| Keywords | | Pūnaewele; leka uila; kūʻai kūʻai; hoʻolaha; hana hoʻopili; mea kūʻai aku kā ka huahana; e-commerce; e-olakino, nā haumāna kula | | Introduction | | Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ka porno ma hope o ka wikiwiki o ka Pūnaewele. Aia kahi helu helu i hōʻike ʻia me 43% o nā mea a pau e hoʻohana nei i ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele ʻIke Pūnaewele, 35% o nā mea āpau o ka pūnaewele e pili ana i ka pona, a ʻo ka manawa maʻamau no ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele ʻo 15 mau minuke (OnlineEducation, 2010). ʻAe ʻia ka Pūnaewele no nā ʻano kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pili pū ana i nā piliona a me nā mea hoʻokūkū ʻole. ʻO ka leka uila Spam kahi ala e hoʻohana ai no ke mākeke aku i nā kiʻi kūloko. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike 2008 ka 6.5% o ka leka uila e pili ana i ka leka uila ma luna o nā kumuhana poʻokela (PandaSecurity, 2009). | | Aia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ikaika e pili ana i ka pili pono i ka Pūnaewele. Hoʻokomo nā hiʻohiʻona: 1) ʻO ke kiʻi i ka pūnaewele e kue i ka haipule a me nā pono maʻamau o ka ʻohana, ka male, a me ka monogamy a paipai i ke kūlohelohe a me nā moe kolohe, ʻo 2) nā kānaka me ka hana hoʻomālamalama hewa paha hiki ke hoʻohana i nā kiʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele e hoʻomau i kēlā ʻano hana, 3) Nā ponokala Pūnaewele. hiki ke hoʻohana ʻino i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka honua, 4) a me nā kiʻi o ka Pūnaewele ke kiʻi i ka kiʻi o ka wahine. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ka: 1) nānā i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi o ka pūnaewele no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike pilikino ma o ka nānā ʻana i nā hana pilikino, a me 2) nā poʻe i nā kaumaha, hopohopo, a me ka paulele ʻana e hiki ke loaʻa ka hoʻomaha iki a me ka hilahila ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele (Doring, 2009). | | Ma waena o nā ʻōpio makua, ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka moekolohe, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ola moekolohe me nā hoa pili pūnaewele, a me ka hōʻoluʻolu o nā pono moekolohe nā kumu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pūnaewele a me nā mea moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele (Boies, 2002; Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2000, Goodson et al. , 2001; Lam & Chan, 2007). ʻO kēia mau pōmaikaʻi olakino pili kino paha ke kumu e hoihoi ai ka poʻe ʻōpio i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana ponokala pūnaewele mai ka leka uila. ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou kekahi mau noiʻi i waena o ka poʻe me nā kūlana olakino a me nā kumu o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ponokala pūnaewele ma ka laulā a kikoʻī paha no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi i hoʻolaha ʻia ma ka leka uila. Hoʻomaopopo mākou i ʻelua mau noiʻi e pili ana i ka leka uila e leka uila a me nā kūlana olakino. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻokahi noiʻi ua loaʻa i nā mea me nā pilikia hana moekolohe (SPP) nā lakio kiʻekiʻe no ka heluhelu / wehe ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana hana moekolohe mai ka leka uila (Fogel & Shlivko, 2009). Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe he nui nā kaulike kaulike o kēlā mau mea me nā pilikia kaumaha no ka heluhelu / wehe ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana kaumaha mai ka leka uila (Fogel & Shlivko, 2010). | | ʻAʻohe o mākou ʻike i kekahi mau haʻawina ma waena o ka poʻe me SPP no ka loaʻa, heluhelu / wehe a me / a i ʻole ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kiʻi mai nā leka uila spam. ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i waena o nā ʻōpio'ōpio inā pili ana ke komo ʻana o SPP i ka loaʻa, wehe a heluhelu ʻana, a me / a i ʻole ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia mai i ka leka uila. E aʻo pū nō paha mākou i kekahi mau ʻano demographic pilikino, nā hoʻololi pūnaewele pūnaewele, a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻōiwi like ʻole e pili me kahi ʻano e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi leka uila. | | KANAWAI | | Nā mea Komo a me nā Kaʻina Hana | | Ke komo komo (n = 200) i haumāna haumāna i kākau ʻia ma ke kula koleka komohana ʻona kūloko ma New York City. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻonaninani ʻoluʻolu e loaʻa nā pane mai nā poʻe i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā lumi papa a me nā wahi ākea ma ke kula nui. Ua pane ʻia kahi pane o 94.3% mai ka 212 i hoʻokokoke ʻia. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻike ma Mei 2007. He mea inoa ʻole ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana mai ka Review Board Board Review. Ua pili pono nā loina kaulike o ka Hōʻike Helsinki i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Ua loaʻa ka ʻae ʻae a me ke komo. | | Pākuhi | | Nā ʻōnaehana Demographic | | Hoʻokomo ʻia nā loli demographic i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā makahiki (mau makahiki), nā hola Internet hoʻohana (i kēlā me kēia lā), a me ka helu o ka leka uila i loaʻa (i kēlā me kēia lā). Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole i ka moe a me ka lāhui / ʻano (ʻokoʻa / keʻokeʻo). | | Nā ʻ Problemlelo pilikia no ka Hana Hana ʻana | | Ua nīnau ʻia nā mea e komo aku ai: "ʻAe manaʻo ʻoe ua loaʻa kāu pilikia hana?" Me nā koho o ka "ʻae" a i ʻole "ʻaʻole." | | Pākuʻi Nā leka uila ʻApelila Pūnaewele | | Ua noi ʻia nā mea i komo aku: 1) Ua loaʻa iā ʻoe ka leka uila e pili ana i nā kiʻi ma ka ʻikepili i hala aku nei?, 2) Inā ʻae, ua wehe anei ʻoe a heluhelu i ka leka uila? A me 3) Inā ʻoe i wehe a heluhelu i ka leka uila. i kūʻai anei ʻoe i kekahi mea mai ka pūnaewele i hoʻolako ʻia? ʻO nā koho pane ka "ʻae" a i ʻole "ʻaʻole." | | Nā Palapala Pūnaewele | | Hōʻihi nona iho | | ʻO ka Scosen self-rusia ʻo Rosenberg he hilinaʻi a me ka pololei (Rosenberg, 1986). Loaʻa i nā mea ma 10 e ana ʻia ma ke kāʻei ʻana o Likert-style mai kahi 1 = kūlike ʻole ʻo 4 = ʻae ikaika loa ia. Aia nā huahana 5 aihue helu. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻoi ʻana o ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe nui e nā helu kiʻekiʻe aʻe. ʻO ka hilinaʻi Cronbach alpha i kēia hōʻike ʻo ka 0.87. | | Kau loa | | ʻO ka Scale Stress Perceived kahi hilinaʻi a kūpono hoʻi (Cohen & Williamson, 1988). Loaʻa iā ia he 10 mau mea i ana ʻia ma ka pālākiō ʻano Likert e kū mai ka 0 = ʻaʻole loa i ka 4 = pinepine loa. Aia nā mea i huli hope ʻia he 4. Hōʻike ʻia ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi e nā helu kiʻekiʻe. ʻO Cronbach alpha hilinaʻi i kēia hāpana ʻo 0.84. | | Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonaninani | | Ua haku ʻia ka Scirt Performance Attitudes Scale no kēia noiʻi. Aia i nā mea 3: 1) "Makemake wau e aʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana moe wahine," 2) "Makemake au e aʻo i ka pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana moe wahine," a me 3) "Ke hilinaʻi nei au i ka Pūnaewele e hāʻawi mai iaʻu i ka ʻike pololei e pili ana i ka ʻike. hana ʻia. ”ʻO kēia mau mea 3 ua ana ʻia ma ka ʻano kālai Liker me ka laulā mai 1 = kūlike ʻole ʻo 5 = ʻae like ʻole. ʻO ka hilinaʻi Cronbach alpha i kēia hōʻike ʻo ka 0.95. | | NāʻIke Heluhelu | | Ua helu ʻia nā helu helu wehewehe no nā loli. E like me ka mea kūpono, e nānā paha ʻo Pearson chi-square analysis a i ʻole ka ho'āʻo pololei a Fisher (ke hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka cell <5) e hoʻohālikelike i kēlā me a me ka ʻole o SPP no nā nīnau ʻokoʻa o ka loaʻa ʻana, wehe / heluhelu ʻana, a me ke kūʻai ʻana mai i ka hoʻolaha leka uila leka uila. ponokala kiʻi. Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā helu o nā loiloi loiloi loiloi me ʻekolu mau hoʻololi hopena ʻokoʻa o ka loaʻa ʻana, wehe / heluhelu ʻana, a me ke kūʻai ʻana mai i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi leka uila e leka uila. He ʻekolu mau mana kālailai i kēlā me kēia loli hopena. ʻO ke k firstkohu mua wale no i komo i ka loli o SPP. ʻO ka lua o ka hoʻohālikelike me SPP moekolohe a me nā loli heluna kanaka. ʻO ke kolu o ke kumu hoʻohālike i komo pū me SPP, nā loli heluna kanaka, a me nā loli psychological o ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, ke kaumaha i ʻike ʻia, a me ka pālākiō ʻano hana moekolohe. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo PASW mana 18 (PASW, 2009). | | Nā Hua | | Hōʻike ka papa 1 i nā ʻano o ka hoʻohālike. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka laʻana ʻaʻole SPP. ʻO nā makahiki he ʻokoʻa, ua kokoke ʻo 21 mau makahiki, kokoke he ʻelua hapakolu paha nā wāhine, a ʻo ka hapalua hoʻi ʻaʻole keʻokeʻo. No ka pili ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona i kēlā me kēia lā, ua aneane loa ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā hola 4, a ua loaʻa ka awelika o ka leka uila leka uila 28. E pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona noʻonoʻo, ʻike ka nui o ko lākou manaʻo kiʻekiʻe, kahi pae haʻahaʻa o kekahi manawa i ʻike i ke kaumaha, a me kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻae ʻole ʻana i nā ʻano hana pilikino. |  | | Kahakaha: M = ka manaʻo, SD = ke kūlike maʻamau. | | Hōʻike ka papa 2 i nā hoʻohālikelike no ka poʻe me ka ʻole o ka SPP no ka loaʻa, wehe ʻana / heluhelu, a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia e ka leka uila e hāʻawi ʻia mai i ka leka uila. No nā hoʻohālikelike ʻekolu, he nui ka nui o ko lākou mau SPP ma mua o ka poʻe me SPP. Ua komo kēia ma mua o 25% kiʻekiʻe no ka loaʻa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% kiʻekiʻe no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka ʻoi ma mua o 40% no ke kūʻai aku. |  | | ʻAʻohe ʻano ʻokoʻa nui no kekahi o nā loiloi univariate a multivariate hui loiloi ma waena o ka poʻe a me ke ʻole ʻo SPP no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka leka uila (i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia). Hōʻike ka papaʻa 3 i nā loiloi loea logistic | | no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana i ka leka uila e leka uila ana i nā kiʻi. ʻO Model 1 kahi waiwai nui e pili ana i ka poʻe me ka SPP o nā mea nui aku ma mua o ko 12 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka poʻe me ka SPP no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana i ka leka uila e pili ana i nā kiʻi. Hōʻike ka Model 2 i kahi kahe like like ʻole me ka nui o nā covariates. Loaʻa i ka Model 3 ka nui o ko lākou mau helu me ka SPP o ka nui o ka manawa ma 4 e hiki ana ke wehe / heluhelu i ka leka uila e pili ana i nā kiʻi porn (e ʻike hoʻi i ke kiʻi). ʻAʻole ʻano nui o ka demographic a i ʻole pūnaewele a ʻike wale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo o nā ʻano hana hana pilikino i kahi nui koʻikoʻi o 1.37. |  | | Hōʻike ka papaʻa 4 i ka loiloi loiloi logistic no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka leka uila e haʻi aku i nā kiʻi. Loaʻa i ka Model 1 kahi waiwai nui e pili ana i ka poʻe me ka SPP o nā mea nui aku ma mua o ko 17 mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka poʻe me ka SPP no ke kūʻai aku i ka leka uila e pili ana i nā kiʻi. Hōʻike ka Model 2 i kahi kahe like like ʻole me ka nui o nā covariates. ʻO ka Model 3 kahi pānaʻi nui nui no ka poʻe me SPP o kahi nui aku ma mua o nā manawa 8 e makemake ana no ke kūʻai aku i ka leka uila e pili ana i nā kiʻi e pili ana i nā kiʻi (e ʻike pū nō ke kiʻi). ʻAʻole ʻano nui o ka demographic a i ʻole pūnaewele a ʻike wale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo o nā ʻano hana hana pilikino i kahi nui koʻikoʻi o 1.37. |  |  | | KA HOOHOLO | | Ua ʻike mākou i ka poʻe me SPP e makemake nui i ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana a ke kūʻai aku nei nō hoʻi i ka porn i hāʻawi ʻia mai loko mai o ka leka uila spam. ʻAʻole pili ʻia nā loli like ʻole a me ka wehe pūnaewele a me ka wehe ʻana / heluhelu a me ke kūʻai ʻana. | | ʻO kā mākou mea i loaʻa no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka leka uila i spam e hoʻonui i ka noiʻi i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka lawena mea kūʻai no ka leka uila spam i waena o ka poʻe me SPP. ʻAʻole wale kēia mau mea kūʻai aku e hoihoi i nā huahana hana moekolohe i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka leka uila (Fogel & Shlivko, 2009), akā makemake pū lākou i nā ponokala kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka leka uila. | | Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i kā mākou noi i kēia manawa no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka leka uila e pili ana i ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana hana moekolohe i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka leka uila (Fogel & Shlivko, 2009), aia kekahi mau mea nui nā mea like a me nā ʻokoʻa. Hoʻopili nā mea like i nā pākēneka like like i nā hoʻopaʻa ʻelua no nā mea me SPP no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia mai ka leka uila spam. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa kī e pili ana i nā aniani multivariate a me ka nui o nā kaulike kaulike. Ua kālailai ʻia nā loli like i nā noi ʻelua. I kēia noi me ka hopena o nā ponokala kiʻi, ʻo ka likiki odds ka 4 no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana a hoʻonui ʻia i 8 no ke kūʻai. I ke aʻo ʻana me ka hopena o nā huahana hana moekolohe (Fogel & Shlivko, 2009), ua like ka lakio kaulike ma 8 no ka wehe / heluhelu a me ke kūʻai pū kekahi. Hōʻike kēia hiʻohiʻona i ka nui o ka pae hoihoi no ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana i waena o ka poʻe me nā pilikia hana moekolohe ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe no nā kiʻi ponokala e like me nā huahana hana moekolohe. Hiki paha ke unuhi ʻia ka laina kumuhana ma ka e-mail spam no nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he intrusive a hoʻonāukiuki paha i ʻike ʻia nā kumu no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā ʻano maikaʻi e pili ana i ka leka uila (Morimoto & Chang, 2006). | | Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopili wale ʻia nā ʻano hana moekolohe me ka wehe / heluhelu a me ke kūʻai ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi mai ka leka uila. ʻOiai he nui nā noiʻi e hōʻike nei i nā ʻokoʻa wahine ma waena o nā haumāna o ke koleke (Boies, 2002; Byers, Menzies, & O'Grady, 2004; O'Reilly, Knox, & Zusman, 2007; Selwyn, 2008) a me nā ʻōpio makua (Hald, 2006) me ka hoʻonui i ka hoihoi i waena o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine no nā ponokala pūnaewele, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole. | | Aia nā palena haʻawina. ʻO ka mea mua, ua loaʻa wale ka ʻikepili mai kahi papa hoʻokahi a ʻaʻole manaʻo e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻōiwi holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka lua, aia wale nō 15 pākahi me SPP i ʻano he artifact ka noiʻi ʻana i kahi ʻōpiopio makua. ʻO ke kolu, ʻaʻole mākou i nīnau e pili ana i nā kumu kūikawā e wehe ana / heluhelu a kūʻai aku i ka ponokala mai ka leka uila spam. | | PANINA | | I ka hopena, wehe ʻia ka leka uila spam e heluhelu ʻia a kūʻai ʻia e nā poʻe me nā pilikia hana pilikino. Loaʻa i nā mākeke leka uila e pili ana i ka leka uila ʻo ia ka mahele o kahi mākeke me ka makemake nui. No kēlā mau hui e kūhewa nei i nā kiʻi kiʻi pūnaewele, pono lākou e noʻonoʻo e hāʻawi i nā ʻano hoʻonaʻauao kūpono e hoʻonāukiuki i ka poʻe