Ka hana pāpili pāpili a me ka moe kolohe o nā wāhine Iran:ʻO kaʻoihana pāhana o ke kākoʻo pili aloha a me ka pilikanaka (2019)

Behav Addict. 2019 Mei 23: 1-8. hoʻopiʻi: 10.1556 / 2006.8.2019.24.

Alimoradi Z¹, Lin CY², Imani V³, Griffiths MD⁴, Pakpour AH^1,5.

Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo

NĀ HOPE A ME NĀ HANA:

Ua lilo ka hoʻohana pāʻoihana kaiaulu i mea laulā ma waena o nā mea hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻohana. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ākeaʻana o nā pāʻina pāʻani i nā poʻe smartphones, aia ka nui o ka pono no ka noiʻiʻana e nānā ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohanaʻiaʻana o ia mauʻenehana ma ka pilikualuaʻana a me nā mea i hanaʻia e like me ka pilina, kaʻoluʻolu, a me ka hana moekolohe. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻoleʻike ikiʻia e pili ana i ke kumu hoʻohaʻahaʻa ke kumu e pili ai i ka hoʻoweliweli pili kaiapili i ka pilikia pili i ka wahine. Uaʻimiʻia kēiaʻimi inā heʻelua mau mea (ka pilina a me kaʻikeʻana i ke kaiaulu) he poʻe kūkākūkā ma ka hui pūʻana o ka pākī a me ka hōʻeha i ka wahine i mareʻia.

KANAKA:

Ua mālamaʻia kekahi kūlana hoʻolālā i kahi e komo ai nā mea a pau (N = 938; mean makahiki = 36.5 mau makahiki) hoʻopau i ka Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale e loiloi i ka pāpāho kaiapili, ka Wahine Hoʻohālikelike Moʻolelo wahine - Hoʻohou e loiloi i ka moekolohe wahine, ka Unidimensional Relationship Closeness Scale e nānā i ka pilina, a me ka Scale Multidimensional o ka Manaʻo Kākoʻo Pūnaewele e nānā. ʻike kākoʻo kaiāulu.

Nā hopena:

Ua hōʻikeʻia nā hualoaʻa e pili pololei ana i ka pāʻoihana pāpili e pili ana i ka pili pili i ka moekolohe a me ka pilikia kaumaha.

ʻLelo a me nā ʻĀina:

ʻO nā hopena o kēia noi ʻana e hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻike ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i ka pāpili kaiapili e hiki ai ke hoʻopili i ka pilina o nā kāne, ke kākoʻo kaiāulu i ʻike ʻia, a me nā kūkulu o ka hana moekolohe. No laila, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻo kolohe i mea nui no ka loiloi ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻano i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nohona.

KEKAHI MEA: pili huna; ka hana moepolohe; wili pūʻai kai ʻepekika; Kākoʻo kaiāulu

PMID: 31120317

DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.24

ʻO ka wikiwiki wikiwiki i ka kamaʻilio a me nā ʻikepiliʻikepili i mea e hōʻoluʻolu ai e komo i ka pūnaewele puni honua. Ma 2017, kokoke ka 3.77 biliona o ka lehulehu o ka honua i loaʻa i ka Pūnaewele ma o kā lākou mau kikowaena a i ʻole nā ​​kamepiula (Anand, Brandwood, & Jameson Evans, 2017). ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ma waena o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio ua ʻo 15-24 mau makahiki i manaʻo ʻia he 94% i loko o nā ʻāina kūkulu a me 67% i nā ʻāina kūkulu.Union Telecommunication Union, 2017). Wahi a kahi hōʻike hou, 69.1% o nā kānaka Iran (kahi i lawe ʻia ai kēia noiʻi) nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2018 (World Stats, 2018).

