Ka moekino ma autism: ka hana maʻamau a me nā mea maʻamau i nā wāhine a me nā kāne me ka maʻi autaʻi o autism (2017)

. Kākau 2017; 19 (4): 381-393.
 
PMCID: PMC5789215

ʻO Daniel Schöttle, MD*

Daniel Schöttle, Keʻena o ka Haukapila a me ka Psychotherapy, Hamburg-Medical Center ma Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany;

ʻO Peer Briken, MD

ʻO Peer Briken, Ke Kulanui no kaʻImi Haʻawina a me ke Kauka HoʻonaʻauaoʻAmelika, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Kelemānia;

ʻO Oliver Tüscher, MD

ʻO Oliver Tüscher, Ke Keʻena Makamaika a me Psychotherapy, Ke Kulanui Aʻo Nui Mainz, Mainz, Kelemania;

ʻO Daniel Turner, MD, PhD

Daniel Turner, Keʻena no kaʻimiʻana i ka'eneke a me ke kauka kaumana, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Kelemānia; Ke KeʻenaʻoʻAmelika Lapaʻau a me ka Psychotherapy, Ke Kulanui Aʻo Kula Mainz, Mainz, Kelemānia;

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

E like me nā mea i loaʻa i ka poʻe, nā poʻe me nā maʻi autism autism (ASDs) e hōʻike i kaʻano o nā moe kolohe. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o keʻano o nā hōʻailona o keʻano maʻi, e like me nā hemahema i nāʻike o ke kaiapuni, nā hypo-hypersensitivities, a me nā hana hou, hiki i kekahi poʻe o ka ASD ke hoʻohālikelike i nāʻano moekolohe a me nā mea iʻoi aku. Ma hope o ka noʻonoʻoʻana i nā palapala kūpono e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma nā mea ASD e hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe ana, hōʻike mākou i nā hualoaʻa ma ke alapine o nā hana maʻamau a me nā mea e pili ana i ka nānāʻana i nā manaʻo hilahila a me nā hoʻopiʻi o nā ASD o kā mākou noi pono'ī. Uaʻike nā kānaka me ka ASD i nā'ōhumu a me nāʻoihana maʻamau aʻoi aʻe ma mua o nā haʻawina hoʻonui maʻamau. Eia naʻe,ʻo kēia kū'ēʻana i ka nui o kaʻikeʻana i nā kāne me ka ASD. Hiki ke hōʻoia ma muli o ka loiloiʻana o nā wāhine me ka ASD i keʻano o ka pilina o ka poʻe a me ka hōʻikeʻana i ka hōʻailona o ka ASD. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i nā moe kolohe i nā maʻi o ka ASD e pono ke noʻonoʻoʻia no ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i nā wāhine a me nā alana maʻi.

Keywords: Ka maʻi Asperger, autism, ka maʻi kolohe, ka moekolohe, paraphilia, nā maʻiʻeha, sexuality

Introduction

ʻO nā maʻi o keʻano autism autism (ASD) he mau maʻi neurodevelopmental i loko o nā hui kūikawā, iʻikeʻia i nā hemahema ma ka pilina pilikino a me ka launa pūʻana, a me nā pono a me nā manaʻo e pili ana. Ua piʻi nuiʻia nā lāpili pākuʻi i hōʻikeʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei (hiki i ka 1% ola honua), me ka nui o ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka ASD. Ua manaʻoʻiaʻo ka male-i-wahine ma waena o 3 a me 4 i ka 1, a aia kekahi mauʻokoʻa kāne ma ka ASD. ʻOiai aneane kokoke i ka hapalua o nā mea me ka ASDʻaʻole lākou i nele i kaʻike a me kaʻike paʻa o kaʻike (e like me nā kānaka me ka autism kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻi Asperger), ka pilina pilikanaka a me nā pilikia o kaʻike a me nā pilikia i kaʻikeʻana i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā poʻe'ē aʻe a me kaʻikeʻikeʻole 'o ka' aoʻao o ka 'ahahui kahi pale i mea e pale ai i ka uluʻana o ke aloha a me ka pilina., Hiki i nā pilikia pili i ka moekolohe ke ala aʻe, keu hoʻi i ka hoʻomaka o ka wā ʻōpio, kahi manawa ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mākau pilikanaka o ASD ke hoʻomau me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā koi kaiaulu, a ʻike maopopo ʻia nā pilikia e pili ana i ka pilina a me ka pilina.

ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao ma ka pilina ma nā mea me ASD

No nā makahiki 10 ma hope o ka hoʻokomoʻiaʻana o autism ma ka huaheluʻekolu o ka Nānā'Ipekema a me Heluhelu o nā Mental Disorders (DSM-III) ma ka 1980, ua paʻiʻia nā papahana aʻo mua e pili ana i ka moekolohe o nā maʻi me ka ASD.- ʻO ke kūlana o ka noiʻi e pili ana i nā hanana pilina, nā moe kolohe, nā moe kolohe, a me kaʻike pilikino o nā mea a pau o ka ASD e hui pūʻia, me kekahi mau noi eʻike ana i nāʻokoʻa mai nā mana olakino (HCs) aʻo nā mea'ē aʻeʻaʻole. Eia naʻe, ma muli o keʻano huliau o ka maʻi kūlohelohe a me nāʻano'enepekema epekema o nā haʻawina,ʻaʻole ia he mea kānalua. Nā hana mua i: (i) ua komo nā wāhine a me nā kāne maʻi i nā noho noho me nā mea kūponoʻole a emiʻole ka manawa kūpono no nā hana pilina; (ii) ke nānā aku i nā poʻe i hoʻonele i ka naʻau a me nā pilikia kīnā o ke kīnā, a laila e alakaʻi i nā hopena pilikia; (iii) hoʻohana i nāʻimi noiʻi pūnaewele kahi i komo ai nā poʻe iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe; (iv) e hilinaʻi ana i nā pūʻulu mai nāʻohana a me nā mālama hānai a maiʻole paha i nā mea maʻi; a (v) i heluʻia me ka ASD ma nā pae pākahi.

Ke kuhikuhi nei kēia mau haʻawina i ka nui o nā poʻe me ka ASD eʻimi i ka moekolohe a me ka pili aloha e like me ka lāhui nonDD, a me nāʻano o nā moe kolohe a me nāʻano.- Eia nō naʻe, he nui nāʻano hilinaʻi a me nā manaʻo o nā poʻe e pili ana i nā mea me ka ASD, e pili ana iā lākou me ka hoihoiʻole i ka pilikanaka a me keʻano aloha a me keʻano maʻamau.,, Ka Papa I ke hāʻawi nei i kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā haʻawina e nānā ana i nāʻano likeʻole o ka moekolohe i nā poʻe'ōpio a me nā poʻeʻelemakule me ka autism kiʻekiʻe, ma muli o nā nīnau noiʻi pilipino.,,,- Hoʻokumu pū mākou i ka nānāʻana i nā papahana no kēia mau haʻawina ma muli o kā lākou hana e kūlike me kaʻimi noiʻi i hoʻohanaʻia ma ka haʻawina i hōʻikeʻia maʻaneʻi. Ke noiʻia nei Ka Papa I ke hōʻoia i ka mea maʻamau i ka mea maʻamau ma ka ASD ke kanaka, a maopopo i ka hōʻailona o nā'ōlohelohe a me nāʻano i loko o kēia hui.-,,-

HOʻOPIHE I. 

Nā papa moʻolelo. Nānā: Ua hoʻohanaʻia kēia mau'ōlelo i loko o kaʻike moʻokalaleo punahele: "ka moekolohe," "ka moekolohe," "ka moekino," "ke kūkino," "ka pilina," ...

