Nā ʻikepili o ka pilikia kiʻi ʻikepili pilikia (PPCS-18) i nā kaiāulu a me nā subclinical tauira ma Kina a me Hungary (2020)

1. Introduction

Hōʻike ka ʻikepili i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele me ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi a me nā alapine o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi (PPU), e hōʻike ana i nā phenomena e pili ana i ka haukapila de Alarcón, de la Iglesia, Casado, & Montejo, 2019). Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka noiʻi ʻana ma nā pilikia a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka pūnaewele, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau ʻia (ʻO Hertlein lāua ʻo Cravens, 2014, López-Fernández, 2015, ʻO Potenza et al., 2017, Stark et al., 2018, Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2017, ʻO Young, 2008). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā huaʻōlelo he nui e wehewehe i ka hanana (e laʻa me, ka moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele, nā hana moekolohe ma ka Pūnaewele pilikia, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pilikia.) hoʻopaʻapaʻa (Brand et al., 2019a; Vaillancourt ‑ Morel & Bergeron, 2019). Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe kikoʻī diagnostic kikoʻī no PPU (Brand et al., 2020, ʻO Chen lāua ʻo Jiang, 2020, Cooper et al., 2001, ʻO Fernandez lāua ʻo Griffiths, 2019, ʻO Hertlein lāua ʻo Cravens, 2014, Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2017). I mea e hoʻopaʻa a mālama ai iā PPU, ua hoʻomohala nā mea noiʻi i nā unahi e ana i nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole o PPU; akā naʻe, ua hōʻoia ʻia kekahi mau mea ma waena o nā moʻomeheu a me nā lehulehu like ʻole (ʻO Chen lāua ʻo Jiang, 2020, ʻO Fernandez lāua ʻo Griffiths, 2019, Wéry lāua ʻo Billieux, 2017).

2. Ka loiloi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pilikia

Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka hōʻike manaʻo a me nā pae diagnostic no PPU, ua loli nā mea hana loiloi ma o nā haʻawina a koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano like ʻole (ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Hoʻokumu ʻia nā unahi he nui ma luna o nā pae hoʻohālikelike i manaʻo ʻia no ka maʻi moekolohe (e laʻa me ka Hypersexual Behaviour Inventory, Reid, Garos, & Fong, 2012). Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike nā noiʻi hou i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o PPU a me ka moekolohe (Bőthe et al., 2019c). Hiki paha i ka moekolohe ke komo i nā hana moekolohe like ʻole, e like me ka masturbation, cybersex, hoʻohana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole, ka moekolohe kelepona, ka hana moekolohe me nā ʻelemakule ʻae, nā kipa lāʻau kahakaha, a me nā hana ʻē aʻeKarila et al., 2014). Kū mau, ka Hypersexual Behaviour Inventory (HBI) Loiloi i nā hana hypersexual ākea ākea (Brahim, Rothen, Bianchidemicheli, Courtois, & Khazaal, 2019). Ua nānā kekahi mau unahi i ka moekolohe moekolohe i ke ʻano maʻamau (e laʻa me ka hoʻohana koʻikoʻi ʻana o ka Pūnaewele ʻIkepili Pono.)ʻO Doornwaard, Eijnden, Baams, Vanwesenbeeck, & Bogt, 2016), ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi koi, a ʻaʻole ia i hele i ka loiloi psychometric ākea. Aia kekahi mau unahi pōkole e ka ana i ka PPU, akā i kēia mau manawa, ua hoʻohewa ʻia a hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia paha e pili ana i ka pono o ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka Cyber-Ponokala Hoʻohana Inventory-9 (CPUI-9, Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010) ua hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi iā ia iho i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohuoi a manaʻo i ka lawena kūpono ʻole, ʻoiai ka mea i nīnau ʻia ai nā ana pono (Brand et al., 2019a). Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā unahi hou e loiloi i nā ʻaoʻao a me nā kāʻei o PPU ʻoi aku ka nui e like me ka Hōʻike ʻIkepili Pūnaewele Pōkole Hoʻololi ʻia i nā Hana Kolohe Pūnaewele (s-IAT-sex; ʻO Wéry, Burnay, Karila, & Billieux, 2015), ʻo ka Pilikia Pono Pilikia e hoʻohana i ka unahi (PPUS; Kor et al., 2014), a me ka Pāʻali Kaha Pūnaewele Pilikino Pilikino (PPCS-18; Bőthe et al., 2018b). Ua paipai ʻia nā unahi hope ʻelua e kahi loiloi ʻōnaehana hou (ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). I kēia mau lā, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka PPUS a me ka s-IAT-sex, ua hōʻike ka PPCS-18 i ke kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻoi aku ka pololei i ka kānana ʻana no PPUʻO Chen & Jiang, 2020).

