2021 Apr 2.
- PMID: 33822748
- DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
Ke kumu a me nā manaʻo
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi, ʻoiai he pilikia ʻole no ka hapanui, hiki ke ulu aʻe e like me ke ʻano o ke kūpikipiki i kapa ʻia ma ke ʻano koʻikoʻi me ke ʻano o ka maʻi moekolohe koʻikoʻi i ka ICD-11 (WHO, 2018). ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noi ʻana e noiʻi i ka reactivity-kikoʻī reactivity i nā kuhi i mea e ʻike pono ai i nā ʻano hana i ka ulu ʻana o kēia maʻi.
Nā Papahana
Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi hana hoʻomālua hoʻōla Hoʻonā Hoʻoikaika e hoʻopaʻa i ka hana o ka lolo i nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ka wā e kakali nei (me nā kuhi e wānana nei i nā wikiō ponokala, e mālama i nā wikiō a i ʻole wikiō) a me kahi manawa lawe e like me nā kāne olakino. Hoʻohālikelike i nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi.
Results
Ua hōʻike nā hopena o nā kāne he 74 i nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ka makana (amygdala, dorsal cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal Cortex, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, putamen, caudate nucleus, a me nā insula) i hana nui ʻia e nā wikiō hoʻonaninani a me nā hōʻike kolohe ma mua o ka kāohi i nā wikiō a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōuli. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mākou kahi pilina ma waena o kēia mau hana a me nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia, ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi, a i ʻole me ke ʻano o ka moekolohe.
Nā kūkā a me nā hopena
ʻO ka hana ma nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ka makana i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka moekolohe a me nā ʻōuli e hōʻike ana ua holomua ka optimization ʻana o ka Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Hoʻoikaika wahine. Maliʻa paha, ʻo nā hui ma waena o ka hana lolo e pili ana i ka uku a me nā mea kuhikuhi no ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokalaʻi a pathological paha i kahi mau laʻana me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pae a ʻaʻole i kahi ʻāpana olakino i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia noi.
Hoʻokomo
Hoʻonui ākea ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ponokala pūnaewele i ka lehulehu.Blais-Lecours, Vaillancourt-Morel, Sabourin, & Godbout, 2016; ʻO Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020; Martyniuk, Okolski, & Dekker, 2019). ʻOiai ka hapanui e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana o nā kiʻi pono ʻole o nā kiʻi pono ʻole, i loko o kekahi mau mea me ke kaumaha, ʻike ʻia ka nele o ka kaohi, a me ka hiki ʻole e hōʻemi i ka hana me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (ma kahi o 8%, e hilinaʻi ana i nā pae i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻO Cooper, Scherer, Boies, & Gordon, 1999; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). ʻO nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi me ka masturbation ka hana maʻamau maʻamau i waena o nā kānaka me nā moekolohe moekolohe.Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Reid et al., 2012; Wordecha et al., 2018). No ka manawa mua, ka ʻO ka Hui Ola Ola (WHO) ua ho'ākāka 'ia i ho'ākāka' ana diagnostical pae hoʻohālikelike no kēia mau symptomsuli i ka mana 11th o ka International Classification of Disorder (ICD-11) ma lalo o ka manawa ʻO kaʻinoʻino i nā moe kolohe (CSBD, Hui Ola Ola, 2018). No ka ʻike ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā porn a me nā pilikia pilikia, pono e wehewehe ʻia nā kumu neurobiological.
ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho kūpono ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia i kumuhana kontroversial, ua hōʻike nā hopena neuros Scientific i ke kokoke i nā maʻi hōʻino (Aloha, Laier, Brand, Hatch, & Hajela, 2015; ʻO Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018). Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo Robinson lāua ʻo Berridge i kā lāua Incory Sensitization Theory no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hōʻalo pehea ka hopena ʻana o ka lāʻau i alakaʻi ʻia i nā hoʻololi neuroadaptive i loko o nā kaola makana (Robinson & Berridge, 1993, 2008). I ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻōnaehana, hoʻonui ka pane i nā ʻōuli ("makemake") a ʻo ka hopena i makemake ʻia o ka lawe lāʻau ʻana ("makemake") e hōʻemi paha. No laila, ka cue reactivity e hoʻopuni ana i ka naʻau, ka lawena, ka physiological a me ka noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo i nā stimulus e pili ana i nā mea hōʻalo (Berridge & Robinson, 2016; ʻO Tiffany & Wray, 2012) he manaʻo nui e wehewehe i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi lāʻau i kekahi manawa a i ka hoʻohana naʻau (Brand et al., 2019; Koob & Volkow, 2010; Volkow, Koob, & McLellan, 2016).
ʻO nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea maʻi me nā maʻi e pili ana i nā mea like ʻole i loaʻa i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka reactivity i loko o ka ventral striatum, ka dorsal striatum, ka cingulate mua (ACC), ka orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC), ka insula a me ka amygdala i nā mea pili i ka lāʻau (Jasinska, Stein, Kaiser, Naumer, & Yalachkov, 2014; Kühn & Gallinat, 2011a; Stippekohl et al., 2010; Zilverstand, Huang, Alia-Klein, & Goldstein, 2018). E pili ana i nā hana lawena, aia kekahi mau loiloi e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana i nā wahi pili i ka uku i nā kuhi pili i ka hoʻōla.Antons, Brand, & Potenza, 2020; Fauth-Bühler, Mann, & Potenza, 2017; Starcke, Antons, Trotzke, & Brand, 2018; ʻO Van Holst, van den Brink, Veltman, & Goudriaan, 2010). Inā paha e like nā hana e pili ana i ka CSBD me nā ʻano hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau a me nā ʻano mea pili i ka lawena he mea ia o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻepekema.
Hōʻike kekahi mau loiloi i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana o ka ventral a me ka dorsal striatum, OFC, ACC, insula, caudate nucleus, putamen, amygdala, thalamus, a me hypothalamus i nā mea komo i ke olakino ke nānā aku i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka wahine.ʻO Georgiadis & Kringelbach, 2012; Poeppl, Langguth, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2014; ʻO Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012). Hoʻohui ʻia, aia kekahi mau noiʻi e pili ana i nā pane neural i nā kuhi e wānana nei i ka VSS akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻike moekolohe (eg, Banca et al., 2016: nā lau kala; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016: nā kala kala; Stark et al., 2019: mahele-wehewehe huaʻōlelo). Pane ka lolo i kēia mau hōʻailona ma mua o VSS (ʻO Banca et al., 2016; Klucken et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2019) like me nā pane i VSS (ventral striatum, OFC, occipital cortex, insula, putamen, thalamus). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā poʻe me nā ponokala kiʻi pilikia (PPU) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka poʻe komo i ka hōʻike i hoʻonui i ka amygdala reactivity i nā kiʻi geometric e pili ana me VSS (Klucken et al., 2016). Ke hoʻohana nei iā VSS ma ke ʻano he kihi, Voon et al. (2014) ʻike i nā pane kiʻekiʻe i ka cingulate mua dorsal, striatum ventral a me amygdala o nā poʻe me PPU. ʻO kēia mau hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka reactivity i nā kuhi e wānana nei iā VSS i nā kānaka me PPU e kūlike me nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e kiʻi ʻia mai ka Theory Sensitization Theory.
No ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea hōʻalo, ʻo ka Monetary Incitive Delay Task (MIDT) kahi mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e nānā i nā pane neural i hoʻololi ʻia i nā cues a me nā stimulus (Balodis & Potenza, 2015). Hoʻomaka ka MIDT me kahi manawa anticipatory e hōʻike ai nā ʻōuli inā loaʻa ka lanakila kālā a i ʻole ke eo i ke kaʻina hana e hiki mai ana. I ka wā mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia hana e loiloi i ka laulā o ka uku ma ka ʻāpiki ʻana, akā naʻe, nā hopena kūlike ʻole e pili ana i ka anticipatory a me ka pae lawe (Balodis & Potenza, 2015; Beck et al., 2009; Bustamante et al., 2014; Jia et al., 2011; ʻO Nestor, Hester, & Garavan, 2010). E nānā i ka cue reactivity i PPU, kahi mana i hoʻololi ʻia o ka MIDT i hoʻokumu ʻia (ʻO Knutson, Fong, Adams, Varner, & Hommer, 2001; ʻO Knutson, Westdorp, Kaiser, & Hommer, 2000) ua noi ʻia: Ka Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Hana Hoʻoikaika wahine (SIDT) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻailona moekolohe a me nā uku. ʻEkolu mau haʻawina i hoʻohana i nā hana hoʻolohi hoʻonāukiuki me nā ʻōuli moekolohe a me nā makana i kēia manawa (ʻO Gola et al., 2017; Sescousse, Li, & Dreher, 2015; ʻO Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher, 2010). Ua ʻimi ʻo Sescousse a me nā hoapili i nā ʻano hana like ʻole e pili ana i nā makana erotika a me ke kālā i nā mākua olakino a ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka OFC a me ka amygdala ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāina i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā uku eroticSescousse et al., 2010). Gola a me nā hoapili (2017) hoʻohālikelike i nā kāne me PPU a me ka hoʻomalu i nā kāne e pili ana i kā lākou hana lolo i kahi MIDT / SIDT i hui pū ʻia. ʻOiai ua hōʻike ka poʻe o ka PPU i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana i ka ventral striatum no nā kuhi e wānana ana i nā uku moekolohe, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻokoʻa mai nā kaohi e pili ana i ka hana o ka lolo i nā uku moekolohe. Kūlike me ka Manaʻo Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike, hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā mea kākau no ka hoʻonui ʻia o "makemake" o nā makana moekolohe i nā poʻe komo o ka PPU ʻoiai ka "makemake" o nā mea hoʻonāukiuki e hoʻomau ʻole ʻia.
ʻOiai ʻo nā haʻawina ma mua e hoʻohana nei iā SIDT e hoʻohiki nui e pili ana i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i ka cue reactivity e pili ana i nā kolohe a me nā makana i nā poʻe olakino a me nā poʻe me PPU, aia kekahi mau ʻano hana e kūkākūkā ʻia. E pili ana i ka kūwaho kūwaho, ua hoʻohana nā noiʻi ma mua i nā kiʻi kūpaʻa ma kahi o nā wikiō, ʻoiai nā ʻano hope loa o ke ʻano o nā kiʻi pono kiʻi (Solano, Eaton, & O'Leary, 2020). E pili ana i ke ʻano kaohi, ua hoʻohana nā noiʻi ma mua i nā mana scrambled o VSS ma ke ʻano he mana hoʻomalu (ʻO Gola et al., 2017; Sescousse et al., 2010, 2015). No laila, ʻokoʻa nā kūlana hoʻokolohua a me nā kaohi e pili ana i kekahi mau ʻano (naturalistic setting vs. abstract pattern, image Resolution, human portrayal vs. non-human portrayal). Nīnau ʻia inā hōʻike kēia mau mea hoʻonāukiuki i nā stimulate control optimal. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i nā pictograms o nā wahine ʻōlohelohe e like me nā hōʻailona. Ma kēia ʻano ʻaʻole hiki i nā kuhikuhi ke loaʻa wale kahi waiwai wānana, akā hōʻike pū i ka ʻike moekolohe. Eia hou, he mea kōkua e nānā i ka hopena o nā mea pilikia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi CSBD, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai nā mea e pili ana: nā pilikia pilikino i hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala.Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013), ka manawa e nānā ana i nā kiʻi pono ʻole (Kühn & Gallinat, 2014) a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻano moekolohe (Baranowski, Vogl, & Stark, 2019; Kagerer et al., 2014; Klucken et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2018; Strahler, Kruse, Wehrum-Osinsky, Klucken, & Stark, 2018).
No laila, ʻo nā pahuhopu o kēia noi nā mea penei: (1) Makemake mākou e hoʻokumu i kahi SIDT i hoʻonui ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma kahi o nā kiʻi kūpaʻa. Ua manaʻo mākou i nā ʻano o ka hana i ka wā i kakali ai a me ka pae hāʻawi e like me nā hopena o nā noi mua e hōʻike ana i ke komo ʻana o ACC, OFC, thalamus, insula, amygdala, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate, a me putamen. (2) Makemake mākou e nānā i ka nui o nā kumu pilikia no ka CSBD (hōʻike ponoʻī ʻo PPU, ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi, a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻano moekolohe) e pili ana i nā hana neural i ka wā e kakali ai a me ka manawa e hāʻawi ai i kahi non-clinical hāpana Wahi a ka Manaʻo Hoʻonāukiuki Hoʻoikaika o ʻO Robinson a me Berridge (1993), ua manaʻo mākou i ka neural hana o nā wahi lolo i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna i ka wā e kakali pono ai ka pae o ka SIDT me kēia mau pilikia pilikia. E like me ke aʻo ʻana o ʻO Gola et al. (2017), ua manaʻo mākou i nā hana neural o nā wahi i ʻōlelo ʻia i luna i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana ʻaʻole e hoʻopili ʻia me kēia mau kumu pilikia.
Nā Papahana
i komo
He kanahikukumamāwalu mau kāne olakino heterosexual ma waena o 18 a me 45 mau makahiki i kiʻi ʻia ma o nā papa inoa leka uila, nā paʻi a me nā hoʻolaha nūhou. Ua kāpae ʻia ʻelua mau mea komo ma muli o nā pilikia loea, ʻelua ma muli o nā kiʻi kiʻi a hoʻokahi no ka neuroanatomy atypical. ʻO ka laʻana hope loa he 73 mau kāne me ka makahiki mean 25.47 (SD = 4.44) mau makahiki. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea komo (n = 65; 89.04%) he mau haumāna. He kanakolukumamākolu (45.21%) nā mea komo a he hoʻokahi, 36 (49.32%) i noho i kahi pilina aloha a ʻehā (5.48%) nā mea komo i male. Iwakāluakūmāhā (32.88%) nā mea komo i wehewehe iā lākou iho me he haipule ("Kuhi ʻoe i kahi hoʻomana a hoʻomana paha?" "ʻAe" / "ʻaʻole"). Ua noi ʻia nā pae hoʻohālikelike e pili nei: ka ʻole o nā maʻi somatic / noʻonoʻo i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe psychotherapeutic / pharmacological o kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hoʻohana ʻino o ka wai ʻona / nikotine, ʻaʻohe kumu hoʻohālikelike no fMRI, a me ka mākaukau ma ka ʻōlelo Kelemania.
