(Mai nānā) Pehea e kuhi ai ka manaʻo e kuhi ʻia ai ʻole a me ke ʻae ʻana i ka ʻike a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā kiʻi Sexting (2019)

KUMUMANA: Ua nui ka manawa o nā kāne e nānā i nā kiʻi sexting i ko lākou manaʻo ʻana ua kaʻi ʻia ʻole o nā kiʻi paʻi ʻole. Kauike:

Hōʻike nā hopena mai kēia noiʻi e pili ana ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke loiloi ʻana i nā kiʻi sexting e ke ʻano o ke ala e kaʻi ana. Ma ka laina me ke kumumanaʻo ke kāne manaʻo i kuhi ʻia ua lawe kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi i hala ʻole ke nānā aku i ke kino o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia. ʻO kēia mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "objectifying gaze" ua ʻōlelo hou ʻia nō nā mea komo i nā poʻe pākuʻi me nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e kiʻi i nā moʻolelo no nā ʻano kolohe kolohe a i nā kuʻuna ākea e haʻi i kekahi.

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J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050706

by ʻO Arne Dekker 1, *,, Frederike Wenzlaff 1, †, ʻO Anne Daubmann 2, ʻO Hans O. Pinnschmidt 2 a ʻO Peer Briken 1
1Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Kelemānia
2Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Kelemānia

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

ʻO ke kaʻana like ʻole o ke kiʻi kikowaena he hōʻino koʻikoʻi loa i ka kuleana o kahi kanaka i ka pilikino a hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hopena psychosocial. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana ʻia kahi noiʻi liʻiliʻi ma ke kumu no ka ʻai ʻana i nā kiʻi pili i hōʻike ʻia ʻole i hōʻoia ʻole ʻia. Ke makemake nei kēia noiʻi e noiʻi pehea e pili ana i ka ʻae ʻana a i ʻole e ʻae ʻole i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kiʻi sexting i ka ʻike a me ka loiloi ʻana o kēia mau kiʻi. Ua koho mua ʻia nā poʻe komo i kekahi o nā hui ʻelua. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi like like i nā poʻe āpau. Eia naʻe, kuhi kekahi pūʻulu i hōʻike like ʻole nā ​​kiʻi, ʻoiai ua haʻi ʻia ka hui e haʻi ʻia i nā kiʻi me ke ʻole o ka ʻono. ʻOiai ua hoʻopau nā poʻe komo i nā hana e like me ka helu ʻana i ka mea hoʻonanea o ka mea hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻike ʻia ko lākou maka-maka. Hōʻike nā hopena mai kēia noiʻi e pili ana ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke loiloi ʻana i nā kiʻi sexting e ke ʻano o ke ala e kaʻi ana. Ma ka laina me ke kumumanaʻo ke kāne manaʻo i kuhi ʻia ua lawe kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi i hala ʻole ke nānā aku i ke kino o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia. ʻO kēia mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "objectifying gaze" ua ʻōlelo hou ʻia nō nā mea komo i nā poʻe pākuʻi me nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e kiʻi i nā moʻolelo no nā ʻano kolohe kolohe a i nā kuʻuna ākea e haʻi i kekahi. Ma ka hopena, hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka 'abxtinence' a laila e loaʻa ai ke kuleana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻana i nā kiʻi like ʻole i ka poʻe i hōʻike ʻia i lawa ʻole. ʻOiai, he mea pono e hoʻomālamalama i ka lono o ka non-ʻae ʻae ʻana o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā kiʻi sexting, ʻoi aku hoʻi i waena o nā mea hoʻohana o ka waiwai.
Huaʻōlelo: ʻike maka; kaʻana like ʻole kiʻi i ʻole; kiʻi pilikino; hōʻike; ka ʻike kiko; hana kolohe maʻa; keono

