ʻO Borgogna, NC, McDermott, RC, Berry, AT, & Browning, BR (2019).
Psychology o nā kāne a me nā kāne. ʻO kaʻoihana pūnaewele ma mua.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/men0000214
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi ponoʻī ke kiʻi nei ka mea i hoʻonui ʻia e ka manaʻo o nā kāne. Eia nō naʻe, ua nānā kekahi mau noiʻi pehea ka hana ʻana o nā moʻomeheu i kūkulu ʻia i nā moʻokāki a me ke ʻano o ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā mea pākahi. Kāne (N = 520) i kiʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele e komo i kahi hoʻokolokolo e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā pualikā panculine pili ʻana me ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona pilikia paha a pehea e hoʻohaumia ai ka manaʻo ponoʻī o kēia mau hui. Ke kāohi nei no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea nānā i ke kiʻi, ʻike i ka hoʻomana, a me ka hana ʻana, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike i ka wahine a me nā ʻano o ke playboy e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi piʻikepili, e pili ana ka hoʻomohala a me nā hoʻokūkū lanakila me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi pilikia. ʻO kēia mau pilina, ka mana ma luna o nā wahine maʻamau i hana i nā hopena kūlike kūpono ma nā wahi āpau, akā naʻe, hoʻōla i nā hopena kaulike i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole. Ua hoʻohuli ka pili ʻana o nā lua i nā hopena pololei a maikaʻi ʻole, e hōʻike ana i nā kāne i ka haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa akā kiʻekiʻe i ke kaohi a me ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa a hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻia i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi pilikia. Nā hōʻike like i hōʻike ʻia i ka pilina kūpono ma waena o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano pākeke a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻike porn, me ka hopena exacerbation no ka poʻe haʻahaʻa i ka haʻahaʻa ponoʻī.. ^ E Ha yM. Kuhi ʻia nā ʻike e pili ana ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi wahine a nā kāne me ko lākou mau moʻo ʻana o ka masculinity kūlohelohe. Eia kekahi, hiki ke kau ʻia i nā kāne me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ke kiʻi i nā kiʻi, hiki i ke ʻano ke ʻano nui o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i kekahi mauʻano kāne kāne. Aia nā manaʻo no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i ka ideology masculinity me nā kāne kāne e hakakā ana me ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikia a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka masculinity ma ke ʻano nui o ka kūkākūkā ma waena o ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano mālama lawehala.
Keywords: ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka Pilikia Kumukapuka Pūnaewele, Ka Moʻolelo Lehua, Nā Palena ʻAne, Ka Hoʻohālikelike Puhi Nui, Ka Manaʻo o ʻIkaka
Pūnaewele Hoʻohanohano Aupuni Nui nā mea kūʻai aku e pili ana i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻike kiʻi pūnaewele. Hōʻike kā mākou mau ʻike i nā mea lapaʻau e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā mea moʻomeheu a me ka manaʻo ponoʻī me kā lākou mea kūʻai aku e hakakā nei me nā pilikia e ʻike pono ana i nā ʻano.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kahi hana maʻamau ma muli o ka hiki, hiki ke komo, a me ka inoa ʻole o ka Pūnaewele (Alexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Cooper, 1998). ʻO ka loaʻa nui ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻonui ai i ka likelika i ka ʻike o kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā pilikia e pili ana i kā lākou nānā ʻana i nā ponokala. Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no nā kāne, e ʻike nei i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma mua o nā wahine (Albright, 2008; Carroll, Busby, Willoughby, & Brown, 2017; Carroll et al., 2008; Paul, 2009; Price, Patterson, Regnerus, & Walley, 2016 ) a ʻike i nā pilikia hou aʻe ma muli o kā lākou nānā ponokala kiʻi ʻana (Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Twohig, Crosby, & Cox, 2009; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). No laila, ua nui ka hoihoi o ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā wānana o pilikia nānā ponokala. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe manaʻo nui loa o ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia, ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi i kekahi mau hōkū o nā hana i kapa ʻia he "ponokala kiʻi pilikia." Hoʻopili kēia i nā hiʻohiʻona addicts o nā ponokala kiʻi (e like me ka haʻalele ʻana a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻomanawanui), ʻike manaʻo kaumaha e pili ana i ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi, nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi i nā hoʻonohonoho kūpono ʻole (e like me kahi o ka hana), nā pilikia pili e pili ana i nā ponokala kiʻi, a me / a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hana hewa ʻole. mālama i nā manaʻo (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Gola et al., 2017, 2016; Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2018; Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018; Kor et al., 2014; Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017; Twohig et al., 2009). Ke hoʻohana nei i ka manaʻo o Kor et al. (2014), ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia e pili ana i nā wahi ʻehā o ka hōʻino ʻia o ka hana: (a) hana like ʻole (e like me nā pilikia ma ka hana a me / a me nā hoa aloha), (b) hoʻohana nui a ʻike paha. o ka hoʻohana nui loa, (c) ka paʻakikī ke kaohi ʻana pehea / ke hoʻohana kekahi i nā ponokala kiʻi, a (d) ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi me he mea pono ʻole e pakele i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole (Kor et al., 2014).
Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā loli pili i ka moʻomeheu ma ke ʻano he mea nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi a me nā loina e pili ana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i liʻiliʻi ka nānā ʻana o nā mea loli e like me ka hana kaiāulu hana maʻamau i kūkulu ʻia (Mahalik et al., 2003; Parent & Moradi, 2011), ʻoiai ʻo nā kāne ka mea kūʻai mua loa i nā ponokala kiʻi. No laila, ua nānā ʻia ka noiʻi i kēia manawa i ke kekelē e kūlike ai i nā ʻano kūlana kāne kāne ʻē aʻe i wānana ʻia i nā nānā pono ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole o nā ponokala kiʻi.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano moʻomeheu maʻamau
ʻO nā kūlana hana kāne kāne nā pae hoʻohālikelike e alakaʻi a wehewehe i nā hana e like me ke kāne a wahine paha (Mahalik, 2000). No nā kāne, hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kūlike me nā kūlana kāne kāne e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e kū i nā kūlana kaiāulu no ke ʻano o ke ʻano kāne i ʻae ʻia i ka nohona pilikino a me ka nohona kanaka (Mahalik et al. 2003). Ma muli o ka loli ʻana o nā loina kāne ma ka moʻomeheu a me ka pōʻaiapili, a no laila he nui nā ala e hōʻike ai i nā "kāne kāne" like ʻole (Wong & Wester, 2016). Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a me nā psychologists kālaiʻike he pilikia paha kekahi o nā hōkū o nā kūlana kāne kāne ke hana paʻa ʻia a hoʻokō ʻia paha. ʻO kēia mau manaʻoʻiʻo a me nā loina e ʻike pinepine ʻia e ka wā kahiko, ʻoʻoleʻa, moekolohe, a me nā kuʻina makuakāne e pili ana i ka manaʻo o nā kāne, ka manaʻo, a me ka hana, a kapa ʻia he "kuʻuna" kūlana maʻamau (e nānā iā Levant & Richmond, 2016; McDermott , Levant, Hammer, Borgogna, & Mckelvey, 2018). I ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ke ʻano o ka hana mauli o Mahalik (2000), kamaʻilio ʻia nā loina kāne kāne kuʻuna ma o ka wehewehe ʻana (ʻike i nā ʻano kāne kāne maʻamau) i ka hana moʻomeheu kaulana) nā lula. Ma muli o ka likelike, hoʻohuli i nā hopena interpersonal a me intrapersonal (Mahalik, 2000; Mahalik et al., 2003).
Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Factor i ke kākoʻo empirical no ka noho ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano moʻomeheu like ʻole o ka moʻomeheu Western hou. Ua koho ʻo Mahalik a me nā hoa hana (2003) e pili ana i ka pili ʻana a 11 akā, ka mana: ka poʻe (ka hoʻokuʻi e pili ana i ka pana e lanakila, hoʻokūkū, a makaʻu hoʻi i ka nalowale ʻana), ka puʻuwai manaʻo (nā kuhi e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, kūkākūkā i nā manaʻo ʻoluʻolu ʻole), ka lawe ('slelo e pili ana i ka hana o ke kaʻa e lawe i ka hopena kino a me ka interpersonal, e like me ka hoʻonaninani kino), ka hōʻino (ka maʻamau a me ka ʻae ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻomāinoino, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hana ʻino ma waena o ka wahine a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe), ka mana ma luna o nā wahine. , ka ʻona, a me ka pilalē), ke kāohi (ka maʻamau i pili i ka pono no ka mana a me ka kāohi), playboy ('īpī e hōʻike ana i kahi makemake e loaʻa i ka nui o nā kāne a hui aku i ka moe kolohe), hana pilikino (ʻāwīwī e hoʻokau ana i ka hilinaʻi a me ke kaupalena ʻana i ke kōkua e ʻimi nei i ka kōkua i ke ʻimi. pono nā hana), hana mua o ka hana (maʻamau i mua o ka hana a me ka hana e pili ana i ka hana), disdain no nā kāne (heterosexist a me nā ʻano homophobic, me ka makaʻu o ka p 'ano like me ka "gay"), a ke alualu nei i ke kūlana. Ua hana ʻo Parent a me Moradi (2009, 2011) i kahi hana analisa a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i kēia papa inoa i nā ʻatikala ʻiwaʻawale (e wehe ana i ka mana a me ke alualu ʻana i ke kūlana, ʻoiai ke kapa inoa ʻana ʻo "disdain for homoseksual" i ka "heterosexual self-presentation").
Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi he nui o nā pilikia pilikino a pili pū kekahi e pili ana i ke kūlike me kēia mau hana maʻamau a ke kāne maʻamau (Parent & Moradi, 2011; Wong, Ho, Wang, & Miller, 2017). ʻO kahi laʻana, ua pili maikaʻi ʻole ka kūlike i nā loina hōʻike heterosexual ponoʻī me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka maʻi HIV i nā kāne i moe kolohe me nā kāne (Makua, Torrey, & Michaels, 2012). ʻO ka Playboy, ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, a me nā loina o ka lawe ʻana i nā pilikia i pili maikaʻi me ka pilikia psychological (Wong, Owen, & Shea, 2012). ʻO ke kūlike i nā lula kāne o ka kaohi o ka naʻau a me ka hilinaʻi ponoʻī i wānana maikaʻi i ka pilikino-stigma a me nā pilikia hōʻike pilikino iā ia iho (Heath, Brenner, Vogel, Lannin, & Strass, 2017). Pili pū kekahi, ʻo ka kaohi naʻau a me nā loina hilinaʻi ponoʻī ka mea wīwī ikaika loa o nā manaʻo ʻimi ʻimi no nā manaʻo suicidal i nā kāne o ke koleke (McDermott et al., 2017) a me nā wānana meta-analytic ikaika loa o nā pilikia olakino noʻonoʻo kāne ma nā ʻano noiʻi (Wong et al., 2017). Ua ʻike pū kekahi nā mea noiʻi i nā hui kaulike, maikaʻi ma waena o ke kūlike ʻole i kekahi mau kūlana kāne a me nā ikaika ʻano kikoʻī, e like me ka wiwo ʻole, hoʻomanawanui, a me ke kūpaʻa (Hammer & Maikaʻi, 2010); Eia nō naʻe, kākoʻo ka hapanui o nā noiʻi noiʻi i ke ʻano deleterious o ke kūlike i nā kūlana kūmau kāne kuʻuna (e laʻa me Wong et al., 2017).
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā moʻomeheu maʻamau a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni
I loko nō o nā hui i hōʻike ʻia ma waena o ke kūlike i ka hana maʻamau a ke kāne a me nā pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo a me ke olakino o nā kāne, he kakaikahi paha nā mea noiʻi i nānā i nā ponokala kiʻi e nānā nei ma ke ʻano he kūpono. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā kānaka noiʻi ua hoʻopiha ka ʻike o nā kiʻi ponokala hou i nā kumuhana o nā kūlana kāne kāne kuʻuna maʻamau (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010; Dines, 2006; Fritz & Paul, 2017). No laila, ʻike maopopo ʻia kekahi mau pilina pili manaʻo ma waena o kā Mahalik (2000) hiʻohiʻona o ka hana maʻamau maʻamau a me ka hiki ke ʻike i nā pilikia ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala. ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻohālikelike nā kāne i ka maʻamau o ka playboy i ka makemake e moekolohe pinepine a me nā hoa wahine he nui (Mahalik et al., 2003). ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻike nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i nā kāne e moekolohe me ka nui o nā hoa wahine; no laila, ʻike paha kekahi mau kāne i ka nui loa o nā ponokala kiʻi a i ʻole hoʻokau i ka pilina ma ke ʻano kūpono i mea e kūlike ai i ka maʻamau o ka playboy. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka mana ma luna o nā maʻamau o nā wahine e hōʻike i nā wahine e mālama i nā kāne (Mahalik et al., 2003). ʻAe ʻia ka ponokala kiʻi i nā kāne e ʻike i kahi kau palena palena ʻole o nā wahine, pinepine i nā ʻano mea i koho ʻia a i ʻole nā mea lawelawe i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka leʻaleʻa kāne (Fritz & Paul, 2017) Kūlike me nā kumumanaʻo o Theory Script Theory (Simon & Gagnon, 1986), a me nā mea kikoʻī loa aʻe i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka palapala moekolohe, ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ke ana hoʻohālikelike (3AM) o ka nohona pāpaho moekolohe (Wright, 2011; Wright & Bae, 2016). nā kāne e nānā i nā mea like, hana i kēlā ʻano hana me kā lākou mau hoa moekolohe (Bridges, Sun, Ezzell, & Johnson, 2016; Sun, Bridges, Johnson, & Ezzell, 2016; Sun, Miezan, Lee, & Shim, 2015). Ke kumu nei i nā pilikia pili, a i ʻole nā pilikia pili kanaka pilikino (Bergner & Bridges, 2002; Brem et al., 2018; Bridges, Bergner, & Hesson-McInnis, 2003; Manning, 2006; Perry, 2017a, 2018; Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016; Wright, Tokunaga, Kraus, & Klann, 2017; Zitzman & Butler, 2009).
ʻO nā loina ʻē aʻe paha e pili nui aku i ka peripherally, akā kūlike pū me nā mea e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala. ʻO kahi laʻana, hōʻike nā loina hana kolohe i ka ikaika a me ka hōʻeuʻeu o nā kāne (Mahalik et al., 2003). ʻO nā hana moekolohe aggressive pinepine i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni pornographic i makemake nui ʻia, me nā kāne ʻaneʻane ʻo ia ka mea hana hewa a me nā wahine kokoke i ka pahuhopu (Bridges et al., 2010; Fritz & Paul, 2017; Klaassen & Peter, 2015; Sun, Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, & Liberman, 2008). E pili ana, hōʻike nā lula kaohi naʻau i nā kāne e nele i ka hōʻike manaʻo, keu hoʻi no nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole (Mahalik et al., 2003). Hōʻike pinepine nā mea hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi pilikia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e like me ke ala e pakele ai i nā pilikia olakino noʻonoʻo (Kor et al., 2014; Perry, 2017b) a i ʻole he ala e pale ai (Cortoni & Marshall, 2001; Laier, Pekal, & Brand, 2015). No laila, no kekahi mau kāne, manaʻo ʻia paha ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole e like me ke ʻano o ka hana kaiaulu (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018)
Ua nānā pinepine ʻia kahi kino kākau liʻiliʻi akā ua ulu pono nā hui i waena o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike me nā hana maʻamau manculine. Ma ke kuʻuna holoʻokoʻa, hōʻike i kēia mau loiloi i nā kāne ka mea e hoʻokae me ke ʻano o nā lawaliki ke nānā aku i ka porn e ʻoi aku ka nui. No ka laʻana, ʻo Szymanski a me Stewart-Richardson (2014) i hōʻike i kahi pilina maikaʻi ma waena o ka hakakā male kaua a me ka hōʻuluʻuluʻike e pili ana i nā kiʻi kolohe e like me nā mea wānana o ka pilina kāne a me ka leʻaleʻa wahine. Pēlā nō hoʻi, ʻo Borgogna et al. (2018) loaʻa nā manaʻo aʻoaʻo kāne manculinity kūlohelohe, e like me nā manaʻo e pale aku nā kāne i nā ʻano wahine a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hōʻike i nā ʻōuli hopohopo, pili pū kekahi me nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi like ʻole e like me nā pilikia hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā porno e pale aku i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole.
