Nā pilikia hana kino pūnaewele ma ka kāne: ʻO ka hana o ka manaʻo ponoʻī, ka huhū, a me ka hopohopo pilikia (2020)

1 HOʻOMĀKĀ

Mai ka wā o ka 2000 mua, ua lilo ka Pūnaewele i mea nui i waena o ka ola pilikino a me ka ʻoihana. ʻO kekahi o nā hana e pili ana i ka Pūnaewele i makemake nui ʻia e komo i nā hana moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele (OSA), e laʻa me nā kiʻi pono ʻole (nā wikiō a me / a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi), e ʻimi nei i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka moekolohe, ke pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō moekolohe, nā pūnaewele pili aloha, a me ka wahine. webcams (Ballester ‐ Arnal, Castro ‐ Calvo, Gil ‐ Llario, & Giménez ‐ García 2014; ʻO Ross, Månsson, & Daneback, 2012; ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2016). No ka hapa nui o nā poʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia kēia hoʻohana o OSA. Eia naʻe, no kahi ʻāpana o ka poʻe liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka komo ʻana i ka OSA e hiki ke lilo i nui a pili i ka nalowale o ka mālama a me ka hana hoʻokaumaha ʻana (Albright, 2008; Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; ʻO Grov, Gillespie, Royce, & Lever, 2011).

No laila he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu, no kahi poʻe o ka poʻe, lilo i pilikia ka hoʻohana ʻana o OSA. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi he nui i ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana o OSA i hiki ke hana i kahi ʻōnaehana coping disunctional (Chawla & Ostafin, 2007; ʻO Ley, Prause, & Finn, 2014; Moser, 2011, 2013). I nā hihia pēlā, ke hōʻike nei i ke komo ʻana i OSA i kahi papa hana e pale ai i ka hoʻowalewale e kūleʻa ai a i ʻole hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai mai nā manaʻo hiki ʻole ke hoʻomanawanui ʻia, nā ʻano kino, a me nā ʻano naʻau (Chawla & Ostafin, 2007). Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi ma waena o 85 a 100% o ka poʻe i hōʻike i ka moekolohe nui me ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi maʻi psychiatric (Kafka & Hennen, 2002; Raymond, Coleman, & Miner, 2003; ʻO Wéry, Vogelaere, et al., 2016). Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi i nā kumu nui no ke komo ʻana i nā OSA pilikia me he mea lā i kū i ke alo (me ka hopohopo, kaumaha, a me ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa), ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he mea e hōʻemi ai ke kaumaha (Castro-Calvo, Giménez ‐ García, Gil ‐ Llario, & Ballester ‐ Arnal, 2018; ʻO Cooper, Galbreath & Becker,2004; ʻO Ross et al., 2012; ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2016).

Kūlike kēia mau ʻike me Kardefelt ‐ Winther's (2014a) ka noi ʻana i ka heleuma Pūnaewele ‐ pili i nā pilikia e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā OSAs) i kahi hana "uku". Wahi a kēia kumuhana, hiki i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ke kōkua i ka hōʻoluʻolu i kahi pilikia pilikia a hoʻokō i nā pono e ʻike ʻole i ka ola maoli. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kēia hoʻolālā ke hopena i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (e like me ka ʻenehana, ʻoihana pono, i ke olakino) e pili ana i ke ʻano hana hoʻohuli maikaʻi. Wahi a Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014a), noiʻi nui i hana ma ka pā o ka hana o ka pūnaewele ‐ pili e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana i nā mea kaʻawale (e laʻa, nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike psychosocial) a no laila, ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo i ka hoʻohālikelike i nā hoʻohālike ākea, me ka hopena o ka mea hoʻoponopono a me nā mea hoʻopio. Kēia hiʻohiʻona i alakaʻi ʻia i ka nui o ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e pili ana. No ka laʻana, ma kahi noiʻi e pili ana i nā keʻena pāʻani pūnaewele nui, ʻo Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014b) ke hōʻike nei i nā hui o ke aloha a me ka hopohopo i ka lehulehu me ka pāʻani nui i ka pāʻani pūnaewele e lilo i mea nui ʻole i ka wā i kāohi ʻia ai ke kaumaha. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka launa pūlima a me / a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōlelo ma waena o nā ʻano like e like me ka mea e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko mākou ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o OSAs.