Ke Kaʻina hana
Ma ke komo hoʻopaʻa ʻana, ua pūlima ka poʻe komo i kahi palapala ʻae i hoʻomaopopo ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia manawa mai kahi noiʻi nui e noiʻi ana i nā hopena o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma ka hana VSS ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi i kahi kūlana hoʻomalu. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻikepili mai kēia papahana. Klein ma. (2020) ua nānā i ka hopena o ka makemake o kēlā me kēia i ka neural reactivity i VSS. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā anamanaʻo e pili pono ana nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ka uku me ka helu helu pākahi o ka VSS a pili pono kēia hoʻopili me ka pae o PPU. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻae ʻia nā mea komo mai ka moʻohelu o kēia manawa i ke ʻano hoʻomalu a ua hana ʻia i kahi mana placebo non-stressful o ka Trier Social Stress Test (placebo TSST, 15 min, ʻO Het, Rohleder, Schoofs, Kirschbaum, & Wolf, 2009) ma mua o ka nānā ʻana o MRI. Aia i loko o kēia hōʻike nā hana noʻonoʻo maʻalahi ʻelua (kahi ʻōlelo manuahi a me ka helu noʻonoʻo maʻalahi) ʻaʻole e hoʻoulu i ke ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka noʻonoʻo a i ʻole nā kaha physiological i nā mea komo, no laila ʻaʻole e manaʻo ʻia ka hopena ma ka SIDT aʻe. Ma hope o ka placebo TSST, ua komo ka poʻe i komo i ka SIDT. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka scanner, ua helu wale nā mea i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i loko o kahi keʻena kaʻawale e hōʻoia i ka pilikino a me ka pono o ka helu. Ua ʻohiʻohi ʻikepili ʻia kahi ʻikepili o ka nīnau nīnau kanaka a me nā nīnau pili ʻole i ka wahine ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka TSST (ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 45 min) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele SoSci Survey ma ka Pūnaewele. Ma hope o ka ʻimi ʻana o MRI, hāʻawi ʻia ka manawa i nā mea komo e helu i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a hoʻopiha i nā nīnau hou (e pili ana i 60 min).
Pākuhi
Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Kolohe
Ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi SIDT i loaʻa mai ka MIDT i hoʻokumu ʻia (Knutson et al., 2001). Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā makana kālā i kēia noi e nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻeono kekona lōʻihi i hōʻike ʻia me ke kani ʻole a hōʻike paha iā VSS (Klip VSS), wikiō lomilomi ʻole moekolohe (pāheona kaohi) a i ʻole kahi pale ʻeleʻele (kekahi). ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā wikiō lomilomi i hōʻoia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona (ka launa pū ʻana, ka ʻōlohelohe hapa, ka neʻe ʻana o ka mele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hōʻike ana iā VSS. I kahi loiloi mua, ua helu ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni āpau e pili ana i ka ʻoluʻolu (mai "1" = "ʻoluʻolu ʻole" a "9" = "ʻoluʻolu loa") a me ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka moekolohe (mai "1" = "ʻaʻole e hoʻāla iki." iā "9" = "hoʻonāukiuki loa") e kahi hōʻailona kūʻokoʻa o 58 mau kāne male ʻole. Ua unuhi ʻia nā waiwai ma luna o 5 ma ke ʻano he kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻina 21 VSS i ka hoʻopaʻa maoli ʻana i nā helu awelika o ka valence kiʻekiʻe (M = 6.20, SD = 1.12) a me ka hoʻonāukiuki kiʻekiʻe (M = 6.29, SD = 1.34 i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina mua, ʻoiai ka helu waena a kiʻekiʻe paha no ka valence (M = 5.44, SD = 0.97) a me nā helu haʻahaʻa no ka hoʻonāukiuki i ka moekolohe (M = 1.86, SD = 0.81) i hōʻike ʻia no nā kiʻiona 21 kāohi. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia kiʻi paʻi kiʻi i hoʻokahi manawa i ka wā o ka hana. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokolohua me ka pūʻulu polokalamu Presentation (Mana 17.0, Neurobeh behavioral Systems, Inc, USA) a mau ma kahi o 20 min. Ua hoʻokomo ka SIDT i nā hoʻokolohua 63 e pili ana i kahi pae kali a me kahi manawa hāʻawi me nā kūlana ʻekolu (21 × VSS, 21 × kaohi, 21 × kekahi).
I ka wā e kakali ai, ʻekolu mau helu geometric ʻokoʻa, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona e hoʻolaha ana i ka pakuhi VSS (CueVSS), ke kiʻi kaohi (CueNa Makuahine) a i ʻole kahi pale ʻeleʻele (CueNone, e nānā hoʻi Laau. 1). ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kiʻi geometric i nā hopena kūpono (VSS clip, clip clip, ʻaʻohe) i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā mea komo. Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā kiʻi geometric ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona e hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hui ma mua ma waena o kēia mau hōʻailona a me VSS. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka poʻe komo e pili ana i nā hui ma waena o nā hōʻike a me nā wikiō ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua fMRI. Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia mau hui i 21 mau hoʻokolohua hoʻoikaika kino ma waho o ka scanner. Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kekahi o nā hōʻailona no 4 s, ua ukali ʻia ke keʻa paʻa no kahi wā waena interstimulus variable o 1-3 s. A laila ua hōʻike ʻia ka pahuhopu pahuhopu (keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, 200 × 200 pixel) ma waena o 16 ms (palena iki) a me 750 ms (ʻoi loa). Nānā ʻole i ke kuhi i hōʻike mua ʻia, e pane ka ʻōlelo aʻo i ka pahuhopu i ka wikiwiki e kaomi ana i ke pihi. Inā CueVSS a i ʻole CueNa Makuahine ua hele a paʻi ka poʻe i ka pihi ʻoiai ke ʻike ʻia ka stimulus target, ua "lanakila" nā mea i komo i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Ua ukali ʻia ka pahu hopu e ka hōʻike o ke keʻa hoʻopaʻa ʻē aʻe no kahi wā waena interstimulus variable o 0-2 s. Ma hope iho, ua hōʻike ʻia i nā mea komo i kahi kīʻaha VSS, kahi kāʻei kapu a i ʻole kahi pale ʻeleʻele no ka lōʻihi o 6 s. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua hoʻoikaika kino ma mua o ka nānā ʻana ua lawelawe ʻia e helu i ka awelika o nā manawa maʻamau (meanRT) a me nā hoʻohālikelike maʻamau (SDRT) e hoʻoholo i nā manawa hōʻike o ka stimulus pahuhopu (lanakila: meanRT+2 × SDRT; lanakila ʻole: MinRT–2 × SDRT). Hoʻolālā ʻia nā eo ʻana ma kahi o 71% o VSS a me nā hoʻokolohua kāohi (15 mai 21 mau hoʻāʻo), ʻoiai ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻohui ʻia me ka lanakila. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolokolo mua ʻekolu iā CueNa Makuahine, KukunaVSS, a me CueNone i ke kaʻina kaulele. Kēia CueNa Makuahine me CueVSS ua hoʻolālā mau ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma ke ʻano he lanakila lanakila. Ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua mua ʻekolu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā subblocks o 6 mau ho'āʻo i kēlā me kēia (2 × CueManaʻo, 2 × ʻImiVSS a me 2 × CueNone). Ma waena o nā hoʻāʻo lanakila (VSS lanakila i nā hoʻāʻo a i ʻole kaohi ʻana i nā hoʻāʻo lanakila) ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 5 mau hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe (ʻae ʻia nā hoʻokolohua lanakila a ʻaʻohe mau hoʻokolokolo) i ʻae ʻia. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano like i ke kiʻekiʻe o 2 manawa i ka lālani. Ua hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o ka stimulus pahuhopu ma ka pūnaewele e ka unuhi a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻana o 20 ms i kēlā me kēia inā lanakila nā mea i komo i nā hoʻokolohua i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia a i ʻole lanakila i nā hoʻokolohua i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻoia i ka helu hoʻoikaika i nā hoʻokolokolo ma hope. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo VSS a me nā hoʻokolohua kaohi, ka hopena ʻole i nā hopena e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana, ua hana hou ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻonohonoho me ka lōʻihi o ka hōʻike pahuhopu.
Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Kolohe. I ka wā e kakali ai, ua ʻike nā mea komo i kahi cue (kiʻi geometric). Ma hope o ka manawa manawa loli, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi pahuhopu no kahi manawa pōkole, kahi i noi ʻia ai i nā mea e komo e like me ka wikiwiki e kaomi ana i kahi pihi. Inā he Cue ke kuhi i ka wā e kakali aiVSS a i ʻole CueNa Makuahine, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia kahi wikiō kūlike me ka hana wikiwiki ʻana i ka pahuhopu (e nānā pū Klein et al., 2020)
Hōʻike: Ka Nūpepa o nā Hana Hoʻohā ʻĀina JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
Ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike psychometric
Ma hope o ka SIDT, ua helu nā mea komo i ko lākou pae o ka moekolohe i kēia manawa ma kahi pālau likert 9-point ʻoiai e noho ana i loko o ka scanner. Loipālākiō ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā unahi Manakin iho.Bradley & Lang, 1994) no ka valence (mai 1 = ʻoluʻolu ʻole iā 9 = ʻoluʻolu loa) a me ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka moekolohe (mai 1 = ʻaʻole e hoʻāla i ka moekolohe i 9 = hoʻāla loa i ka moekolohe) ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i ka scanner i kahi lumi ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka manawa i lilo i ka nānā ʻana iā VSS i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā ua loiloi ʻia me ka huahana "Ehia mau manawa āu i lilo ai i ka ʻai ʻana i nā ponokala kiʻi, e hoʻokumu ana i kāu pane i ka mahina i hala?". Ua hiki i nā mea komo ke koho i mau hola a me min "i kēlā me kēia mahina", "i kēlā me kēia pule" a i ʻole "i kēlā me kēia lā" e kuhikuhi i kā lākou pane. Ma mua o nā kālailai, hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano pane ʻokoʻa i "mau hola i kēlā me kēia mahina".
Ua ana ʻia ʻo PPU e nā mana Kelemania o ka hoʻowalewale hoʻowalewale pūnaewele ho'āʻo (s-IAT) (Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich, & Brand, 2013) hoʻololi ʻia no ka cybersex (s-IATanal; Laier et al., 2013) a na ka Hypersexual Behaviour Inventory (HBI; ʻO Reid, Garos, & Kamana, 2011). Ua helu ʻia ka hilinaʻi kūloko o ka ʻikepili nīnau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia no ka laʻana o kēia manawa. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea he ʻumikūmālua o ka s-IATanal Loipālākiō ʻia ma ka pālākiō Likert he 5 mau helu mai ka 1 (loa) i ka 5 (pinepine). Ka helu piha (s-IATanal hōʻuluʻulu, 12 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.90) mai ka 12 a 60. Hiki ke helu pākuʻi ʻia i ʻelua mau subscales: ka nalowale o ka hoʻomalu (6 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89) a me ka makemake (6 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.73). Aia ka HBI i nā mea he 19 i helu ʻia mai 1 (loa) i ka 5 (pinepine) me ka helu piha (HBIka huina, 19 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89) mai ka 19 a hiki i ka 95. ʻEkolu mau papahana i hiki ke helu ʻia: kaohi (8 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89), kāpili ʻana (7 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.84) a me nā hopena (4 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.76). Ua ʻae ʻia nā kūlike kūloko i nā pae maikaʻi i ka noi o kēia manawa (e ʻike i ka ʻikepili ma luna).
Ua ana ʻia ka hoʻonāukiuki ʻano e ka nīnau nīnau hoʻoikaika kino e pili ana i ka wahine (TSMQ; Stark et al., 2015). Aia nā TSMQ i nā huahana 35 e hoʻouka ana ma nā 4 subscales: ka moekolohe mehameha (10 mau mea, ʻO Cronbach's ɑ = 0.77), koʻikoʻi o ka moekolohe (15 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89), e ʻimi nei i nā moe kolohe (4 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.92), a hoʻohālikelike me nā mea ʻē aʻe (6 mau mea, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.86). Eia hou, he papa kuhikuhi maʻamau no ke ʻano hoʻoikaika wahine (TSMQkeʻano) hiki ke helu ʻia e like me ke ʻano o nā mea 35 āpau (Cronbach's ɑ = 0.91). Loipālāki ʻia kēlā me kēia mea ma ka pālau Likert 6 māka mai ka 0 (aʻole iki) i ka 5 (nui loa). Kauoha ʻia nā mea komo e pili i kā lākou ʻōlelo i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo “hoʻonāukiuki moekolohe” i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia pālākiō me nā hana moekolohe me kekahi hoa a me nā hana moekolohe mehameha. Hōʻike nā kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka moekolohe.
ʻO ka ʻike pili data
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka manawa hana ma ke ʻano he manawa ma waena o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pahu hopu a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pane. Ua nānā ʻia ka ʻikepili manawa pane no nā poʻe o waho ma o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma lalo o 100 ms a i ʻole ma luna o + 1.5 × SD no ke kūlana e pili ana i nā helu helu helu. Wahi a kēia, aia he ʻekolu o waho i loko o ka hāpana holoʻokoʻa (hoʻokahi ma ke ʻano). Ua helu ʻia nā helu helu kikoʻī me ka waiho ʻole ʻana i nā mea o waho a me nā waiwai i nalo i ka ʻikepili. ʻO nā waiwai i hala ʻole ka hopena o ka hopena a ʻaʻohe hopena i ke keʻa paʻa. Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o nā medians o nā manawa hopena ma nā hoʻokolohua kūleʻa me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā Kruskal-Wallis a me nā hoʻokolohua Dunn-Bonferroni. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā pilina a Pearson ma waena o nā manawa hopena o nā kūlana ʻekolu a me nā mea pilikia no CSBD.