ʻO ka PPCS-18, i ko mākou ʻike, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hana e loiloi i ʻeono mau kikoʻī kikoʻī o hoʻokahi hoʻohālikelike kope: ke ʻano, ke ʻano o ka naʻau, ka hakakā, ke ahonui, ka hoʻi hou ʻana, a me ka haʻalele ʻana (Griffiths, 2005). Ma ke kikoʻī, ke ahonui a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā nui o ka PPU i hōʻike ʻole ʻia e ka PPUS a me ka s-IAT-sex (Bőthe et al., 2018b; ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ana ʻē aʻe o PPU (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka PPUS, s-IAT-sex, CPUI-9), kekahi ikaika o ka PPCS ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kani e hāʻawi i kahi helu ʻoki kua ʻia (-76, ka palena 18-126 ) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pilikia mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi ʻole.ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019), ka mea e hoʻohui i kāna noiʻi a me ka pono pilikino. ʻO kekahi pakuhi hou i paʻi ʻia, ka Pakuhi Kiʻi Kiʻi Pōkole (BPS, Kraus et al., 2020), hāʻawi pū i kahi ʻoki (≥4, pae 0-10) e nānā no PPU. Hāʻawi ʻia i kona pōkole a me kāna ʻano unidimensional, ʻaʻole nānā ka BPS i nā mea e like me ke ahonui. ʻOiai ke noi ʻia nei ka cutoffs o ka manawa hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia pule (Cooper et al., 2000, Mechelmans et al., 2014), pili pili ʻole ka manawa hoʻohana me PPU (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020b; Chen et al., 2019, Kühn a me Gallinat, 2014). Hoʻohui ʻia, ua kākoʻo ʻia ke kūpono a me ka divergent o ka PPCS i ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka moekolohe.ʻO Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Demetrovics, & Orosz, 2017) a me nā pilikino (Bőthe, Koós, Tóth-Király, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2019a; Bőthe et al., 2019c; Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020b) nā loli.

ʻOiai nā waiwai psychometric ikaika i hōʻike mua ʻia o ka PPCS-18, pono ka noiʻi e noiʻi hou i kāna mau waiwai ma nā moʻomeheu a me nā ʻano moʻomeheu / subclinical (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Demetrovics & Orosz, 2020a; Bőthe et al., 2018b), e like me , no ka laʻana, hiki i nā moʻomeheu moʻomeheu ke hoʻohuli i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala.Griffiths, 2012, ʻO Vaillancourt-Morel lāua ʻo Bergeron, 2019). Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi e manaʻo ʻia iā ia iho he pilikia i kekahi moʻomeheu, haipule, a i ʻole ka moʻomeheu a ʻaʻole paha ma kahi ʻē aʻe (Grubbs & Perry, 2019). Loaʻa i nā haʻawina PPCS-18 ma mua i nā palena moʻomeheu ma muli o ka mālama nui ʻia ʻana ma Hungary (Bőthe et al., 2018a; Bőthe et al., 2019b; Bőthe et al., 2020a; Bőthe, Lonza et al., 2020). He palena palena paha kēia ma muli o nā ʻano maʻamau, nā ʻōnaehana waiwai, a me nā ʻike o kēlā me kēia mea mai nā moʻomeheu ʻē aʻe i ʻokoʻa paha mai nā kuanaʻike komohana ma Hungary. E pili ana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole a me nā hana moekolohe ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma nā ʻano moekolohe, nā lawena, a me ka noho maikaʻi ʻana ma waena o nā moʻomeheu Hikina a me Komohana (Laumann et al., 2006). No laila, pono e noiʻi i ka PPU e hōʻoia i ka translatable a pololei hoʻi nā loiloi ma o nā moʻomeheu (Kraus & Sweeney, 2019). Aia kahi ʻimi noiʻi empirical liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka PPU ma Kina a ma nā ʻāina hikina ʻē aʻe, a he mau noiʻi wale nō i hoʻopili ʻia me nā mea komo mai nā ʻāina hikina.ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019), a me nā hoʻohālikelike kaiāulu kea i nānā ʻole ʻia.