1. Introduction

ʻO ka sexting, ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā kiʻi pilikino pilikino a pilikino paha, a i ʻole nā ​​paʻi [1], ua lilo ka hana maʻamau i loko o nā puke ʻokoʻa like ʻole [2,3,4,5]. He ʻano ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohālikelike, a me ka hilahila o ka ʻae a me ka ʻae ʻole i ka ʻono ʻana i hōʻike ʻia nei he pilikia kumu. [6,7]. ʻOiai ka sexting consensual e pili ana i ka pono, hana a me ka leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻouna ʻana i kāna mau kiʻi ponoʻī, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻole ʻana i nā kiʻi sexting e kū mai i ka makemake a i ʻole a me ka ʻike ʻole o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia [8]. ʻO kēia ka launa kūkākūkā ʻole i ka ʻekena he mea maʻamau i kūkākūkā pinepine ʻia i ke kumuhana o ka sexting.9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Inā hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā kiʻi sexting i ka makemake o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia (e hoʻohālike, i kā lākou hoaaloha) a i paʻi ʻia paha ma ka pūnaewele, he pilikia nui loa kēia o ke olakino noʻonoʻo. Nā kūlana i ʻike ʻia ai nā mea pōʻino i ka hōʻino i ka lehulehu a me ka hoʻokaumaha pūnaewele pūnaewele hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hopena psychosocial hopena, i kekahi mau mea a me ka pepehi kanaka [3,7].
ʻAʻole wale i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa lehulehu akā i loko nō hoʻi o ka 'sexting abstinence' '19], ke sexting, ma ka laulā, i manaʻo ʻia he pōʻino [20]. 'Aʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā loiloi' āina a me ka 'ole' ole hoʻokō i hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻopiʻi 'ana inā he mea mālama ʻia nā mea hana i nā kiʻi.7]. Ua pāpā ʻia kēia ʻano hana i loko o ka poʻomanaʻo e pili ana i ka 'hana kolohe'.21,22,23] a pili pū ʻia i nā manaʻo pālahalaha o ka 'male kolohe' [24,25,26,27] a 'ʻatikala ʻoi i ka ʻae ʻana aku [26,28,29]. Hōʻike ka ʻatikala hōʻoluulu e pili ana i nā hui kaiāulu i ka wahine, ʻimi a mālama ʻia i nā mea ʻae a nānā ʻia a mahalo ʻia kā lākou mau kino i ka leʻaleʻa.29] (no nā loiloi28,30]). Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka moe kolohe mai nā hana hana ʻino i ka hana subtler e like me ka hōʻole ʻana i nā maka [30,31]. Kēia mau maka, manaʻo ʻia e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike (kino) i nā ʻāpana kino, i hōʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana nānā maka.32]. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea e hoʻowalewale i nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka mea e ʻoi aku ke kiʻi i nā moʻo lawaiʻa [24,25], ka mea e lawelawe nei no ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā moekolohe, i ka laʻa, ma o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana (no nā loiloi [27,33]). Ua kuhi ʻia kēia mau ʻōlelo ʻano maʻalahi i nā ʻano cognitive schemes [34] a hōʻike 'ana i mea e hoʻololi ai i nā kiʻi maka.35,36].
ʻOiai ke ulu nei ka noiʻi a puni ka sexting non-consensual a me kona hoʻoponopono.7,9,20], he hana liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia e noiʻi i nā kumu no ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēlā mau kiʻi. Hāpai ka nīnau no ke aha nā kānaka e hoʻopau ai i nā mea hoʻonaʻauao non-ʻae ʻole i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ai me nā mea ʻae i nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Aia paha kekahi wahi hoihoi i ka ʻae ʻole o ka ʻāʻina ʻokoʻa, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa no kekahi o nā mea kūʻai? E pale aku i kēia ʻike, e noiʻi mākou i ka nīnau no ke ʻano o ke ala o ka hoʻoili ʻana (consensual vs. non-consensual) ka manaʻoʻike i nā kiʻi sexting. No laila, ke hoʻohiki nei ka noiʻi i nā ʻike nui loa no nā hana pale i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo objectification mākou e manaʻo ai i nā ʻokoʻa i loko o ka loiloi a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi sexting e pili ana i ko lākou ʻae a ʻae i mua ʻole o ka ʻae ʻana i mua. Ma ka laina me ka noiʻi o mua, ke kūʻē nei mākou i ka nui o ka objectification e pili ana me ka kiʻekiʻe o nā loiloi kiʻekiʻe o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia.37] a me nā mea hou aʻe e hōʻike nei i ka maka.32]. Hoʻohālike hou mākou i nā kiʻi i hāpai ʻia ʻole i hōʻoia ʻia i ʻike ʻia e like me ke koʻikoʻi a me ko lākou hoʻonui ʻana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Hōʻailona ka nui o nā mea ākea a me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hana hoʻoweliweli - ʻoi aʻe hoʻi e hoʻonui i ka hōʻike.
ʻO kahi ʻāpana nui o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema ma ka sexting e kau pono ana i nā ʻano o nā ʻōpio. E noʻonoʻo paha kēia i nā makaʻu kuʻuna ākea, akā ʻoiai, he nui ka ʻike sexting i waena o nā pākeke ma mua o nā ʻōpio. Ma ka loiloi ʻōhumu ʻānō e3] ka helu koʻikoʻi o nā haʻawina ʻo nā ʻōpio e hoʻouna ana i nā ʻelele e pili ana i nā kiʻi a me nā kiʻi i haʻi ʻia ʻo 10.2% (95% CI (1.77 – 18.63)), aʻo ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ka prevalence o nā haʻawina a ʻo nā mākua ka 53.31% (95% CI ( 49.57 – 57.07)). E kūʻē i kēia ʻike, a no ka mea ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ʻia i kiʻi kiʻi o ka lehulehu o nā mea hoʻohana, ua hoʻoholo mākou e nānā i kahi hoʻohālike o nā pākeke. Manaʻo mākou ua hoʻohālikelike nā hana i hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻōpio, akā pono hoʻi e hōʻike ʻia kēia e nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana.

