ʻO ka Pūnaewele noiʻi ʻApika ʻAmelika o ka ʻImi a me nā ʻImi Kūʻai, 6 (1), 2019
ʻO nā mea kākau: Michael Njeru1, Solomon Nzyuko (Ph.D)2 a me Steve Ndegwa (Ph.D)3
1Keʻena o ka Psychical Psychology, Daystar University
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]
2Keʻena o ka Psychical Psychology, Daystar University
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]
3Keʻena o ka Psychical Psychology, Daystar University
PO Box 44400 - 00100, Nairobi - Kenya
Email: [pale ʻia ka leka uila]
KANAWAI
ʻO ka hōʻino ponokala kiʻi i kahi hana paʻakikī e hōʻike i nā ʻōpio i nā pilikia psycho-social i kā lākou pae ulu. ʻO ke kumu o kēia noi ʻana e hoʻoholo i nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i waena o nā haumāna ma nā kula kiʻekiʻe i wae ʻia ma Nairobi County, Kenya. Ua noʻonoʻo kēia noi i ke ʻano Classical Conditioning a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka pilikanaka i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka hōʻino ponokala kiʻi i waena o nā ʻōpio. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi noiʻi noiʻi nui i kēia noi ʻana i nā kula kiʻekiʻe i wae ʻia ma Nairobi County. ʻO ka nui o nā laʻana 666 nā haumāna i launa pono ʻia mai nā kula ʻelua. Ua hana ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi nīnau nīnau a kālailai ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻIkepili Heluhelu no ka ʻepekema pilikanaka (SPSS) mana 21. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike i loaʻa i ka nui o nā haumāna i loko o nā kiʻi pono ʻole. Hoʻohui ʻia nā kumu i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ponokala. ka manawa i hala e nānā ana i ka ʻike pūnaewele, loaʻa o nā pono ponokala a me ka hiki ke hoʻohana i nā pūnaewele i hiki i ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea pane i hōʻike i ka mentorship a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e like me nā ala kōkua nui loa e kōkua ai i ka hoʻokahuli ʻana i nā pilikia maʻa ma kahi o ka hoʻopaʻi. Ma muli o nā mea i loaʻa mai i kēia noiʻi ʻana, he mea nui nā mākua a me nā kahu o ka poʻe ʻōpio e nānā i nā hana pūnaewele e hana ʻia nei e kā lākou keiki. Hoʻohui ʻia, he mea nui e hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā mākua a me nā kumu iā lākou iho me nā kaila o kēia wā e pili ana i ka moekolohe ʻōpio no nā kumu o ke aʻo kūpono a me ka makua.
Keywords: Hoʻohana nā kiʻi pornographic, hoʻohui i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi a nā wikiō, nā haumāna a me nā ponokala, nā ʻōpio a me nā kiʻi i nā kiʻi
Introduction
He hana moekolohe 'olua ka moʻolelo i nā nūpepa e like me nā kiʻi, nā puke a me nā kiʻi kiʻi e hoʻolaha i ka hoihoi wahine. He kumuhana nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me ke ʻano o nā kikoʻī. He kumuhana nui ka kiʻi palapala a ʻaʻole wehewehe maʻalahi kāna mōʻaukala e like me nā kiʻi i hoʻohewa ʻia i loko o kahi lehulehu e hiki ai ke ʻae ʻia no nā pono hoʻomana i kekahi moʻomeheu (Jenkins, 2017).
ʻO ka mainstreaming o nā ponokala kiʻi i nā makahiki he 2 i hala aku nei, ʻo ia hoʻi ma o ka Pūnaewele, kahi hopena nui i ka moʻomeheu ʻōpio a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpio ma nā ʻano laulā a me nā ʻano like ʻole (L¨ofgren-Martenson and Mansson, 2010). ʻO ka ʻai nui ʻana o nā mea ponokala kiʻi i ka mea hōʻolo. Hōʻike kekahi poʻe i ka nalowale o ka kaohi e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi, i hele pinepine ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā manawa a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma nā wahi ola, e like me ke kula / kula / hana (Duffy, Dawson, & Das Nair, 2016).