Hiki i nā poʻe me PPU ke hōʻike i nā ʻano kikoʻī e like me ka ʻiʻini nui, kaohi pono ʻole ʻana, hoʻomau i ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā hemahema o ka nohona a ʻoihana paha, a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole i nā ala maladaptive e like me ka pakele ʻana mai ke koʻikoʻi a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana maikaʻi ʻoleChen et al., 2018, Cooper et al., 2004, Kraus et al., 2016, ʻO Young et al., 2000). ʻO Wéry et al. (2016) ua hōʻike ʻo 90% o nā mea komo me PPU i hōʻike i nā diagnose psychiatric like pū kekahi, a he mau unahi wale nō i hōʻoia ʻia i nā laʻana ʻimi ʻimi lapaʻau (Bőthe et al., 2020a; Kraus et al., 2020). No laila, me ka pinepine o nā hana moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele, hoʻohana ʻia ka makemake, nā hana moekolohe koʻikoʻi, a me ka olakino noʻonoʻo maʻamau e nānā i ka pono o ka PPCS. I ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana nonclinical a me Western i ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi o nā loiloi PPU e like me ka PPCS-18; no laila, pono e noiʻi hou e hōʻoia i ka PPCS-18 ma o nā laʻana like ʻole, e like me ka lehulehu a i ʻole ka subclinical heluna kanaka a ma nā moʻomeheu.

3. Pūnaewele hoʻokokoke i psychopathology

Hiki paha i nā mokuʻāina psychopathological ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana hōʻeuʻeu e pili ana i nā ʻāpana pili.Borsboom, 2017). Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona latent, hoʻokokoke ka pūnaewele i nā maʻi psychological e pili ana i nā pūnaewele o nā hōʻailona e pili ana, a ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o nā mokuʻāina pākiko i ka pili pololei ma waena o nā ʻōuli ma mua o ka loaʻa o nā loli latentʻO Werner, Stulhofer, Waldorp, & Jurin, 2018). Ua hoʻohana pono ʻia nā kumumanaʻo pūnaewele a me nā metodology i nā hanana psychopathological ʻokoʻa e like me nā maʻi hoʻohana ʻona (Anker et al., 2017), hopohopo (ʻO Beard et al., 2016), ke kaumaha (ʻO Schweren, van Borkulo, Fried, & Goodyer, 2018), a me ka moekolohe (Werner et al., 2018). Hiki i kēlā mau kikowaena pūnaewele ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike nui i ke kikowaena o nā kikoʻī kikoʻī a me nā lauana o kā lākou pili. No laila, i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi hoʻokele pūnaewele e nānā i ka topology pūnaewele PPU a ʻike i nā hōʻailona e noho ana i nā kūlana waena i ka pūnaewele, a ʻimi i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā pilina o nā kāʻei hōʻailona i nā ʻano lehulehu. E hāʻawi kēia ala i ka ʻike i ka pehea e launa pū ai ʻo PPU me ka simptomology ma waena o nā moʻomeheu a me nā hāpana kaiāulu a me nā subclinical.

4. Nā pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana o kēia wā

Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā kāne e pili ana i nā wahine e hōʻike maʻamau i nā kuko ikaika loa no nā ponokala kiʻi a me ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana (Weinstein, Zolek, Babkin, Cohen, & Lejoyeux, 2015), ʻoi aku ka nui o ka PPU (Kafka, 2010, Kraus et al., 2016, Kraus et al., 2015), a me ka ʻimi hou ʻana no ka PPU (Bőthe et al., 2020a), nā pahuhopu o ka noi o kēia manawa (1) e nānā i ka hilinaʻi, ke kūkulu a me ka pono o ka PPCS-18 ma nā kaiāulu a me nā subclinical Eia kekahi laʻana. kāne kāne; a (2) e nānā a hoʻohālikelike i ka hanana olakino o PPCS-18 ma o nā laʻana Hungarian a me Kina, a ma nā laʻana kaiāulu a me nā subclinical; a, (3) e ʻimi i ka nui o ka PPCS-18 e hōʻike ai i nā ʻano e pili ana i nā lāhui like ʻole i nā kānana typology pūnaewele.

5. Ke Kumu

6. Pākuʻi

ʻO ka pakuhi kiʻi pōkole pōkole (BPS, Kraus et al., 2020)¹. ʻO ka BPS kahi mea hana loiloi no PPU (ʻO Efrati lāua ʻo Gola, 2018, Gola et al., 2017). He helu helu ʻelima ia a hoʻohana i ka pālākiō helu ʻekolu helu no kēlā me kēia mea (0 = ʻaʻole, 1 = i kekahi manawa, 2 = mau). ʻO ka alpha Cronbach o ka BPS he .89 i ka laʻana kaiāulu Kina a .74 i ka laʻana subclinical Kina.