Hōʻike nā hōʻike e kū nei i ka kūlike i kekahi mau kaulike kāne i pili pū ʻia me ka nānā pono ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole. ʻO ka mea nui loa, i ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i ka hana kāne, ua ʻike ʻo Mikorski a me Szymanski (2017) i ka nānā pono ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi, nā loina playboy, a me nā loina o ka hana ʻino i wānana ʻino ʻia e nā kāne no ka wahine. Ua kūlike kēia mau hopena me ka noiʻi ma mua i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala kāne, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala kolohe, e pili pū ana me nā hōʻailona o ka hana ʻino a me ka hōʻeha kolohe i nā wahine (Hald, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010; Hald & Malamuth, 2015; Seabrook, Ward, & Giaccardi , 2018; Wright & Tokunaga, 2016; Ybarra, Mitchell, Hamburger, Diener-West, & Leaf, 2011).
Helu Māʻī iā lākou iho ma ka Lunahooponopono
ʻOiai nā hōʻike e kū mai ana e pili ana i ke kāne kāne kuʻuna (e laʻa, nā loina a me nā ideology) i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia, pono ka hana hou. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā pilikia pilikino a me ka pili e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia, ʻike ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike o nā hui ma waena o ke kūlike ʻana o nā kāne i kekahi mau kūlana kāne a me nā pilikia ponokala kiʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ka pale a me ka mālama ʻana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi kāne kāne i ka hui like ʻana ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kāne a me nā hopena pilikia i ʻokoʻa (Levant & Richmond, 2016; O'Neil, 2015). ʻO ia, ʻaʻole kēlā me kēia kanaka e kūlike i nā kūlana kāne kāne kuʻuna maʻamau i nā pilikia. Hoʻohālikelike kekahi mau ʻano mea like ʻole i nā hopena maikaʻi o ke kāne kāne kuʻuna.
E kūlike me nā poʻe theorists i manaʻo i ka malculine kanaka maluhia (ʻo ia hoʻi, i hōʻailona ʻia e nā mea hewa pilikino, e like me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻana) e wehewehe i ke kumu no ka hoʻohiki ʻana ʻana o kekahi mau kāne i nā ʻano mōlama, akā ʻo nā kāne ʻē aʻe e hōʻike i ka masculinity ma nā kumu ʻaʻole alakaʻi i ka pilikino. a me nā pilikia relational (cf, Blazina, 2001), ke hōʻike nei mākou i ka manaʻo ponoʻī iā ia iho he mea e hiki ai i ka poʻe hoʻoponopono ke hoʻopilikia i ke kūkaʻi e pili ana i ka pakanui hoʻokalakupua a me nā pilikia e pili ana i nā ʻano. Wahi kikoʻī, pono e hoʻokaʻawale i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka hoʻoikaika o ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohālikelike i ke ʻano o ka manculine rula a me ka pilikia pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahine, akā, ʻo ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pili.
Kākoʻo ʻia ia ʻano manaʻo e nā ʻike he nui e pili ana ka pili paʻa ʻana o nā kāne i nā loina o nā kuʻuna e pili ana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole (Fischer, 2007; McDermott & Lopez, 2013; Schwartz, Waldo, & Higgins, 2004; Yang, Lau, Wang, Ma, & Lau, 2018). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea hoʻonui i kēia manawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻia o nā manaʻo psychological, e like me ke kumumanaʻo ʻike pilikino (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), kākoʻo hou i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano palupalu o ke kāne. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka manaʻo pilikino kāne kāne me ka manaʻo kāne kāne kuʻuna (Burkley, Wong, & Bell, 2016). ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua keʻena hoʻokolohua kāohi ʻia e hana paha nā kāne i nā ʻano kāne kāne kuʻuna a stereotypical paha ke ʻike lākou ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia kā lākou kāne (eg, Precarious Manhood; Vandello & Bosson, 2013).
Lawe pū ʻia, nā hoʻokolokolo ʻana e ninaninau nei i nā pilina ma waena o nā kāne kāne a me ka manaʻo pilikino e hōʻike ʻia ana e ʻike pinepine ʻia paha nā kāne palekana ʻole e ʻike i nā pilikia e pili ana i kā lākou kāne. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kāne me ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoliʻiliʻi paha i ka hōʻike ʻana i kā lākou kāne kāne i nā ʻano ʻoʻoleʻa a me nā pilikia. ʻOiai ua loiloi iki ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kūlana hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka hilinaʻi iā ia iho, a ʻaʻohe noiʻi i nānā i ka hilinaʻi iā ia iho e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia a me ke kāne, kahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā puke e kākoʻo i kēlā noi. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo nā hui ma waena o nā manaʻo kāne kāne a me ka hoʻowahāwahā kolohe iʻoi aku ka ikaika no nā kāne me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka manaʻo pilikino kāne (Mellinger & Levant, 2014). Pēlā nō, Heath et al. (2017) ʻike koke ʻia kahi pili pili i ka hilinaʻi iā ia iho, aloha pilikino (Neff, 2003), hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā hui ma waena o ke kūlike ʻole o nā kāne i ka kaohi a me nā lula hilinaʻi iā ia iho a kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana. ʻO nā kāne me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke aloha ponoʻī i kā lākou noi ʻana i hōʻike i nā hui nāwaliwali loa ma waena o nā kūlana kāne a me nā mea aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo. Hōʻike ia mau ʻike i nā kāne makemake ʻole iā lākou iho e hana / kūlike ʻole i nā kuleana kāne kuʻuna i nā ala e alakaʻi ai i nā kapu pilikino a pili paha, e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e like me ke ʻano o ka noho aliʻi ʻana i ka hoa a i ʻole ka kaohi ʻana i ka pilikia o kekahi.
Ma ka manaʻo, e pili ana ka manaʻo ponoʻī i ka hoʻonaninani o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā kāne a me nā ʻano o nā pilikia pilikia o kēlā mau ʻano (ma kēia hihia, ke nānā ʻia ʻana o ka nānā aku i ke kiʻi ʻana. ʻO kahi mea, he ʻano haʻahaʻa o ke kanaka i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ke kumu o ka manaʻoʻiʻo i nā kāne e manaʻo ʻia he nui ke ʻano o nā kāne me nā hoa ʻē aʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi ka mana o ka playboy). Hiki i kēia kanaka ke hana kiʻi i nā kiʻi hoʻohālikelike e hui pū ai me nā hoahana like ʻole e hoʻokō i kāna mau manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i kona hiki ʻole ke ʻike i ka lilo ʻana i ka "playboy" i-vivo. Ma ka maikaʻi aʻe, ʻo ke kanaka me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa paha i mea e hōʻoluʻolu ʻia me kāna helu helu o ka moʻo ʻana. No laila, ʻaʻole ia e hilinaʻi i nā kiʻi pili i ka porn e hoʻohuli ai i nā ʻano o ka mea pāʻani playboy. Eia nō naʻe, hāʻawi ʻia ka pili aloha o ka noiʻi e nānā ana i nā ʻano kaulike nui a ka nānā, ka nānā ʻana i ka porn pilikia pilikia, a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana iā ʻoe iho, e hoʻomau ʻia ka nānā ʻana ma waena o kēia mau ʻano.
Ke aʻo i kēia manawa
Pono ʻia noiʻi hou e nānā i nā pilina hiki loa i waena o nā kāne a me nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike kumu o nā kāne. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻopalike ai i ʻole mea e pili ai i nā pilina like ʻole i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi no ke aʻo ʻana a pale aku paha. Ua nānā ka haʻawina i kēia manawa i ka hana o ka hoʻohālikelike i nā kuleana mōlani e like me nā mea wānana o nā makaʻikepili pilikia i ka nānā ʻana i nā loli i ka nui o nā kāne. Nā alakaʻi ʻelua hypotheses i kā mākou loiloi. Ka mua (H1), kūlike me nā noiʻi noiʻi a me nā loiloi mua (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018; Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017; Szymanski & Stewart-Richardson, 2014), ua kuhi mākou i ka mana ma luna o nā wahine, ke kāne pāʻani, hana ʻino, a e wānana nā loina o ka naʻau i nā ponokala kiʻi ʻike pilikia. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke ʻano he noiʻi exploratory, ua hoʻāʻo mākou i nā kaulike kāne āpau i ana ʻia e pili ana i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi pilikia. Ka lua (H2), kūlike me nā kāne-palupalu a me nā paradigms o ke kāne kūpikipiki (cf, Blazina, 2001; Vandello & Bosson, 2013), manaʻo mākou e hana ka manaʻo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he moderator buffering i nā pilina ma waena o ke kūlike i nā lula kāne a me nā pilikia ponokala pilikia. , me ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui ana i nā pilina.