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka mea iʻike ʻia o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he mea nui o ka nohona o kēlā me kēia lā.Masthi, Pruthvi, & Phaneendra, 2018). Ke hoʻomau nei ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele ma nā wahi āpau. Ma 2017, 71% o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele he mea hoʻohana pūnaewele pūnaewele (ʻO Statista, 2018). Ua hoʻonui nui ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana kaiāulu ma lalo o ka 1 biliona ma 2010 a i 2.46 biliona ma 2017 (Pakpour, Yekaninejad, Pallich, & Burri, 2015). Eia kekahi, manaʻo ʻia ka helu o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele e hōʻea i mua o 3 biliona kanaka ma 2021 (ʻO Statista, 2018). Ma Iran, kahi o 40 miliona mau mea hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana no ka 'piliona pūnaewele, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia o 135% ma ka makahiki ma mua. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻohana kaiāulu pūnaewele ma Iran ua helu ʻehā i ka honua ma hope o China, India, a me Indonesia (Waiʻāina Waiwai, 2018). Wahi a hoʻokahi pūnaewele pūnaewele, ʻo 64.86% o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻenehana o Iran ua ikaika ma ka Facebook ma 2018 (StatCounter, 2018).

ʻOiai ka ʻike ʻokoʻa Pūnaewele (IA) i ʻike ʻia i ka poʻe pilikino, ke komo nei i nā hana pūnaewele ma o ka pūnaewele Pūnaewele e like me nā pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka ʻoihana pūnaewele hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hana hoʻohālikelike i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻohana (Griffiths, 2017). Ma ke kikoo a nā ʻenehanaʻenehana he ʻano kikoʻī o ke "ʻenehana ʻenehana" a he mau mea like me ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, a ua komo pū ʻia i ka pae lima (ʻelima) o ka Ka Papa Hana Hoʻonaʻauao a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō ʻo kahi pilikia e pono ai ka noiʻi hou aʻe (American Psychiatry Association [APA], 2013). Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kēia mau ʻano i like me nā hōʻailona like o ka hoʻohui i ke ʻano me ka salience, ke ʻano hōʻano, ke ʻoluʻolu, hoʻihoʻi, hakakā, a me ka hoʻi hou ʻana (ʻO ia, Turel, & Bechara, 2017). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hōʻino ʻana o ka pāpaho kaiaulu ma o ka nānā nui ʻana i nā hana kaiaulu kaiaulu pinepine ʻole i ka mālama ʻole ʻana i nā hana ʻē aʻe āpau, a me ka hoʻohana hiki ʻole ke mālama ʻia a hiki i ka wā e hoʻopilikia ai ia i nā wahi nui o ke ola e like me ka pilina pilikino, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me / a i ʻole ka hana i ka pōʻino o ke kanaka (ie, hōʻino kino. Dong & Potenza, 2014). No laila, ʻo nā mea hoʻomohalaʻepekema e like me ka pili ʻana i ka piliona media e hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena kino a me ka hōʻino a me ka noʻonoʻo psychosocial (Griffiths, 2000). ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana ma ka pūnaewele maʻamau me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nui o ka pānaʻi pilikino o kēlā me kēia kanaka, a me kahi hoʻonui hoʻi i ke kaona a me ke kaumaha (Lin et al., 2018). Nā hopena o ka noiʻi ʻana e Yao a me Zhong (2014) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi haʻawina hoʻokūkū ua hōʻoia e ʻoi loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pono o ka Pūnaewele i ka wā he nui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaona i waena o nā kāne a me nā haumāna wahine (ʻoihana ʻōpio: 18-36 mau makahiki). ʻOiai he hopena kūpono a me ka bidirectional mediating hopena me IA, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia kēlā pili pili i ka loiloi like ʻole. Hōʻike lākou ʻo ka pilina pili pūnaewele me nā hoaaloha a me nā ʻohana ʻaʻole kahi mea pono no nā kamaʻilio ma waho o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka noho minamina.