ʻO ka nīnau ninaninau ʻiʻoniʻoni i nā kiʻi ʻino (PCQ, ʻO Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014). ʻO kēia nīnau nīnau he 12 mau helu kahi helu helu unidimensional (ʻO Kraus lāua ʻo Rosenberg, 2014, Rosenberg lāua ʻo Kraus, 2014). Koi ʻia nā mea pane e hōʻike i ka nui o kā lākou ʻaelike me kēlā me kēia mea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā koho pane ʻehiku (hōʻike ʻia me ka ʻole o nā helu): "ʻaelike loa," "ʻaelike ʻole," "ʻae iki," "ʻaelike a ʻae paha," "ʻaelike iki, "" ʻae iki "a" ʻae ʻae. " Hōʻike nā helu kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻiʻini nui i nā kiʻi pono ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mana Chinese o ka PCQ i kahi noiʻi i hala (Chen et al., 2019). ʻO ka alpha Cronbach o kēia pālākiō .92 i ka laʻana kaiāulu Kina a .91 i ka laʻana subclinical Kina.

Pālākiō Compulsivity Scale (SCS, Kalichman & Rompa, 1995). ʻO ka nui a nā mea e hōʻike ai i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka moekolohe koi ʻia e loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka SCS he ʻumi. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pane ma ka pālākiō helu ʻehā (1 = ʻaʻole like me aʻu, 2 = e like me aʻu, 3 = like me aʻu, 4 = like me aʻu). Ua hōʻike ʻia ma mua ka mana Chinese o ka SCS (ʻO Chen & Jiang, 2020). Ua hōʻike ka SCS i ka hilinaʻi maikaʻi i ka noi o kēia manawa (α he .91 i nā kāne kaiāulu a .90 i nā kāne subclinical).

Nīnauele o nā hana moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele Pake (OSAs, Zheng & Zheng, 2014). He ʻumikūmākolu mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia e ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea komo i ka pūnaewele no nā kumu aʻe: (1) e nānā ana i nā mea moekolohe (SEM), (2) e ʻimi nei i nā hoa kolohe, (3) cybersex, a me (4) mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka pilina. ʻO ka alpha Cronbach o ka pālākiō holoʻokoʻa he .84 i nā kāne kaiāulu Kina a .81 i nā kāne subclinical. ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia no ka hoʻokomo pinepine ʻana i nā OSA.

Nā nīnau nīnau nīnau olakino he 12 he nui (GHQ-12, Goldberg & Hillier, 1979). ʻO ka GHQ-12 kahi mea hoʻohana loiloi e hoʻohana ākea ʻia no nā maʻi noʻonoʻo maʻamau a koi ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea ʻike hihia no ka mea ua manaʻo ʻia he pōkole, maikaʻi a ikaika a hana a me nā mana hou aku (Goldberg et al., 1997, Petkovska et al., 2015). Ua unuhi ʻia ka GHQ-12 i nā ʻōlelo he nui, e like me ka ʻōlelo Kina, a ua aʻo ʻia kāna mau waiwai psychometric i waena o nā lehulehu like ʻole (Pan a me Goldberg, 1990, Petkovska et al., 2015). Loaʻa i ka GHQ-12 he 12 mau mea āpau (ʻeono mau mea ʻeono a ʻeono mau mea maikaʻi ʻole), pākahi kēlā me kēia ma kahi pālau Likert ʻehā, me nā helu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i ke olakino olakino maikaʻi. ʻO ka alpha Cronbach o ka unahi ka .89 i nā kāne kaiāulu Kina a .93 i nā kāne subclinical.

7. NāʻIke Heluhelu

ʻO ka mea mua, ua alakaʻi ʻia ʻo CFA ma luna o nā kāne Hungarian, a laila ma ka Laʻana 1 a me ka Laʻana 2 e hōʻoia i nā hopena i ke kaiāulu a me nā laʻana subclinical o nā kāne Kina. ʻO ka mean- a me ka variance-adjust weighted estimates (WLSMV) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wānana palena palena. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā helu kuhi hoʻohālikelike e Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), a me ka Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) a me nā aʻa kaulike maʻamau residual square (SRMR). ʻO CFI a me TLI mau waiwai i ʻoi aku ma mua o .95 i manaʻo ʻia he kūpono maikaʻi loa (≥.90 no ke kūpono kūpono). RMSEA mau waiwai ma lalo o .06 i manaʻo ʻia he maikaʻi loa (≤ .08 no ke kūpono kūpono, a ≤ .10 no ke kūpono kūpono me kāna 90% manawa hilinaʻi) (Browne lāua ʻo Cudeck, 1993, Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003). SRMR mau waiwai ma lalo o 0.08 (≤.06 no kahi kūpono kūpono) i manaʻo ʻia he hōʻailona o kahi hoʻohālikelike i ʻae ʻia (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Hoʻohui ʻia, e hoʻāʻo i ka invariance ana i waena o nā ʻano moʻomeheu ʻokoʻa (Hungarian a me Kina), a me nā kaiāulu a me nā lāhui subclinical, ua alakaʻi ʻia nā hui pūʻulu CFA he nui ma nā laʻana ʻekolu. ʻEono pae o ka invariance i hoʻāʻo a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kēlā me kēia hihia: configural, metric, scalar, residual, latent variance, and latent mean. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā ana hoʻohālikelike i hoʻonui ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia nā loli pili i nā helu kūpono, me kahi pae i ʻae ʻia e like me kēia: ΔCFI ≤ .010; ΔTLI ≤ .010; a ΔRMSEA ≤ .015 (Meade, Johnson, & Braddy, 2008).