Ka mea, he mea nui ia, no laila, ia e makaʻi i nā mea koʻikoʻi i nā mea kūikawā (e pili ana i nā mea e pili ana i ka hōʻiliʻili o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano hana hoʻohālike maladaptive) hiki ke hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana o OSA. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ka hana o ka ʻona ponoʻī, ke kanikau, a me ke kaumaha i ka lehulehu - ka mea i ʻike ʻia e launa pū kekahi me kekahi (e ʻike i lalo) a ua ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilikia ma ka holoʻokoʻa (unspecific) ʻaʻole pilikia ka manawa. aʻo i ka ʻāina o ka hoʻohana ʻana o OSAs (a i ʻole ke aʻo ʻia ma kahi ʻano hoʻokaʻawale, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana a Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014a, 2014b)).

Ua hoʻokolokolo naʻe kekahi mau noiʻi ʻekolu i nā kumu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna aʻe i ka pōʻaiapili o nā ʻano pilikia ma ka pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau noiʻi mua i ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa (Aydin & San, 2011; ʻO Bozoglan, Demirer, & Sahin, 2013; ʻO Kim & Davis, 2009), he kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka noho aloha (Bozoglan et al., 2013; Kim, LaRose, & Peng, 2009; Morahan ‐ Martin & Schumacher, 2003; ʻO Odaci & Kalkan,2010), a me ke kaumaha paha (Caplan, 2007; ʻO Kim & Davis, 2009) pili pono i ka pilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele maʻamau (ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau noi ma nā hana pūnaewele. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i nā poʻe i hōʻike ʻia e ke kaona, ka hopohopo mua, a me ka hopohopo haʻaheo, ka makemake i ka launa pūnaewele me ka holomua, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka Pūnaewele he wahi ʻoi aku ka palekana a ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka honua waho. i loko o ka hana nui a me ka pale ʻole ʻana ma luna (Caplan, 2007; Kim et al., 2009; Morahan ‐ Martin & Schumacher, 2003; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004). KāUlili (2007) pili i ka hana o ke kaona a me ke kaumaha pōpilikia i ke makemake i ka pūnaewele (ma mua o ka alo ‐ a ‐ maka) launa pū a me ka hōʻike ʻana o kēia makemake i hoʻākāka ʻia e ka pōpilikia kaiapili, akā ʻaʻole ia i ka minamina.

I ka pōʻaiapili o nā OSAs, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi i nā loulou ma waena o ka minamina a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pona. ʻO kahi hoʻohālikelike, ʻo Yoder, Virden, a me Amin (2005) ʻike ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa e hoʻopau ana i nā kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ʻano o ka minamina. Ua hōʻike kekahi mau mea kākau ʻē aʻe i nā mea hoʻohana i ke kiʻi piʻoniʻu pilikia i kahi i kūlohelohe ʻia ma mua o nā mea hoʻohana leʻaleʻa (Bőthe et al., 2018; ʻO Butler, Pereyra, Draper, Leonhardt, & Skinner, 2018). Efrati a me Gola (2018) ua loaʻa i nā ʻōpio i hōʻike ʻia i nā hana moekolohe i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaona a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana ʻili pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi like ʻole me ka manaʻo o ke kaikuahine e pili pū ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pono o ka pūnaewele i loko o nā kāne (Weber et al., 2018). Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i kahi loulou ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi a me ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa, a ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi e pili pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi me nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka manaʻo pilikino (Barrada, Ruiz-Gomez, Correa, & Castro, 2019; ʻO Brown, Durtschi, Carroll, & Willoughby, 2017; Kor et al., 2014) a me ka manaʻo pilikino pilikino (Noor, Rosser, & Erickson, 2014). Pēlā nō hoʻi, ʻo Borgogna, McDermott, Berry, a me ka Browning (2020ua hōʻike i ka makemake o nā kāne me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ke kiʻi aku nei i ka lawehala (ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻohālikelike ai a hana i nā hana ʻano manculine) a loaʻa iā lākou ka pilikia o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻoiai ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i ka nui o ka hopohopo i loko o ka poʻe me ke ʻano hypersexual (ʻaʻole maikaʻi i ka online; Raymond et al., 2003; ʻO Wéry, Vogelaere, et al., 2016) he mau liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i nā OSA. Akā, ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana hopohopo pili i ka poʻe hoʻohana pilikia porn (Kor et al., 2014; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, 2015). Eia kekahi, ua noiʻi kekahi mau noiʻi i ke kuleana o ka hopohopo kaiāulu i kahi lehulehu. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau noiʻi i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopohopo kaiāulu i nā lawehala pūnaewele ma mua o nā lawehala kolohe ʻē aʻe (Armstrong & Mellor, 2016; ʻO Bates & Metcalf, 2007; Middleton, Elliott, Mandeville ‐ Norden, & Beech, 2006), e hōʻike ana i ka hopohopo pili kaiāulu e lilo i kuleana nui i ka hana hewa ʻana ma ka pūnaewele (e laʻa me ka Pūnaewele e hāʻawi nei i kahi ala e ʻimi ai i ka moekolohe no ka poʻe i loaʻa ka pilikia me ka launa pū ʻana; Quayle & Taylor, 2003).