ʻO nā pilikia i loaʻa e ka poʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele a me ka pūnaewele pili pūnaewele, e pono e nānā pono i nāʻike like ʻole: (a) pehea e hoʻohana ai kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēia wahi e hoʻomohala i kā lākou pilinaWhitty, 2008). Hoʻololi ka manawa i ka manawa a me ka ikaika ma nā hana e pili ana i ka Pūnaewele pili i nā ʻaoʻao he nui o ke ola o kēlā kanaka (Dong & Potenza, 2014). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina like ʻole ʻo ke ola pilikino kekahi o nā wahi olakino pilikino i wahi e pili ʻia ai e ka IA a me / a me nā hana e pili ana i ka Pūnaewele.Felmlee, 2001; Whitty, 2008; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). E like me ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele, e like me ka nui o ka poʻe i hoʻohana i ka Pūnaewele no nā hana pilikino.ʻO Cooper & Griffin-Shelley, 2002). ʻO nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i "ka moekolohe" ʻo ia nā huaʻōlelo kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā ʻimi hulina i mea hōʻike no kēia koi (Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2001). ʻO nā hana moekolohe pūnaewele pili i kekahi ʻano hana moekolohe pūnaewele e like me ke ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani, ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana kūlohelohe, kamaʻilio ʻana, komo ʻana a nānā i nā kiʻi, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā cybersex.ʻO Cooper & Griffin-Shelley, 2002). Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pili i ka pūnaewele pili i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ka pilina ma waena o nā kāne.ʻO Olmstead, Negash, Pasley, & Fincham, 2013). I ka hana noi ʻana i nā kāne heterosexual na Bridges a me Morokoff (2011), 48.4% o nā kāne a me 64.5% o nā wahine i ka ʻatikala i hōʻike ʻia o ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka moekolohe 'kahi hapa o ka aloha ʻana me kā lākou poʻe hoa hana. ʻOiai ke nānā nei i ka ʻike pili pūnaewele kūleʻa hiki ke hoʻokumu i nā ʻike maikaʻi no kēlā me kēia kanaka, ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele no nā hana moekolohe hikiʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale a me / a i ʻole addictive (ʻO Daneback, Ross, & Månsson, 2006). Studies by Aydın, Sarı, and Şahin (2018) a me Eichenberg, Huss, a me Küsel (2017) hōʻike ka hiki ke hoʻohui i ka cybersex i mea i hiki ke kōkua i ka haʻalele ʻana o ka male a me ka hoʻohemo. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike nā mea hoʻohana ma ka punaewele i ka hāʻule o ko lākou makemake i ka moekolohe. Muusses, Kerkhof, and Finkenauer (2015) ua nānā i nā pilina pōkole a me ka manawa lōʻihi ma waena o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi hoʻolaha pilikino a me ka maikaʻi o nā pilina spousal a loaʻa i kahi hui maikaʻi a me ka hopena i waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻoponopono o ka pilina ma waena o nā kāne. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua wanana ka male kāne male me ko lākou mau hoahele i ka hoʻoneʻeneʻe ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā palapala pili i ka wahine ma waena o nā kāne i kahi makahiki e hiki mai ana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i pili ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka moekolohe wahine ma ka wahine me ka maleʻe.

Pili ka pilina a me ka leʻaleʻa pilina e pili ana i nā manaʻo e hoʻomaopopo ai i nā makemake a me nā makemake o kekahi.Peleg, 2008). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o kahi pilina he ʻano mea hoʻomohala ma waena o nā kānaka ʻelua, ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka ʻike kamaʻilio kamaʻāina a me ka maikaʻi o nā pilina pili wahine (Sinha & Mukerjee, 1990). ʻO nā kamaʻilio pilikino kekahi o nā mea i manaʻo nui ʻia e pili ana i ka ʻoluʻolu ʻoluʻolu. He hōʻoluʻolu maikaʻi ka pilina pili no nā hui ʻelua ʻaʻole wale i ka wā e kū ai ke kino, akā he mea pili pū kekahi ma waena o nā hoa kāne (Roberts & David, 2016). ʻO ka leʻaleʻa me ka pili, ke kuikahi, ka ʻikepili, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo a me ka ʻoluʻolu ʻana i nā hanana a me nā mea pili i ka maikaʻi o nā pilina aloha.Muusses et al., 2015). ʻO ka hōʻa ʻole e hoʻokau i kahi pilina moekolohe a makemake ʻole a hiki ke hele pū ʻia me ka hōʻemi o ka hauʻoli, ka hauʻoli, ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, ke kaumaha a me ka koi ʻana, ka noho wale ʻana, ka lapuwale, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me nā pilikia noʻonoʻo. Hiki iā ia ke hana i nā pilikia i ka hana ʻana i nā hana o nā mākua (ʻO Barzoki, Seyedroghani, & Azadarmaki, 2013; Heiman et al., 2011; McNulty, Wenner, & Fisher, 2016). ʻO Schmiedeberg lāua ʻo Schröder (2016) hōʻike i ka lōʻihi o ka pilina e pili ana i ka leʻaleʻa pilikino, ke kūlana olakino, a me ka luhi loa i ka pilina, ʻoiai hiki ke pili i nā ʻano kuee pili i ka hōʻoluʻolu pili i nā hoa.