Ua helu ʻia nā waiwai alpha a me ka hilinaʻi pono ʻo Cronbach. ʻO nā hui ma waena o ka nui o ka moekolohe moekolohe (SCS), palapala ninaninau e makemake nei i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni (PCQ), nīnau nīnau olakino laulā (GHQ-12), ke ana pinepine ʻana o nā OSA, BPS, a me PPCS-18 i hōʻoia ʻia e hōʻoia i ka pono o ka PPCS-18. Ua nānā ʻia nā pilina ma waena o nā loli me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā coefficients ʻo Pearson ma hope o ka kaohi ʻana no ka makahiki, ka moekolohe a me ke kūlana pili.

Ua koho a kālailai mākou i nā pūnaewele PPCS-18 i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu. ʻO ka hana mua e hoʻokumu i kahi pūnaewele regularized, i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he markov random field. LASSO regression i lawe ʻia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke ʻano o nā pilina wahaheʻe. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma mua (Epskamp & Fried, 2017), hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka EBIC hyperparameter ma .5. ʻO ka lua, ua loiloi mākou i ke kūlana pili o nā piko me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā helu helu kikowaena a ua hoʻāʻo ʻekolu mau anawaena maʻamau: ka ikaika o ka piko, ka pili, a me waena o ke kikowaena. Ma waena o lākou, pili ka waena waena i ka helu o nā manawa e noho ai kahi piko ma ke ala pōkole loa ma waena o nā aka ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kikowaena waena ʻo Closeness ke kekeke o ka huina o nā ala pōkole loa mai hoʻokahi piko i nā aka ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻohālikelike mākou i ka ikaika o ka pilina o ka honua no kēlā me kēia pūnaewele (ie, ka hōʻuluʻulu o nā ikaika e pili ana) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Test Comparison Test. Ua hana ʻia nā anamanaʻo pūnaewele āpau me ka qgraph, dplyr, PūnaeweleComparisonTest, a ʻūluta uila pūʻolo ma R. (Mana 3.6.2).

8. Nā hualoaʻa

9. Ka hoʻāʻo hoʻowalewale ana o ka PPCS-18 ma waena o nā moʻomeheu a me nā kāne kaiāulu a me nā subclinical

Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka invariance ana i ka papahana 3. No ka invariance configural, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o RMSEA ma mua o ka waiwai paepae i manaʻo ʻia (ie, .10), akā ua hōʻike ke kkohu i nā hōʻike kūpono kūpono ma ka CFI, TLI, a me SRMR. No laila, ua mālama mākou i kēia k modelkohu no ka hana hou i ka hoʻāʻo invariance. I ke ana hoʻohālike metric, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o nā indeks kūpono ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke kkohu mua. A laila, ua loaʻa ka scalar a me ke koena invariance, akā ʻaʻole ka latent mean invariance, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa o nā latent mean ma waena o ke kaiāulu a me nā kāne subclinical (e nānā 3 Pūnaewele). Ke koi ʻia nā kāne latclinical latent mean ʻokoʻa i ka ʻole no ke kumu o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā ʻano latent o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ke kaiāulu kanaka ua ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā ʻano latent o nā mea komo i nā kāne subclinical (Laʻana 1: -0.88 a -1.81 SD i nā kumu ʻeono, p <.001; Laʻana 3: -0.39 a -2.46 SD i nā kumu ʻeono, p <.01), e hōʻike ana ua hōʻike nā kānaka subclinical i nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka PPCS ma mua o nā mea i hōʻike ʻia i ke kaiāulu Kina a me Hungarian. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ua like ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o ka PPCS-18 a me ke ʻano paʻa ma loko o nā kāne kaiāulu Kina a me Hungarian, a hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā kāne Kina a me Hungarian.