ʻO kahi kaupalena koʻikoʻi o nā haʻawina i kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka mea pili nui loa i ke kiʻi ʻana i ka porn, akā i ka ʻano o nā OSAs ʻē aʻe (e like me nā kiʻi pūnaewele sex, 3D sex pāʻani, ʻimi no ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele / offline pili, a i ʻole e ʻimi nei i ka ʻike pili kino) no ia mau mea ʻekolu e pili paha i kēia mau hanana i ke ʻano. No ka laʻana, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻoluʻolu ʻē aʻe kekahi kanaka me ka hopohopo kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea pili i ka wahine (e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi kūikawā). Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano āpau o OSA ke lilo i mea kope maladaptive, ka mea maʻamau ka hana a kahi ʻano e like me ka huli ʻana i ka ʻike pilikino. No laila, he mea nui e noʻonoʻo i ka heterogeneity o nā OSA i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i nā mea noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hana pilikia.

ʻO kekahi palena ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻopaʻa naʻau ʻana i kēia manawa ʻaʻole ia e noʻonoʻo i ka pilina pilina ma waena o ka mehameha, ka hopohopo pili kaiāulu, a me ka manaʻo pilikino. ʻO ka mea mua, ua ʻike kekahi mau mea kākau i ka poʻe me ka haʻahaʻa iā lākou iho ka hilinaʻi haʻahaʻa a ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu i ka launa pū ʻana, kahi e pili ai (a paipai paha) i ka mehameha (Çivitci & Çivitci, 2009; ʻO Creemers, Scholte, Engels, Prinstein, & Wiers, 2012; Kong & ʻO ʻoe, 2013; ʻO Olmstead, ʻO Guy, ʻO O'Malley, & ʻO Bentler, 1991; ʻO Vanhalst, Goossens, Luyckx, Scholte, & Engels, 2013). ʻO ka lua, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi mua e pili ana ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa iā ia iho i kumu no ka hopohopo nohona (de Jong, Sportel, De Hullu, & Nauta, 2012; ʻO Kim & Davis, 2009; ʻO ʻObeid, Buchholz, Boerner, Henderson, & Norris, 2013). ʻO ke kolu, ua hoʻokūpaʻa kekahi mau noiʻi i kahi loulou ma waena o ka hopohopo kaiāulu a me ka mehameha (Anderson & Harvey, 1988; Johnson, LaVoie, Spenceri, & Mahoney ‐ Wernli, 2001; Lim, Rodebaugh, Zyphur, & Gleeson, 2016). Eia ka hope, ua noi kekahi mau haʻawina e hōʻike pono ana i ka hopohopo a me ka make a me ka hopohopo. 2007), (2) manaʻo pilikino (akā ʻaʻole ka hopohopo pili kaiaulu) wānana i ka mehameha (Panayiotou, Panteli, & Theodorou, 2016), a (3) pili ka pilina ma waena o ka manaʻo pilikino a me ka mehameha e ka hopohopo kaiāulu (Ma, Liang, Zeng, Jiang, & Liu, 2014). No laila, ʻoiai ke ʻano like loa nei kēia mau ʻōuli a ua ʻike ʻia me nā pilina paʻakikī, ʻike lākou ʻaʻole i kūkākūkā ʻia me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilikia o nā OSA.