hana
Nā ʻikepili / Hana
Ma hope o ka ae ʻana i ka papa kūkā o loko, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā poʻe ma ka pūnaewele ma loko o kahi wai punahele o ka Psychology Department (SONA), me ka ʻikepili a me ka hoʻoilo ma ka pae ʻana o The Social Psychology Network Listserv, The Psychological Research on the Net Listserv, ka mea i kau ʻia ma Craigslist, a me nā kiʻi ma Reddit. Hoʻolaha ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana ma ke ʻano he loiloi e ʻike nei i nā ʻano maʻamau a me nā ʻano pilikino i nā kāne. Ua hana maʻalahi ʻia nā mea hana āpau e pale aku ai i nā hopena pane. Hāʻawi ʻia nā poʻe komo i loko o ke kumuhana kūkā i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hōʻaiʻē hōʻaiʻē, ʻo ka poʻe e komo ana ma ke kaʻina hana hoʻoilo i hiki iā lākou ke koho i kahi kākei no hoʻokahi $ 100 Visa-makana. I ka manawa mua, ua pane ka poʻe komo o 868 i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana; aka, ma hope o ka huki ʻana i nā poʻe i komo i ka wahine, transgender, ʻōpio ma mua o 18, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia nā loiloi, a / a i ʻole nā mea liʻiliʻi loa ma mua o 80% o nā mea āpau o kēlā me kēia ana, ʻoiai wale nō nā kāne 520. Hāʻawi ka Papa 1 i ka paukū demographic o ka uku piha.
Pākuhi
Hōʻike demographic. Ua noi ʻia nā mea e hōʻike e hōʻike i ko lākou ʻano, nā makahiki, ka ʻona wahine, ka ʻano kūloko, ka pilina, ka pae ʻana o ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana, ke kūlana haumāna, a me ka hoʻomana.. Ua ana ʻia nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi ponokala kiʻi me nā mea aʻe (hoʻohana ʻelua i nā noiʻi ma mua o ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia; e laʻa me Borgogna & McDermott, 2018): "I nā mahina he 12 i hala iho nei, ma ka maʻamau, ehia kāu e kipa aku ai i kahi kiʻi?”1. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā kiʻi porn i nā mahina ʻo 12 i hala, 2. ʻO kekahi mau manawa i ka makahiki i hala, 3. I kekahi mau manawa ma ka mahina, 4. He mau manawa ma ka pule, 5. E pili ana i kēlā me kēia lā. ^ E Ha yM. A, "I ke makahiki āu i nānā mua ai i nā kiʻi porn? ”Ka wehewehe ʻatikala ʻia e like me ke nānā ʻana i nā mea e hōʻike ana i nā hana moekolohe, nā ʻāpana, a me / a i ʻole nā ʻike no ke kumu o ka moe kolohe (Kalman, 2008).
Hāʻawiʻia ka Hānana Hānana Hoʻohālikelike. ʻO ka Pilikia Pilikia Pilikia Pilikia (PPUS; Kor et al., 2014) kahi ana he 12 a keu o ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia. Mālama ka PPUS i ka mea ʻoi aku ma mua o nā mea hana kūkulu hoʻokahi ma muli o ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻehā i hōʻike ʻia e Kor et al. (2014). ʻO ke kikoʻī, hiki i ka PPUS i nā mea komo ke ana i ke kēkelē a nā ponokala i alakaʻi ai i nā pilikia i ka pilina (ʻoihana a me ke aloha), pehea e hoʻohana ai kekahi i nā ponokala kiʻi e pakele ai i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, a me nā ʻike o ka hoʻohana pilikia (like me ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano ponokala kiʻi. Grubbs , Exline, Pargament, Hook, & Carlisle, 2015; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Wilt, Cooper, Grubbs, Exline, & Pargament, 2016). ʻO nā kumu i loko o: nā pilikia a me nā pilikia hana (FP; "ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi i hana i nā pilikia nui i kaʻu mau pilina pilikino me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, i nā kūlana kaiaulu, ma ka hana a i ʻole nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o koʻu ola," α = .75), hoʻohana nui (EU; "Hoʻolimalima wau i ka manawa e hoʻolālā ai a hoʻohana i nā kiʻi," α = .89), hoʻomalu i nā pilikia (CD; "Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻōki i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi hoʻohālike," α = .90), a hoʻohana ʻia no ka pakele / ʻohi ʻole i ka manaʻo ʻino (ANE; "Hoʻohana au i nā kiʻi ponoʻī e pakele ai i kuʻu kaumaha a hoʻokuʻu ʻole iaʻu iho i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole," α = .92). Hoʻomoʻā ʻia nā mea ma ka Likert-type scale (ʻAʻole pololei ʻo 1 i 6-aneane mau ʻoiaʻiʻo). Ua hōʻoia ʻia ka hiʻohiʻona ʻehā ma o ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka hōʻoia kumu, a me nā noiʻi ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia (e like me, Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, Beach, & Aita, 2018). Ua hōʻike hou aʻe ka pālākiō i ka hoʻololi a me ka pono kūpono (Kor et al., 2014).
Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ko Masculine Norms Inventory - 46. ʻO ke kūlike i nā kāne kāne Inventory-46 (CMNI-46; Makua & Moradi, 2009) kahi mana pōkole o ka mea kumu 94-CMNI (Mahalik et al., 2003). Loiloi ka CMNI-46 i ke kūlike i ke kūlana kāne kāne ma mua o ke kaiāulu komohana. ʻO ka CMNI-46 kahi ana ʻeiwa i helu ʻia me nā unahi no ka lanakila ʻana ("Ma ka laulā, e hana wau i kekahi mea e lanakila ai," α = .86), ke kalepona o ka manaʻo ("ʻaʻole wau e hōʻike iki i koʻu mau manaʻo," α = .88), lawe ʻia ka hana ("hauʻoli au i ka lawe ʻia ʻana," α = .83), luku ("ʻO kekahi manawa kūpono ke hana kaua," α = .86), mana ma luna o nā wahine ("Ma ka laulā, kāohi wau i nā wahine i koʻu ola," α = .80), playboy ("Inā ua hiki iaʻu, e loli pinepine wau i nā mea moe kolohe," α = .79), hilinaʻi iho ("Hū wau i ka noi," α = .84), ka hana mua o ka hana ("ʻO kaʻu hana ka mea nui loa o koʻu ola," α = .77), a me ka hōʻike manaʻo heterosexual ("E huhū nui au inā manaʻo kekahi he gay wau," α = .88). Loaʻa nā mea ma nā Likert scale mai 1 (ikaika loa) i ka 4 (ikaika loa), me nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ka paʻa o ka paʻa i kēlā ʻano kāne. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka CMNI-46 i nā pilina kiʻekiʻe me ka helu CMNI 94 a me ka kūpono o ka hui ʻana a me ka pono kūkulu (Parent & Moradi, 2009, 2011; Makua, Moradi, Rummell, & Tokar, 2011).
Kalāiohi Lāwā / kaulike. ʻO ke ana ponoʻī ponoʻī / pilikino ponoʻī he 20 hōʻike manaʻo pilikino iā ia iho (Tafarodi & Swann Jr, 1995). No ka maʻalahi, ua hoʻohana kikoʻī mākou i ka subscale makemake iā mākou iho i nā mea he 10 ("Maikaʻi wau i ka mea aʻu," α = .94) e like me ke ana o kā mākou. Aia nā nīnau i nā huahana maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi i ke kumu ma 5-point Likert scale mai ikaika loa i 'ae like' ole. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike no ka like a me ka paʻa o ka hōʻoia i ka hōʻoia mua (Tafarodi & Swann, Jr., 1995).
Hoʻolālā Mahele
Ua koho mua mākou i kā mākou ʻikepili no ka nalo i nā waiwai, nā pilikia maʻamau, a me nā mea i waho. No laila, hoʻomaka mākou i nā loiloi bivariate ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai. No ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pili ʻana o nā pilina spury a me nā hopena paʻa i ka nānā mua, ʻo CMNI-46 mau paukū wale nō i hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi me ka hapa liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike maka porno e pili ana i ka pae o ka bivariate i komo pū i nā loiloi mua.
Ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike hanana (SEM) e nānā i ka pilina ma waena o ke kūlike i nā kūlana kāne kāne kuʻuna, ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala pilikia. Ma hope o nā ʻōlelo hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi loa no SEM (Kline, 2016), ua hoʻāʻo mua mākou i kahi ana hoʻohālike e hōʻoia i ka wehewehe pono ʻana o nā lentent latent āpau i kā lākou mau mea i hōʻike ʻia (ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā me kēia pae e nā mea i lalo i kēlā me kēia pālākiō). Ma hope o ka loiloi ʻana i kā mākou ana hoʻohālikelike, ua nānā mākou i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻohālikelike e kūlike ai i nā loina kūlana kāne kāne kuʻuna a me ka manaʻo pilikino i wānana ʻia i ka ʻokoʻa o nā wahi ponokala kiʻi pilikia. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma muli o ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā ponokala kiʻi e ʻike pinepine ana (e laʻa me, Borgogna & McDermott, 2018) a me ka moekolohe (eg, Hald, Smolenski, & Rosser, 2014) ma ke ʻano he mau mea ʻano nui e pili ana i nā ʻike o ka hoʻohana pilikia, ua kāohi mākou no ka nānā pinepine ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi. ke ʻano moekolohe (hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me kahi loli binary i kauoha ʻia: heterosexual = 0, GBQ = 1) i nā loiloi mua āpau.
I mea e loiloi ai i ke kuleana o ka manaʻo pilikino ma ke ʻano he moderator, a laila ua hoʻāʻo mākou i nā pilina latent variable me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papa hana hoʻohālikelike kaulike latent me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka XWITH kauoha ma MPLUS (Klein & Moosbrugger, 2000). ʻO ke kikoʻī, ua hana mākou i kahi o nā hiʻohiʻona post-hoc i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi manawa pilina ma waena o ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho a me kēlā me kēia maʻamau kāne i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike. A laila loiloi mākou i nā pali maʻalahi, kahi o nā ala ma waena o nā kumu CMNI-46 ma nā ana PPUS i nānā ʻia ma ke kiʻekiʻe (1 SD ma luna o ka mean) a me nā haʻahaʻa (1 SD ma lalo o ka mean) pae o ka manaʻo pilikino. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia pilina i ka wā e kaohi ana no nā hopena pololei i ke kumu hoʻohālikelike (me nā mea covarying o nā ponokala kiʻi e ʻike pinepine ana a me ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho). I loko nō o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā hoʻohālikelike laulima (pono e hana ʻia kahi pilina ʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēia maʻamau kāne), ua hoʻomau mākou i kahi pae alpha o p <.05 ma ke ʻano he pae no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano helu. Kūpono kēia kuhi, hāʻawi ʻia nā hopena o ka pilina ma ke ʻano maʻamau, keu hoʻi i ka pōʻaiapili o nā loli latent. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi kiʻi kuʻuna o ke ana hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kiʻi 1.
No ka loiloi i ka hoʻohālikelike-hoʻohālikelike, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā papa kuhikuhi kūpono aʻe a me nā cutoff i ʻōlelo ʻia (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2016): index index fit (CFI) a me ka helu ʻo Tucker-Lewis (TLI; nā helu kokoke i .95 hōʻike i kahi maikaʻi kūpono no ka CFI a me ka TLI), ke kuhi hewa kumu kumu o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana (RMSEA) me 90% mau manawa hilinaʻi (CI; nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o .06 a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o .10 hōʻike i kahi kūpono maikaʻi), a ke koena maʻamau-kumu-ʻāpana residual (SRMR; nā waiwai o .08 a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi e hōʻike i kahi kūpono kūpono). Ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka helu helu hoʻokolohua chi-square (kahi waiwai kūpono ʻole e hōʻike i ke kūpono maikaʻi i ka ʻike); akā naʻe, ua unuhi ʻia me ke akahele, hāʻawi ʻia i kona ʻike i ka nui o ka laʻana (Kline, 2016). Ma hope o nā hana ʻoi loa no nā launa loli latent, ua loiloi mākou i ke kūpono o ke ana a me ke kumu hoʻohālikelike me ka ʻole o nā huaʻōlelo pili.
Results
Kūkākūkā mua
No nā kāne 520, he kakaikahi nā mea i nalo (ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.03% o ka laʻana no kekahi pālākiō sub-scale). No laila, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ʻike piha i ka palena papaha likelihood estimation e lawelawe i nā nalo pane. ʻO nā helu CMNI-46 a me nā manaʻo hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, a me nā ponokala kiʻi e ʻike pinepine ana i nā pane. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi skew maikaʻi maikaʻi ma nā ʻano PPUS āpau (mai 1.07 a 1.67). No laila, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi mea palena palena likelihood likelike me nā hewa maʻamau ikaika (MLR) i kā mākou loiloi mua e kūpono i ke k modelkohu ʻoiai ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā hana kūpono maʻamau. Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi o (<2.2%) nā mea kūwaho multivariate ma o ka Mahalanobis Distances, akā ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia i hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou alapine liʻiliʻi. Hōʻike ka Pakuhi 2 i nā hoʻopili bivariate, nā mea, a me nā ʻokoʻa maʻamau o kēlā me kēia ana. Ma muli o ka mana ma luna o nā wahine, ke kāne pāʻani, ke eo ʻana, ka naʻau o ka naʻau, a me ka hilinaʻi ponoʻī nā unahi wale nō e hōʻike i ka pilina bivariate koʻikoʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi o nā ana o ka PPUS, ʻo lākou wale nō nā unahi i hoʻopili ʻia i nā loiloi mua. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia nā kaulike kāne e ana ana i ka hana ʻino ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi loa, nā mea nui ʻole, nā pilina me nā mea PPUS.
Hōʻike Moho
Ma hope o kā mākou loiloi mua, ua hoʻāʻo mākou i ke ana SEM i hōʻike ʻia a me nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike. Ua mālama ʻia kēia mau anamanaʻo ma Mplus mana 7.31 (Muthén & Muthén, 2016). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea pākahi e hana i nā loli latent. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kānana āpau (koe wale nā bootstraps) me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā MLR. Hāʻawi ke ana hoʻohālike i kahi kūpono kūpono, (n = 520) χ2 (989) = 1723.24, p <.001, CFI = .94, TLI = .93, RMSEA = .038 (90% CI = .035, .041), a me SRMR = .047. Hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻoili i nā mea hoʻonui pūnaewele ma ka Pūnaewele 1. A laila ua nānā mākou i kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike me nā ala i hōʻike ʻia: CMNI-46 mau mea i ka mana ma luna o nā wahine, ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, ka lanakila ʻana, ka playboy, a me ka kaohi o ka naʻau, a me ka manaʻo pilikino, a me nā covariates ʻO nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e nānā pinepine ana a me nā moe kolohe) i komo ma ke ʻano he wānana wānana me nā mea pili i ka PPUS, hoʻohana nui, hana paʻakikī, a me ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i komo ʻia ma ke ʻano he criterion variable.
Hōʻikeʻike
Hāʻawi ke kumu hoʻohālikelike mua i kahi kūpono e pono ai, χ2 (1063) = 2185.65, p <.001, CFI = .92, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .045 (90% CI = .042, .048), a me SRMR = .047. Nā hāpana Bootstrap (n = 1000) a laila hoʻohana ʻia e koho i nā kikowaena hilinaʻi o kēlā me kēia alahele mai ka wānana wānana a i nā kiko o PPUS. Hōʻike ka papaʻa 3 i nā mākaʻikaʻi i kū ʻole a hoʻāliʻi ʻia i kēlā me kēia alahele, a me nā kikowaena hilinaʻi 95%. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i kekahi mau ala nui. Hoʻohui, ka mana ma luna o nā wahine i wānana i nā pilikia hana, ka hoʻohana nui ʻana, ka hoʻomalu ʻana a me ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole; playboy wanana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana; lanakila ka maikaʻi hewa wānana hana pilikia a me ka pale ʻole ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole; hoʻokaumaha kūloko i ka pilikia hana wanana i ka pilikia hana, hoʻohana nui ʻia, hoʻokaumaha pilikia, a me ka pale ʻole ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole; a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā ia iho i wīwī i ka haʻalele ʻana i ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. Ua hoʻohālikelike ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā no 12% o ka ʻano o nā pilikia kūpono, ʻo 26% no ka hana nui, ʻo 22% ka pilikia paʻakikī, a me 33% no ka pale ʻana i ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole.