ʻO ka hapanui o nā noiʻi i hala i kēia manawa, ua nānā aku ia i nā kāne, a he mau'ōlelo noiʻi i kūkā i nā hihia kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā mea pili i nā pilikanaka, pili i ke aloha, a me kaʻikeʻole, a me ka emiʻole o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka moekolohe ma ke kāne a me ka wahine me ka ASD.,,, ʻO nā meaʻikeʻuʻuku a me ka haʻawina o nā haʻawina hoʻonaʻauao maʻamau e hōʻike ana i nā wāhine me ka ASD hiki ke hōʻike i nā pōpilikia a me ka hoʻopukaʻana i nā mea piliʻole a pili i ka pono o kā lākou mau hoa.- Eia kekahi,ʻo nā wāhine me ka ASD ke hoʻohana nei lākou i nā kumu hoʻokele, e like me ka hoʻohālike i nā noʻonoʻo pilikanaka o ko lākou hoa nohoʻole ASD, no laila keʻaeʻole nei i keʻano o ka nohona. Ma muli o nā hihia pili i ka wahine, pili nā wāhine me ka ASD i ka hemahema o ka nohoʻana o ka wahine, me ka loaʻaʻole o ka moekolohe ma mua o nā kāne me ka ASD, a uaʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka lilo i ka hopena a me ka hoʻomāʻewaʻewa. Loaʻa nā kāne me ka ASD i ka hoʻokomoʻana i nāʻoihanaʻoihana moekolohe,-,, a me ka makemake nui loa i ka pilikino a me ke aloha; akā, aia kekahi mauʻike e hele ana nā wāhine me ka ASD, me ka makemakeʻole i ka moekolohe, e ulu pinepine i ka pilina pili pili.

ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻe me ASD e ʻimi nei i nā ʻike moekolohe a me nā pilina, hoʻomohala nui ʻia ka pilina a me ka pilina pilikino e nā deficit o ka pilikanaka a me ke kamaʻilio kamaʻilio ʻana a me nā pilikia i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kuhi kamaʻilio ʻole a maʻalahi a me ka noʻonoʻo (ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i kāu iho. a me nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo o haʻi, e laʻa, nā manaʻo, nā makemake, nā ʻike i ʻike ʻia e kēlā mau kanaka. Eia kekahi, he nui ka poʻe i loaʻa me ka ASDʻaʻole lākou e hoʻonaʻauao i ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana e mālama ai i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona i ka nānā aku, aʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa kaʻike e pili ana i ka moekolohe mai nā kumu kaiāulu.,,

ʻO kekahi kumu'ē aʻe e noʻonoʻo,ʻo ia ka mau mea i pāpāʻia a me ka hoihoi hou,ʻaʻole paha he mea pili ke kāne i ka wā'ōpiopio akā hiki ke hoʻololi i loko o ka moekolohe a me ka moekolohe. Eia kekahi,ʻo kaʻike pinepine o ka'ikepona i nā manawa i hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi palekana a iʻole ke kumuʻole i nā hopena o ka hopena o ka pilina. Ma nā kānakaʻeleʻele, hiki i nā mea pili i nā meaʻoluʻolu keʻikeʻia e like me he meaʻoluʻoluʻole; ma kekahiʻaoʻao, hiki i nā kānaka hilinaʻi ke loaʻa ka pilikia i ka ho'ālaʻana a me ka hoʻokau i ka hopena ma o ka moe koloheʻana. Hoʻohuiʻia,ʻo ka hōʻailona o ka ASD i hui pūʻia me ka palenaʻole i ka moekolohe a me kahi wahi haʻahaʻa no ka loaʻaʻana o ka manaʻo aloha a me ka pilina e hiki ke koho mua i kekahi mau mea me ka ASD no ka hoʻouluʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī a hoʻopilikia paha,, e like me nā hana hoʻopunipuni a me nā hiʻohiʻona, a me ka hōʻeha kolohe.

Ua hoʻohanaʻia nāʻano likeʻole no ka weheweheʻana i keʻano o nā moe kolohe ma luna o ka maʻamau a me ka moekoloheʻana, ka hoʻokauʻana i ka wahine, ka moekoloheʻana, a me ka moekolohe. Ma kēiaʻatikala, e hoʻohana mākou i nā hua'ōlelo o ka wahine kāne a me ka moekolohe e pili ana i ka manaʻo nui o ka moekoloheʻana, ka moekolohe, a me nāʻano., Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hikiʻoleʻana o ke kūkāʻana i nā moe kolohe ma luna o ka maʻamau no ka hanaʻana i ka hōʻailona kilokilo (e like me ka haunaele me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka moe kolohe). Ua manaʻoʻo Kafka e hoʻohuiʻia nā pae hoʻohālike maʻamau no ka hōʻailona maʻi hōʻino i loko DSM-5. ʻO kēia mau hoʻohālikelike e hoʻohālikelike i ka maʻi maʻamau e like me ka hilahila hou a me ka hoʻokaumaha o ka moekolohe, nā koi, a iʻole i nā moe kolohe ma kahi o 6 mau mahina, e hoʻonāukiuki i ka maʻi nui, aʻaʻole i loaʻa i kekahi mau meaʻokoʻa aiʻole kūlana maʻi; ʻo ia hoʻi, he pono ke kanaka ma lalo o 18 makahiki., ʻOiai ua hōʻike maiʻo Reid a me nā hoahana e hiki ke hoʻoholo a kūpono i ka hoʻohaunaele hōʻeha ma o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kēia mau hōʻailona diagnostics, ua hōʻole naʻe ka American Psychiatric Association i ka hoʻohanaʻana no kaʻikeʻole o kahi o ka noiʻiʻana, e noi ana eʻike hou i kaʻike kuʻuna. ka maʻi, no ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i nā maʻiʻehā, a no nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka neiology a me nāʻano pilikino e pili ana.

No ka papahanaʻumikumamākahi o ka Ka Hoʻomaopopoʻana o nā Hōʻailona Hawaiʻi (ICD-11), ke ho'ākāka 'ana no ka wehewehe i ka pilikia o ke kolohe ke manaʻoʻia nei:

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maʻi moe kolohe e ka hoʻomau a hoʻomau pinepine ʻana i nā moekolohe a i ʻole nā ​​koi e ʻike ʻia me ke kū ʻole a i ʻole kaohi ʻole ʻia, e alakaʻi ana i nā hana moekolohe pinepine, a me nā hōʻailona hou aʻe e like me nā hana moekolohe e lilo i kikowaena o ke ola o ke kanaka a hiki i ka nānā ʻana i ke olakino a me ka mālama pilikino a i ʻole nā ​​hana ʻē aʻe, nā hana kūleʻa ʻole e kaohi a hoʻēmi paha i nā ʻano moekolohe, a i ʻole ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hana moekolohe pinepine me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (e laʻa, ka hoʻohaunaele pili, nā hopena ʻoihana, ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino). Hoʻonui ka ʻike o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka pīhoihoi a i ʻole ke ala koke ʻana ma mua o ka hana moekolohe, a me ke kōkua a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka haunaele ma hope. ʻO ke kumu o nā moekolohe a me nā lawena ke kumu o ka hopohopo nui a i ʻole ka hōʻino koʻikoʻi i ka pilikino, ʻohana, ka nohona, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka hana, a i ʻole nā ​​mea nui ʻē aʻe o ka hana.

No ka paraphilias,ʻo DSM-5 i kēia manawa e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā paraphilias a me nā maʻi pilikino, a pēlā e hoʻolālā ai i ka hoʻopauʻana i nā moe kolohe a me nā hana i hanaʻole i ka pilikia a iʻole ka hōʻinoʻia i ka kanaka a iʻole i kekahi mea'ē aʻe. I ka DSM-5, ua ho'ākāka 'ia nā "paraphilias" ma muli o kekahi' ano pili i ka wahine 'ē aʻe ma mua o ka manaʻo wahine i ka hoʻoulu' ana i ka genital a i ka hoʻomākaukau 'ana paha me ka hananaʻana o ka pilina, ke kino, a me kaʻaeʻana i nā hoa kanaka "(see Box 1 no ka papa inoa o nā maʻi paraphili i komo i loko DSM-5). ʻOiai nā papahana i hoʻohālikelikeʻia no nā maʻi o nā paraphilic i ICD-11 e like me nā DSM-5, ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale nui ma waena o kēia mau puke weheweheʻelua,ʻo ia ka weheʻiaʻana o nā maʻi paraphilic iʻike muaʻia ma muli o kaʻaeʻana i nā hana i komoʻole i loko o lākou iho a me ka pōʻino o ka hana. Ua alakaʻiʻia kēia ICD-11 ka hoʻonele 'ana i ka' aoʻao pili i ka'etetism, ka moekino 'ana, a me ka maʻi', nā hana i hōʻikeʻia ma ka ASD o kēlā me kēia kanaka.