Hāʻawi i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka poʻe kelepona a hoʻokomo i nā noi a me ka pili ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me nā ʻoihana pūnaewele (Hertlein, 2012; Luo & Tuney, 2015), aia he māhina nui hou no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ia ʻano ʻoihana ma ka pili pili i ka moe a me ko lākou mau hana, e like me ka pili ʻana, ʻoluʻolu a me nā hana pilikino. No ka mea hiki i nā haʻawina kūpono hiki ke hōʻike i kahi pilina ikaika ma waena o nā loli a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pono o ka pilina ma waena o nā pūnaewele ʻoihana pūnaewele a me ka maikaʻi o ka pilina ʻana, a me kēia loiloi i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka pānaehana kanaka i ka olakino moeʻuhane pili i ka moe kolohe, ka moekolohe. ka pili haʻahaʻa o nā kāne i hala.

i komo

ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa he noi noiʻi i nā wahine i kapa ʻia i nā hale olakino o nā kūlanakauhale e loaʻa ana ka mālama olakino maʻamau ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Qazvin ma waena o ʻAmelika 2017 a me ʻOkakopa 2018. Ma Iran, hana ka ʻōnaehana olakino ma o kahi pūnaewele. Aia kēia ʻoihana i kahi pūnaehana loiloi, e hoʻomaka ana mai nā hale mālama mua i ka wahi no nā hale pule ma ka ʻaoʻao nui. Loaʻa ke kūlanakauhale o Qazvin i nā wahi olakino olakino 12 e hāʻawi i nā lawelawe mālama maʻamau e pili ana i ka mālama prenatal, ka hapai, ka postpartum, ka nānā ʻana o ka ulu keiki, ka pale ʻana, a me nā lawelawe mālama waena. Ua pili kēia mau keʻena olakino kalepa i Qazvin University of Medical Science, a mālama ʻia nā moʻolelo olakino olakino i kēia mau kikowaena.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea komo wahine e pili ana i nā pae hoʻohālikelike o ke kuleana he 18 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha, ua male a hana moekolohe paha i loko o nā mahina 6 i hala iho nei, a me ka makemake e komo i ka noi. ʻO nā pae hoʻohālikelike (a) ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi kūlohelohe (e laʻa me, diabetes mellitus a me nā maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi) a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi psychological koʻikoʻi, (b) e hoʻohana ana i nā lāʻau e hoʻopili i ka hana moekolohe (eg, nā lāʻau psychiatric a me nā lāʻau antihypertensive), a me (c) hāpai a lactating wahine. Ma hope o kēia kaʻina hana loiloi, 938 mau wahine i komo i kēia noi.

Pākuhi

ʻO nā ʻano like i loko o kēia noiʻi ua komo pū me ka pili ʻana o ka piliona, hana wahine, wahine kaumaha wahine, pili a me ka pili o ka pilina, kākoʻo pilikino, ʻehaʻeha, a me ke kaumaha. Hoʻohui ʻia, nā hoʻololi demographic e pili ana i ka makahiki, ka pae hoʻonaʻauao o ka wahine a me kāna kāne, ke kūlana hana, ka lōʻihi o ka mare ʻana, ka ʻoi ʻana o ka moekolohe i kēlā me kēia mahina, ka moʻolelo hāpai ʻana, ka ʻike moʻomeheu kino, ke ʻano ulu wahine, a me ke ulaula.