Ua noi ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa e hoʻopiha i kahi ākea i ka puke ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kahi hoʻohālike 1) e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka hopohopo pilikino, a me ke kaona i nā makemake OSA (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻano o ka OSA i hana) a i ka hopena i nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana. Ua hōʻike mākou i ka (1) me ka haʻahaʻa pilikino e pili pono ana i ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha, (2) i kēia mau wili ua pili pū kekahi me nā makemake OSA a me kona hoʻohana ʻana me ka pilikia pilikia.

2 MIHEA

3 NA MANEA

4 KUPALAKAI

Kino kahi mālamalama o nā mea kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala a me ka mālama ʻana o ka hana pilikia o nā OSA e koi ʻia, hāʻawi ʻia i ka ubiquity o ka hoʻohana ʻana o OSA i ka nui o ka lehulehu. ʻOiai ke kūleʻa ʻana o kēia kuhikuhi a me nā noiʻi he nui i hana ʻia i loko o nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻike ka mea kākau i kēia kula i nā mea nui. Wahi a ia, ʻo ka pahuhopu o ke aʻo nei ʻo ia nō ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kahi hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka mahalo pilikino, ka hopohopo pili ʻana, a me ke kahenahe i ke ʻano o nā OSA e hana ana a me nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana o OSA.

Ma ke kākoʻo ʻana o kā mākou hypotheses, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike i loaʻa i kahi hōʻike no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pili ana i ke kaona a me ke kaumaha kūwaho nui, a ma ka pilina ma waena o ka hopohopo a me ke aloha he i hui ʻia e ka hopohopo kanaka. Aia nā mea i hoʻohuli ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kiʻi a me ka huli ʻana no ka pili o nā moʻoʻike pūnaewele, a me nā hōʻailona no ka hoʻohana pilikia. Kahi kūpono kēia mau ʻike i nā haʻawina mua i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka minamina (Panayiotou et al., 2016) a me ka haʻalulu kūwaho kiʻekiʻe (de Jong, 2002; ʻO Obeid et al., 2013), ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka manaʻo pilikino a me ke aloha haki i ka mea no ka hopohopo ʻenehana (Ma et al., 2014), a ʻo ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana i ka pili pono i ka pili ʻana i ke ʻano me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Barrada et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2017; Kor et al., 2014), makehewa (Bőthe et al., 2018; ʻO Butler et al., 2018; ʻO Yoder et al., 2005), a me nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo hopohopo (Kor et al., 2014; Kraus et al., 2015). I kēia manawa, ua aʻo nui nā mea i ʻike i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a ʻike pinepine hoʻi i ke ʻano o nā OSA. Hoʻomaopopo nā hopena o ka noi i kēia manawa i kahi ʻike maikaʻi loa i nā pilina paʻakikī ma waena o kēia mau ʻano. ʻO kā mākou mau ʻike, ʻoiai he ʻāpana ʻāpana, kūpono loa i ka manaʻo ʻana he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa paha i lilo i mea koʻikoʻi no ka hopohopo pili haʻahaʻa a me ke aloha. I lalo o nā kūlana, a e like me ka hoʻopili pono ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana Pūnaewele (Kardefelt ‐ Winther, 2014a), hiki i nā mea maʻalahi ke hōʻike i ke makemake i ka wahine ka mea pili i ka wahine a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lawehana hoʻoweliweli.