Kākau 1. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā maʻi'elepili i komo i nā papa helu hōʻailona o kēia manawa.

Nā pilikiaʻino

• Hoʻonāukiuki i ka moekolohe ma o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā genital o kekahi a i ʻole nā ​​mea moekolohe i kekahi kanaka pili ʻole.

ʻO ka maʻi kolohe *

• Hoʻoulu i ke kino ma o ka pāʻaniʻana me nā mea kikowaena.

Ka pilikia kaumaha

• Hoʻoulu i ka moekolohe ma o ka ʻānai ʻana i nā mea moekolohe i kekahi kanaka pili ʻole.

ʻO ka maʻi maʻi koloheʻana *

• Hoʻoulu i ka wahine ma ka nakinakiʻana, a iʻokiʻia, a iʻole ia e hanaʻia paha eʻeha i kaʻeha kino aiʻole hoʻohaʻahaʻa.

ʻO ka maʻi kaumaha o ka wahine

• Hoʻoulu i ka wahine ma o ka hōʻehaʻana i ke kino a iʻole ke kaumaha ma luna o kekahi hoa moe kolohe.

ʻO ka maʻi hōʻailona *

• Hoʻoulu i ka wahine ma o ka lole a hana ma keʻano a me keʻano e pili ana me ka wahine'ē aʻe.

ʻO ka maʻi o ka leo

• Hoʻonāukiuki i ka manaʻo mai ka nānā 'ana aku i kahi o ka'ōlohelohe a iʻole e hana i ka moe kolohe.

ʻO ka popo Pedophilic

• Ke 'ano pilikino kumu kūpono a iʻole' ole i nā keiki hoʻolaha.

* Hōʻike i nā kūlana e hilinaʻi ana i nā hanaʻae aʻaeʻole e hoʻokomo i nā meaʻole o nā mea'ē aʻe aʻaʻole i loko o lākou a me ka pilikino e pili ana i ka pilikia a me ka hōʻinoʻole. ʻO ka hui hana ma ka hoʻolahaʻana i nā maʻi kāne a me ka ola kino ka mea i manaʻo e hoʻokahuli i kēia mau kumuhana mai ka ICD-11.

I kēia manawa, he kakaikahi wale nō nā haʻawina i nānā i nā hana maʻamau a me nāʻano pilikino o nā kānaka me ka ASD, aʻo ka hapanui o lākou he mau loiloi kūkā e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻike a ka poʻe ASD e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka masturbation,- nā hana hōʻikeʻike, nā haʻuna a me nā hana e hana ai,, ka manaʻo a me ka manaʻo fetishistic,, ke aloha, ole nāʻano likeʻole o paraphilias. Eia naʻe, i ko mākouʻike, ua mālamaʻia nā haʻawina a pau e pili ana i nā hana maʻamau a me nāʻano pilikino ma nā kāne a ma ka nui o nā mea i loaʻa i ka poʻe ASD ponoʻole.

Ma hope o ka nānā houʻana i nā puke, uaʻimi mākou e nānā i nā moe kolohe a me nā manaʻo hoʻopau a me nā hiʻohiʻona i loko o kahi nui o nā maʻi male a me ka wahine ASD me ka HC e pili ana i ke kāne, ka makahiki, a me ka pae kula.

Nā Papahana

i komo

No ka loaʻaʻana o nāʻike kiko'ī mai nā poʻe me ASD a no ka noiʻana i kahiʻano likeʻole likeʻole, ua hoʻokomo wale mākou i nā kānaka makua me ka ASD me kaʻole o nāʻike. ʻO ke kumu no ka hoʻokomoʻana i nā poʻe wale nō me ka autism kiʻekiʻe a me ka Asperger Syndrome e hoʻoemi i ka hopena pilikia o ka kīnā o ka naʻau a pēlā e hiki ai ke aʻo pono i ka hopena o ka ASD ma luna o ka moekolohe. Ma muli o keʻano pilikino, uaʻikeʻia nā poʻe maʻi a pau e kekahi mea kilokilo poʻokela a lāʻau kālaiʻike paha (n= 90, maʻi maʻi like; n = 6,'Aiwi Atypical Autism); keʻano makahiki i loaʻa ai ka poʻe maʻi i ka loaʻaʻana o kā lākou helu ASD he mau makahiki 35.7 (ke kaha kikowaena [SD] = 9.1 makahiki, ke kaha = 17 i ka 55 makahiki). ʻO ka hui hoʻomalu o ASD (mean score [M] = 26.7, SD = 4.9) he koʻikoʻiʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o HCs (M = 6.4; SD = 3.3) ma ka mana German o ka Autism Spectrum Quotient Short Form (AQ-SF; P ʻO nā maʻi a pau o ka ASD aʻaʻohe o nā HC iʻikeʻia ma luna o ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohālikeʻia o nā helu 17. Ua kū like nā mea i komo i nā huiʻelua no ke kāne, ka makahiki. a me nā makahiki o ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana (Papa II).

PAPA II. 

Nāʻano o nā hui. ASD, ka maʻi kaulike autism; HCs, nā mana hoʻomalu; n, helu; SD, hoʻopiʻiʻia

Ke Kaʻina hana

Ua'āpono ka papa hana kūkākūkā o ka 'Ahakaleka Kāmelika Hamebaga i kaʻimi noiʻi. No ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā kānaka iʻikeʻia me ka ASD, ua launaʻia nā hui kōkua kōkua a puniʻo Siamani a noiʻia e hāʻawi i ka palapala hoʻolaha i waena o nā mea komo. Ua kālepaʻia kekahi mau mea'ē aʻe ma o ka pūʻulu maʻi autism ma ke Kula Haukikiʻo Hamburg-Eppendorf, Kelemānia. Ua kāʻiliʻia nā HC ma nā hoʻolaha ma ke Kauka Hale Haukapilaʻo Hamburg-Eppendorf a me ka Center Center Medical Center Mainz ma Kelemānia, ma nā hale kūʻai kūʻai ma kahi kūʻai, a ma o ka pilina pilikino o nā mea noiʻi.

Pākuhi

ʻO ka Autism Spectrum Quotient Short Form, German version

ʻO ka'ōlelo Kelemānia o ka nīnau nīnau Pelekikena Quotient Short Form (AQ-SF) ua hoʻohanaʻia no ka heluʻana o nā hōʻailona holoʻokoʻa i nā mea a pau i komo. Ua heluʻia ka helu kaulike o 17 e lilo i waiwai kūpono maikaʻi no nā mea e nānā ai a ua loaʻa ka manaʻo o 88.9% a me kahi kiko'ī o ka 91.6% me kahi ma lalo o ke kaʻina o ka mea ho'āhu e hana i ka'ōnaehana pono o 0.92 i ke kolepa German validation.

Nā Hana Hana Hana'Aiho Halawa (HBI-19)

ʻO ka Inventory Behavior Inventory (HBI-19), aia nā mea a 19 a nānā i nā moe kolohe. Pono nā pane a pau e paneʻia ma kahi hoʻonuiʻo 5-Likert a ua hoʻopiliʻia keʻano male. Loaʻa ka heluna o nā mea i loaʻa i ka helu kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 49 e like me ka wahine maʻamau. ʻO ka hua'ōlelo German o ka nīnau noi ua loaʻa i keʻano o nā mea like o ka a = 0.90 no ka helu piha.

Nīnau nīnau e pili ana i nāʻike a me nā hana kino (QSEB)

ʻO ka nīnau nīnau e pili ana i nā hana pilikino a me nā hana (QSEB) aia nā mea a 120 a nānā i nā 'ike e pili ana i ka pilinaʻohana, ka pilina' ana i ka wahine, ka moekino, a me nā hana 'ē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ke nānā nei ka nīnau i nāʻike e pili ana i nā hilahila o ka wahine a me nā hana (e pili ana i nā manaʻo moe kolohe a me nā moe kolohe). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea e pili ana i kahi manawa hoʻolālāʻo 12 mahina; ma nā mea kiko'ī pili pono, e nīnau ana ka nīnau nīnau i nā mea nāna e kuhikuhi i ka lōʻihi o ke kiko o ka maʻi. No ka noi o kēia manawa,ʻo nā mea wale nō e pili ana i ke alapine o ka masturbation a me nā moekolohe i hoʻokomoʻia, a pēlā pū kekahi me nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona.