ʻO nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole i waena o nā ʻōpio ua hana ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo Gilkersen (2013) i hōʻike ʻia he nui nā pūnaewele me ka ʻoi aku o 4 miliona mau ʻaoʻao o ka paʻi kiʻi kino. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi o ka hulahula, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka mea ma kahi o nā makahiki he 11 a ʻo ka mea kūʻai nui loa e pili ana i nā kiʻi o nā kiʻi he 12 a 17 mau makahiki (Gilkersen, 2013).
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ponokala kiʻi i waena o nā haumāna o ke kula kiʻekiʻe ma muli o nā hopena paʻakikī a i ʻole pili like. He mea koʻikoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike kūpono e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana, nā hoʻololi psychosexual i hiki mai me ka ʻōpio a hāʻawi kēia i kumu no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu e hana ai nā ʻōpio i nā mea ponokala kiʻi. Hōʻike nā pae psychosexual e like me Freud i ka dinamika o ka moekolohe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ke nānā nei lākou i nā hana olaola like ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻo Sigmund Freud i ka wā o ka ʻōpū i hoʻomaka i ka wā ʻōpio, ua kū mai nā impulses moekolohe ma ke ʻano he hanana maʻamau i ʻike ʻia e nā manaʻo moekolohe i kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe (Berstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart & Roy 2008)
Pono nā haumāna i nā kula kiʻekiʻe me ka ala hou ʻana o ka ikaika o ka moekolohe a me ka puka ʻana o ke kanaka makua a hui pū me nā hakakā a me nā makemake mua. ʻO Rosenthal lāua ʻo Moore (1995) e wehewehe hou aku i kēia ma ke kūkākūkā ʻana e pili ana i kahi kāne kāne ʻōpio i kēia manawa i hiki i ke kino ke hōʻike i nā moemoeā oedipal ʻoiai nā kapu, nā lula kaiāulu a me ka superego ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻae i ka hoʻopau ʻana e hoʻomaka. I kēlā hihia, hiki i ke kāne ʻōpio ke hopena i ka hana huna o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻike ponokala i ka hūnā ʻana mai nā poʻe e hōʻole i kēia hana. Ma kahi pae ʻike ʻole, ua hoʻohui ʻo Rosenthal lāua ʻo Moore (1995) pono e kōkua ʻia ke ʻōpio e hoʻohana i nā mākau pilikanaka maikaʻi e hana pono ai i ka moekolohe makua. ʻO ke ala e mālama ʻia ai nā hakakā hakakā ʻole i ka wā ʻōpio e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka maikaʻi o ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā manaʻo moe kolohe (Rosenthal & Moore 1995). ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā loli ʻike i ka wā ʻōpio a ʻike ʻia paha i nā loli i ka manaʻo pilikino a me nā pilina me nā poʻe. Hoʻokumu paha kēia mau hoʻololi i nā pilikia i ka poʻe ʻōpio keu hoʻi inā ʻaʻole kōkua maikaʻi ʻia lākou e kūkā a kūleʻa paha i nā loli e ala aʻe e waiho ana i kahi no ka ʻimi a me ka hoʻokolohua ʻana me nā kiʻi pono ʻole.
Ma kahi o nā kumu psychosexual i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kumuwaiwai porno i waena o nā haumāna ʻōpio, ua nui nā mea kōkua ʻē aʻe. Wahi a Strasburger (2009), ʻo ka paʻi a me ke kaila uila ke kumu nui o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i ka moena ma waena o nā ʻōpio me nā ʻōnaehana ʻelima lōʻihi e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manaʻo media sexy i ka hoʻomaka mua o ka moʻo wahine a me ka hānau ʻana. ʻO ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana ma ʻEulopa e ʻoi aku ma ka pāpā ākea ua hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ponokala i ke ʻano o ke aloha a me nā ʻoliʻoli. ʻO ia ma o ke kaila nūhou i ke kiʻi i nā pilikino a pili pono kēia i nā ʻōpio he nui e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana a me nā ʻikepili ʻike. No ka manaʻo i nā nūhou ke kumu kumu o ke kiʻi ʻana i ke kiʻi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Rich (2001) ʻaʻohe wahi e ae e ulu koke ana i ka wikiō ma o ka media. Hoʻohālikelike ia i kahi hōʻike i hiki ʻole ke pani a ʻo ia kahi i hele i kēlā me kēia demograpics. Hiki i nā ʻōpio ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa ma nā media a me nā hana ma ka pūnaewele e ʻike ʻo lākou iā lākou iho i nā pūnaewele pornograpia ma mua o ka poʻe ʻole.