Loaʻa ka ʻikepili fMRI a me ka ʻikepili helu
Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi paʻahana a me nā kiʻi anatomical e hoʻohana ana i kahi 3 Tesla kino MR tomograph (Siemens Prisma) me kahi poʻo poʻo poʻo 64-kanal. Hoʻopili ke kiʻi kiʻi i nā ʻāpana sagittal 176 T1 (ʻoki 0.9 mm; FoV = 240 mm; TR = 1.58 s; TE = 2.3 s). No ke kiʻina hana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kiʻi he 632 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina gradient echo-planar imaging (EPI) me 2 mau ʻāpana e uhi ana i ka lolo holoʻokoʻa (ka nui voxel = 36 × 3 × 3 mm; hakahaka = 3.5 mm; ka iho ʻana i lalo. loaʻa; TR = 0.5 s; TE = 2 ms; ʻaoʻao huli = 30; FoV = 75 × 192 mm2; ka nui o ka ʻōpū = 64 × 64; GRAPPA = 2). Hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kahua o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka laina AC-PC me kahi kūmole o -30 °. Palapala Helu Parametrical Mapa (SPM12, Wellcome ʻOihana o Cognitive Neurology, Ladana, UK; 2014) i hoʻokō ʻia ma Matlab Mathworks Inc., Sherbourn, MA; 2012) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka preprocessing i ka ʻikepili maka, a ʻo ka anamanaʻo pae mua a me ka lua.
ʻO ka hana mua ʻana o nā kiʻi EPI i loko o ka inoa inoa i kahi anakuhi Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), mahele, hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana a me ka unwarping, hoʻoponopono manawa ʻoki, normalization i MNI wahi maʻamau a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana me kahi hua Gaussian ma 6 mm FWHM. Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻikepili hana no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā puke i waho e hoʻohana ana i kahi ala manuahi no ka ʻikepili skewed (Schweckendiek et al., 2013). Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēlā me kēia hopena i waho o ka voluma i loko o ke ana laina laulā (GLM) ma ke ʻano he regressor o ka hoihoi ʻole. ʻO kēlā me kēia kūlana hoʻokolohua (CueVSS, CueNa Makuahine, CueNone, DeliveryVSS, NoDeliveryVSS, HaliʻiNa Makuahine, NoDeliveryNa Makuahine, NoDeliveryNone a pahuhopu) ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma ke ʻano he regressor o ka hoihoi. Hoʻopili ʻia nā regresors āpau me ka hana pane hemodynamic canonical. ʻEono mau neʻe neʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ke ʻano he covariates me ka hoʻohui i nā regressors no nā puke kū i waho i ʻike ʻia. Ua kānana ʻia ka moʻo o ka manawa me kahi kānana pass kiʻekiʻe (ka manawa mau = 128 s).
Ma ka pae pae, ua nānā ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ʻelua. CueVSS-CueNa Makuahine a me ka hoʻouna ʻanaVSS-ʻO ka hoʻounaNa Makuahine. Laʻana hoʻokahi t-nā hoʻokolohua a me nā laina laina me nā mea hou aʻe e like me nā wānana i hana ʻia me nā mea ʻokoʻa: s-IATanal, HBI, manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi (mau hola i kēlā me kēia mahina), a me TSMQ. No ka TSMQ a no ka HBI, hana ʻia nā regresion he nui i loaʻa nā subscales āpau i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā hoʻoponopono laina no ka nui o ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ponokala kiʻi a no ka s-IATanal.
Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā aniani ROI ma ka pae voxel me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (SVC) me P <0.05 (hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hemahema ʻohana: FWE-hoʻoponopono). Ua koho ʻia ʻo Caudate, NAcc, putamen, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), amygdala, insula, OFC, a me thalamus ma ke ʻano he ROI no ka mea ua hōʻike mua ʻia i loko o nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka cue reactivity a me ka hana VSS (Ruesink & Georgiadis, 2017; Stoléru et al., 2012). Ua hana ʻia nā masks ROI anatomical ROI no OFC a me dACC ma MARINA (Walter et al., 2003); ua lawe ʻia nā pale ʻē aʻe āpau mai ka Harvard Oxford Cortical Atlas (HOC). Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻaoʻao hema a ʻākau o kahi ROI i hoʻokahi mask. No kēia mau ROI ʻewalu, ua alakaʻi ʻia nā anamanaʻo ma ka pae voxel me P <0.05 FWE-hoʻoponopono.
Ua helu mākou i nā hoʻoponopono laina o nā helu nīnau a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i ka CueVSS– ʻIkeNa Makuahine ʻokoʻa a me ka lawe ʻanaVSS-ʻO ka hoʻounaNa Makuahine ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā voxels nui wale (SVC, FWE-i hoʻoponopono ʻia) mai ka laʻana hoʻokahi t- ho'āʻo ma waena o nā ROI kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no SVC. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ROI liʻiliʻi no ka loiloi regression. Nānā i nā anamanaʻo holoʻokoʻa exploratory (FWE-i hoʻoponopono ʻia) i ke kālailai ROI.
nā mea pono
Ua ʻae ʻia ke aʻo ʻana e ke komite kūmole kūloko a ua alakaʻi ʻia e like me ka ʻōlelo 1964 a Helsinki a me kāna mau hoʻoponopono hou. Ua ʻae ʻae nā poʻe a pau i ka ʻae ma mua o ka hōʻike. Loaʻa i kahi kauka neurological e wehewehe i ka manaʻo neuroanatomical abnormalities.
Results
Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻona
1 Pūnaewele hōʻuluʻulu i nā helu helu wehewehe. ʻO nā hoʻopili Bivariate ma waena o nā nīnau ninaninau i hana i nā hoʻopili waena-ikaika e hōʻike ana i nā ʻikepili āpau a me nā mahele o nā kūkulu like ʻole (e nānā Laau. 2).
1 Pūnaewele.ʻO nā ana psychometric a me nā helu helu o nā wikiō moekolohe a me ka hoʻomalu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana hoʻolohi hoʻonāukiuki wahine (N = 73)
| Mean (SD) | huahelu | ||
| s-IATanal | Loaʻa ka mana | 10.56 (4.66) | 6.00-30.00 |
| Hoʻopiʻi | 9.60 (3.44) | 6.00-26.00 | |
| s-IATanal ka helu piha | 20.16 (7.74) | 12.00-56.00 | |
| HBI | Na Makuahine | 14.86 (6.28) | 8.00-39.00 |
| Kākoʻo | 17.92 (5.48) | 7.00-32.00 | |
| Nā hopena | 6.71 (2.81) | 4.00-20.00 | |
| HBIka huina | 39.49 (11.48) | 20.00-90.00 | |
| manawaPU [h / mahina] | 6.49 (7.21) | 0.00-42.00 | |
| TSMQ | Ka moekolohe kaʻawale | 3.74 (0.68) | 1.80-5,00 |
| Ka nui o ka moekolohe | 3.82 (0.74) | 1.27-5.00 | |
| Ke ʻimi nei i nā hālāwai moe kolohe | 1.50 (1.40) | 0.00-4.75 | |
| Hoʻohālikelike me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe | 1.73 (1.10) | 0.00-4.33 | |
| TSMQkeʻano | 2.70 (0.69) | 1.05-4.35 | |
| Nā helu o nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i ka wahine | Valencia | 6.35 (1.17) | 2.14-8.67 |
| ʻO ke kolohe wahine | 6.63 (1.16) | 2.14-8.62 | |
| Nā helu o nā mea hoʻonāukiuki kaohi | Valencia | 5.51 (1.27) | 2.95-8.86 |
| ʻO ke kolohe wahine | 2.01 (0.97) | 1.00-5.00 |
'Ōlelo Aʻo: s-IATanal = mana pōkole o ka hoʻowalewale hoʻowalewale pūnaewele i hoʻololi ʻia no cybersex (Laier et al., 2013), HBI = Nānā Hypersexual Behaviour (Reid et al., 2011), ManawaPU = Noho manawa ma ka hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi; TSMQ = Nīnau Uiana Hoʻoikaika Moekolohe (Stark et al., 2015).