NānāʻIke Heluhelu

Ua ho'āʻoʻia nāʻokoʻa o ka hui ma o ke koho 2 nā ho'āʻoʻana ma nāʻano heluʻano kāhui, a t-i kahi hoʻolālā no nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa no nā hanana mau. Ma muli o ka nui o nā ho'āʻo heluʻana i hōʻikeʻia ma ka pūnaehanaʻike like,ʻike mākou i ka nui o ka mea nui no ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana i ka hewa-type me ka hoʻohanaʻana i kaʻikeʻikeʻike hewa (FDR) e pili ana i ke ala i hanaʻia e Beniamina! a me llochberg. ʻO ka hoʻonohonohoʻana no nā ho'āʻo nui he alakaʻi i ka emiʻana o ka Pka paepae helu. Ma ka papahana o kēia manawa, ua hoʻoponoponoʻia PʻO ka paepae heluʻo 0.0158,ʻo ia wale nō PʻO nā kūlana ma lalo o kēia cutoff e manaʻoʻia he mea koʻikoʻi. No laila, ua kū ka FDR i ka mea mālamaʻole ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻiʻana o Bonferroni; akā naʻe, i kēia manawa, ua manaʻoʻia e loaʻa i ka FDR ke koho ma mua o keʻano Bonferroni, ma kaʻoihana olakino a pilikino.

Results

Ka pilina pili

ʻO nā kānaka me ASD, nui loa nā wāhine (n = 18; 46.2%) ma mua o nā kāne (n = 9; 16.1%) i kēia manawa i kahi pilina (P<0.01). ʻAʻohe mea ʻokoʻa i loaʻa i ka helu o nā wahine (n = ll; 27.5%) a me nā kāne (n = 8; 14.3%) me ASD nāna i hōʻike i kā lākou keiki ponoʻī. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i nā poʻe ASD me nā HCs, ua ʻike mākou i ka nui o nā wahine HC (n= 31; 79.5%; P> 0.01) a ʻoi aku nā kāne HC (n= 47; 82.4%; (P> 0.01) ma mua o kekahi kanaka me ASD i kēia manawa i kahi pilina. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻokoʻa i ka helu o nā mea komo i kā lākou keiki ponoʻī (HCs: n= 7; 7.3%).

Nā hana moe kolohe a me ka pili pono

Nā wāhine

E like me ia i hōʻikeʻia Papa III,ʻaʻohe hanana i loaʻa ma waena o nā wāhine i komo i ke alapine o ka masturbation (P> 0.05). Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka moekolohe wahine ma mua o nā maʻi ASD wahine (P<0.05). Ua loaʻa ke ʻano like e pili ana i ka nīnau "ehia mau manawa āu e makemake ai e moekolohe," e hōʻike ana ua ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā wahine HC i ka moekolohe ma mua o kā lākou ASD counterparts (P

ʻO nā kāne

Ma muli o ka masturbation frequency i loko o nā kāne, hōʻike ka poʻe o ka ASD ma mua i ka pākiki pinepineʻana ma mua o nā kāne HC (P<0.01). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke alapine o ka moekolohe, ua loaʻa kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe, me nā HC e hōʻike nei i ke kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o ka moekolohe ma mua o ka ASD kanaka. Ua hōʻike nā kāne ASD i ka makemake nui i ka moekolohe ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa HC (P<0.05, Papa III).

KANAWAI III. 

Hana kūlohelohe a me ka pili kolohe ma nā meaʻoihana autism kiʻekiʻe e nānāʻia ana i nāʻoihana olakino. ASD, ka maʻi kaulike autism; HCs, nā mana hoʻomalu; ʻAʻole he mea nui

Nā hana maʻamau

Ma ka HBI, nā maʻi maʻi ASD (HBIka huina= 35.1; SD = 13.7) he paʻakikī nuiʻoi aʻe ka nui ma mua o ka HC (HBIka huina= 29.1; SD = 8.7; P<0.001), a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ASD i loaʻa nā helu ma luna o ka helu cutoff i manaʻo ʻia o 49 mau helu a hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka moekolohe (P<0.01). E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma Ka Papa IV,ʻo nā kāne me ka hōʻikeʻana o ka ASD ua hōʻike hou aku i nā moe kolohe, akāʻaʻole naʻe he likeʻole i waena o nā wāhine maʻi me ka ASD a me ka HC wahine. Eia kekahi,ʻoiaiʻo 17 me nā kāne me ASD iʻikeʻia ma luna o ka waiwai cutoff o nā 49 a hiki ke ho'ākākaʻia e like me ka wahine maʻamau,ʻelua wale nō male HC i kahakahaʻia ma luna o ka hoʻohālike i manaʻoʻia (P<0.001). ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa i loaʻa ma waena o nā mea maʻi ASD wahine a me nā HCs i ka helu o ka moekolohe.

PAPA HO. 

Nā kuhikuhi no ka moekolohe a me nā paraphilias i nā poʻe autism kiʻekiʻe e hoʻolālāʻia me nā mana olakino. ASD, ka maʻi kaulike autism; HCs, nā mana hoʻomalu; Ka HBI = Ka Hana Hana Hana Hana'Aiho; max, maximum; n / A,ʻaʻole pili. *P-values ​​mau ...

Nā haʻuki a me nā kūlana o Paraphilic

Ma keʻano likeʻole, uaʻike pinepineʻia nā hiʻona wahine a me nā hana maʻamau i nā kāne me ka ASD ma mua o nā HC male. Ma hope o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana no ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā hoʻokolohua nui, aia i ka nui o nā kānaka e hōʻike ana i nā manaʻo hoʻomanamana, nā manaʻo haʻalulu, nā manaʻo a me nā hana noʻonoʻo, nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me nā hana, a me nā manaʻo pilopipal me nā wāhine Papa 4). ʻO nā wāhine i loaʻa me ASD,ʻaʻole lākou iʻike i nā mea likeʻole i ke alapine o nā manaʻo'ōlohelohe a iʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona e like me ko lākou mau HC, koe wale nō ma ke alapine o ka hana maʻamau, kahi i hōʻike aku ai nā wāhine HC i nāʻano masochistic ma mua o nā maʻi ASD.

kūkākūkā

I ko mākouʻike,ʻo kēia ka haʻawina mua eʻimi ai i nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ka male a me nā hana a me nā hana maʻamau a me ka ASD e pili ana i kahi pūʻulu hoʻomalu. ʻO nā mea i loaʻa iā mākou,ʻo kēlā me kēia poʻe me ka ASD e hōʻike ana i nā hiʻona a me nāʻano pilikino a me nā kūlohelohe ma mua o ka HC.

Ua hōʻike muaʻia nā noiʻi mua i loko o ka poʻe me ASD,ʻoiai he mea nui i kapaʻia he heterone, ua piʻi aku ka nui (a hiki i ka 15% i ka 35%) o ke kūlike kāne a pilikino paha ma mua o ka nuiʻole o ka helu DDD., Ma kēia haʻawina o kēia manawa, he mau kānaka liʻiliʻi me ka ASD e hōʻikeʻia he heterosexual ma mua o nā HC; Eia naʻe, he mea pono ke hoʻomaopopoʻia he mau hetero male HC a pau aʻaʻole like i ka heluna kanaka. Ma ka Global Online Sexual Survey Survey,ʻo ka 10% o nā mea i hōʻikeʻia he male kāne. Ua manaʻoʻia nā manaʻo likeʻole e pili ana i ka nui o ka moekolohe ma ka ASD. Malia pahaʻaʻole i ka wahine ke pili i ka kohoʻana i kekahi hoa, no ka palenaʻole i ke komoʻana i ka hoihoi a me ka pilina piliʻana a me kaʻike i kaupalenaʻia a me ka pānaʻi likeʻole me nā hoa. Ma ka huiʻana me kaʻikeʻole o kaʻike pili i ka wahine, hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i kahi maopopo o ka pilina a iʻole ka makemake.,, Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau hōʻike e hiki i nā kānaka a pau o ka ASD ke hoʻomanawanui i ka pili o ka moe kāne, a hiki i nā mea a pau e koho i ko lākou mauʻina wahine ma muli o ka pilina i laweʻia aiʻole i koiʻia paha, malia paha ma muli o ka noʻonoʻo haʻahaʻa i nā kūlana o ka nohona kāne a iʻole nā ​​kuleana kāne.