2. Nā Pono a me nā Una

2.1. Nā mea komo

Ka nui o nā hui 76 (57% wahine, Mmakahiki = 31.99, SDmakahiki = 10.28) i loaʻa ma ka nūhou nūhou. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia lākou e pili ana i nā hana a me nā mea i hoʻoulu ʻia akā ua mālama ʻia hoʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻokolohua. Ua hāʻawi nā mea komo i ka ʻae kākau e aʻo i ke komo ʻana. ʻAʻole i hāʻawi ʻia kahi uku. Na ke komite ʻatikala o ke keʻena mokuʻāina o nā psychotherapists o Hamburg (Psychotherapeutenkammer Hamburg) i hōʻoia i ka protocol o ka noiʻi o kēia manawa (03 / 2015-PTK-HH).

2.2. Nā manaʻo ikaika a me nā mea lawelawe

Ua ʻike pono ʻia nā mea ʻike manawaleʻa i nā mea kākau akā ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka poʻe noiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kiʻi sexting 14 semi-nude [38]. Kahi kiʻi kiʻi hou no kēlā me kēia kāne i loaʻa mai nā wahi i ʻike ʻia ma ka noa o nā punaewele i loaʻa no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lehulehu, e hopena ana i kahi o nā kiʻi 16 (50% wahine).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike pākuʻina a me ka hōʻiliʻili data i ke kāʻei ʻōwili pāwīwī 22-inch (1680 × 1050 mau māka) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI GmbH, Teltow, Kelemānia) polokalamu hoʻokūkū eksperimentCenterTM. ^ E Ha yM. Pūkuhi mamao kahi mākaʻi (SMI, RED ʻōnaehana) i hoʻopaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana o ka maka ma 120 Hz mai 50 cm ka lōʻihi e nānā ana me ka hoʻomaha he poʻo.

2.3. Nūpepa Palepa

Hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo 'o kēlā me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka unuhi Kelemania o ka loli hou ʻana o ka pepa noiʻi ponoʻī o self-Objectification [39] no nā mea kikoʻī (Other Objectification Scale, OOS [40]). ʻO ke ana ka helu o nā hiʻohiʻona kino o 10, ʻelima a-i hoʻokūkū (ʻo ia hoʻi, ikaika) a ʻelima mau helehelena (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hiʻohiʻona kino). Ua noi ʻia nā poʻe e komo pono i nā mea nui a lākou e ʻike ai kēlā me kēia ʻano (10 = "koʻikoʻi"; 1 = "liʻiliʻi nui") i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no nā kāne a me nā wahine. Loaʻa nā helu ʻai mai −25 a i 25 me nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka objectification.
Ua hoʻopau hou nā mea komo i kahi kiʻi 11-pōkole e pili ana i ka Kelemania Nona o nā Nānā ʻIona e pili ana i ka Scual Aggression Scale (AMMSA) [41] i hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ma nā noiʻi makaʻi ʻē aʻe i ʻike mua ʻia.35,36]. Kahi ʻia kēlā me kēia helu ma kahi pākuʻina 7-point (1 = "ʻae like ʻole"; 7 = "holoʻokoʻa").

2.4. Ke Kaʻina Hana

Heluhelu nā mea komo i kahi huaʻōlelo hoʻopuka e haʻi ana i ka noiʻi e maopopo i ka mea hou aku e pili ana i ka loiloi ʻana o nā kiʻi sexting. Ma muli o ke ʻano, ua wehewehe ʻia ke kaʻi ʻana i ke kiʻi me he mea ʻole (a i ʻole e like me ka makemake ʻole, e kūʻē ai i nā makemake o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻole.) Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka luhi ʻana i ka noi ʻana i nā poʻe e hōʻike i ʻekolu mau manaʻo i hiki ke pale ʻia i ke kiʻi ma nā poʻe i hōʻike ʻia. Ma hope mai, ʻike ʻekolu nā mea i nā kiʻi me nā hana like ʻole. Ua pena ʻia nā kiʻi i loko o nā poloka, e hoʻomaka ana me nā kiʻi kāne. Pane kuhi ʻia nā kiʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao piha no nā kekona 5, e alakaʻi ʻia e ke kālepa hoʻoponopono ʻeleʻele ma ka ʻaoʻao hema i hōʻike ʻia no 1 kekona. ʻO ka hana mua, ʻo ia ke nānā wale i nā kiʻi. ʻO ka lua, helu i nā mea hoʻohana i ka hana maikaʻi o ka mea hoʻohālikelike ʻia. No ke kolu o ka hana, ua noi ʻia nā mea e manaʻo e loiloi pehea ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻikepili a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ke kiʻi ma ka mea e hōʻike ʻia ana (mai 1 = "ʻaʻole loa ..."; 7 = "loa ..."). Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka ʻike sociodemographic, a i nā nīnau nīnau, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā mea a me nā ʻōlelo hoʻonaninani.