Intercorrelation o nā ʻano pili i ka hoʻohuihui (N = 73): s-IATanal a me HBI = hōʻuluʻulu helu no ka hoʻohana ponokala kiʻi pilikia, ManawaPU = ka manawa i lilo i nā ponokala kiʻi i ka h / mahina; TSMQ = ke kumu waiwai no ke ʻano hoʻoikaika i ka moekolohe
Hōʻike: Ka Nūpepa o nā Hana Hoʻohā ʻĀina JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
Ua hōʻike kahi hōʻike Kruskal – Wallis i nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā manawa hopena median i ka pane i ka pahuhopu i nā kūlana ʻekolu (CueNone, KukunaNa Makuahine, KukunaVSS; Χ2(2) = 12.05, P <0.01). 2 Pūnaewele hōʻuluʻulu i nā helu helu wehewehe o nā manawa hopena i ka SIDT. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua hope post hoc (Dunn – Bonferroni ho'āʻo) hōʻike ʻia ka manawa o ka hopena i ka pahuhopu i ke ʻano CueVSS ua ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka manawa hopena i ke kūlana CueNa Makuahine (z = 2.68, P <0.05, ʻo Cohen's d = -0.65) a ma ke kūlana CueNone (z = 3.35, P <0.01, ʻo Cohen's d = -0.82). Hoʻohālikelike, nā manawa hopena i ka stimulus pahuhopu i nā kūlana CueNa Makuahine a iā CueNone ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa kekahi i kekahi (z = 0.59, P = 0.56). ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā manawa hopena o nā kūlana ʻekolu a me nā mea pilikia no CSBD (āpau r <0.1, P > 0.10). CueNone ukali ʻia e 75 (4.89%) mau pane i nalo, ʻo CueNa Makuahine ukali ʻia e 51 (3.33%) mau pane e nalo ana, a me CueVSS ukali ʻia e 17 (1.11%) mau pane i hala ma waena o nā mea komo āpau.
2 Pūnaewele.Hōʻike helu helu o nā manawa kuhi i ka hana hoʻolohi hoʻonāukiuki kolohe.N = 73)
| Mediana (SD) | |
| CueVSS | 235.11 (60.94) |
| CueNa Makuahine | 296.63 (135.01) |
| CueNone | 314.42 (158.64) |
'Ōlelo Aʻo: CueʻO Vss = cue e hoʻolaha nei i kahi wikiō ponokala kiʻi, CueNa Makuahine = cue e hoʻolaha nei i kahi wikiō lomilomi, CueNone = cue e hoʻolaha nei ʻaʻole wikiō.
Nā pane Hemodynamic
Hoʻohālikelike nā ʻōuli VSS i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona hōʻailona hōʻailona i loaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka oxygen-pae kiʻekiʻe (BOLD) ma NAcc, caudate, putamen, a me insula (nā bilateral āpau), a me ka dACC kūpono a me ka thalamus. Ua loaʻa kahi pane BOLD kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma ka hema hema o kacccc a me ka OFC, i ka caudate bilateral, putamen, dACC, insula, amygdala, a me thalamus i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻina VSS i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pakalōlō (ʻike ʻia nā hopena āpau. 3 Pūnaewele a Laau. 3).
3 Pūnaewele.Nā hualoaʻa ROI no ka Cue ʻokoʻaVSS– ʻIkeNa Makuahine a me ka hoʻouna ʻanaVSS-ʻO ka hoʻounaNa Makuahine (Hoʻokahi Laʻana t-tests) me ka nui o ka huhui (k) a me nā helu helu (FWE-hoʻoponopono; N = 73)
| Akä naÿe | 'ole | aoao | x | y | z | k | Tmax | P'ō |
| CueVSS– ʻIkeNa Makuahine | NAcc | L | -6 | 8 | -4 | 77 | 8.71 | |
| R | 8 | 10 | -4 | 65 | 7.50 | |||
| caudate | L | -8 | 10 | 2 | 449 | 9.66 | ||
| R | 10 | 14 | 4 | 476 | 8.18 | |||
| putamen | L | -16 | 8 | -2 | 774 | 6.72 | ||
| R | 24 | 2 | 4 | 766 | 7.42 | |||
| dACC | R | 12 | 16 | 36 | 1,697 | 10.77 | ||
| mokupuni | L | -34 | 14 | 6 | 592 | 9.43 | ||
| R | 38 | 14 | 4 | 604 | 8.65 | |||
| kaumalam | R | 8 | -2 | 0 | 2,164 | 8.91 | ||
| DeliveryVSS-ʻO ka hoʻounaNa Makuahine | NAcc | L | -8 | 14 | -8 | 69 | 9.49 | |
| caudate | L | -12 | -6 | 18 | 56 | 4.24 | ||
| R | 16 | -16 | 22 | 71 | 5.32 | |||
| putamen | L | -18 | 12 | -10 | 314 | 6.58 | ||
| R | 32 | -12 | -10 | 63 | 7.28 | |||
| dACC | L | -2 | 20 | 28 | 953 | 5.43 | ||
| R | 4 | 4 | 32 | 953 | 9.19 | |||
| amygdala | L | -22 | -4 | -16 | 232 | 10.71 | ||
| R | 20 | -4 | -14 | 280 | 12.20 | |||
| mokupuni | L | -36 | -4 | 14 | 517 | 9.52 | ||
| R | 38 | 2 | -16 | 476 | 9.19 | |||
| OFC | L | -6 | 44 | -18 | 2,825 | 17.45 | ||
| kaumalam | L | -20 | -30 | -2 | 1,747 | 25.67 | ||
| R | 20 | -28 | 0 | 1,747 | 24.08 |
ʻO ka hana ROI no ka Cue ʻokoʻaVSS– ʻIkeNa Makuahine (A) a me ka lawe ʻanaVSS-ʻO ka hoʻounaNa Makuahine (B). ʻO nā laina ma ka ʻāpana sagittal ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau e hōʻike i nā ʻāpana coronal i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hema. Nā ʻelele e hōʻailona ana iā VSS (CueVSS) ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻōuli hōʻailona hōʻailona lomilomi (CueNa Makuahine) ua loaʻa i kahi pane BOLD kiʻekiʻe i putamen, NAcc, caudate, a me insula. Nā wikiō VSS (Ka lawe ʻanaVSS) hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kaha lomilomi (Ka lawe ʻanaNa Makuahine) ua loaʻa i kahi pane BOLD kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma thalamus, insula, amygdala, putamen, a me OFC. Hōʻike ʻia t-paepae nā waiwai i t <5
Hōʻike: Ka Nūpepa o nā Hana Hoʻohā ʻĀina JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi o ka lolo holoʻokoʻa i nā pane hemodynamic kiʻekiʻe aʻe i kahi pūlulu mau me nā ʻāpana nui o ka lolo no ka ʻokoʻa CueVSS hoʻohālikelike ʻia iā CueNa Makuahine (Ka nui o ka hui k = 174,054 voxel) a hou no ka ʻokoʻa HōʻeaVSS hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka lawe ʻanaNa Makuahine (k = 134,654)
Nā kumu pilikia no ka CSBD a me nā pane hemodynamic
ʻAʻohe o nā loiloi regression e pili ana i nā loulou ma waena o nā mea pilikia no CSBD (hōʻike ponoʻī iā PPU, ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi, a me ka hoʻoikaika i ka moekolohe) a me nā hana neural discriminative i kekahi ROI i ka wā e kakali nei (CueVSS– ʻIkeNa Makuahine) a i ʻole ka pae lawe (laweVSS-ʻO ka hoʻounaNa Makuahine) hāʻawi i kekahi hopena koʻikoʻi. Hōʻike 4 hōʻike i nā hui ma waena o kēia mau pilikia a me ka haʻalele ʻana o ka nucleus accumbens i ka hana kiʻekiʻe voxel.