Ua nui aku ka nui o nā HC ma mua o nā kānaka me ka ASD e hōʻike nei i loko o ka pilina me nāʻano likeʻole. Nui nā wāhine ma mua o nā kāne me ka ASD i loko o ka pilina. ʻO nā hualoaʻa o nā haʻawina'ē aʻe e nānā ana i kaʻokoʻa o ke kāne ma ke kūlana pili, he mau mea hōʻike ia akā inā makemake nā kāne e pili i ka pilina ma mua o nā wāhine,ʻo ka wahine ASD he nui keʻano a me ka pilina., Ma muli paha o ka hiki i nā wahine ASD ke kāhea i nā hoʻolālā coping holomua (e laʻa me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka mākau pilikanaka o kā lākou mau hoa ASD ʻole), e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻemi iki ʻana i ka hana kaiaulu.- Ma muli o ke alapine o ka moe kolohe,ʻo nā wāhine me ka ASD ua hōʻike houʻia he mea palekana ma mua o ka moekoloheʻana o ka wahine a me kaʻuʻuku o ka makemake e hele i ka pilina me kekahi hoa ma mua o ko lākou mau wāhine ma waho o ASD. Ua loaʻa kekahiʻano like i nā ASD kāne, i kūlike me nāʻike'ē aʻe.,,,

Eia naʻe, hiki i ka hōʻoleʻole i nā kūlana o ka nohona likeʻole me nā mea i maʻa pinepineʻia i nā mākau pili i nā pilikanaka a me nā hili hili a me nā hipersensitivities hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pilikia no ka hoʻokomoʻana i nā moe kolohe ma luna o kaʻoihana., Ma ka hōʻoiaʻana i kēia manaʻo, uaʻike mākou he pinepine pinepine ka hōʻikeʻana i nā halihali maʻamau no nā haumāna ASD ma mua o nā HC; akā, ua kāʻili pinepineʻia kēia mauʻokoʻa e nā maʻi male ASD, aʻaʻoheʻike i waena o nā wāhine. Ma ke kumu o ka hoʻokō ponoʻana i nā moe kolohe, ua loaʻa i nāʻike mua ka manaʻo kūpono maʻamau mai ka 3% a hiki i ka 12% no nā kāne kāne olakino.- Ma ke kelepili kiʻi pūnaewele o nā kānaka 9000 German mau loa, uaʻikeʻo Klein a me nā hoahana i ka hoʻomau o nā moe kolohe (e kuhikuhiʻia ma mua oʻehiku mau kogasoa ma kēlā me kēia pule ma kahi o 1 mahina) o 12%. Ma kaʻikea, hōʻike kēia i nā kumuhana ASD male ma kā mākou mau'umekualā maʻamau iʻoi aku ma mua o kēia mau manaʻo no ka heluna kanaka. I kēia manawa,ʻo Fernandes a me nā hoahana wale nō i nānā i nā hana maʻamau i ko ASD mau kānaka a loaʻa i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o kā mākou i hana ai. Ma ka 55 kiʻekiʻe kāne kūʻokoʻa o ka ASD i heluʻia, ua hōʻikeʻiaʻo 7% i nā moe kolohe, i ho'ākākaʻia ma mua oʻehiku mauʻoihana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia pule, aʻo 4% i hana i nā hana maʻamau no ka meaʻoi aku ma mua o 1 hola i ka lā, ʻikeʻia ma ka papahana o kēia manawa. Eia nō naʻe,ʻaʻole i haʻiʻo Fernandes a me ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā hana maʻamau, a he mea hiki i nā mea i loko o kā lākou haʻawina wale nō ke helu i nā hana moe kolohe, e wehewehe ana i ka nui o nā moe kolohe. ʻO nā kumu kūpono o ka nui o ka moekolohe ma ka ASD me ka maopopoʻole i nā kānaka, akā hiki ke hoʻohālikelike heʻano ia o nā hana hou a iʻole i hoʻoikaikaʻia e nā meaʻike. Ma muli o ko mākouʻokoʻaʻana ma waena o ka moekino a me ka pilina e pili ana iā ia iho, hiki i ka kiʻekiʻe o nā hana maʻamau i nā kāne ma ASD ke hōʻike i ka masturbation nui, i loaʻa ma nāʻike a me nā loiloi. Ua manaʻoʻia e hiki i ka hana maʻamau nui ke hōʻike i ka makemake e hana i ka moe kolohe me ka meaʻole e hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i kēia no ka pilikia e pili ana i ka pilina pili pili i ka pili pili i ka pili pili i ka pili pili i nā pilikanaka.,-, No ka wahine, ua emiʻole ka noiʻiʻana e pili ana i ka pinepine o nā moe kolohe, a ma muli o nāʻano liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, hiki ke kohoʻia ka hoʻopiʻiʻana mai 4% a 40% i ka heluna lehulehu. I kaʻikeʻana o ka HBI ma ka'ōlelo German no ka HBI,ʻo 4.5% o nā wāhine 1000 kokoke i hoʻoukaʻia ma luna o ka hoʻohapuʻana i ka wahine male. Ma keʻano he DSM-5 nā ho'āʻo o ka māhele no ka maʻi maʻamau, uaʻikeʻia he 5.3% o nā mea maʻi a pau e noi ana i ke kōkua ma kahi kula hānai kūikawā maikaʻi,ʻo nā wāhine, e hōʻike ana i ka emi o ka moekolohe i ka haʻahaʻa o ka wahine ma mua o nā kāne. No ka mea, he mea maikaʻi ka pilina o nā wāhine ASD me kaʻikeʻana i nā symptomatology ASD i kūʻoleʻia (e like me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana hou),ʻaʻole ia he mea e kahaha ai i ka loaʻaʻana o nā moe kolohe ma ka papahana i kēia manawa ma mua o nā kāne male ASD.