ʻO kekahi kumu e pili pū ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kiʻi kiʻi porn he masturbation. ʻO ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi o ka hulina, a me ka moekolohe, aia ma kekahi mau ʻano e like me ka psychologically and physiologically inter-related as they intoxicating and addictive as the use of a type of drug. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Laier lāua ʻo Brand (2016) i kā lākou noiʻi ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua he nui i hōʻike ʻia ke nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi pono ʻana o ka Pūnaewele ʻoʻO iho i loko o kahi kūʻokoʻa ʻole me ka hoʻōho ʻole ʻana o ka moekolohe a me ka pono o ka masturbate. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi porno, hoʻomaka nui ka poʻe e hoʻohana i nā ʻano hoʻopunipuni pilikino, ka hoʻohālike ʻia a masturbation a i ʻole nā ʻano hana ʻano moe hewa, i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻopiha i kēlā pono hohonu i loko. ʻAʻole loaʻa kēia mau palapala hoʻohālikelike i kēia pono akā i ka hoʻopili maoli i ko lākou ʻano paʻakikī i ka kū ʻole. Ua hoʻokele ʻo Carvalheira, Bente a me Stullhofer (2014) i kahi kikoʻī hohonu i waena o ka poʻe male a me nā kāne cohabitating i ʻike i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka makemake i ka moekolohe i ka 6 mau makahiki ma mua o ka hapanui o nā kāne i ka masturbated ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa ma ka hebedoma e hōʻike i ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi pornographic ma kahi o hoʻokahi pule. kā mākou (Carvalheira et. al, 2014). Ua hōʻike ʻia kā lākou mau haʻawina ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka masturbation a me nā mea i hoʻohana i nā kiʻi i ke kiʻi
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pūnaewele a me nā hana pūnaewele hou aku i waena o nā ʻōpio kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ponokala. Wahi a Jenkins (2017), ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka pūnaewele ma muli o nā makahiki 1990 i kōkua i ka mākaukau ākea o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻole. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, 93% o nā ʻōpio āpau o nā makahiki 12 a 17 mau makahiki e hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele; Hele ʻo 63% i ka pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia lā a 36% ma ka pūnaewele i mau manawa i ka lā (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith & Zickuhr, 2010). Ua nānā ʻia ka World Internet Report ma kahi o 12 a 14 mau makahiki mai ʻumikūmākolu mau ʻāina like ʻole a ʻike he 100% o nā ʻōpio Pelekane, 98% o nā ʻōpio ʻIseraʻela, 96% o nā ʻōpio Czech, a 95% o nā ʻōpio Kanada i hōʻike pinepine i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele 2008). Hāʻawi ʻia i kahi ʻōpio ʻAmelika ʻekolu mau polokalamu kelepona hiki ke lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he nui ma muli o ka lawe ʻana o ka hana pūnaewele, a no laila ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia (Roberts, Foehr, & Rideout, 2005).
Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi hana porn e like me kahi hopena o nā hana noʻonoʻo hemahema. Hiki i kēia ke hana mai nā nohona kūlike o ka nīhou e hoʻoili i kahi ʻano. Hōʻike ʻo Barlow lāua ʻo Durand (2009) i ke ola kūlohelohe e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka kumumanaʻo e "kūʻai aku ka wahine". Hoʻonui kēia i nā mea hoʻonaninani atypical e kūʻē i ka makemake o kekahi kanaka. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Odongo (2014) i kahi wahine nūhou i mua o ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo hewaʻole e mihi i kona ola ma ka televise. Ke ola nei kēia ola ʻoiai he "sirena kelepona hakakā." ʻO ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo ponoʻī i ʻōlelo ai, "ʻO kēia manaʻo e hoʻowalewale e hōʻike aku ma ke TV me ke kīwaha i ʻike ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana e nā mea hōʻike ma ke ʻano he hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano nūhou hou a me nā ʻikepili pilikino e like me nā ʻano koina wahine. ʻO ka pilikia ʻo ia ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kanaka e ʻaʻahu ai i ke ʻano hoʻonaninani, hiki iā lākou ke ʻae i ke ala hou o ke ola a me ka hōʻalo ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i nā mea e pili ana i ka ʻano moe kolohe. Eia kekahi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Jenkins (2017) i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kāmele pūnaewele i hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i ka ʻoihana kino kiʻi kino i ka poʻe pelapela e hiki ai i kēia manawa ke paʻi ma ko lākou kiʻi i nā kiʻi a ʻoi aku ka pōʻino i ka hihia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā keiki. Ke hōʻike nei i nā ʻōpio i nā nohona ʻoiaʻiʻo e hana iā lākou e hoʻomohala i ka noʻonoʻo.
Ma kahi noiʻi i hana ʻia ma ʻApelika Hema, ʻo Kheswa lāua ʻo Notole (2014), i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hema e pili ana i ka hoʻokūkū ʻōpio'ōpio'ōpio e like me ka mea i loaʻa ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO kā lākou noi noi qualitative ma luna o nā haumāna kāne ʻehiku nona ka makahiki 14 - 18 mau makahiki mai ke kula haʻahaʻa ma Eastern Cape i ʻike ʻia i ka hōʻino kino, kaomi ʻana a me ka hemahema o ka nānā ʻana o nā makua i mea e hoʻohana ai i nā kiʻi kiʻi porno. Ma Kenya, hoʻomohala nā ʻōpū a me nā kīpaha i kahi kūlana kūpono no nā moekolohe e like me ka ʻike ʻia ʻana e nā kāʻei o nā patrons wahine i loaʻa i ka hana a me ka loaʻa o nā limahana hana. Ma lalo o ka hoʻohālikelike, hiki i ka poʻe ʻōpio ke komo i ka hana impulsive a ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka nānā ʻana i ka moekolohe. Hiki i nā ʻōpio ke hoʻomaopopo ʻole i ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau o ka hōʻino maikaʻi. E naʻaupō paha paha lākou i ka pilina ma waena o ka hopena o ka hōʻino ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻano hoʻoili ma muli o ke ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻana no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Hōʻike kēia i ka manawa o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻike ʻia nā kumuwaiwai punaewele a me ke kiʻi ʻana i ka pūnaewele me ka pili ʻana i nā kiʻi porno i waena o nā ʻōpio. No laila, makemake ʻia ka noiʻi e nānā i nā mea e pili ana i nā hana ʻike ʻia i waena o nā haumāna i ke kula hulina i koho ʻia ma Nairobi County, Kenya.
METHODOLOGY
Ua nui ka noiʻi ʻana ma ke ʻano maoli a kālai ʻia i ʻelua kula ma ke kula ʻo Nairobi. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ala no ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea pane he nui. Eia hou, e hoʻohana i nā ʻikepili mai kā lākou mau pane mai ka nānā ʻana i nā mea e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohana i nā kiʻi kiʻi porn i waena o nā haumāna i nā kula hulina i koho ʻia ma Nairobi County, Kenya.
Ua loaʻa i ka palapala noiʻi nā haumāna i kākau ʻia a ma ke kula ma ʻelua mau kula i ka puka hoʻokahi. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe purposive ʻana mai nā kula ʻelua mau kula nui i kūpono i ke aʻo ʻana. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka noi ʻana i haʻalele i nā haumāna he 20 mau makahiki a keu aʻe.
E pili ana i nā hāmeʻa kohi data, hoʻohana nā noiʻi i nā nīnau nīnau i ka pā a e kiʻi hoʻi i ka ʻike socio-demographic o nā poʻe komo. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nīnau nīnau mua e pani i nā mea i ʻike no nā ponokala a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi o nā kiʻi. ʻO ka mea nui loa i ka nīnau nīnau ka ʻike inā ua komo ka mea komo i nā kiʻi a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea wikiō. ʻO ka ʻike i ka nīnau nīnau pili i ka makahiki, ka wahine, ka nui o ka papa, nā ʻikepili ʻohana, ka hoʻomana a lākou i kākau ai a me nā ʻike e pili ana. He mea kōkua ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā nīnau i hoʻonohonoho ʻia a me nā semi-hoʻonohonoho i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i ka ʻike hohonu hohonu e like me ke kau ʻana i ka poʻe pane i nā mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia e lākou ma mua.