Hoʻololi nā modility. ^ E Ha yM. No ka nānā ʻana i ka pili o ka pili i ka hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano kaulike a me ka manaʻo ponoʻī iā ʻoe iho i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻike pilikia, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo e wānana ai i ka pilikia ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pilina. Eia kekahi, pākuʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia pākahi i nā ala i hoʻoili ʻia i ka hoʻohālikelike papaʻaina (Table 3). Hōʻike nā hopena i nā hopena pili koʻikoʻi. Ma keʻano kikoʻī, ka ʻōlelo o ke kaohi o ke kaohi ʻana ʻo X ka manaʻo ponoʻī i wānana i nā pilikia hana (B = .16, SE = .07, β = .11, p = .01) a kāohi pilikia (B = .18, SE = .07, β = .11, p = .02); playboy X hoʻohewa kūʻokoʻaB = -.16, SE = .06, β = -.15, p = .01) a me ka pale ʻole ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻiʻole (B = -.24, SE = .07, β = -.16, p <.001); a me ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho X wānana i ka manaʻo pilikino i nā pilikia hana (B = .14, SE = .07, β = .10, p = .02). Hōʻike i nā kiʻi 2 a me 3 nā hopena hoʻololi i hoʻopili ʻia a hāʻawi i nā hopena o nā hōʻike hāmeʻa maʻalahi e hoʻoholo ai inā nui paha kēlā me kēia lihi ma mua o ka haʻahaʻa (-1SD) a me ke kiʻekiʻe (+ 1SD) nā pae i ka manaʻo ponoʻī. I ka huina holoʻokoʻa, ua wehewehe kēia mau hopena ʻokoʻa i loko o ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala pilikia ma mua o nā hopena pololei, ʻoi aku ka helu 2% no nā pilikia hana, 2% no ka pilikia ʻohiʻohi, 5% no ka hoʻohana nui ʻana, a me 5% no ka pale ʻana i nā manaʻo ʻino.
kūkākūkā
Ua nānā ka haʻawina i kēia manawa i ka hoʻopili like ʻana o ka hana a nā kāne i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ke kāne no ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala pilikia. Ma kahi o nā hopena koʻikoʻi, ua ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo ponoʻī e like me ka mea e hiki ai. ʻElua mau ʻōleʻa maʻi:H1) ka mana ma luna o nā wahine, ke pāʻani pāʻani, ka hana hoʻomalu, a me nā puʻuwai kino manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea kikoʻī no nā kūlana ʻike pilikia.H2) ʻoiai ke manaʻo e hoʻolalelale iā ʻoe iho a me / a e hoʻonui i kēia mau hui. Loaʻa i kā mākou mau hopena i ka maʻamau (akā ʻaʻole i piha).
Kūlike hapa ʻia me ke kuhiakau ʻekahi, ka mana ma luna o nā wahine a me nā hana pāʻani kāne kāne pāʻani e pili nui ana i ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi e nānā nei i ka pae bivariate, akā ʻo ka kaohi ʻana o ka naʻau e pili maikaʻi ʻole i nā kiʻi ponokala pilikia e nānā ana. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia nā loina o ka hana ʻino me kekahi o nā mea e ʻike pono ai i nā ponokala kiʻi. Eia kekahi, nā hualoaʻa mai ka papa hana hoʻopili piha i hōʻike i ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho a me nā lula lanakila e pili pū ana hoʻi i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia (e lanakila ana ma ke ʻano he maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole, me ka hilinaʻi ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he pilikino maikaʻi). Hōʻike kēia mau ʻike i ke ʻano multidimensional o ke kūlike ʻana o nā kāne i ka hana maʻamau a ke kāne (Hammer, Heath, & Vogel, 2018) a hōʻike i kekahi mau ʻano hana e pili pono ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala pilikia ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, i ke kaohi ʻana i nā makana like o kēia mau loina ʻelima, ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, ka moekolohe, a me nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi ʻana. ka mana ma luna o nā wahine, ke kāne pāʻani, ke eo ʻana, a me ke kaohi o ka naʻau i wānana pololei i ka ʻokoʻa kūikawā i wehewehe ʻole ʻia e ka hopena moderation. ʻO kēia mau hopena pololei koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka mana ma luna o nā wahine wale nō maikaʻi wanana no a pau nā kikowaena pilikia o ke nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi pilikia, akā i ka neʻe ʻana i ka manaʻo naʻau maikaʻi ' wanana no a pau nā kikowaena.
Ke nānā pono nei i ka hana o ka kaohi naʻau kikoʻī, nā manaʻo moʻomeheu o ka pehea a nā kāne e hōʻike ai i nā manaʻo nāwaliwali e pili paha. ʻO nā kāne e hoʻoikaika e kāohi i ko lākou mau naʻau e hōʻike pū i ka ʻike ākea a i ʻole ka paʻakikī e lepili ʻana i ko lākou naʻau manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole (Levant, Wong, Karakis, & Welsh, 2015; Wong, Pituch, & Rochlen, 2006). No laila, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kāne hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo i ko lākou naʻau manaʻo ke hoʻohana liʻiliʻi paha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hoʻokele i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole (e like me ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha; Kor et al., 2014). Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻo nā kāne i hoʻomohala i nā ʻano kāohi iho mai ke kūlike ʻole i nā manaʻo kaiāulu e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ke kāne e hoʻoliʻiliʻi paha i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hōʻalo ai i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole, no ka mea ua aʻo lākou ʻaʻole e hōʻike i nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO nā kāne e ʻimi e kāohi i ko lākou naʻau e hōʻike paha lākou i ka nui o ka kaohi ponoʻī ma ke ʻano he huahana ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea moʻomeheu o ka pehea e hōʻike ai i nā manaʻo e pono ai ka kaohi iho (Fox & Calkins, 2003). ʻOiai pili pinepine ʻia me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (McDermott et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2017), ʻo ke kaohi ponoʻī e pili ana i ka kaohi naʻau e loaʻa ai nā pōmaikaʻi maikaʻi e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i nā kāne me ka kaohi o ka naʻau ke nānā aku i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i kahi e lilo ai i mea pilikia. ʻO ka noiʻi mua e pili ana i nā ʻano pilikia ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai ʻona, kākoʻo i kēlā pilina, me ke kaohi ʻana o ka naʻau e wānana maikaʻi ʻole ʻia (Iwamoto, Corbin, Lejuez, & MacPherson, 2015).
ʻAʻole like me nā hopena pololei maikaʻi ʻole o ka kaohi ʻana o ka naʻau, ka playboy a me ka mana ma luna o nā lula wahine i pili pono i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia. ʻOiai pili haʻahaʻa nā lula playboy i nā pilikia hoʻohana nui, kū mai kahi nīnau kūpono no ke aha i kū ai ka mana ma luna o nā wahine i ka wānana (a me ka ikaika) o nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia e nānā ana i nā ana, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka playboy (ʻaʻole ka mana ma luna o nā wahine) i pili nui ʻia. ke nānā nei i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi i nā noiʻi ma mua (Mikorski & Szymanski, 2017). Hiki ke loaʻa kahi hoʻokaʻawale koʻikoʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa, no ka mea, ua nānā nui nā noiʻi ma mua i ka likelika o nā kāne i nā kūlana kāne kāne e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana o ʻ pornographylelo pinepine ke nānā ʻana i kāu wikiō ma kahi o pilikia ʻolua nānā. ^ E Ha yM. No laila, ʻo ka mana ma luna o nā manaʻo wahine a me nā ʻano e loaʻa ai nā pilina kūʻokoʻa me ka pilikia pili me nā ponokala. Pili kēia i nā haʻawina mua e hōʻike ana i ka mana ma luna o nā wahine i ka maʻamau (a i ʻole ka ikaika) e pili i nā ʻano kahiko o nā kāne a me nā ʻano hou o nā kāne (Smiler, 2006), a me ka noiʻi hou e hōʻike nei i nā kāne kuʻuna manculine mana nui mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka pilikia. me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi porno (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). ʻO kekahi mea i hiki i nā kāne ke ʻimi i ka mana a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka wahine i ko lākou ola, e hoʻopili pinepine ʻia i nā kiʻi kiʻi i nā kiʻi kiʻi ʻona no ka mea e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻokuʻi i ka wahine. I ka hopena, a ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻana i ka maka maʻamau (cf, Gola et al., 2017), hiki i kēia mau kāne ke hoʻomohala i nā pilikia kino, ʻuhane a me ka pilina e pili ana i kā lākou mau kiʻi nānā ʻana i ke ʻano he kiʻi (Kor et al., 2014).