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka hana hema vousel accumbens 'hana kiʻekiʻe voxel a me s-IATsex, HBI, ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ponokala kiʻi i ka h / mahina (ManawaPU) a me nā helu helu o ka TSMQ i ka manawa o ke kakali (pae kiʻekiʻe, NAcc [-6 8 -4]) a me ka pae lawe (laina lalo, NAcc [-8 14 -8]) o ka Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Hoʻoikaika Hana Kolohe (N = 73)
Hōʻike: Ka Nūpepa o nā Hana Hoʻohā ʻĀina JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
kūkākūkā
ʻO ka pahuhopu mua o kēia hōʻike e noiʻi i ka hana lolo e pili ana i ka makana i ka wā o ke kakali a me ka manawa o ka lawe ʻana o VSS i kahi laʻana nui ʻole lapaʻau e hoʻohana ana i kahi SIDT. Ua ʻike mākou i ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o nā wikiō ponokala a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā hōʻike ma mua o nā wikiō ponokala kiʻi e pili ana me ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ka lolo ma nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ka uku. hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā wikiō lomilomi a i ʻole nā hōʻailona ma mua o nā wikiō massage. Kūlike kā mākou mau hopena me nā hopena o Sescousse et al. (2015, 2010), nāna i hoʻohālikelike i ka neural pane i ka VSS a me nā non-VSS stimulus (ʻaneʻi kālā) nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i kahi laʻana o nā kāne olakino i ka manawa o kahi hana hoʻolohi hoʻonāukiuki. E pili ana i ka pane o ka lolo i nā hōʻailona VSS, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi hana kiʻekiʻe i ka striatum ventral me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana o ka uku. I ka wā o ka lawe ʻana, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi hana lolo kikoʻī i uku ʻia i VSS ma kekahi ʻāpana o ka OFC a me ka amygdala pili. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ʻike lākou i nā wahi i pili i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano makana ʻelua (ventral striatum, midbrain, ACC, anterior insula).
Ua hōʻike ka ʻikepili hana i ka wikiwiki o ka manawa pane i nā pahuhopu pahuhopu i ke ʻano hōʻike i nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi ma mua o nā kūlana me nā kāohi a i ʻole nā hōʻike e hōʻike ʻole i kahi wikiō. Hōʻike kēia i ka manaʻolana o VSS e hoʻoulu i ka ʻōnaehana kaʻa, kahi e kahakaha ai i ka waiwai hoʻoikaika nui o VSS.
ʻO ka pahuhopu ʻelua e ʻimi i ka pilina ma waena o nā pane neural i ka VSS a me nā hōʻailona a me nā mea pilikia no CSBD. ʻO nā mea i ana ʻia i ka weliweli i hōʻike i nā pilina pilina o ka ikaika waena ma waena o kekahi, e hōʻike ana i nā like a me nā ʻāpana hoʻonui o nā kūkulu. ʻAʻole nā nīnau nīnau e ana ana iā PPU (HBI a me s-IATanal), ʻaʻole hoʻi ka nui o ka manawa e lilo ai i ka porn, a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻowalewale moekolohe (TSMQ) i hoʻopili nui ʻia me nā hana o ka lolo o nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ka uku i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana a me ka kali ʻana i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki.
E kūkākūkā kūpono i ka nalowale o ka pilina ma waena o nā mea weliweli no CSBD a me nā pane neural i ka VSS, he mea kōkua ke kūkākūkā i nā puke o nā noiʻi e kū nei e hoʻohālikelike i nā pane neural o CSBD me nā mea komo (ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka hui) no ka CSBD me nā pane a ka NAcc i ka VSS (hoʻokokoke loa). Ma hope o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka hui, ua loaʻa kekahi mau noiʻi i nā pane neural ʻoi aku ka nui i ka VSS ma ka striatum ventral a me nā wahi lolo ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka uku i nā mea komo me PPU i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea mālamaʻO Gola et al., 2017; Seok & Sohn, 2015; Voon et al., 2014). ʻO kahi hopena nui o ke aʻo ʻana e ʻO Gola et al. (2017) ʻo ia nā hōʻailona i wānana ʻia e pili ana i ka VSS me nā hana striatal ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma nā mea komo o ka CSBD ma mua o nā kumuhana olakino. ʻOiai ʻO Gola et al. (2017) ua noiʻi i kahi moekolohe a me nā kālā hoʻonāukiuki hoʻolōʻihi paradigm me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi o nā wahine ʻōlohelohe e like me nā ʻōuli, Klucken et al. (2016) ninaninau ʻia i kahi paradigm hoʻolālā hoʻonoono me nā ʻōuli geometric. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua ʻike lākou i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka hana amygdala i ke kau ʻana no ka CS + (cue wānana VSS) me ka CS− (cue wānana ʻole i kekahi mea) i nā poʻe komo me CSBD i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka poʻe komo, akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka striatum ventral. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, i ka paradigm hoʻoulu leʻaleʻa o Banca et al. (2016) ʻaʻohe hopena o ka hui ma waena o nā poʻe komo o ka CSBD a me nā mea komo i ka mana e pili ana i nā pane neural i nā kuhi ʻokoʻa (nā lau kala e wānana ana iā VSS, nā uku kālā a me nā mea ʻole).
Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e pili ana i ke ala pili pono i nā hopena kūlike ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā mea weliweli no CSBD a me nā pane neural i VSS: ʻOiai Kühn a me Gallinat (2014) ua loaʻa kahi pilina maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka manawa i hoʻolilo ʻia i nā ponokala kiʻi a me ka hana ma ka putamen hema, Brand et al. (2016) ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka helu helu helu o ka pane o ka ventral striatum a me ka manawa maʻamau i lilo i ponokala. Eia naʻe, ua ʻike lākou ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka hana ventral striatum me ka pae o PPU i helu ʻia iā ia iho (ana ʻia e ka s-IATanal). Hoʻohui ʻia, i loko o kekahi o kā mākou aʻo mua ʻana ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka manawa e hoʻolilo ai i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka moekolohe ma ka neural pane iā VSS (Stark et al., 2019). No laila, ʻo nā noiʻi e kū nei e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o VSS i nā kumuhana me nā pae ʻē aʻe o nā mea weliweli no CSBD e kūlike ʻole. Ma muli o nā loaʻa like o nā noiʻi ʻana e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o ka hui akā ʻo nā hopena kūlike ʻole mai nā noiʻi kūlike e hōʻike paha i ka hana neural o VSS ma CSBD ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa mai kēlā me nā ʻāpana subclinical. Eia naʻe kēia manaʻo, he hoihoi i ka mālamalama o ka Manaʻo Hoʻolaha Sensitive o ʻO Robinson a me Berridge (1993) e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pane neural i nā ʻōuli i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻōla. Ma kēia manawa, maopopo ʻole inā pili ke kumumanaʻo i ka CSBD a inā pēlā, inā paha e hoʻonui maʻamau nā pane neural i ka VSS a i ʻole e hoʻonui ʻia kahi pae koʻikoʻi o ka hana add adiktion.
