ʻoiai ʻo nā kānaka me 10-12 mau makahiki o ka ʻike e hoʻonui ana i ka likelika i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kānaka me 12 mau makahiki o ka aʻo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i pili kahi pilina koʻikoʻi me ka pae aʻo ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka makahiki a me ka pae loaʻa.

I ka Papa 2, nā hopena o kā mākou kālailai ʻana i ka hui ma waena o ke ʻano o ka nohona kāne a me ka uku ʻia ʻana no ka moekolohe. ʻO nā kāne i hōʻike ʻoluʻolu ʻole lākou (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.34-2.22) ua hoʻonui i ka hiki ke uku ʻia no ka moekolohe ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne i māʻona i ko lākou ola wahine. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kāne i ʻimi a hui paha me nā moe kolohe ma ka pūnaewele, ʻelima mau manawa i uku ʻia no ka moekolohe (OR: 5.07; 95% CI: 3.97-6.46), hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne i loaʻa ʻole. ʻO nā kāne i hōʻike i ka loaʻa o ka moekolohe ma mua o kā lākou makemake e aneane ʻekolu manawa i uku ʻia no ka moekolohe (OR: 2.78; 95% CI: 2.12-3.66). Pēlā nō, loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohana ponokala pinepine ka loaʻa o ka uku no ka moekolohe ma mua o nā kāne ʻē aʻe (OR: 3.02; 95% CI: 2.28-3.98). ʻO nā loli āpau e pili ana i ka moekolohe ka mea i koe i ka helu ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana no ka makahiki, loaʻa a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike.

I loko o kēia noi ʻana, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻikepili kū hoʻokahi mai ka SRHR2017 ana i ka lehulehu ma ka nānā ʻana i ka heluna kanaka, ua hoʻopili ʻia me nā kākau inoa hoʻomalu ākea a kiʻekiʻe loa o Suetena, e ʻike ai i ka mahele o nā kāne i uku a hāʻawi ʻia i kekahi ʻano uku no ka moekolohe ma Suedena . Hōʻoia kā mākou hopena i ka ʻāpana o nā kāne e hōʻike nei i ka uku ʻana no ka moekolohe ma kā mākou noi ʻana (9.5%) e like me nā noiʻi ma mua a me nā poʻe Nordic ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻāina komohana o ʻEulopa (Haavio-Mannila & Rotkirch, 2000; Jones et al., 2015; Schei & Stigum, 2010). ʻO ka hui makahiki me ka hapa nui o nā kāne i uku no ka moekolohe nā kāne ma mua o 45 mau makahiki (11%), a ʻo nā kāne 30-44 mau makahiki (10%) i hōʻike i kahi ʻāpana like. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hapa haʻahaʻa i waena o nā kāne 16-29 mau makahiki. ʻAʻole maopopo inā pili kēia i ka nīnau, ka mea e hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi ola āpau e hoʻonui kūlohelohe me ka makahiki, a i ʻole kūleʻa ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana i ka wahine ma Suetena i ka makahiki 1999.

ʻO kā mākou hopena e pili ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka loaʻa kālā o nā mea kūʻai mai e hōʻoia i nā loiloi mua (BRÅ, 2008; Priebe & Svedin, 2011), ʻo nā mea kūʻai mai nā kāʻei kaiapili like ʻole a ʻaʻole pili ka pae aʻo me ka uku ʻia no ka moekolohe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi loaʻa kālā haʻahaʻa loa e pili ana me ka uku ʻia no ka moekolohe, kahi e hōʻike ai i ka palupalu a me ka hoʻonele ʻana. Kūʻē kēia i nā ʻike a Priebe lāua ʻo Svedin (2011) a me Milrod lāua ʻo Monto (2017) ʻo ka mahele kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kūʻai mai i loaʻa kālā kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa paha kēia ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano o nā mea komo mai Priebe a me Svedin (2011) hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka panela pūnaewele e mālama pinepine ʻia ma Suedena i kahi mahele nui o nā kāne, a me nā kānaka i aʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me nā loaʻa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka heluna lehulehu (Bosnjak et al., 2013).

I ko mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe noiʻi e pili ana i ka heluna kanaka i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nānā ʻia e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka leʻaleʻa ola a me ka kūʻai wahine ʻana, akā naʻe he mea kūpono ke kuhi i nā koi, me ka liʻiliʻi o ka moekolohe ma mua o ka makemake o kekahi. I kā mākou mea i loaʻa, ʻike mākou i kahi hui ikaika ma waena o ka nānā ʻana a i ʻole hui paha nā hoa wahine ma ka pūnaewele a me ka kūʻai wahine. Hōʻoia kā mākou hopena i nā hopena ma mua e hoʻohana ana nā mea kūʻai i ka pūnaewele a me / a i ʻole nā ​​polokalamu kelepona no ka moekolohe ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka poʻe kūʻai ʻole (Monto & Milrod, 2014; Priebe & Svedin, 2011).