Ua kākuhi ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 21. Mea kikoʻī, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili mai ka nīnau noi, i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka helu helu helu, heluʻipiʻi a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hopena e hōʻike ai i nā ʻike noiʻi e hoʻohana ana i nā papa a me nā kiʻi. Ua nānā nā noiʻi i nā kuleana o ka poʻe a me nā pilikia kūpono ma waena o ke kaʻina noiʻi. Pono nā poʻe e hōʻike i ko lākou makemake e komo i ka ʻāina ma ka ʻae ʻia e kā lākou kumu kula.
Nā Hua
Nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o nā haumāna
Ma kēia noiʻi, ua ʻimi ʻia nā ʻikepili e pili ana i ka wahine, ka helu ʻana ma nā makahiki. ʻO kēia e hōʻoia i ka tauira i koho ʻia e hōʻike i ka heluna holoʻokoʻa. Ma mua o kahi hapalua (54.8%) nā haumāna i komo i ka hoʻokolokolo he kāne a ʻo 45.2% mau wahine. Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻāpana i koho ʻia he nui nā haumāna kāne ma mua o nā haumāna wahine. ʻO kēia no ka nui o nā haumāna o nā haumāna kāne ma mua o nā haumāna wahine
ʻO 16.5 ka makahiki o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka makahiki i koho ʻia. Hōʻike kēia i ka hapa nui o nā haumāna mai ka hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia he 16 mau makahiki. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o kahi hapakolu (35.3%) o nā haumāna mai ka pae hoʻokahi, 24.5% mai ka puka ʻelua, ʻo 25.3% i puka ʻekolu a ʻo 14.6% nō i ka puka ʻehā. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ke ʻano o nā haumāna hoʻokahi i makemake e komo i ka loiloi e like me nā papa ʻē aʻe.
Ma kahi kokoke i ʻelua hapaʻumi (60%) o nā mea pane i noho me nā mākua ʻelua aʻo 20.2% noho pū me nā mākua hoʻokahi. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻo 19.8% ua noho lākou me ka makua makua, ka wale, me kahi mea kahu, me ka makua kāne i hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻokaʻawale aku a i ʻole nā mākua a ʻelua. Kuhi, ua nui ka hapanui o nā poʻe hui i hāpai i ka makua ololi a me ka makua makua.
Hoʻohui ʻia nā mea i hana ʻia me nā kiʻi poni kiʻi i waena o nā haumāna i nā kula hulahula ʻala ʻia i kā County Nairobi
Kuhi ʻia kēia noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea pili i nā lako hana kiʻi porn i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kula hulahula ʻelua ma Nairobi County. Hoʻokomo kēia mau mea i ka manawa i ke nānā ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, nā mākaukau i loaʻa i nā kumu kiʻi a me nā kiʻi o ka pūnaewele a nā haumāna.
Hoʻolimalima ka manawa ma ka Nānā Pōmaʻomaʻo
Noi ʻia nā haumāna mai ka ʻōmole i koho ʻia e hōʻike i ka manawa maʻamau o ko lākou kauā ʻana ma ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi ponokala i hoʻokahi pule. Hōʻike ke kiʻi 1 i nā hōʻuluʻulu o kā lākou pane.
Hōʻike 1 ʻO ka koho ʻana o ka manawa a nā haumāna i nānā ʻia i ke wikiō
ʻO nā hana nui (82.5%) o nā haumāna i lilo ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi porno, ʻo 9.5% ka lilo i hoʻokahi i ʻelua mau hola, 6.3% make ka ʻekolu i nā hola ʻehā a he 1.6% hoʻopau i ʻelima mau hola. Mai nā hōʻike 17.5% hoʻonui kālā ma mua o hoʻokahi hola e ʻike ai i nā ponokala.