I kēia manawa,ʻaʻohe kokoke i nā haʻawina hoʻonaʻauao maʻamau e pili ana i nā paraphilias ma ka helu ASD,; ʻo ka hapa nui o nāʻike e loaʻa mai ana mai ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana. Eia kekahi, kokoke i nā hihia kūpono a pau e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona palekana i nā kāne ASD kāne me kekahiʻano hemahema o ka naʻau; pēlā, ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā hopena o ka papahana o kēia manawa. Ma ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana iā Fernandes a me nā hoahana (i ko mākouʻike i kaʻike mua wale nō e pili ana i nā paraphilias ma nā kāne ASD kiʻekiʻe),ʻo ka paraphilias iʻike pinepineʻia he voyeurism a me ka fetishism. ʻO nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me nā hana i loko o nā mea iʻike pinepineʻia no nā kāne a me nā wāhine o ka ASD i kēia manawa. Eia kekahi, pinepine kaʻike pinepineʻana i nā parapholias he mau manaʻo noʻonoʻo a me ke aloha. Eia hou, hiki i kēia ke hōʻoia o ka pilikino i'ōleloʻia ma ka helu ASD, e hōʻike ana he mea hoʻonāukiuki ka nui o kēlā poʻe i mea e hoʻonāukiuki i ka wahine. Eia kekahi, uaʻikeʻo Fernandes et al i ka hopena o kahi paraphilia e pili ana i nā hōʻailona ASD hou, nā mea haʻahaʻa o kaʻikeʻana i kaʻike, a me nā kūlana haʻahaʻa o ka hanana holoʻokoʻa, e kuhikuhi ana i nā mea iʻikeʻia he mea nui i loko o ka aniology o nā pīpī paraphilici a me nā hana i ASD. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i kaʻikeʻana i nā kūlana o ka nohona pili kanaka a me ka hoʻonākauʻana i ka hana maʻalahi i lalo o ka poʻe ASD me nā hemahema o ka naʻau, e wehewehe ana i ka nui o nāʻano hoʻopaupiha. ʻOiai he nui nā haumāna o ka ASD i kēia manawa i loaʻa nā'ōhumu'ōhumu, ua emi loa nā kānaka i ka hōʻike i nā halihali hoʻopili, e kākoʻo ana i ka manaʻo e hiki i nā poʻe ASD ke kiʻekiʻe ke loaʻa nā mana kūʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o nā maʻi o ka ASD me nā hemahema. Loaʻa kaʻike e pili ana i nā paraphilias ma ka heluna lehulehu, me ka hapa nui o nā mea i noiʻia i nā kāne, i loaʻa pinepineʻia i nā hoʻonaʻauao hōʻoia a iʻole nā ​​kauka. Ma ka heluna nui o ka heluna kanaka, ua hoʻomauʻia ka pākuʻi o nā paraphilia ma waena o 0.4% a me 7.7%. - Eia kekahi, me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka QSEB, ua hōʻoiaʻo Ahlers a al i ka lakene o 59% no nā'ōpili paraphilic a me ka hapa o 44% no kekahi hana hoʻopukapiha i ko lākou hōʻuluʻulu helu heluna o nā 367 poʻe Kelemānia, me nā meaʻoluʻolu maʻamau o ka lehulehu (35 %), ka'okilo (30%), a me nā manaʻoʻoluʻolu (22%). Ma ka haʻawina o kēia manawa, i nā keiki kāne ASD kāne a pau, ua kiʻekiʻe ka uku o nā manaʻo'ōhumu a me nā hana ma mua o nā manaʻo koho i loaʻa ma ka hapanui o nā haʻawina hoʻonui maʻamau. Eia hou, uaʻike mākou i ke kūkalaʻana i nāʻano likeʻole o ke kāne ma ke alapine o nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka nui o kā mākou ASD. ʻO ka'ōlelo kūpono no kēia mauʻokoʻa he hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka ikaika ma ka hanaʻana o nā paraphilias ma o ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka ikehu i ka hanaʻana i kā lākou mau mea pili i ka moe kolohe a iʻole iʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea me ka wahine kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau hana. e ho'āʻo i nā hana papa.,, Eia hou, hiki i ka moekolohe ke alakaʻi i ke kino o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kino o ka wahine aiʻole ka hoʻohuliʻana i nā manaʻo o nā paraphili a me nāʻano e wehewehe ana i ka loulou i waena o ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wahine maʻamau, a me nāʻano maʻamau.

Ua palena nā hopena o kā mākou aʻoʻana no ka mea hoʻokahi wale nō i kauʻia ma luna o ka hōʻike pilipino, aʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hōʻoia uaʻikeʻia nā mea a pau iʻikeʻia e kekahi mea kālaika a hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā paha. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻoia nā mea a pau o ka ASD ma luna o ka waiwai cutoff o ka'ōlelo German o ka AQ, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ua hōʻike lākou i ka hōʻike ASD. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻailonaʻia nā poʻe a pau ma o nā hui kōkua kōkua kōkua ASD a me nā kikowaena mālama o ka ASD, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou launa pūʻana me ka pūnaewele ke kumu o kā lākou hōʻailona. ʻO kā mākou mau huahana aʻo e kaupalenaʻia ana e ka mea hiki i nā poʻe eʻoi aʻe kaʻiʻini nui i nā hihia pili i ka wahine, a me kaʻoi aku paha o nā pilikia pili i ka wahine, hiki i ka mea kōkua e komo, a laila e hoʻopili ana i ka heluna kanaka. ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai i kahi hoʻouluʻana i ka nui o nā haʻalulu a me nā hana hoʻopunipuni a me nā hana i ka hui ASD. Akā, inā heʻoiaʻiʻo, pono ke hanaʻia kēia ma ka hui HC.

ʻO ka haʻawina o kēia manawa,ʻo ia ka mea mua e nānā i nā hiʻona a me nā hana maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona i kahi nui o nā kāne a me ka wahine ASD i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i kahi hui mālama i hoʻohālikeʻia, e hōʻike ana inā he nui ka hoihoi o nā kānaka ASD i nā moe kolohe, ʻo kā lākou mau pilikia kūikawā ma ka nohona aloha a me ke aloha,ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e hōʻike pū nei i kekahi mau mea pilikino.

mau hoomaikai ana

E mahalo ana mākou iā Stefanie Schmidt nāna i hana i ka hana nui i ke kākoʻoʻana i ke komoʻana o nā mea komo. Eia hou, makemake mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi aku i nā pūʻulu kōkua kōkua a pau i makemake e māhele i kā mākou noi e noi ai i waena o ka poʻe hui. ʻAʻole loaʻa kālā kālā i waho no ka noi.

E hoʻomaopopo '