Hōʻike kā mākou hopena i kahi pilina koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi a me ka uku ʻana no ka moekolohe. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi Suède i ka loaʻa pinepine ʻana o nā mea hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka lawe makaʻu ʻana e like me ka wai ʻona a me ka hoʻohana lāʻau ʻana a me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana i ka moekolohe ma mua e like me ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka moekolohe a me nā ʻike o ke kūʻai aku i ka wahine, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hoʻohana pinepine ʻole i nā kiʻi pono ʻole (Mattebo, ʻO Tydén, Häggström-Nordin, Nilsson, & Larsson, 2013; ʻO Svedin, Akerman, & Priebe, 2010).

I nā mea āpau, hauʻoli ka nohona wahine a me ka ʻole o ka moekolohe e like me ka makemake o kekahi, a me ka hana moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi me ka uku ʻia no ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne Kuekene. ʻ tellslelo kēia iā mākou he ʻokoʻa kēia mau kānaka mai nā kāne ʻaʻole i uku ʻia no ka moekolohe e pili ana i nā ʻano o ke ola wahine. Hāʻawi kekahi iā mākou i kahi hōʻailona e ʻokoʻa paha lākou i nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke ola wahine a me ka lawe ʻana i ka moekolohe akā ʻaʻole maopopo pehea. Pono i ka pilina a me nā kaiapili i hiki ke pāʻani i kahi kuleana (Birch & Braun-Harvey, 2019; Monto & Milrod, 2014). He mea nui kēia mau ʻike i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi a me ka hāpai ʻana i ke olakino moekolohe. ʻO ka ʻike o ka mea e uku no ka moekolohe a me ke kumu o ke kī e hōʻemi i ka noi o nā lawelawe moekolohe a he mea nui ʻaʻole wale no ka mālama kānāwai akā no nā hana olakino lehulehu a me nā hana kākoʻo i kau ʻia i ka poʻe e uku ana a me nā poʻe e loaʻa kālā a i ʻole nā ​​uku ʻē aʻe no ka moekolohe. .

ʻO nā ikaika o kēia noi ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻikepili kū hoʻokahi ʻo SRHR2017, i hoʻonui ʻia me ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāina. I ka noiʻi mua, ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ola moekolohe e like me ka ʻoluʻolu, hoʻohana pono ʻole i nā ponokala a me nā hoa pūnaewele. Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi mau palena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hopena. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoiai ka SRHR2017 kahi heluna kanaka i hoʻokumu ʻia, ʻo ka pane pane 31% (ʻo ia hoʻi, 14,500 i komo). Maikaʻi ʻole paha ka hopena o kā mākou hopena, no ka mea he nui ka poʻe i kū ʻole i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kumuhana koʻikoʻi e like me nā hana moekolohe a me nā ʻike o nā hana kū ʻole i ke kānāwai. No laila, e hōʻike ʻole ʻia kā mākou ana hopena. ʻO ke ana o ka hopena "Ua uku anei ʻoe a hāʻawi i kahi uku ʻē aʻe no ka moekolohe?" ʻO 9.5% ka nui o nā kāne i hōʻike e uku no ka moekolohe, a ʻo 2.8% (o ka 9.5%) i hōʻike e uku no ka moekolohe i ka makahiki i hala. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana maʻalahi ʻole ka nīnau, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā koho āpau i ka nīnau like. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka pane ʻole a me ka pane “no” i koho ʻia. ʻO 0.26% wale nō o nā kāne āpau i hōʻike ua kūʻai lākou i ka moekolohe i loko o nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, no laila ua koho mākou ʻaʻole e hoʻohana i kēia kuhi i kā mākou loiloi. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka nui o kēia e hoʻopili ai i nā kūʻai aku ma ka pūnaewele ʻoiai ʻaʻole i wehewehe ka nīnau ma ka pūnaewele a me ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka loli o ka leʻaleʻa ola keaka i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka makahiki i hala, ʻo ke koena o kā mākou loli i ana i ka laha o ke ola. He palena kēia e hoʻihoʻi i ka hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kūʻai wahine hou. ʻO ke kolu, i kā mākou noi ʻana, ʻaʻohe a mākou ʻike e pili ana i ke kūlana pili, ka mea e kōkua iā mākou i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena.

hopena a

Hāʻawi kā mākou noiʻi i ka ʻike novel e pili ana i ka ʻaoʻao koi o ke kūʻai wahine i ka lehulehu o Suedena. ʻO nā kāne ma Suedena i uku ʻia no ka moekolohe mai nā ʻano moʻomeheu like ʻole, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole me ko lākou ola wahine, hōʻike i ka liʻiliʻi o ka moekolohe ma mua o kā lākou makemake, he ʻike i ka hana moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele a ma kahi kiʻekiʻe i pinepine. nā mea hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā kāne i uku ʻole ʻia no ka moekolohe. Pono e noʻonoʻo i kēia mau ʻike i ke kākoʻo a me nā hana pale no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke olakino a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ke koi o nā lawelawe moekolohe.