ʻO ka mea e ʻoluʻolu ai, i loko o nā ʻano mea pili i ka lāʻau ka hopena e pili ana i ka Inctiv Sensitization Theory ʻaʻole kūlike. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā meta-analysis i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka cue reactivity i loko o ka ʻōnaehana uku (Chase, Eickhoff, Laird, & Hogarth, 2011; Kühn & Gallinat, 2011b; Schacht, Anton, & Myrick, 2012), akā ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi mau noiʻi ke hōʻoia i kēia mau ʻike (Engelmann et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2020; Zilberman, Lavidor, Yadid, & Rassovsky, 2019). Eia kekahi no nā hana kolohe i ke ʻano o ka cue reactivity kiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka pūnaewele makana o nā kumuhana addict i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kumuhana olakino i loaʻa wale i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā noiʻi i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia i kahi loiloi hou loa e. Antons ma. (2020). Mai kēia hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hiki ke huki ʻia ka hopena e hoʻololi ʻia ka cue reactivity i ka hoʻāo e nā kumu like ʻole e like me nā mea pākahi a me nā mea kikoʻī noiʻi.Jasinska et al., 2014). ʻO kā mākou mau loaʻa ʻole e pili ana i nā hoʻopili ma waena o nā hana striatal a me nā mea weliweli o CSBD ma muli paha o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me kā mākou laʻana nui hiki iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i kahi koho liʻiliʻi o nā mea hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia. Pono nā aʻo hou e pono ai e hoʻoponopono i ka multicausality. E pili ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, no ka laʻana, he mea nui ka mana o ke ʻano o nā pona a i ʻole ka hoʻokalakupua ʻana i nā ʻōuli (Jasinska et al., 2014).
Wahi a kā mākou nui hāpana (ʻokoʻa i nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe) ʻaʻole paha ka nele o ka mana helu helu i hoʻokumu i nā hopena ʻole e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā mea pilikia no CSBD a me nā pane neural i VSS a me nā hōʻailona o VSS. ʻOi aku paha, ʻo ka evolution-driven, ka waiwai nui motivational o VSS e hoʻoiho i nā wahi lolo e pili ana i ka uku e like me ka waiho wale ʻana i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi no nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole (ka palena o ke kaupaku). Kākoʻo ʻia kēia kuhiakau e nā noiʻi e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole paʻakikī iki ka ʻokoʻa wahine e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o VSS i ka pūnaewele uku (Poeppl et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2019; Wehrum et al., 2013). Eia nō naʻe, pono e wehe ʻia nā kumu no ke kūlike ʻole ma waena o nā noiʻi e nā noiʻi hou aʻe.
Nā palena a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka noiʻi hou
Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia he mau palena. I kā mākou noi ʻana ua nānā wale mākou i ka moʻomeheu komohana, nā kāne heterosexual. ʻO kahi kope o ke aʻo ʻana me kahi laʻana like ʻole e pili ana i ke kāne, ke ʻano moekolohe, a me nā mea pili i ka nohona a me ka moʻomeheu e pono e hōʻoia i ka pono o ke kaiaola. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua kiʻi ʻia kahi ʻikepili mai kahi laʻana ʻole lapaʻau, e noʻonoʻo pū kekahi nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana me nā hōʻailona CSBD e pili ana i ka haukapila. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōuli i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia hoʻopaʻa naʻau me he mea lā ʻaʻohe kū hoʻokahi i ka ʻike ma mua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai o kēia kaʻina hana me ke kiʻekiʻe kūloko kūloko a me ka ʻole o ka pono kūwaho no ka mea ʻo nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻO kekahi palena ka hoʻololi pane maʻalahi (i kēlā me kēia lā / i kēlā me kēia pule / no kēlā me kēia mahina) e pili ana i ka loiloi o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi. Wahi a ʻO Schwarz lāua ʻo Oyserman (2001) nā pane i ka nīnau like o ke kaupalena hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kuhikuhi ʻia ka pane i nā wā like ʻole. ʻO ke kumu nui o ke koho ʻana i kēia ʻano pane, ʻo ka nui o nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi i nā laʻana hiki ke loli nui (mai kekahi mau hola i ka makahiki a i mau hola i ka lā). Hoʻohui ʻia, he mea pili ia e hoʻopili ʻia kahi ʻano pane paʻa i kahi maʻamau no ke ʻano o ka pae o nā ponokala kiʻi e kūpono. No laila, ua hoʻoholo mākou e hoʻohana i ka ʻano pane maʻalahi no kēia nīnau pili, ʻoiai kona ʻike nāwaliwali.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ke keʻena hoʻokolohua e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻonohonoho kūpilikiʻi, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana pū nei nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i kēlā me kēia ola me ka masturbation. No laila, kanalua ʻole inā loaʻa ka uku mai ka masturbation / orgasm a me / a i ʻole mai nā kiʻi ponokala ponoʻī. ʻO Gola et al. (2016) hoʻopaʻapaʻa hōʻoia e hiki i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki ke lilo i mau hōʻailona a me nā makana. Inā ua unuhi ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i nā kuhi, hiki i nā noiʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke ʻae i ka masturbation e ʻike i kahi wā lawe maoli. Eia nō naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā pilikia kūpilikiʻi a me nā ʻenehana e hana i kahi ʻano noiʻi. I mea e ʻike pono ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o CSBD, pono nā noiʻi e uhi ana i ka pae āpau o nā hōʻailona CSBD (olakino, subclinical, clinical).
hopena a
Nānā kā mākou noi i ka hana ʻana i nā cues a me nā stimulus VSS e hoʻohana ana i kahi SIDT i kahi laʻana nui ʻole lapaʻau. Eia hou, hoʻomāhuahua kā mākou SIDT i hoʻololi ʻia i ka SIDT mua ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma kahi o nā kiʻi kūpaʻa, ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wikiō massage e like me ke ʻano kaohi ma kahi o nā kiʻi scrambled, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻailona ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka ʻike moekolohe. Ua hiki iā mākou ke hana kope i nā hopena e hōʻike ana i ke komo ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana uku i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā cues a me VSS. Kūlike ʻole i ko mākou kuhiakau, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā hopena o nā ʻano pilikino i manaʻo ʻia he mau pilikia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o CSBD ma nā pane neural i kekahi ROI e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana uku. Pono e noiʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana e nānā i ka laulā holoʻokoʻa o nā hōʻailona CSBD e hoʻomaopopo pono ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā ponokala kiʻi i ke ʻano pilikino a me nā mea i hiki ke wānana i kēia ulu ʻana.
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