ʻO ka mea mahalo, ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā kuhi hewa i pili i nā piliona pilikia e nānā ʻia ana i nā mea hiʻona, ʻoiai ma ka pae o ka bivariate. Eia naʻe, nānā ʻo ponokala alapine (frequency) i hoʻopili ʻia me ka hana ʻino. Manaʻo mākou he ʻano hoʻohālikelike kēia i nā ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā kumu ma waena o ka nānā ʻana me ke nānā ʻana pilikia kiʻi kolohe ponokala. Ua ʻike kahi waiwai o nā puke i nā ponokala kiʻi e ʻike nei ma ke ʻano he kumu kūpono i ka moekolohe kolohe (eg, Hald et al., 2010; Vega & Malamuth, 2007). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo kēia mau ʻike inā manaʻo kekahi i kā lākou nānā ʻana he pilikia. ʻO kahi kahi kūpono no ka noi hou ʻana e nānā i nā ʻano pilikino e like me psychopathy e pili ana i nā loina kāne, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala pilikia. Maliʻa paha e hōʻike ka poʻe me nā ʻano pilikino anti-pili pilikino i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lawena hoʻomāinoino i ka moekolohe, a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi, akā ʻaʻole paha lākou e ʻike he pilikia.
ʻO nā kaulike lanakila wale nō ka nui o ke kāne i manaʻo ʻole ʻia e pili nui ana i nā ponokala kiʻi e nānā nei i ke kumu hoʻohālikelike. E like me ka kaohi naʻau, pili maikaʻi ʻole ka lanakila ʻana me nā pilikia hana a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hōʻalo ai i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka lanakila ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia ʻana he mea kahaha ia no ka wī o ka noiʻi e hoʻopili ana i nā kūkulu ʻelua, a me nā pili pili manaʻo kūwaho. Eia nō naʻe, kūlike kēia mau ʻike me ka ʻōlelo maʻamau e pili ana i nā kūlana kāne kāne i kekahi manawa ke loaʻa nā pono kūpono (Hammer & Good, 2010). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā kāne e mahalo ana i ka lanakila ʻana, he manaʻo maikaʻi a koʻikoʻi paha kā lākou iho, a no laila ʻaʻole e hakakā me nā hana hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻole e like me ka ponokala kiʻi. Pēlā nō, nā kāne e mahalo ana i ka lanakila ʻana e alualu paha lākou i ke kūlana i kā lākou hana, e like me kā lākou ʻoihana. No laila, ʻaʻole paha lākou e hoʻohana i nā ponokala kiʻi i nā ʻano kūpono ʻole ma muli o ka waiwai a lākou e pili ai i kēia mau pilina pili i ka hana (ka hana, nā pilina aloha).
A i ʻole, nā mea e ʻike iā lākou iho he "lanakila," a makemake paha e ʻike iā lākou iho he "lanakila," hiki ke ʻike ʻia (a i ʻole ka pane ʻana paha i nā noiʻi) he pilikia Hāʻawi ʻia i ka mana makemake e pili i ka nohona e pili ana i kēia mau mea, a me CMNI-46 a me PPUS kumu ma ka laulā, pono nā mea noiʻi e noʻonoʻo i nā ala hou o ka nānā ʻana i kēia mau mea. Kūpono ka noiʻi Qualitative kūpono e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona masculine e hānai ʻia ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi i nā kiʻi kolohe.
Nā Hoʻolālā Hoʻohui
Kūlike me kā mākou kuhiakau ʻelua, nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho i hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā hui ma waena o ke kūlike i nā loina kikoʻī a me kekahi mau pilikia pili ponokala. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua lilo nā loina o ka naʻau i manaʻo nui i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia i ka nānā ʻana ma nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho. Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā pilina koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā loina playboy, e hōʻike ana i ka pili ʻana o ke ʻano playboy kiʻekiʻe a me ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa iā ʻoe iho me he mea nui pilikia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi a me nā pilikia e hoʻohana ana i nā ponokala kiʻi e hoʻokele i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. Hōʻike ka mea i loaʻa i kēia manawa i ka nānā ʻana i kahi kāne kāne palupalu a me ke kāne kāne weliweli (Blazina, 2001; Burkley et al., 2016; Vandello & Bosson, 2013) pili paha i nā wahi hoʻokolohua, no ka mea pili ka hopena o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke kāne kāne kahiko ka valence o ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi i hala aku nei i nā kāne i ʻike i ka hoʻoweliweli i kā lākou kāne kāne e hana i nā ʻano kāne kāne (Vandello & Bosson, 2013); a ʻo nā kāne me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa iā lākou iho i kahi ʻano kāne-kūlike ʻole o ka manaʻo pilikino (Burkley et al. 2016). Extrapolated i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o kēia manawa, nā kāne me ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole e hana nui paha i nā loina playboy ma ke ʻano he mitigating i kā lākou insecurities ma o nā lawaiʻa wahine. Ma ka huli ʻana, ʻumeʻume paha kēia mau kāne palekana ʻole i nā ponokala kiʻi, ʻaʻole wale no ka moekolohe ʻana, akā ma ke ʻano he ala e hōʻoia ai i ko lākou kāne kāne. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā kāne i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka manaʻo pilikino ʻaʻole pono iā lākou ka manaʻo palekana pilikino e nānā i nā ponokala kiʻi. Hiki paha i nā kāne me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hilinaʻi iā lākou iho ke kau i ka nui o ke kāne me ka mahalo i ko lākou pono ponoʻī, a no laila ʻaʻole e pili paha kā lākou kūlana kāne i kekahi mau pilikia ponokala kiʻi i nā pilikia. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻaʻole manaʻo paha nā kāne manaʻo kiʻekiʻe iā lākou iho e pono e nānā i nā ponokala kiʻi e hōʻoia i ko lākou kāne kāne, no ka mea ua hui paha lākou (a ua ʻike paha ua hui lākou) i nā dictates o nā wehewehe kuʻuna o ke kāne. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke kākoʻo nei kahi kāne i nā loina playboy, no ka mea ua manaʻo ʻo ia he mākaukau a makemake iā ia iho, e māʻona paha me kāna helu o nā hoa kolohe a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kāne kāne i kēlā wahi.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā kāne male manicalinity fragility e hoʻopaʻa paha i ke kupu ʻana no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kamaʻilio ʻana iho o kēlā me kēia, a ʻae ʻia i kahi ʻaoʻao iki. ʻO nā kāne me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hōʻike i nā hana e like me ka laʻa (eg, relational, career, and / or physical; Kor et al., 2014) mau pilikia e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi a me nā kūlana kaulike. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻo kēlā mea kiʻekiʻe i ka haʻahaʻa iā lākou iho, ka mea i kiʻekiʻe nui iā ia iho e hōʻike i nā pilikia hana i ka hopena like ʻole i ka poʻe haʻahaʻa ma ka haʻahaʻa iho. Pēlā, ua nalowale ka hopena o ka hōʻino ponoʻī no ka poʻe nāna i hōʻike he mea ola pilikino.
ʻOiai ka pilina ma waena o ka mālama ʻana i ka naʻau a me ke nānā ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi pōʻino, ua keu loa ia no ka poʻe me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou i nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo maleʻilihune i nā pili ʻikepili e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻikepili pilikia (Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018); pēlā ka ʻano kupaianaha o ke ʻano o ka manaʻo like ʻole i ka hewa, ʻoiai ke kaohi ʻana no ka hana a ka manaʻo ponoʻī. Hoʻomaopopo kēia i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa no kahi hiki ke pale pilikino i hoʻohui pū i ka kaohi o ka naʻau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, loaʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo i loko o ka ʻohiʻohi ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻokele pilikino maoli. ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo o ke kāne e hoʻopaʻa i nā kīʻaha olakino e pili ana i ka pili me nā pilikia nānā i ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano hana (ʻoiai ka hoʻomalu i nā pilikia a me ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole; Borgogna, McDermott, Browning, et al., 2018). ʻOiai e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokalakupua i ke olakino, e pale ʻia paha (ʻoiai paha i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma o ka paʻa pono). Eia nō naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo pono i ka noiʻi lōʻihi.
hoʻokau
ʻO nā mea ʻike i kēia wā e pono e unuhi e pili ana i kekahi mau koina nui. ʻO ka mea, ʻaʻole ke ʻano kūlike a me ka hoʻolālā correlational e pani i nā manaʻo paʻa e pili ana i ka kumu a i ʻole ke ʻano maoli o ke ʻano o ke ʻano hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka hana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi kuhihewa pilikia. Pono ke noiʻi lōʻihi lōʻihi e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau palena. ʻO ka hoʻohālike kekahi kekahi o nā ʻoluʻolu a me ka hemahema o ka mau makahiki a me ka lāhui. Hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano moʻomeheu ʻano maʻamau o ka mana o ka manculine rula a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Pūnaewele ma waena o nā poʻe cohorts, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noiʻi e nānā i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā kāne o ka kala a ma waena o ke ola. E like me ka mea i hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ua hilinaʻi ʻia kēia haʻawina hōʻike ʻana i nā ʻano loiloi pilikino i pili i ka hopena e makemake ʻia ana e ka hopena o ka hopena kaiāulu a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. No laila, ua paipai ʻia nā mea noiʻi e nānā i ka hōʻike o ka hoa pili a i ʻole nā hana e nānā ai e hoʻoponopono a hoʻonui i kā mākou ʻike. Paipai ʻia nā kānaka noiʻi e hōʻiliʻili hou i ka ʻike demographic hohonu e pili ana i nā ʻano o nā kiʻi kikowaena i nānā pinepine ʻia, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia ʻike i ka ʻimi ʻānela kēia akā ua kūpono paha e hoʻopili ʻia me kahi covariate kūpono.