Hoʻohui i nā ʻenehanaʻike pūnaewele i loiloi ʻia me ke hoʻohana ʻana i ka Scen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS; Andreassen et al., 2016). Aia ka BSMAS i ʻeono mau mea ma kahi kākala Likert 5-point mai 1 (ʻokoʻaʻole) i ka 5 (pinepine). Hoʻopili pū ka BSMAS i ʻeono mau ʻāpana o ka hōʻalo (ie, salience, hoʻololi i ke ʻano, ke ahonui, ka haʻalele ʻana, ka hakakā, a me ka hoʻi hou ʻana). ʻO nā helu kiʻekiʻe ma ka BSMAS e pili ana i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻoi loa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāpili kaiaulu, a ʻo kahi helu ma luna o 19 e hōʻike nei i ka makaʻu o kēlā me kēia mea e lilo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāpaho (ʻO Bányai et al., 2017). Ua unuhi ʻia ke kāʻei i Farsi me ka hōʻoia a me ka hilinaʻi nui (Lin, Broström, Nilsen, Griffiths, & Pakpour, 2017). ʻO Cronbach's α o ka BSMAS ma kēia noiʻi ʻana .84.

ʻO kahi hana wahine wahine i loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Index Sexual Function Index (FSFI; Lin, Burri, Fridlund, & Pakpour, 2017; Lin, Oveisi, Burri, & Pakpour, 2017; Rosen et al., 2000). E nānā ana i ka hana pilikino i ka wahine e hoʻohana ana i nā nīnau ma 19 ka mea he ʻeono mau wahi kūʻokoʻa, e komo pū ai i ka makemake (nā nīnau a 2), hoʻonāukiuki a me nā manaʻo (4 nīnau), lubrication (nīnau ma 4), orgasms (3 nīnau), ʻoluʻolu (3 nīnau), a me ka hōʻeha wahine. Nā nīnau 3). Ua ʻike ʻia nā koina psychometric o ke kūlana Farsi o ka FSFI i māʻona (Fakhri, Pakpour, Burri, Morshedi, & Zeidi, 2012). ʻO Cronbach's α o ka FSFI i kēia noiʻi ʻana .87.

ʻO nā pilikia pili wahine i loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pānaʻi wahine Wahine Wāwahine - Hana ʻia (FSDS-R). ʻO kēia kahi hōʻike hōʻike pilikino me nā huahana 13 e nānā ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā wahine hana wahine. Loaʻa i nā nīnau a pau kahi helu 5-point Likert mai 0 (loa) i ka 4 (mau). ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu, ʻoi aku ka kaumaha o ka moekolohe. Loaʻa ka ʻike nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia helu nīnau (DeRogatis, Clayton, Lewis-DʻAgostino, Wunderlich, & Fu, 2008). Ua hōʻoia i ka hōʻoia a me ka hilinaʻi o kāna ʻano Farsi (Azimi Nekoo et al., 2014). ʻO Cronbach's α o ka FSDS-R i kēia noiʻi ʻana .81.

Intimacy i loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana o Unidimensional Relation Closeness Scale (URCS). ʻO ka URCS kahi hōʻike hōʻike pilikino ponoʻī e pili ana i nā huahana 12 e nānā ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pili o ka pili o nā pilina a me nā pilina pilikino (Dibble, Levine, & Pāka, 2012). Hōʻike nā hopena o ka noi URCS ma nā hui like ʻole (mau hoa kolohe wahine, mau hoa wahine a me nā malihini, nā hoa, a me nā ʻohana) e hōʻike ana he kūpono kūpono a me ka hilinaʻi (Dibble et al., 2012). Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua unuhi ʻia ka URCS iā Farsi e like me ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka pono unuhi honua.Pakpour, Zeidi, Yekaninejad, & Burri, 2014). Ka mea, ʻo ka hōʻike hōʻike - ʻo ia nō ka hōʻike ʻana i ka Farsi URCS ma 0.91 i loko o kahi mau hola he 2-pule a me ko Cronbach's α kao .88. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻoia ka ʻōnaehana unidimensional o ka URCS.

Kākoʻo kaiāulu i loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana o Multidimensional Scale o Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988). Loaʻa kēia helu i nā mea 12 ma kahi kiko 5-point mai ka māka 1 (kue ʻae loa) i ka 5 ('ae like). ʻO nā helu haʻahaʻa a me nā uku he 12 a me 60, kēlā me kēia. Na hōʻoia ʻia o nā ʻona psychometric o ka Farsi MSPSS e Salimi, Joukar, a me Nikpour (2009). ʻO Cronbach's α o ka MSPSS i kēia noiʻi ʻana .93.