Loaʻa nā kumuwaiwai punaewele kiʻi
Ua noi hou ʻia nā haumāna e hāʻawi i nā ʻano kumuwaiwai o nā kiʻi porno kā lākou e hoʻohana nei. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā pane e hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 2.
Hōʻike 2 ʻO ka pane a nā haumāna i nā kumuwaiwai e loaʻa nei
Ma kahi kokoke i ʻelua hapakolu (63.5%) o nā haumāna e nānā pono i nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohana i kā lākou kelepona, 19% e hoʻohana i nā wikiō mai DVD, 9.5% hoʻohana i nā makasina, 4.8% mai nā cybers a me 3.2% e hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe o nā ponokala kiʻi. Hōʻike kēia i ka hapa nui o nā haumāna e nānā ana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohana i kā lākou kelepona paʻalima no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke nānā pilikino.
Loaʻa i ka Pūnaewele
I mea e hoʻokū ai i ka hiki o ka pūnaewele e nā haumāna, ua noi ʻia nā mea pane inā loaʻa lākou i ka pūnaewele. Hoʻohālikelike nā pane i ke kiʻi 3.
Hōʻike 3 Loaʻa i ka pūnaewele
Imi iki ma luna o ka hapa o nā haumāna i hōʻike ʻole ua loaʻa iā lākou ke pūnaewele aʻo 45.4% ka mea i loaʻa i ka pūnaewele. Hōʻike kēia pili i ka hapalua o nā haumāna i loaʻa i ka pūnaewele.
Hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona Demographic a me nā Hana Pona Nui
Ua hōʻike ka noiʻi i ka hui ma waena o nā ʻano demographic (ka wahine, ke kūlana makua, masturbation, ke komo ʻana i ka pūnaewele) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi porno. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chi-square test no ke kūʻokoʻa e hoʻokumu i ka hui.
Hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā ʻano hana kiʻi wahine a me nā palapala hana kiʻi i waena o nā haumāna
Ua nānā ka noiʻi i ka hui o waena o ka wahine a me nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi porn i hoʻohana ʻia i waena o nā haumāna i nā kula hulina i koho ʻia ma Nairobi County. Hōʻike ka papa 1 i nā hopena hōʻike chi-square.
1 Pūnaewele
Hōʻike Chi-square no ka Association ma waena o ka hana hoʻoweliweli a me nā mea hana kiʻi
Ua hōʻike ʻo Chi square test i kahi hui nui ma waena o ka hana wahine a me nā mea hoʻonaninani kiʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Hoʻopiʻi kēia e pili ana nā mea nānā aku i ka pūnaewele.
Hoʻohui ma waena o ke kūlana makua a me nā hana kiʻi porno
Ua aʻo ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hui ma waena o ke kūlana makua a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi no nā kiʻi i waena o nā haumāna i ke kula kiʻekiʻe ma Nairobi County. Hōʻike ka papa 2 i nā hopena hōʻike chi-square.
2 Pūnaewele
Hōʻike Chi-square no ka Hui ma waena o ke kūlana makua a me nā hoʻohana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni
Hōʻike i nā hōʻike hōʻike Chi ʻole i kahi hui nui ma waena o ke kūlana makua a me nā mea pornograpi hoʻohana, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Hoʻopiʻi kēia e pili ana nā mea nānā aku i ka pūnaewele.
Hoʻohui ma waena o ka Masturbation a me ke Hana Pūnaewele Hoʻohana
Ua nānā ka noiʻi i ka hui ma waena o ka masturbation a me nā kiʻi pornographi i waena o nā haumāna i nā kula hulina i koho ʻia ma Nairobi County. Hōʻike ka papa 3 i nā hopena hōʻike chi-square.
3 Pūnaewele
ʻO ka hōʻike Chi-square no ka Association ma waena o ka Masturbation a me ka hoʻohana kino ʻana i nā palapala hana
Ua hōʻike ʻo Chi square test i kahi hui nui ma waena o ka masturbation a me nā kiʻi pornographi i hoʻohana ʻia, 0.05, χ² (1, N = 658) = 10.690, P = .001. Hoʻopiʻi kēia e pili ana nā mea nānā aku i ka pūnaewele.