2.5. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻikepili a me ka helu ʻana

No ka moʻomeheu mau hana i hana ʻia ma ke kumuhana like, ua hana ʻia kahi ʻano hana like ʻole. Ua nānā mākou i nā hopena paʻa o ke kūlana kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa (consensual vs. non-consensual distribution), ʻenehana (wahine wahine a me nā kāne), kiʻi wahine (wahine me nā kiʻi kāne kāne), o kā lākou hui ʻekolu a ʻelua mau ʻano a me nā OOS. ka helu a me ka helu AMMSA ma nā loiloi o (1) ka hoʻokalakupua, (2) ka ʻike kiʻi ʻikepili kiʻi, a (3) ʻike leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻohele kiʻi ʻana. Ua kuhi ʻia nā ʻōlelo maʻamau no nā poʻe komo. Hōʻike mākou i ke ʻano o ka marginal a me kā lākou 95% -hono i waena. Hōʻike mākou i nā hopena o nā hiʻohiʻona hope ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi hope ʻana o nā hopena koʻikoʻi ʻole e like me Kleinbaum et al. [42]. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua helu āpau ʻelua mau ʻāpana (α = 0.05).
Kuhi ʻia ka ʻike maka hopu ma ke ʻano he hoʻohālike e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei me ka nānā kiko ʻana e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana. Hoʻohana ʻia ka mea kikoʻī e like me ka manawa pili i nānā ai i ke kino i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i mau maka.32]. Hoʻokumu mākou i ʻelua wahi o ka hoihoi (AOI) ma kēlā me kēia kiʻi, loaʻa kekahi poʻo a me kekahi ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ke koena o ke kino. ʻO ka nui o ka manawa noho no AOI, ʻo ia hoʻi ka manawa maʻamau e nānā ana i ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ua kau ʻia ma 100%. No ka hoʻoili ʻana ma lalo nei, ke nānā nei mākou i ka pakeneka o kēlā manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ke kino. Ka mea, he piʻi pinepine o ka nānā ʻana i ke kino i ke kaohi o ka manawa noho ma ka maka, no ka mea, ua hoʻohui mau nā waiwai ʻelua i ka 100%. No laila ʻoi aku ka maka maka ikaika hou e pili ana i ka manawa lōʻihi ke nānā nei i ke kino a ke nānā ʻana i ka manawa e nānā ai i ka maka.
Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokūkū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka GENLINMIXED (Generalized linear mixed model) hana maʻamau o SPSS version 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) a me ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻike hoʻemi i ka ʻike ʻike ma ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o BeGazeTM (SMI, Teltow, Kelemānia), e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike maka e like me ka lōʻihi (noho manawa).

3. Nā hualoaʻa

3.1. Nā mea komo

Ma mua o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka ʻikepili i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā poʻe ma muli o ka ʻole ʻono i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.n = 5), non-heterosexual orientation (n = 3), a ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o nā pane pane i ka loiloi hana.n = 10) e ka helu ʻia ʻana e ʻehā kuʻuna kūʻokoʻa. Ka nui o nā hui 58 (57% wahine, Mmakahiki = 31.45, SDmakahiki = 10.18) i waiho ʻia no ka hōʻike ʻikepili (ʻike 1 Pūnaewele). 1 Pūnaewele e hōʻike pū ana i nā pono o nā hui 'AMMSA a me nā helu OOS. I kēia ʻatikala, ʻike maoli ʻia i ʻokoʻa nā waiwai o nā pūʻulu aʻo ʻelua.
1 Pūnaewele. Nā wahi i komo a me ka ʻike noiʻi.
papaʻaina