10. Ka launa pū ʻana o nā mea ʻeono o ka PPCS-18 i kēlā me kēia laʻana

Ua hōʻike nā hualoaʻa o nā māla kaulike ʻo Markov aia he ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā kāne Hungarian a me Kina (p <.01). Ma waena o ke kaiāulu Kina a me nā kāne subclinical, ua pili maikaʻi ʻole ka hakakā i ka salience; i ʻole, ʻaʻohe pili o ka hakakā i ka salience pololei, a he pili maikaʻi me nā kumu ʻē aʻe i waena o nā kāne Hungarian (e nānā Hōʻike 1). Ua like nā kiʻikuhi skimika o ke kaiāulu Kina a me nā kāne subclinical, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa i ka ikaika o ka pilina o ka honua i ʻike ʻia.p = 0.6). Hōʻike ʻia nā kuhiakau waena Hōʻike 2 (mau kiko waena). I loko o nā pūnaewele ʻekolu mau laʻana, ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana ka piko waena nui loa, ʻoiai ʻo ke ahonui kahi piko waena i ka pūnaewele subclinical kanaka. I ke kākoʻo ʻana i kēia mau kuhi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻalele ʻana e ka wānana kiʻekiʻe ma nā pūnaewele āpau (nā kāne kaiāulu Kina: 76.8%, nā kāne subclinical Kina: 68.8%, a me nā kāne kaiāulu Hungarian: 64.2%).

1. Hoʻoili: Hoʻoiho i ke kiʻi kumu kiʻekiʻe (92KB)
2. Hoʻoili: Hoʻoiho i ke kiʻi piha

Hōʻike 1. ʻO ke kiʻikuhi hoʻolālā pūnaewele i ʻekolu mau hui kāne. Notes. Hōʻike ʻia ka pūnaewele kāne kaiāulu Kina ma ka hema a me ka pūnaewele kāne kaiāulu Hungarian ma ka ʻākau. ʻO ka waena ka pūnaewele o nā kāne kāne subclinical Kina. Hōʻike nā kihi paʻa a maikaʻi hoʻi nā kihi i nā pilina maikaʻi ʻole.

1. Hoʻoili: Hoʻoiho i ke kiʻi kumu kiʻekiʻe (214KB)
2. Hoʻoili: Hoʻoiho i ke kiʻi piha

Hōʻike 2. ʻO ke kiko waena kikowaena i nā hui ʻekolu o nā kāne

11. Kōkua

ʻOiai he mau unahi no ka helu ʻana iā PPU i loaʻa i nā kānaka noiʻi a me nā kauka, ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi hou ʻia kekahi mau mea ma waena o nā moʻomeheu like ʻole, a me nā ʻano psychometric o nā unahi i nā kāne subclinical i kākaʻikahi ʻia e nānā ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia, pehea e pili ai nā kāʻei hōʻailona e pili ana i ka PPU (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pilina ma waena o ka ʻike ʻana, ka haʻalele ʻana, ke ahonui, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano, ka hakakā, a me ka hoʻi hou ʻana) i kēlā mau laʻana me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia (Bőthe, Lonza, et al., 2020). No laila, ua nānā mākou i ka hilinaʻi a me ka pono o ka PPCS-18 i nā pōʻaiapili Kina a hōʻike i ke kākoʻo no kāna hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaiāulu Kina a me nā kāne subclinical. ʻO ka mana Kina o ka PPCS-18 i hōʻike i ke kūlike o loko, ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka hui, a me ka pono o ka hui i nā kaiāulu Kina a me nā kāne subclinical. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻowalewale e ana i ka pālākiō e pili like i ke kaiāulu Hungarian, ke kaiāulu Kina, a me nā lāhui subclinical Kina, e kākoʻo ana i ka pae moʻomeheu kūleʻa a me ka pono pilikino. Ua hōʻike ka ʻikepili pūnaewele i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea ʻeono o ka PPCS-18 i ʻokoʻa loa i nā kāne Hungarian a me Kina. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kuhi Centrality ʻo ka subclinical hāpana o nā ʻōuli ke kumu o ka haʻalele a me ke ahonui, akā ʻo ka domain withdrawal kahi kiko waena ma nā laʻana kaiāulu ʻelua.