KA HOOHOLO
Ua hoʻokumu ka hoʻopaʻa noiʻi ʻana ka hapa nui (82.5%) o nā haumāna e hoʻolilo i lalo o hoʻokahi hola i kēlā me kēia pule no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea ponokala kiʻi. Nā noiʻi i hala e Wallmyr and Welin (2006) ʻike he 48.8% o 15 a 25 mau makahiki kāne i ʻike maka i nā kiʻi pono e hoʻāla a masturbate. Ua nānā kekahi 39.5% iā ia no ka hoihoi a me 28.5% no ka mea "ʻoluʻolu ia". Kākoʻo pū ʻia kēia ma nā noiʻi ʻana e Goodson, McCormick & Evans (2001), kahi a nā kāne i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ko lākou kumu no ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi no ka mea hoihoi lākou e pili ana i ka moekolohe a no ka hoʻokipa moekolohe. ʻO ke kumu ma hope o kēia ʻo nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpio e kū nei i ka pae psychosocial o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻike a me ka pilina e pono nui ai i ka ʻike moekolohe (Erickson, 1968).
Hiki i nā haumāna ke komo i nā kumuwaiwai uila a paʻi o nā ponokala kiʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi e hōʻike ana nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea moekolohe ma waho pūnaewele e like me nā puke, nā makasina, nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā hotlines pili kelepona ma 50% (Ybarra & Mitchell, 2005). ʻO kahi ʻatikala na Muchene (2014) i hōʻoia ua lilo nā kiʻi pono ʻole i mea maʻamau i kā mākou kaiāulu. Hoʻomaopopo hou ʻia ua loaʻa i nā ʻano wikiō like ʻole i ke ʻano kūloko e hoʻonāukiuki nei i kahi paio nui inā he wiwo ʻole, moekolohe a me ka wai-wai ʻoi loa i hōʻike ʻia he olakino i kā mākou hanauna. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hihia o ka pāleo o nā keikikāne topless e hulahula nei me nā mea hana keaka wahine i pāpā ʻia mai nā kīwī kīwī akā ua loaʻa nā manaʻo 621500 ma luna o kāu pahu. Wahi a ka Muchene (2014), ke nānā aku nei i nā mea hilahila ʻole e lilo i mea maʻalahi i ka poʻe ʻōpio.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele e nā ʻōpio hiki ke hopena i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea ponokala. He kiʻekiʻe loa ka pākēneka o nā haumāna a no laila aia ka makaʻu o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea ponokala. Wahi a ka CCK (2013) ua kū ka helu o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele i Kenya ma 21.2 miliona e Kekemapa 2013; e hōʻike ana i kahi 52.3% o ka heluna kānaka. No laila aia kahi hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i ka pūnaewele unregulated a alakaʻi kēia i kahi piʻi pili o ka hōʻike palena ʻole i nā ponokala kiʻi i nā ʻōpio. Eia kekahi, aia ka pūnaewele a hoʻonoho nui ʻia i ke ola o nā ʻōpio he nui (Lenhart, Ling, Campbell, & Purcell, 2010; Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickur, 2010). Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, no ka mea, 93% o nā ʻōpio āpau i nā makahiki 12 a 17 e hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele; Hele ʻo 63% i ka pūnaewele i kēlā me kēia lā a 36% ma ka pūnaewele i mau manawa i ka lā (Lenhart, Purcell et al., 2010). Ua nānā ʻia ka World Internet Report he mau keiki he 12 a he 14 mau makahiki mai ʻumikūmākolu mau ʻāina like ʻole a ʻike he 100% o nā ʻōpio Pelekane, 98% o nā ʻōpio Israeli, 96% o nā ʻōpio Czech, a 95% o nā ʻōpio Kanada i hōʻike pinepine i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele (Lawsky, 2008 ).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka moekolohe a me nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻohana ai. Kūlike kēia me kahi noiʻi a Alacron, Iglesia, Cassado a me Montejo (2019) i hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa o ka lolo e hana ana i nā mea maʻi me ka moekolohe moekolohe a me nā kaohi e like me nā lāʻau ʻona. Kahi mea kikoʻī, kuhikuhi ʻia i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi moekolohe a i ʻole nā mea moekolohe i hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka makemake (kaohi ʻia) a me ka makemake (ka moekolohe) ʻoi aku ka nui. I kekahi noi a Kamaara (2005) ʻike ʻia nā hopena like. Ma mua o ke aʻo ʻana ua hōʻike ʻia nā pilikia ʻelua e pili ana i ka ʻōpio. ʻO ka mea mua ka pilikia ʻike pilikino kahi e hoʻāʻo ai ke kanaka e ʻike iā lākou iho a e ʻike i ko lākou kumu hoʻohālike. ʻO ka lua o ka pilikia e pili ana i ka moekolohe i hōʻike ʻia e ke ala ʻana i nā pilikia moekolohe a me ka makemake nui i ka wahine ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā haumāna i loaʻa ʻole ka manawa kūpono e hōʻike ai i kā lākou moekolohe hiki wawe i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hōʻoluʻolu i kā lākou moekolohe.
Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i kahi pilina nui ma waena o ke kūlana makua a me nā mea hoʻonaninani. Mai ka loiloi puke ʻike i ʻike ʻia i ka nalu o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hoʻohui i ke ʻano hana me kekahi o lākou e kālele ana i ka hoʻohui i nā kiʻi porn. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea aʻo i hiki ke hoʻopili i ka moʻomeheu o nā haumāna e pili ana i ke kūlana o ko lākou mau mākua. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka mea i ʻole o ka makua i ka mana o ka makua i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi porno.
Hōʻike kekahi mau hopena i kahi hui nui ma waena o ka masturbation a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pono kiʻi porn. ʻIke ʻia kahi ʻano like ʻole i nā haʻawina a Laier and Brand (2016) kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai lākou i nā hoʻokolohua he nui i hōʻoia i ke nānā ʻana ma ke ʻano iho o nā kiʻi ponoʻī ma ke kūʻokoʻa pilikino. Ua hele pū ʻia me nā hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika o ka moekolohe a me ka pono o ka masturbate. Pēlā nō i hōʻike ʻia e ka noiʻi a Carvalheira, Bente a me Stullhofer (2014) kahi i hana ʻia ai ka ʻike kikoʻī ʻana ma waena o nā kāne i mare me ka pilina ʻana i nā kāne i loaʻa i ke ʻano o ka makemake moe kolohe (DSD). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kāne nā masturbated ma kahi o hoʻokahi pule i hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻohana wale ʻia i ke kiʻi me ka liʻiliʻi loa i hoʻokahi manawa ma ka hebedoma (Carvalheira et. Al, 2014).
PANINA
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke ʻano wahine a me nā mea moʻokalaleo kiʻi i waena o nā haumāna i loko o nā kula hulina i koho ʻia ma Nairobi County, Kenya. ʻO ka mea pono, nā haumāna e nānā ana i nā kiʻi nui o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hāpai i nā moʻoʻoniʻoni i ke kiʻi ʻia e hāpai i kahi ala i ka wā o ka launa ʻana me kahi makemake no nā kiʻi kiʻi e pili ana i ka moekolohe.
Me ke ʻano e pili ana i ke kūlana makua, ua hoʻoholo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻaʻohe pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke kūlana makua a me nā mea ponokala kiʻi i hoʻohana ʻia ma waena o nā haumāna i nā kula kiʻekiʻe i wae ʻia ma Nairobi. No laila, ʻaʻohe o ka mana o ka makua i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā haumāna i nā mea ponokala kiʻi i nā kula i wae ʻia.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hui nui ma waena o ka masturbation a me nā kiʻi pornographic i hoʻohana ʻia i waena o nā haumāna i nā kula hulina i koho ʻia ma Nairobi County, Kenya. Ma muli o ke kiʻi ʻia o ke kiʻi ka hana i kahi mea mehameha akā ʻo kā mākou papa e hōʻike nei ʻo ka nānā pinepine ʻana o ka porn i ka pili me ka hilinaʻi nui o ka palapala kiʻi porn a kekahi ʻano o nā hālāwai kolohe ʻana a ʻo kekahi o kēia mau hālāwai he hana pilikino e like me ka masturbation.
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