Eia kekahi, ma waena o nā OSA i loiloi i kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻelua wale nō ka mea e pili i ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana: ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi a me ka huli ʻana i ka pilina ma ka pūnaewele. Ke kūpono nei kēia mau hopena ma kahi o nā noi i hala mua i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka ponokala loa, ʻo ia ka pilikia nui loa i ka OSA i nā kāne (Ross et al., 2012; ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2016). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokūpaʻa kekahi mau noiʻi ma mua i ka pili kolohe pūnaewele me nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe kahi hana pinepine i nā kāne a hiki i kēia OSA ke lilo i pilikia a hoʻoulu i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (Daneback, Cooper, & Månsson, 2005; ʻO Döring, Daneback, Shaughnessy, Grov, & Byers,2017; Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2001; ʻO Wéry & Billieux, 2016). Eia kekahi, hōʻike pū nā hopena i kēia manawa i ka kūlana o pili pili i ka ʻano o ke hoʻohana o OSA. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kūlana pili i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pona a ke kiʻi ʻia i ka hopena no ka huli ʻana i ka pilina pili pūnaewele, ʻo ia ka mea like me nā hopena i loaʻa ma o kahi noiʻi ma mua a Ballester ‐ Arnal et al. ((2014). Loaʻa kēia hopena ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi OSAs-maʻamau i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā paʻahana kelepona - ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike no ka lawehala a pēlā e hōʻemi ʻia ai e ka poʻe i kahi pilina aloha (Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; ʻImi 2003). Hōʻike ʻia kā mākou ʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka Pūnaewele no nā hana moekolohe he maha and a he mea pono ia e hoʻomohala hou i kā mākou noi ʻana i nā hana pilikino i hana ʻia ma ka pūnaewele (no nā manaʻo like ʻole, e ʻike pū kekahi iā Barrada et al., 2019; Shaughnessy, Fudge, & Byers, 2017). Hoʻomaopopo nā hualoa o kēia manawa i ka nui o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka noiʻi ma nā ʻano ʻĀina ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo wale ʻana i nā kiʻi ma ka pūnaewele.

ʻO ka mea nui, nā hana ʻelua i mālama ʻia i kā mākou hiʻohiʻona (ke nānā nei i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele) e kākoʻo hou i ka ʻike he mea nui nā ʻano kūkulu o OSA i ka wehewehe ʻana i kā lākou hoʻohana pilikia. ʻOiai, ʻo ka inoa inoa ʻole e hāʻawi ʻia e ka Pūnaewele e lilo ia i wahi kūpono e ʻimi ai i ka moekolohe ma waho o ka hoʻoponopono kaiaulu (Cooper, Scherer, Boies, & Gordon, 1999). Ma nā laina like like, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kā mākou mau hopena e ka hanana disinhibition pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka emi ʻana o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka lā iho a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (Suler, 2004). Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, kahi ākea kino a me ka maʻa i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Pūnaewele e hoʻoneʻe i ka manaʻo palekana e hoʻonui i ka hōʻoluʻolu i ka wā o ka launa pū ʻana me nā hoa pili (Daneback, 2006). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina e makemake i nā mea me kēia mau ʻano e makemake i ka pūnaewele ma luna o nā pilina pilikino ma waho (Caplan, 2007; ʻO Lee & Cheung, 2014; Steinfield, Ellisonthose, & Lampe, 2008; ʻO Valkenburg lāua ʻo Peter, 2007). ʻO kēia mau hopena o mua e like me ka hypothesis uku uku (Kardefelt ‐ Winther, 2014a), e hōʻike ana he poʻe pilikino ka poʻe i ka maikaʻi o ka nohona pili pono i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi makemake i ka launa pūnaewele; Hōʻike ka ʻatikala i kēia manawa e kūpono i nā mea kūlohelohe. Pēlā e hiki ai ke koho i nā papa mua, e hoʻomāhuahua maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o OSA i ka manaʻo ponoʻī a hoʻoneʻe i ka hopohopo a me ke kala wale. He hopena like ia, no ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia e Shaw a me Gant (2002), ka mea i ʻike i ke komo ʻana i ke kamaʻilio ma ka pūnaewele e lawe i ka emi ʻana o ke kaona a me nā hōʻeha kaumaha a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa a me ka ʻike kaiaulu. Eia naʻe, me ka manawa a me ka mālama ʻana o ka hana, hiki ke manaʻolana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā OSA i lilo i mea nui loa a hoʻokō i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (Caplan, 2007), e hopena ana i ka manaʻo hoʻonaninani a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noho kaʻawale a me nā hopohopo ʻona. ʻO ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele no ka moekolohe ʻana, ke kuhi nei i ka pale ʻana i ka kūlana maoli ‐ ola, ʻo ia paha ka hoʻoikaika hou ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kuapo ʻana i ka moekolohe.