Hōʻalo ʻia kēia mau ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i loko o nā kumu hou, pono ke hoʻopili hou i nā hopena. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻelua mau ala nui i ka papa hoʻohālike me nā hewa maʻamau ʻo ka hapalua ia o ka nui o ka coefficient unefardient (lanakila me he mea wanana o ka pale ʻana i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole a me ka playboy ma mua o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana). ʻO ka launa pū me nā moʻolelo moʻo iho no kekahi o ka pilina ma waena o ka playboy a me ka hoʻohana nui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka noiʻi hou ʻia, e hōʻoia ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka lanakila a me ka pilikia e pili ana i nā pilikia, e ʻōlelo ʻia no nā pilikia kūpono ma muli o ka hoʻokau ʻia o nā ala i ka hoʻohālike o kēia manawa.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻaʻole mākou i kaohi pono no nā ʻokoʻa i nā kumu haipule, scrupulosity, a i ʻole ke kekelē e ʻike maka ʻole ʻia ai nā ponokala (a no laila pilikia). Ua hōʻike kahi kino waiwai o ka noiʻi e pili ana kēlā mau mea i ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia (Borgogna & McDermott, 2018; Grubbs, Exline, et al., 2015; Grubbs & Perry, 2018; Grubbs, Perry, et al., 2018; Grubbs, Wilt, et al., 2018; Nelson, Padilla-Walker, & Carroll, 2010; Wilt et al., 2016). No laila, paipai mākou i nā mea noiʻi e hiki mai ana e nānā i ke kekelē e launa pū ai ka hoʻomana a me ka lawena kūpono ʻole me nā mea e pili ana i ke kāne i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Pēlā nō, ʻoiai ua kāohi ākea ʻia ke ʻano moekolohe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou i ka loli ʻana o nā lauana psychological ma waena o nā ʻike liʻiliʻi o ka wahine. (Borgogna, McDermott, Aita, & Kridel, 2018). ʻAʻole lawa kā mākou laʻana e hoʻāʻo i kā mākou kuhiakau ma o nā ʻano kikoʻī. No laila, e noʻonoʻo nā mea noiʻi e hiki mai ana i kēia ma ke ʻano he ala nui no ke aʻo ʻana e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka hopena hope loa, ke nānā nei nā hana kūpono e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikia e hiki ai ke hoʻihoʻi i ka pilikia. ʻOiai ʻaʻole he pono ia mau mea no ka poʻe a pau, ʻo ia mau mea no ka poʻe e hakakā nei me ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi kikowaena kiʻi (kū'ē i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi cf, Grubbs et al., 2015, 2017). ʻO ka ʻĀina Kaukini Hōʻikeʻike Hōʻike Pūnaewele (Bőthe et al., 2018) kahi hana hou e hāʻawi ana i ke komo i kēia mau ʻāpana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka mōʻea i ka wā i mālama ʻia nei ka ʻike noiʻi. Eia naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo nā mea noiʻi i ka pono o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i hāʻawi ʻia.
Nā hopena hōʻailona
ʻOiai kekahi mau palena, nā hopena o kēia manawa he hopena koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana no ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Sniewski, Farvid, and Carter (2018) i kahi loiloi o ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka loiloi a me ka mālama ʻana o nā kāne makua me ka hoʻohana ponoʻī ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi pilikino. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hoʻokolokolo nui aʻe. ʻO nā mea kikoʻī, nā noiʻi ʻana o Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) (Hardy, Ruchty, Hull, & Hyde, 11; Young, 2010) a me ka Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Crosby & Twohig, 2007; Twohig & Crosby, 2016) hōʻike nui maikaʻi nā hopena e like me nā lapaʻau ʻana no kēlā me kēia (ka hapanui o nā kāne) e hakakā nei me nā pilikia pili ponokala.
Manaʻo kā mākou ʻike i hiki i nā mea kūʻai aku kāne ke hoʻomaikaʻi mai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēlā me kēia mau mea i nā mea pili pili masculinity. ʻAʻole naʻe, hiki i nā mea aʻo ke loiloi i ka pae o ka poʻe kamaʻāina e hoʻohālikelike i ko lākou mau ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hopena kūpono a maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ia ʻano. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hui maikaʻi ma waena o nā ʻano maʻamau a me nā ponokala pilikia i kēia manawa, ua hiki i nā mea aʻo ke ʻimi nei i ka masculinity me kā lākou poʻe mea kūʻai aku a kūkākūkā e pili ana pehea e hoʻopili ʻia ai ke kiʻi ʻana i ka porn. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka mana ma luna o nā wahine ka wanana kūlike loa o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻike pilikia, hiki paha i nā kauka ke nānā aku i nā ʻimi ʻana o nā mana o nā mana a me nā mana i nā hiʻohiʻona kāne i nā kiʻi porn. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā makemake o nā kāne e hoʻokele i nā wahine i hiki ke alakaʻi i ka ʻike ponoʻī i ka manaʻo ponoʻī o nā antecedents e nānā i nā kiʻi.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻike i kēia manawa, ʻoiai ke kāne e manaʻo nei i ka hōʻino ʻole ʻana ma kā lākou masculinity ka nui loa e hakakā me ko lākou kiʻi i kā lākou kiʻi ʻana paha, hiki paha no ka mea ke hoʻokō i ke kiʻi porno i kahi pono o ka manaʻo ponoʻī. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ikaika o ka noiʻi e ʻōlelo ana i nā hōʻiliʻili therapeutic no ka noʻonoʻo ponoʻī hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi kuhikuhi i makemake nui ʻia e pehea e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi pilikia kiʻi pilikia. Manaʻo kā mākou noiʻi inā hiki i nā mea lapaʻau ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka manaʻo ponoʻī o ka mea kūʻai aku, nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka ponokala a / a i ʻole hoʻohana maoli ʻana i ke kiʻi i ka porn. No laila, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana iā ia iho ke kōkua i ke kū'ē i kekahi o nā kūlana maʻamau o ka manculine role i loaʻa i ke kanaka. Hiki paha iā ia ke kōkua iā lākou e pale i kēia mau pilikia a kōkua i kā lākou ulu ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona olakino e pili ana i ko lākou poʻe a me ka mea e manaʻo ʻia ai ʻo ia he kanaka a me ke ʻano he kanaka.
Panina
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia e ulu nei i kahi hopohopo olakino (Sniewski et al., 2018). Hāʻawi ʻia i ka maʻalahi o ka kiʻi ponokala kiʻi, ka hiki ke loaʻa, a me ka nānā ʻana i ka inoa ʻole (Cooper, 1998; Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000), e laha paha ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia, ʻoi aku i nā kāne. Ua ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi i kēia manawa i ke kūkulu kaiāulu ʻana o nā hana kāne kāne i nā hana maʻamau i ka ulu ʻana o ka nānā ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ke kāne a me nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi paʻakikī. Hiki i nā kāne me ka manaʻo hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ke hoʻohālikelike i nā kuleana kāne kuʻuna e like me kā lākou kiʻi ponokala kiʻi ʻana i ala e hōʻike ai a hana kāne ai. Hoʻohui ʻia, hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka nānā ʻana i nā kuʻina o ka moʻomeheu a me nā ʻokoʻa a kēlā me kēia mea e lilo i mea nui loa no ka noiʻi, kumumanaʻo, a me ka hana haukapila e kamaʻilio ana i nā pilikia pilikino a pilikino e pili ana i kā lākou kiʻi ponokala kiʻi.
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