3.2. Nā Hoʻolālā

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōhua hoʻokaʻawale no kēlā me kēia o nā loiloi ʻekolu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike o ke kiʻi, a me ka leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻoili hou ʻana. ʻO nā hopena koʻikoʻi wale nō o nā hoʻohālike hope loa i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi.
No nā hoʻonoho hoʻonani, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mākou ke ʻano (consensual vs. non-consensual distribution; ʻike 2 Pūnaewele) ʻaʻohe mea paʻa. Akā, ua ʻike mākou he hopena like ka wahine a me kahi hopena pili i waena o nā kāne a me nā hiʻohiʻona helehelena. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ua helu nā kāne i nā kiʻi o nā kāne i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (M = 4.17, SE = 0.32) ma mua o nā wahine (M = 3.02, SE = 0.31; t(924) = 3.25, p <0.001). Ua helu pū ʻia nā wahine i nā kiʻi o nā kāne ma mua o ka nani o nā kiʻi o nā wahine (M = 4.46, SE = 0.32, t(924) = 9.36, p <0.001). ʻAʻohe hopena ʻē aʻe i hiki i ka nui.
2 Pūnaewele. Nā hiʻohiʻona hope o nā mana o nā leina o ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻana o ka wahine, ke kamaʻilio, a me ka leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻoili hou ʻana.
papaʻaina
Ma ka pili ʻana i nā pila hoʻokūkū pili nui, ʻike mākou i kahi hopena pili ma waena o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano wahine (p = 0.008, ʻike 2 Pūnaewele). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike Pairwise, ʻo nā wahine i hāpai i ka hoʻoili ʻole ʻae ʻole i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kiʻi (M = 4.86, SE = 0.25) ma mua o nā wahine i hāpai i ka hoʻoili ʻokoʻa (M = 4.56, SE = 0.26; t(924) = 2.58, p = 0.01).
Ke hana nei i nā mana e pili ana i ka nānā ʻole o ka hoʻoili ʻia aku no ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ʻike mākou i kēlā me ke ʻano (consensual vs. non-consensual distribution; p <0.001) he hopena nui kona (ʻike 2 Pūnaewele). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike Pairwise e manaʻo nei nā poʻe ʻae i ke kahele ʻana i ka ʻae ʻana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (M = 4.63, SE = 0.28) ma mua o nā poʻe i komo i ka ʻae ʻana i ka ʻae ʻana (M = 4.26, SE = 0.28; t(924) = 3.74, p <.001). Ua ʻike pū mākou i kahi hopena pilina ma waena o ke kāne a me ke ʻano o ke kiʻi. Loiloi ka wahine i ka ʻoluʻolu o ka hoʻohele hou ʻana i lalo no nā kiʻi o nā kāne (M = 4.08, SE = 0.40) ma mua o nā kāne i komo (M = 4.41, SE = 0.40; t(924) = 2.50, p = 0.013). Eia kekahi, loaʻa ka ʻike AMMSA i ka ʻike (coefficient = −0.13, p = 0.002), ke hōʻike nei i ʻike ʻia nā mea kiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka AMMSA-scale, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ko lākou manaʻo i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kiʻi no ka mea i hōʻike ʻia.

3.3. Ka nānā ʻana i ka nānā ʻana o ka maka

E pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka maka, makemake mākou i ka nānā maka, hana ʻia e like me ka manawa e ʻike nei i ke kino. Ua ʻike mākou i kahi kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi o ke kūlana a me ke ʻano wahine (F(1,834) = 8.36, p <0.001). Ua hōʻike nā kāne i ke kūlana non-consensual i kahi ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka nānā ʻana i nā mea i ka nānā ʻana ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi i nā kino (M = 54.37, SE = 8.99) ma mua o nā kāne i kahi kūlana ʻokoʻa (M = 46.52, SE = 9.01; t(834) = 4.25, p <0.001) (ʻike Hōʻike 1). I loko o ke kūlana ʻole, ʻokoʻa ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kāne me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea nānā i ʻoi aku i nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa e nānā i nā kino ma mua o nā wahine. (M = 49.53, SE = 8.97; t(834) = 3.07, p = 0.002). ʻAʻole naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻano like o ka wahine i loko o ke ʻano ʻae i ka ʻae ʻana (p > 0.05).
Jcm 08 00706 G001 550
Hōʻike 1. Kuhi ʻo ka manaʻo kaulike (a me ka hewa maʻamau) o ka noho manawa i noho ʻia ma ke kino e ke ʻano a me ka wahine. *** p <0.001; ** p <0.01.
He koʻikoʻi nā hopena o ka hopena OOS a me ka helu AMMSA (p <0.001), e hōʻike ana i ka manawa o ka noho pili ʻana o ke kino e hoʻonui ana no nā helu kiʻekiʻe. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hōʻike kēia i kahi nānā e nānā ana i nā mea e kū ai i ke kiʻekiʻe e kuhikuhi a ʻae i nā kaʻao e pili ana i ka huhū moekolohe (e nānā 3 Pūnaewele).
3 Pūnaewele. Hoʻomaopopo nā mana i ka hapa o ka manawa noho e nānā i ke kino.
papaʻaina

4. Kōkua

Hōʻike mākou ʻaʻole wale nō nā pae kuhikuhi akā akā no ka lawena nānā nānā i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka ʻae ʻana a i ʻole e ʻae a i ʻole ʻae ʻole o nā kiʻi sexting.