12. Ke kūpono a me ka hilinaʻi o ka PPCS-18 i nā heluna Kina

ʻO ke kūpono a me ka hilinaʻi o ka PPCS-18 i hōʻoia ʻia ma luna o kēia mau ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa ʻekolu a ʻokoʻa hoʻi. ʻAʻole wale i ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka pono o ka PPCS-18 i kākoʻo ʻia, akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia hoʻi ka mea kūpono e ka hōʻike ʻana i kāna mau hui me ka makemake ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻIke like i kahi noi mua (Bőthe et al., 2020b), ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke alapine o OSA ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o PPU, ma muli o nā coefficients hoʻopili ma waena o ʻehā mau ʻano sub-type o OSA a me PPCS-18 mai ka liʻiliʻi a ka nui. e hōʻike nei paha e maʻalahi paha ka PPCS-18 i nā ʻano nui o ka PPU i nā pōʻaiapili Kina, ʻoiai ʻo kēia hiki ke hōʻoia i ka noi hou.

Ma waho aʻe o ke alapine o ka ʻai ʻana, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻano qualitative e like me ka ʻike i loaʻa i ka makemake i nā ponokala kiʻiʻO Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014). ʻO ka ʻike kumumanaʻo o ka ʻiʻini kahi mea maʻamau o nā ʻōpala (ʻO Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014), a pili i ka wānana i ka hanana, mālama a me ka hoʻi hou ʻana o nā ʻano hana addict ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana (ʻO Drummond, Litten, Lowman, & Hunt, 2000). Kūlike me nā haʻawina i hala (ʻO Gola a me Potenza, 2016, ʻO Young et al., 2000), nā helu olakino noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ʻole a me nā lawena moe kolohe i koi ʻia me nā helu PPCS kiʻekiʻe aʻe. Hōʻike paha kēia mau hopena e aʻoaʻo paha e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻiʻini, nā mea olakino noʻonoʻo, a me ka hoʻohana koʻikoʻi i ka kānana ʻana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana iā PPU (Brand, Rumpf et al., 2020).

13. Pūnaewele o nā hōʻailona PPU i ke kaiāulu a me nā kāne subclinical

E like me ka noi o kahi ala pūnaewele i ka moekolohe (Werner et al., 2018), ua noi mākou i kēia ala i PPU i mea e nānā ai inā hōʻike ka PPCS-18 i nā pilina like a i ʻole i waena o nā laʻana like ʻole. ʻO nā topologies pūnaewele laulā o nā laʻana ʻekolu e hōʻike ana i nā pilina ma waena o nā kāʻei o ka PPCS-18 hiki i nā ʻokoʻa pili i ka moʻomeheu. I nā kāne Kina, ua pili maikaʻi ʻole ke kumu hakakā me ka salience, ʻoiai i nā kāne Hungarian, ʻaʻole pili ka salience i ka hakakā. I ka hui like ʻana me nā loli nui o ka nohona i loko o nā makahiki he hala i hala aku nei ma Kina, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe Kina e hoʻohewa nei i nā ʻano moekolohe conservative, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe e wehewehe nei i ka moekolohe me ka moekolohe, a ma kahi o lākou, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻokalakupua i ke koʻikoʻi o ka leʻaleʻa wahine.Lin, 2018, Wong, 2014). I ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa, he kāne nā mea komo. I ka moʻohelu ʻana i nā palapala moekolohe ma Kina, paipai ʻia nā kāne e alualu i ka moekolohe a hōʻike i nā ʻano moekolohe i ʻae ʻia.Zheng et al., 2011). No laila, ke kau ʻia ka manaʻo o nā kāne i ka ponokala kiʻi, ʻaʻole paha lākou e ʻike i ka hakakā. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kaupalena ʻia ka loiloi o ka ʻāpana "paio" ma ka PPCS i ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao āpau o ka hakakā (e like me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola moekolohe) a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia o nā kikoʻī nui o ka hakakā (e like me ka hakakā interpersonal) (ʻO Fernandez & Griffiths, 2019). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kumu kikoʻī no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne Kina a me Hungarian i nā pilina ma waena o ka hakakā a me ke kūmau e pono ai ke aʻo hou ʻana, i hāʻawi ʻia i nā kumu e like me ka ʻae ʻana i ka nohona a me nā lula aupuni o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā ponokala ma waena o nā mana.