me nā pilikia hana pilikino mai ka wehe / heluhelu ʻana a i ke kūʻai ʻana mai i ka pīhoihoi mai ka leka uila. No kēlā mauʻoihana e pili ana i nā huahana porn, ʻaʻole mākou e hāpai nei i ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka leka uila spam. Kūpono ka poʻe me nā pilikia hana pilikino i makemake nui ʻia i ia huahana. ʻO nā kuleana o ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kēia mahele mākeke ua nui nā mea kūlohelohe i waho aʻe o ke kāʻei o kēia pepa. | | E hoʻomaopopo ' | | ʻO Boies, SC (2002). Nā hoʻohana a nā haumāna o ke Kulanui a me nā hopena i ka ʻike moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele a me ka leʻaleʻa: Nā loulou i ka moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele a me ka pūnaewele. Ka Nūpepa Kanada o ka moekolohe kanaka, 11 (2), 77-89. Byers, LJ, Menzies, KS, & O'Grady, WL (2004). Ka hopena o nā loli kamepiula i ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā mea moekolohe ma ka Pūnaewele: e hoʻāʻo nei i kā ʻenekini triple-a ʻenekini. Ka Nūpepa Kanada o ka moekolohe kanaka, 13 (3-4), 157-170. ʻO Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). ʻIke i ke koʻikoʻi i kahi laʻana o ka United States. I loko o S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Ke ʻano o ka nohona psychology o ke olakino: Claremont simposium on apply social psychology (pp. 31-67). Pāka ʻo Newbury, CA: Sage. Mālama, NM (2009). Ka hopena o ka Pūnaewele i ka moekolohe: ʻO kahi loiloi koʻikoʻi o 15 mau makahiki noiʻi. ʻO nā kamepiula i ka pilikino Human, 25 (5), 1089-1101. Fogel, J., & Shlivko, S. (2009). ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku me nā pilikia hana moekolohe a me nā leka uila spam no nā huahana hana moekolohe. Ka Nūpepa o ka Waihona Pūnaewele a me Kālepa, 14 (1). Ua kiʻi ʻia Ianuali 20, 2010 mai Fogel, J., & Shlivko, S. (2010). Nā pilikia kaupaona a me ka leka uila e leka uila no nā huahana lilo kaumaha. Nūpepa Lapaʻau Hema, 103 (1), 31-36. Goodson, P., McCormick, D., & Evans, A. (2000). ʻO ka moekolohe ma ka Pūnaewele: hoʻonāukiuki ka naʻau o nā haumāna o ke koleke ke nānā nei i nā mea moekolohe ma ka laina. Ka Nūpepa o ka Hoʻolālā a me ka Therapy Sex, 25 (4), 252-260. Goodson, P., McCormick, D., & Evans, A. (2001). Ke ʻimi nei i nā mea moekolohe ma ka Pūnaewele: kahi ʻike noiʻi no nā hana a me nā ʻano o nā haumāna o ke koleke. Pūnaewele o ka moekolohe, 30 (2), 101-118. Hald, GM (2006). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa like o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ma waena o nā kiʻi ʻōpio i waena o nā pākeke heterosexual. Nā Pūnaewele o nā Pono Pelekane, 35 (5), 577-585. Lam, CB, & Chan, DK-S. (2007). Ka hoʻohana ʻana o cyberpornography e nā kāne ʻōpio ma Hong Kong: Hoʻopili kekahi mau psychosocial. Pūnaewele o ke ʻano moekolohe, 36 (4), 588-598. Morimoto, M., & Chang, S. (2006). Nā manaʻo o nā mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i nā leka uila i noi ʻole ʻia e ka leka uila a me nā leka uila i nā ʻano kūʻai aku leka uila: Intrusiveness, ʻike ʻia ka lilo o ka kaohi, a me ka huhū. Ka Nūpepa o ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha ʻana, 7 (1), 8-20. O'Reilly, S., Knox, D., & Zusman, ME (2007). Ke ʻano o nā haumāna i ke kula nui e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole. Ka Haumāna Haumāna Kula, 41 (2), 402-406. Loaʻa Pūnaewele. (2010). ʻO nā helu ma hope o nā kiʻi porn. Lawe ʻia ʻo Ianuali 20, 2010, mai PandaKalena (2009). Nā kumuhana Spam. Ua kiʻi ʻia ʻo Ianuali 20, 2010, mai PASW. (2009). PASW, Mana Mana 18. Kikako: PASW. Rosenberg, M. (1986). Ke hoʻolōʻihi nei iā lākou iho. Malabar, FL: Krieger. Selwyn, N. (2008). ʻO kahi wahi palekana no ka hoʻopunipuni? ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua o ka hana hewa ʻole ma waena o nā haumāna haumāna. Hōʻikeʻike ʻepekema Pūnaewele, 26 (4), 446-465. |
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