4.1. ʻO nā loiloi kiʻi

ʻO nā mea i komo i ka ʻae ʻole i ka ʻae ʻole ʻana i kahi kiʻi sexting, ʻo ia ka kaʻana like ʻana i ka makemake o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ʻoi aku ka puʻupuʻu i ka hoʻoili hou ʻia o nā kiʻi me he mea ʻoluʻolu loa. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻike ʻaʻole wale i ka manaʻo kiʻi ponoʻī a i ʻole kekahi manaʻo pilikino e pili ana i ka sexting akā ʻike ʻia hoʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i ka leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻohele kiʻi hou aʻe. ʻO ka mahalo, ua hāʻawi ka wahine i ka leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā kāne ma mua o nā poʻe kāne i hana. Ke ʻike nei i nā kiʻi o nā kāne ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke ʻano nui o ka lilo ʻana i ke kōkua a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi like ʻole i like ʻole me ko lākou ʻae i ke kāne ke piʻi aku nei i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoluʻolu. Ma muli o nā moʻolelo maʻamau o ka sexting non-ʻae pili i ka wahine, ʻike paha nā ʻaha wahine i nā pilikia pilikino i kēlā me kēia manawa ma waho o ke kūlana. E like me ka hopena o ka hopena o ka holomua ʻana, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā wahine.43,44], e noʻonoʻo paha nā mea wahine e holomua ma mua o ka liʻiliʻi no ka hopena o nā kāne. Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo e pono e hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kiʻi o nā kāne a me nā wahine me kēlā me kēia ma kēia aʻo e like me nā ʻano like kiʻi like ʻole. ʻO nā kāne ke hāpai pinepine i ka moe kolohe ma mua o nā wahine, ʻo ia no ka hana kūlohelohe o nā kiʻi, akā mahalo paha i nā loiloi o ka leʻaleʻa.
ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻokae kelepona nui ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia i lalo o ka pae ʻana o ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka hoʻoili hou ʻana i nā kūlana ʻelua. ʻO ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonāukiuki ma ka moʻo e hōʻike i nā mea kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, a ʻo ia hoʻi ke kūkākūkā i nā hopena maʻamau.7,12,22,45]. Ka mea, noonoo pono i ka ae ana i ka ae ole i hiki i ke ae ana i ka sexting e hoemi i ka pae i makemakeia o ka makemake ole o ka hoʻoili hou ʻana. ʻO ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i ke kiʻi e hoʻomaka me ka mea ʻole a me ka molowa a nānā ʻole paha. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ke emi nei ka manaʻo o ka hōʻemi ʻana inā nui ka hōʻihue ʻana i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka mea ʻaʻole ia i nā loina maʻamau no nā hihia o nā wikiō kaulike.46] akā no nā hana ʻē aʻe o ka hana hōʻino.26,47] a ua loaʻa hou iā ia ke ala i nā hana kaua i hoʻopau ʻia.20]. E pili ana i ka ʻike kokoke ʻana i nā kiʻi, ʻoi aku ka wahine i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻae ʻole i ka ʻae ʻana i nā kiʻi i ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā wahine ʻelua ma mua o nā wahine e hāpai pū i ka ʻae ʻana. ʻAʻole naʻe nā ʻokoʻa nā kāne, ma waena o ka ʻae a me ka ʻae ʻole ʻana i ka ʻae ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Hiki i kēia mau mea e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā wahine i nā ʻenemi a me ka ʻae ʻole o ka ʻae ʻole i ka ʻono.3] a hoʻopilikia ʻia ma ka laulā ma nā ʻano he nui ka loko o ka ʻenehana kāne kāne.19,48]. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka hopena pilikino hiki ke hoʻolilo i nā wahine i nā mea koʻikoʻi o nā manaʻo o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia a haki hewa ʻole.
ʻAʻole e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole i pili ka hopena o ke kahe ʻana i ka helu ʻana o ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka wahine. Ua hōʻike ʻia i ka noiʻi mua e pili ana i ka ʻikepili a me ka hoʻokipa hoihoi i nā wahine i nā lole a me nā wahine like ʻole ma bikinis.46]. Mālama ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻano nui i waena o nā kūlana. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā kiʻi like ʻole semi-nude i loko o nā kūlana ʻelua e like me ka mea i hana ʻia i kā mākou aʻo ʻana paha ʻaʻole paha kahi ikaika nui e hoʻopilikia i nā loiloi hoʻonaninani. Hoʻololi ka hopena i ka hopena ma waena o ka kāne a me ke kiʻi wahine, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kiʻi kāne a ka kāne, ʻo ia paha ma muli o nā mea i loaʻa i nā kiʻi a ʻaʻole i ka pōʻaiapili. No laila, ʻaʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo iā lākou i kūpono no kēia noi.