Hoʻohui ʻia, ua kuhi ka centrality i nā ʻeono o ka PPCS-18 i hōʻike ʻia i ka haʻalele ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi i loko o nā laʻana ʻekolu. Wahi a ka ikaika, pili, a me waena o nā hopena ma waena o nā haumāna subclinical, hāʻawi nui ke ahonui, ʻo ia ka lua o ka haʻalele ʻana. Hōʻike kēia mau manaʻo he mea nui ka huki a me ke ahonui i nā subclinical kanaka. ʻO ke ahonui a me ka haʻalele ʻana i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he pae hoʻohālikelike kino e pili ana i nā mea maʻa (Himmelsbach, 1941). ʻO nā manaʻo e like me ke ahonui a me ka haʻalele ʻana e lilo i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana i PPU (de Alarcón et al., 2019, ʻO Fernandez lāua ʻo Griffiths, 2019). Griffiths (2005) postulated i ke ahonui a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā ʻōuli e pono e loaʻa i kekahi ʻano lawena e manaʻo ʻia he mea hōʻāpā. Kākoʻo kā mākou kālailai i ka manaʻo o ka haʻalele ʻana a me nā kāʻei hoʻomanawanui he mea nui ia no ka PPU. Kūlike me ka manaʻo o Reid (ʻO Reid, 2016), nā hōʻike o ke ahonui a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā mea maʻi me nā ʻano moekolohe koʻikoʻi ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo ai i ka moekolohe ʻana i nā moe kolohe e like me ka hoʻohiluhilu.

14. Nā kaupalena a me nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana

ʻAʻole kū ka haʻawina o kēia manawa me ka palena ʻole. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe. ʻO ka lua, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻike e hoʻohana ana i nā ana hōʻike ponoʻī; no laila, ka hilinaʻi o nā hopena pili i ka hoʻopono a me ka pololei o nā mea pane a me ko lākou ʻike i nā mea. ʻO ke kolu, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai RMSEA i nā laikini subclinical, e hōʻoia ana i ka noiʻi hou. Hoʻopili wale nā ​​mea komo i nā kāne he 18-48 mau makahiki wale nō; no laila, e nānā hou ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka PPCS-18 i nā heluna makua a me nā wahine. ʻAʻole maopopo ia inā e hoʻohuli ʻia nā ʻokoʻa pili i ka wahine e nā moʻomeheu a i ʻole nā ​​mana. No laila, pono i kahi noiʻi hou e hōʻoia i ka PPCS-18 ma o nā laʻana like ʻole, e like me nā wahine, nā hui makahiki like ʻole, a me nā moʻomeheu a me nā mana. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua loaʻa ka pūʻulu subclinical i aʻo ʻia mai kahi pūnaewele pūnaewele. ʻO ka laulā e hiki ai i nā mea i loaʻa ke hoʻonui ʻia i nā hoʻonohonoho ʻē aʻe (e laʻa, nā mea e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke alo a he alo) e pono ai e hoʻopaʻa hou.

15. Nā hopena

ʻO ka PPCS-18 he mau waiwai psychometric ikaika i nā kāne kaiāulu mai Hungary a me Kina, a me nā kāne subclinical mai Kina i hōʻike i ka hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻole ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi. No laila, he ʻano kūpono a hilinaʻi hoʻi ka PPCS-18 e loiloi i ka PPU ma waena o nā mana komohana a me ka Hikina a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i waena o nā poʻe subclinical. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā pilina ma waena o nā kikowaena PPCS-18 ke hōʻike i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā heluna like ʻole, a ke hōʻike nei nā mea i loaʻa i kēia manawa he mea nui ka haʻalele a me ke ahonui i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana ma PPU. ʻO ka ʻike i mua e ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ma o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā subclinical a me nā laʻana kaiāulu ma Kina, e hoʻonui nei i ka laulaha o ka PPCS-18, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pilina ma waena o nā kāʻei ʻōuli ma nā moʻomeheu.

hoʻolako 'ia o

Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka noiʻi e ka National Social Science Foundation o Kina (Grant No. 19BSH117 a me CEA150173) a me ka Project Reform Project o ka moku ʻo Fujian (FBJG20170038). Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo BB e kahi makana pili kia postdoctoral e Team SCOUP - Moekolohe a me nā Couples - Fonds de recherche du Québec, Société et Culture. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ʻo ZD e ka Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Grant number: KKP126835, NKFIH-1157-8 / 2019-DT). Kākoʻo ʻia ke komo ʻana o MNP e ka National Center for Responsible Gaming ma o ka Center of Excellence Grant. ʻAʻohe o nā keʻena kālā i hoʻokomo i ka ʻike o ka palapala a me nā manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka palapala e hōʻike i ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau a ʻaʻole pono kēlā o nā ʻoihana kālā.

Kōkua hihia

ʻAʻole hoʻolaha nā mea kākau i ka hakakā o ka hoihoi e pili ana i ka ʻike o kēia palapala.

Nā kūmole i kiʻi ʻole ʻia

Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2019, ʻO Bőthe et al., I ka paʻi, Bőthe et al., 2020, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2020, Bőthe et al., 2018, Brand et al., 2019, Brand et al., 2019.