1. ʻAkauʻApelika Pīpī Psychiatric. Ka Papa HanaʻIke a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō. 4th i. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; . 1994
2. Weintraub K.ʻO ka puʻupuʻu hoʻopiʻi nui: helu helu autism. ʻAno. 2011;479(7371):22–24. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
3. Loomes R., Hull L., Mandy WPL. He aha keʻano o ke kāne me ka wahine ma ka maʻi o keʻano autism? ʻO keʻano o ka loiloi hou a me nā hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo. ʻO J Am Acad Child keiki hānai. 2017;56(6):466–474. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
4. Halladay AK., Bishop S., Constantino JN., Et al. Nāʻokoʻa a me keʻano o ke kāne ma ka maʻi o keʻano autism: hōʻuluʻulu i nā lawaiʻa hōʻike aʻikeʻana i nā wahi kūpono o ka pahuhopu. Mol Autism. 2015; 6: 1-5. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
5. ʻO Stokes MA., Kaur A. Haʻukiʻoihana autism a me ka moekolohe: heʻike makua. Autism. 2005;9(3):266–289. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
6. Howlin P., Mawhood L., Rutter M. Autism a me ka hōʻano waha'ōlelo hoʻolālā ulu-he hōʻailona likeʻole i ka wā'ōpio makua. II: Ka hopena o ka nohona, keʻano, a me nā maʻi psychiatric. J Child Psychol Kulanui. 2000;41(5):561–578. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
7. Seltzer MM., Krauss MW., Shattuck PT.,'Orsmond G., Swe A., Haku C. Nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi autism i ke'ōpiopio a me ke kino makua. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2003;33(6):565–581. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
8. Van Bourgondien ME., Reichle NC., Palmer A. Haʻawina moe kolohe i nā poʻe 'ōpio me ka autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 1997;27(2):113–125. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
9. Ruble LA., Dalrymple NJ. Kaʻike pilikanaka / pilina o nā poʻe me ka autism: heʻike makua. Hoʻopili i ka wahine Behav. 1993;22(3):229–240. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
10. Konstantareas MM., Lunsky YJ. Kahiʻike kanaka,ʻike, manaʻo, a me nā pono o nā poʻe me ka maʻi kūpilikiʻi a me ka hoʻolālā uluʻana. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 1997;27(4):397–413. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
11. Ousley OY., Mesibov GB. Nā kūlohelohe me kaʻike o nā poʻe'ōpio a me nā poʻe mākua me ka autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 1991;21(4):471–481. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
12. Na Byers ES., Nichols S., Alohaʻo SD. ʻO keʻano o ka hakakā: ka hana moekolohe o nā mākua kūpono me ka maʻi nui autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2013; 43: 2617-2627. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
13. Byers ES., Nichols S., Voyer SD., Reilly G. Ke olakino pili kanaka o kahi kaiāulu kaiaulu o nā mākua kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ke alaʻula autism i komo i kahi pilina aloha. Autism. 2013;17(4):418–433. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
14. ʻO Haracorps D., Pedersen L. ʻO ka moekino a me ke autism: ka'ōlelo Danish. Loaʻa ma: http://www.autismuk.com/autisrn/sexuality-and-autism/sexuality-andautism-danish-report/. Hoʻopukaʻia ma ka lā May 1992. ʻO Copenhagen, Denmark.
15. Dewinter J., Vermeiren R., Vanwesenbeeck I., Lobbestael J., Van Nieuwenhuizen C. Ka moekolohe ma nā keikikāne me ka maʻi kīnā autism: nā hana a me nā manaʻo i hōʻikeʻia e ke kanaka. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2014;45(3):731–741. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
16. Dewinter J., Vermeiren R., Vanwesenbeeck I., Van Nieuwenhuizen C. Nā keikikāne'ōpio me ka maʻi kūkini o autism e ulu nei: ka hahaiʻana i kaʻike pilikino iʻikeʻia. ʻO ke keiki hānaiʻo Eur. 2016;25(9):969–978. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
17. Dewinter J., Vermeiren R., Vanwesenbeeck I., Van Nieuwenhuizen C. Kaʻike makua i kaʻike pilikino i nā keikikāne me ka maʻi o ke kahakiō autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2015;46(2):713–719. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
18. Dewinter J., Vermeiren R., Vanwesenbeeck I., van Nieuwenhuizen C. Autism a me ka hoʻouluʻana i ka wahine maʻamau: he moʻolelo hoʻolālā. Nā Haumānaʻo J Clin. 2013;22(23-24):3467–3483. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
19. ʻO Koller R.ʻO ka wahine me nā'ōpiopio me ka autism. ʻO ka male kolohe. 2000;18(2):125–135.
20. Henault I. ʻO Asperger's Syndrome a me ka moekolohe. Mai ke ʻōpio a i ke oʻo makua. London, UK a me Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Mea hoʻopuka. 2006
21. Bejerot S., Eriksson JM. ʻO ka moekino a me ka wahine i ka maʻi o keʻano autism: kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua. PLoS hana. 2014; 9 (1): e87961. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
22. Brown-Lavoie SM., Viecili MA., Weiss JA. Kaʻike a me ka hana maʻamau i loko o nā poʻe 'ōpio me nā maʻi āpau o autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2014;44(9):2185–2196. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
23. Byers ES., Nichols S. Pono nui o nā mea nui o ka poʻe kahiko me nā maʻi kīnā autism. ʻO ka male kolohe. 2014;32(3):365–382.
24. Cottenceau H., Roux S., Blanc R., Lenoir P., Bonnet-Brilhault F., Barthelemy C. Ka maikaʻi o ke ola o nā'ōpiopio me nā maʻi kaulike autism: hoʻohālikelike i nā'ōpiopio me ka maʻi dia. ʻO ke keiki hānaiʻo Eur. 2012;21(5):289–296. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
25. Dekker LP., Et al. ʻO ka wahine hoʻomanawanui e hana ana i nā poʻe'ōpiopio iʻikeʻia me ka maʻi autism i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka poʻe hoʻokele:ʻo ka hoʻomohalaʻana a me ka hoʻokolohuaʻana o nā mea hoʻoili i ka poʻe'ōpio J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2017;47(6):1716–1738. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
26. Dewinter J., Vermeiren R., Vanwesenbeeck I., Van Nieuwenhuizen C. Nā keikikāne'ōpio me ka maʻi kūkini o autism e ulu nei: ka hahaiʻana i kaʻike pilikino iʻikeʻia. ʻO ke keiki hānaiʻo Eur. 2016;25(9):969–978. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
27. Gilmour L., Schalomon PM., Smith V. Ka moekolohe ma kahiʻano kaiāulu o nā poʻe kūpuna me ka maʻi o ke alapoko autism. Kū i ka'Āiwi Hoʻohālike Autism. 2012;6(1):313–318.
28. Hannah LA. Nāʻike o ka hoʻonaʻauao kāne a me kaʻike pilina i nā poʻe'ōpio me ka maʻi kūlana o keʻano autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2016; 46: 3678-3687. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
29. Mei T., Pang KC., Williams K. Brief report: ka moekino a me nā pilina ma nā mea'ōpio me ka autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2017;47(6):1910–1916. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
30. Mehzabin P., Stokes MA. ʻO ka moekino pilikino i hoʻoholoʻia ma ka poʻe'ōpiopio me ka autism kiʻekiʻe. Kū i ka'Āiwi Hoʻohālike Autism. 201 1;5(1):614–621.
31. Strunz S., Schermuck C., Ballerstein S., Ahlers CJ., Dziobek I., Roepke S. Hoaloha pili a me ka pilina pili i nā mea nui me ka maʻi Asperger a me ka autism nui. ʻO J Clin Psychol. 2017;73(1):113–125. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
32. Nichols S. Nonoi olakino no nā wāhine me nā ASD. I loko o: Nichols S, Moravcik GM, Tetenbaum P, eds. Nā Puʻupaʻa E piʻi ana ma kaʻike Autism: He mea eʻike ai nā mākua a me nā kumu e pili ana i nā makahiki mua a me nā makahiki. London, UK Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Mea hoʻopuka; 2009: 204-254.
33. Lai M., Lombardo MV., Pasco G., et al. He hoʻolālā kūpono o nā kāne me nā wāhine i kahi kūlana o keʻano autism autism. PLoS hana. 2011; 6 (6): e20835. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
34. Head AM., McGillivray JA., Stokes MA. ʻO kaʻokoʻa o ka wahine ma keʻano a me ke aloha i nā keiki me nā maʻi āpau autism. Mol Autism. 2014; 5 (1): 19. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
35. ʻO Mandy W., Chilvers R., Chowdhury U., Salter G., Seigal A., Hoʻokumu D. Nāʻokoʻa o nā moe ma keʻano o ka maʻi'āpilikia autism: hōʻike no kahi'ōpiopio nui o nā keiki a me nā'ōpio. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2012;42(7):1304–1313. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
36. ʻO Van Wijngaarden-Cremers PJM., Van Eeten E., Groen WB., Van Deurzen PA., Oosterling IJ., Van der Gaag R. Ke kāne a me nā makahiki ma keʻano nui o nā hemahema i nā maʻi spectrum autism: he hōʻike'ōnaehana a meʻekolu -e'ikewai. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2014;44(3):627–635. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
37. Pecora LA., Mesibov GB., Stokes MA. ʻO ka moekolohe ma autismʻoihana kiʻekiʻe: he hōʻike'ōnaehana a me nā hōʻuluʻulu kūpono. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2016;46(11):3519–3556. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