4.2. ʻO ke kuhi manu ʻana

ʻO ka maka kikoʻī, wehewehe ʻia i ka hapa pili o ka manawa e nānā ai i ke kino, i hoʻohanohano ʻia e ka kūlana a me ke ʻano komo. ʻO nā kāne e manaʻo nei ʻaʻole ka ʻae i ka ʻae ʻana i hōʻike i nā mea nānā i ʻoi aku ka ʻike ma mua o nā kāne i manaʻo ʻia he kaʻana like a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine i manaʻo i kēlā me ke ʻano o ke kahele. No laila, ua hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike no ka manawa mua i ka mana o ka puʻina e hoʻoheheʻe i ke ʻano o nā mea e komo ai i nā kiʻi a me ka nui o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke kūleʻa e hōʻike ana. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka noiʻi mua ʻana i ka manaʻo o nā wahine i ke ʻano moeʻuhane ma ka pākino.26,49,50] a ma waena o nā kamaʻilio kūwaho [51,52]. ʻO ka nānā kikoʻī, ua pili i nā ʻike ʻikepili maikaʻi ʻole, dehumanization, a me ka hana pilikino [53,54,55]. ʻOiai he helehelena hiʻohiʻona i ka wahine i pili i nā ʻenehana pili kino [.54,55] a me nā pilikia olakino pili kino [55], ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i nā kāne.
ʻOiai kūkākūkā ʻia ka hapanui o nā kāne, manaʻo ʻia nā wahine i ka nānā ʻana i ka maka pahuhopu nui.56]. Eia nō naʻe, i kā mākou papa noi ʻana, ʻike wale ʻia nā kāne e ʻae ʻole i ka ʻae ʻole i ka ʻae ʻana mai o nā hui ʻē aʻe, i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka wahine o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia. ʻAʻole like me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe [57,58,59,60], ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mākou nā mana kūpono o ka hiʻohiʻona kiʻi ma ke ʻano e nānā ana i ka hana. Manaʻo mākou ua hala paha kā mākou hana hana i nā koi e koi ana i hopena ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole i nā kūlana nānā ʻokoʻa, ana uhi ʻia nā mana o nā kiʻi wahine.61]. Ma ka launa me nā noiʻi o mua, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻamau ākea e hōʻike i ka poʻe ʻē aʻe, a me ka ʻae ʻana o ka ʻapo hoʻohālikelike i ka moʻo, ʻo ia ka mea e pili ana i ka maka.35]. Ua hōʻike ʻia i nā hana he nui a me nā hopena e pili ana i ka male ʻana no ka hana ʻana i nā moʻo wahine.62]). Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā loli kūlohelohe, lilo ka manaʻo i ka moekolohe a me nā manaʻo sexist i kahili ʻia e like me ka noʻonoʻo ʻia a ana ʻia e ka ʻae ʻana o kēia ʻano nīnika e pili ana i ka maleʻe ʻana i ka moekolohe.63]. ʻO kēia aʻo ʻana ka mea mua e noʻonoʻo i nā mana o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻelua i nā neʻe maka a hōʻike i nā ʻano haʻalulu pili i ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana. ʻO kēia mau mea hoʻohālike a me kā lākou mau hoʻopili ʻana e pono e huli hou ʻia i ka ʻano o ka hōʻino kino.

4.3. Kūʻai a me ka ʻimi noiʻi

Ua hana ʻia kā mākou aʻo i ka hale hana me ka hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi, nā ʻāpana heterosexual ke nānā aku nei i nā kiʻi o nā ʻōpio, nā poʻe ʻōpio maikaʻi hoʻi like semi-nude, ʻaʻole like i nā hihia koʻikoʻi ʻole o ka kaʻana like kiʻi like ʻole [64]. Me ia, ʻo ka laulā o nā hopena e pono ai e noiʻi hou aku. Pono ka noiʻi o hope i nā mana intersectional (e like me ka ʻili, ʻili a ʻili a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka ʻenemi), no ka mea, he kūpono kēia mau mea i ka pōʻaiapili.50]. Ma ka mea e pili ana i nā mea komo, he mea nui hoʻi ka intersectionality, ʻoiai he mea pili i ka moʻomeheu e pili ana i nā maka o nā maka.65], hōʻike kino '[66], a he hoʻomāino ʻia.67,68] ua loaʻa. ʻO nā kumu ʻē aʻe e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻoi aʻe ma nā kino (e laʻa, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻona) a i ʻole ke pale ʻana i ka helehelena (ʻoiai, hoʻohilahila) pono nō hoʻi e ʻimi.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ua aʻo mākou i nā mea pāʻani o nā pākeke no nā kumu ʻelua ʻelua: ʻO ka mua, ʻo ka nui o ka sexting ma waena o nā pākeke he ʻoi loa i mua o nā keiki ʻōpio. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole mākou i makemake i kahi kiʻi koho mai ka lehulehu o ka mea hoʻohana, akā i loko o kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua o nā hui ʻelua like. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i noho i waena o nā mea hoʻohana ʻōpio. No kēia kumu, kahi makemake o ka noi ʻana o ka noiʻi i kēia manawa me nā ʻōpio o nā ʻōpio.
ʻOiai hōʻike mākou i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kiʻi sexting, ʻo ka noiʻi qualitative e noi ana i nā mea hoʻohana i ke kuʻikahi o ka ʻae ʻole ʻana i ko lākou mau kumu i like me he hana nui e hōʻike hou i nā manaʻo ma hope o kēlā mau ʻano, (e like me ka leʻaleʻa o ka mana) [69]. ʻO kekahi ʻano, ʻo ka ʻikepili i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka poʻe i ʻae ʻole i ka ʻae ʻana, a i mea e hiki ai ke hoʻolilo i ka hōʻike. Pono kēia manaʻo i ka hoʻokolokolo hou.
No ka mea maʻamau ka laʻana o ka moekolohe.70], he mea nui ia e nānā a hoʻomohala i nā ʻānō e pili ana i nā hopena i hiki aku a hoʻomākaʻikaʻi hou i nā mea like ma waena o ka hoʻopilikia kūlohelohe a me ka ʻae ʻole o ka hoʻonaninani ʻekepili, a me nā hana i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka lehulehu.
E like me ka loli wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana loea i nā ʻanoʻano hou o ka ʻano (maʻamau, ʻoi aku ʻole ka lono ʻae ʻole) i ka ʻenekema i nā hanana (me ka laʻa, ma ke ʻano hana kolohe) hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā polokalamu pale [46,71]. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo maikaʻi o ka ʻenehana maikaʻi ʻana i ka hana 'wahine kūwaho i ke ʻano o ka wahine a me ka maikaʻi ma o ka makemake, e paʻa ana i nā wahine no ka pale ʻana iā lākou iho mai ke kāne male wahine.72,73]. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ke kūlana paradoxical no nā wahine e ʻike i ka paʻakikī o ka nohona a me ka moʻomeheu i ka moʻo ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ke kaao ʻana i ka wā e hōʻike ana iā lākou iho i nā ʻano me ka pūnaewele.74,75]. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka hana kūlohelohe ka wahine pili i hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka sextensualual sexting e like me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka noho aloha wahine stereotypical e waiho ana i nā wahine ma lalo o ka hoʻomalu ʻana o nā kāne.53,55]. E ʻoi aku paha ke komo ʻana o nā kaikamāhine i ka hōʻike pilikino ma luna o nā pūnaewele pānaehana a ʻoi aku ka uku nui ʻana i ko lākou helehelena kino ma mua o nā keiki kāne.76], pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā mea i hui ʻia [17,77]. ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e noʻonoʻo i ka sexting e like me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hoʻolaha media (social)78,79] a e hana hou i ka hiʻohiʻona wahine e like me ke ʻano hana wahine e kūʻē i ka hopena maikaʻi o ke kiʻi ʻana.80], ʻo kēia hana maikaʻi ʻana e lawe i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka moekolohe, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pono o ka mālama pono ʻana o ke kanaka ponoʻī [71].