Ke hōʻike nei ka noiʻi ʻana i kekahi mau palena. ʻO ka mea mua, ua liʻiliʻi iki ka laʻana a koho ʻia ʻo ia iho, a me kona ʻano a me nā mea hoʻohanohano, ua palena i ka laulā o nā hopena. Akā, ʻo ka nui o ka laʻana (N = 209) hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono ʻia no ke kālailai ala i hoʻohana ʻia ma aneʻi, e hōʻoia ana i ka mana helu helu kūpono (Bentler & Chou, 1987; Kline, 2005; ʻO Quintana & Maxwell, 1999). ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole mākou i hoʻokomo i nā ana o ka moekolohe moekolohe ma waho pūnaewele, ka mea e hōʻike nei i ka wehewehe ʻana o kā mākou ʻike e pili ana i ka kuhiakau disinhibition pūnaewele e kuhi nei. ʻO ke kolu, ua mālama ʻia kēia aʻo ʻana i nā kāne wale nō, ʻoiai ke ʻike nei i nā noi e pili pū ana me nā wahine e koi ʻia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻokūpaʻa nā loiloi mua i ka ʻokoʻa kāne a ka OSA e hoʻohana ai i nā makemake (e laʻa, makemake nā wahine i nā OSA pilina e like me ke kamaʻilio kamaʻilio ʻana akā makemake nā kāne i nā OSA e like me nā ʻike kiʻi e like me nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi, ʻike iā Green, Carnes, Carnes, & Weinman, 2012; Cooper et al., 2003; ʻO Schneider, 2000). Noi ʻia nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana e pili ana i nā kāne āpau e hoʻolōʻihi i nā hopena o kēia wā. ʻEhā, aia paha i kekahi mau wehewehe ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole i kamaʻilio ʻia i ka pepa o kēia manawa i wehewehe i nā ʻano o ka hui i loaʻa. ʻO kahi laʻana, ke kumumanaʻo incongruence pono (Grubbs & Perry, 2019) ka mea e manaʻo ai he mea hoʻohana kekahi hewa nā OSA (e like me, ma ka pae haipule a i ʻole ka pae hoʻonaʻauao), akā hana nō naʻe iā lākou, a no ka mea e hāpai ana i ka hopena ʻuhane a hoʻoemi i ko lākou manaʻo ponoʻī. Pono e hana ʻia nā haʻawina o hope e hoʻāʻo ai i kēia mau mea aʻoaʻo hou theoretical frameworks. ʻO ka Pōʻalima, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kā mākou aʻo ʻana i nā hana i hōʻike ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a nānā ʻia hoʻi ma ka pane a me ka hoʻomanaʻo. Ma ka hope, ua hoʻohana ka noiʻi i kahi hoʻolālā ʻāpana ʻ thathai i ʻae iā mākou e hoʻāʻo i ka kumu hoʻohālikelike i ka manawa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kuhi no ka mea nui nō hoʻi ia e hoʻāʻo ai i ka hoʻokūkū o nā OSA nui e hoʻohana i ka wānana o ke aloha a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. No laila, koi ʻia nā haʻawina lōʻihi e hōʻoia i nā hypotheses i kūkulu ʻia i kā mākou kūkā ʻana a i mea e ʻike ai i ka kuleana o nā kumu aʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pilikia pilikia o nā OSA.

ʻOiai ke kaupalena ʻia nei, ua hāʻawi kēia aʻo i ka ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka manaʻo pilikino, ka wale ʻana i ke kaona, a me ka hopohopo i ka lehulehu ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilikia o ka OSA i nā kāne. E pili ana i kēia mau hopena, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noho pono a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā hōʻailona o ke kaona a me ka hopohopo sīpona e lilo nā hopena kūpono no ka pale ʻana o ka naʻau ma ka poʻe e ʻike nei i ka hana ʻole a me ka hemahema e pili ana i ka launa ʻana i ka moekolohe.