38. ʻO Stokes M., Newton N.,ʻO Kaur A. He hōʻeuʻeu, a me ka nohona aloha a me ka hana aloha ma waena o nā poʻe'ōpio a me nā poʻe mākua me ka maʻi kūpilikiʻi autism. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2007;37(10):1969–1986. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
39. ʻO'Aston M. Asperger maʻi i loko o ka lumi moe. Keoki Nahenahe Ther. 2012;27(1):73–79.
40. Ka MP o Kafka. Ka maʻi maʻamau: ka mea i kohoʻia no DSM-V. Hoʻopili i ka wahine Behav. 2010;39(2):377–400. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
41. Krueger R. Ua hiki ke hana i kaʻikeʻana i ka moekolohe me ka moekolohe me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka ICD-10 a me DSM-5 me ka hōʻoleʻana i kēiaʻike iʻikeʻia e ka American Psychiatric Association. Hoʻoponopono. 2016;111(12):2110–2111. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
42. ʻO Turner D., Schöttle D., Bradford J., Briken P. Nā mea eʻike ai a me ka mālamaʻana i ka moekolohe a me nā maʻi paraphili. ʻO ke Kauka Pīpī Piʻo. 2014;27(6):413–422. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
43. Reid RC., Kalaihana BN., Hook JN., A me al. Hōʻike i nā hopena ma kahi ho'āʻo kahua DSM-5 no ka maʻiʻeha. J Sex Med. 2012;9(11):2868–2877. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
44. ʻAkauʻApelika Pīpī Psychiatric. Ka Papa HanaʻIke a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō. 5th i. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013
45. Reed GM., Drescher J., Krueger RB., Et al. ʻO nā meaʻino e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me ka hilinaʻi kāne ma ka ICD-11: nānā hou i ka hōʻanoʻana o ka ICD-10 e pili ana i nāʻikeʻepekema eʻike nei, nā hanaʻoi loa, a me nā pono pilikino. ʻO ke kaiākamai honua. 2016;15(3):205–221. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
46. Hergüner S., Herguner A., ​​Cicek E. Combination o ka risperidone a me paroxetine no nä 'ano i ka moekino' ole i loko o ke kanaka 'öpiopio me ka autism a me ka haʻalele hope. Hoʻopiliʻia Neuropsychiatry. 2012; 49: 311-313.
47. Shahani L. Hoʻohana o ka lithium no ka moekolohe i ka maʻi a Asperger. Ka Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012; 24 (4): E17. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
48. Nguyen M., Murphy T. Mirtazapine no ka masturbation nui i kahi'ōpio me autism. ʻO J Am Acad Child keiki hānai. 2001;40(8):868–869. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
49. Deepmala D., Agrawal M. Hoʻohana i ka propranolol no ka moe kolohe i kahi'ōpio me ka autism. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(10):1385–1388. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
50. Müller JL. He hooluhi aloha a me ka moekolohe ma autism e pili ana i ka lili amygdalohippocampal? J Sex Med. 2011;8(11):3241–3249. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
51. Coshway L., Broussard J., Acharya K., et al. Nā lāʻau lapaʻau no nā hana kūponoʻole o ka wahine i ka'ōpiopio me ka maʻi o keʻano autism. Pediatrics. 2016; 137 (4): e20154366. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
52. GALOA GM., Ruble LA. Nā moe kolohe ma autism: nā pilikia o ka wehewehe a me ka mālamaʻana. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 1999;29(2):121–127. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
53. Fosdick C., Mohiuddin S. Hōʻike pūʻulu: hoʻonāʻana i ka huhū hoʻomāinoino nui i loko o kekahi'ōpiopio i ke kino o ka leuprolide acetate. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2016;46(6):2267–2269. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
54. Dozier CL., Iwata BA., Worsdell AS. ʻO ke kauʻana a me ka mālamaʻana i ka'ōkoki wāwae e hōʻikeʻia e kekahi kanaka me ka autism. Ka Pelekikena J Appl Analysis. 2011;44(1):133–137. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
55. Early MC., Erickson CA., Wink LK., McDougle CJ., Scott EL. Ka hōʻike i ka loiloi: 16 makahiki kāne me ka maʻi kaulike me ka nohoʻana me nā kapuaʻi wahine. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2012;42(6):1133–1137. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
56. Silva JA., Leong GB., Ferrari MM. ʻO nā maʻi o nā hoʻohālike palekana i loko o keʻano o ka maʻi o keʻano autism. ʻO ka J Psnic Psychiatry. 2003;24(3):5–20.
57. Freitag CM., Retz-Junginger P., Retz W., et al. Evaluation der deutschen Version des Autismus-Spektrum-Quotienten (AQ) - make Kurzversion AQ-k. Klin Psychol a me nā mea kōkua. 2007; 36: 280-289.
58. ʻO Reid RC., Garos S., Kamulana BN. Ka hilinaʻi, ka pono, a me ka hoʻomohalaʻana o nā mea e pili ana i ka Moemoekala Hana Hana Hana ma kahi hōʻailona o nā kāne. Ka Hoʻoweliweli Pōʻalima. 2011;18(1):30–51.
59. Klein V., Luna hoʻoponopono M., Boom KD., Briken P. A hōʻoia pono i ka'ōlelo German o ka moe kolohe [ma ka German]. ʻO Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2014;64(3-4):136–140. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
60. Klein V., Lunahoomalu M., Briken P. Nā hōʻike pono'ī i hōʻikeʻia no ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻiaʻana i loko o ka wahine'ōnaewele pūnaewele. J Sex Med. 2014;11(8):1974–1981. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
61. Ahlers CJ., Schaefer GA., Mundt IA., Et al. Pehea kaʻokoʻa o nā mea o loko o paraphilias? Hoʻolālā hoʻolālā pāʻopiho Paraphilia e pili ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona kaiaulu o nā kāne. J Sex Med. 2011;8(5):1362–1370. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
62. Benjamin Benjamin Y., Hochberg Y. Manaʻoʻana i ka maʻamau wehewehe maʻamau: he hana a me ka ikaika i ka ho'āʻo nui. LIKE LIKE LIKE 1995;57(1):289–300.
63. Glickman ME., Rao SR., Schultz MR. ʻO kaʻikeʻana o ka māmā o ke kaʻina hana he mea i makemakeʻia e hoʻololi ai i nā hoʻoponopono o Bonferroni i nā haʻawina olakino. ʻO J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(8):850–857. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
64. Hellemans H., Colson K., Verbraeken C., Vermeiren R., Deboutte D. Nā hana maʻamau i nā keikikāne me ka poʻe'ōpio i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2007;37(2):260–269. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
65. Shaeer O., Sheer K.ʻO ka'ōnaehana kūkino e pili ana i ka ipurangi o ka honua nei:ʻoʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia ma 2011: ka wahine kāne ma waena o nā kānaka Pelekāne. Hum Androl. 2015;5(3):45–48.
66. Kinsey AC., Pomeroy WB., Martin M.., Sloan S. Ka HoʻomaʻamaʻaʻAu i ke Kānanā. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press; 1948
67. ʻO Atwood JD., Nagnon J. Masturbatory behave ma ke kula'ōpiopio. J Sex Educ Ther. 1987;13(2):35–42.
68. Långström N., Hanson RK. Ka nui o nā moe kolohe i ka lehulehu: hoʻoponopono a me nā wānana. Hoʻopili i ka wahine Behav. 2006;35(1):37–52. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
69. Klein V., Schmidt AF., Turner D., Briken P. E pili ana i ka moe kino a me ka pili pili i ka hopena a me ka hoʻopiʻi keiki i kahi'ōiwi kaiaulu kāne? PLoS hana. 2015; 10 (1): e0129730. [ʻO ka mea heluhelu piliʻole i ka PMC] [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
70. Fernandes LC., Gillberg CI., Cederlund M., Hagberg B., Gillberg C., Billstedt E. Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka moekolohe ma nā'ōpio a me nā poʻe mākua iʻikeʻia me nā maʻi o keʻano autism i ka wā kamaliʻi. J Hui Kū'ē Autism. 2016;46(9):3155–3165. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
71. Dawson SJ., Bannerman BA., Lalumiere ML. Nā mea hoʻopili pāʻani: he nānā i nāʻokoʻa o ke kāne ma kahi hōʻike nonlinlinical. ʻO ka hoʻomāinoino. 2016;28(1):20–45. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
72. Långström N., Seto MC. Nā hana hōʻikeʻike a me nāʻano voyeuristic ma kaʻikepili lāhui kanaka Swedish. Hoʻopili i ka wahine Behav. 2006;35(4):427–435. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
73. Långström N., Zucker KJ. ʻO ka fetishism transvestic i ka heluna lehulehu: ka hoʻomauʻana a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana. ʻO J Sex Marriage Bet. 2005;31(2):87–95. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
74. Richter J., Grulich AE., De Kauoha RO., Smith AM., Rissel CE. ʻO ka male ma'Asetalia: nā kumuhana, esoteric a me nā hana kolohe'ē aʻe i hanaʻia e kekahi mea hōʻailona hiʻohiʻona o nā mākua. ʻO Aust NZJ Ola Ola. 2003;27(2):180–190. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
75. Joyal CC., Carpentier J. Ka hoʻomauʻana i nā pono a me nā hana i hoʻopiʻiʻia ma ka heluna kanaka āpau: kahi noiʻi provincial. J Sex Res. 2017;54(2):161–171. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]
76. Baumeister RF., Catanese KR., Vohs KD. Aia kekahi ma keʻano he kāne likeʻole i ka ikaika o ka wahine kino? ʻO nā manaʻo noʻeau, nāʻike, a me ka loiloiʻana i nā hōʻike kūpono. Pilikino Pilikanaka Pilikino 2001;5(3):242–273.
77. de Jong PJ., van Overveld M., Borg C. Ke hāʻawi nei i mea e huhū aiʻole e hoʻomau wale paha? Nā hana hanaʻinoʻino i ka moekolohe a me ka hana ponoʻole. J Sex Res. 2013;50(3-4):247–262. [Hoʻokuʻuʻia]