5. Nā hopena

I ka hopena, hōʻike mākou i ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana a me ke loiloi ʻana o nā kiʻi sexting e hana ʻia e ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻae a i ʻole ʻae ʻole. Ma ka laina me ke kumumanaʻo objectification, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he 'objectifying gaze' i nā kāne i manaʻo i ke kiʻi ʻole ʻana i kiʻi like ʻole, ʻo ia ka manawa lōʻihi o ka manawa e nānā i ke kino o kekahi kanaka i hōʻike ʻia. ʻOi aku ka ʻōlelo a kēia 'mea kūlou nānā' ana no nā poʻe hui me nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe e ʻae i nā nīnū e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka moekolohe a i ʻole nā ​​hopena maʻamau e hōʻike i kekahi. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka pale ʻana i nā hoʻolaha e pili ana i kahi leka maʻamau o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a no laila ke kuleana no ka hāʻawi ʻole ʻana i nā kiʻi like ʻole i ka poʻe i hōʻike ʻia i lawa ʻole. ʻOiai, he mea pono e hoʻomālamalama i ka lono o ka non-ʻae ʻae ʻana o ka hoʻoili ʻana o nā kiʻi sexting, ʻoi aku hoʻi i waena o nā mea hoʻohana o ka waiwai. Hiki i kēia, no ka laʻana, i ka ʻike o nā hanana hoʻonaʻauao kula, akā aia kekahi o kekahi kumu o ka hoʻolālā pale kūwaho kūpono. http://notyourstoshare.scot/. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia wale aku a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻohālike e hiki ke hopena i ka hopena noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa lehulehu a me nā hōʻino pūnaewele e pale ʻia i ka wā lōʻihi.

Nā mea kōkua i kākau

Konuponoana, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, a me PB; ke ʻano, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; lako polokalamu, ʻaʻole i kūpono; ka loiloi maʻamau, FW, AD (Anne Daubmann), HOP; hoʻokolokolo, FW; kumuhana, AD (Arne Dekker), PB; hoʻoili data, FW; ke kākau ʻana — hoʻomākaukau e pili ana i ka papa hana mua, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; ke kākau inoa ʻana - loiloi a hoʻoponopono, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, PB; ʻike hoʻonaninani, FW; nānā, PB; hoʻokele hana, AD (Arne Dekker); loaʻa kālā, PB

hoʻolako 'ia o

Ua hōʻakoʻili ʻia kēia noiʻi e ka German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, 01SR1602).

mau hoomaikai ana

Makemake mākou eʻike i nā mea hana āpau no ka hāʻawi ʻana i kā lākou mau kiʻi.

Nā Kū'ē o ka Hulehua

ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e nā mea kākau i ka paʻi kālā.

E hoʻomaopopo '

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