ʻO ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha i loiloi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Heha kaumaha o ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha (HADS; ʻO Zigmond & Snaith, 1983). Hoʻopili kēia helu i nā nīnau ma 14 iʻelua mau kālā o ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha i ke kaona 4-point Likert mai 0 a 3. ʻO ka helu nui ma kēlā me kēia subcale ʻo 21. ʻO nā helu ma luna o 11 ma kēlā me kēia subcale e hōʻike nei i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, nā helu o 8 – 10 i hōʻike i nā hihia palena, a ʻike ʻia nā helu 0 – 7. Na hōʻoia ʻana o nā ʻona psychometric o ka Farsi HADS e Montazeri, Vahdaninia, Ebrahimi, a me Jarvandi (2003) a ʻo Lin a me Pakpour ()2017). ʻO Cronbach's α o ka HADS i kēia noiʻi ʻana .90.

Ke Kaʻina hana

Ua noi ʻia kahi ʻano hana cluster random-sampling kahi pūʻali koa āpau. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi a me ke ʻano lehulehu, ua hui aku ka hui noiʻi i nā kikowaena olakino holookoa ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Qazvin. Ma hope o ka loaʻa o nā palapala ʻae, ua hoʻopili ka poʻe noiʻi i nā mea i komo a kono ʻia iā lākou e komo i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Hoʻokahi haneli mau faila i koho ʻia a hoʻāhewa ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻoihana ma kahi kūkā kelepona. Ua noi ʻia kēlā mau wahine i hui pū ʻia o ke kākau inoa ʻana a me nā kulekele kulekele. A laila ʻimi ʻia ka poʻe hele i kahi manawa ma 6 a hoʻokahi mahina. Eono mau mahina ma hope aku, ua noi ʻia nā wahine like ʻole e hoʻopau i ka hana moekolohe, nā hopohopo pili hewa, a me ke hopohopo a me ke kaumaha a me nā lepa i ka lua o ka lua.

NānāʻIke Heluhelu

'Expressedlelo mau i ka' ike 'ana mai nā' ano kūlikeSD)] a ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā helu a me nā pākēneka alapine. Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā hoʻopili kūlike ʻole e hoʻoholo i nā pilina bivariate ma waena o nā loli like ʻole, e like me nā ana o ka laina a me nā hana ukali. Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hoʻoponopono Mediation e hoʻāʻo inā ua hoʻopili ʻia nā hopena o ka hoʻolauna pāpili e pili ana i ka moekolohe / ka pilikia wahine ma o ke kākoʻo kaiaulu a me ka pili pili e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano bootstrapping. No laila, ua hana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona mediasi ʻelua (ie, ua hoʻohana ka Model A i ka FSFI ma ke ʻano he hopena a me ka Model B i hoʻohana ai iā FSDS-R ma ke ana hopena). I kēlā me kēia meina, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā pili aʻe: (a) ka hopena BSMAS ma FSFI a i ʻole FSDS-R (ala "c" ma ke Kii. 1), (b) ka hopena BSMAS ma luna o nā mea uwao (ie, ke kākoʻo kaiāulu ʻike ʻia a me ka pili o ka pilina; nā ala "a₁'A "a₂”Ma ke kiʻi 1), a (iii) nā hopena kūwaho (ʻike i ke kākoʻo kaiāulu a me ka pilina pili) ma FSFI a i ʻole FSDS-R (nā alahele "b₁"A me" b₂”Ma ke kiʻi 1). Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻōlelo ʻōlelo ʻekolu mai Krull a me MacKinnon (1999) i hoʻohana ʻia e kāʻei i ka hopena o ka ʻike hoʻopili. ʻO ka hope, ʻo ke ʻano, ka hoʻonaʻauao kāne, ka ʻehaʻeha, ka hopohopo, FSFI, a me FSDS-R ma ka papa hana i hoʻoponopono ʻia no nā Models A a me B.

Hōʻike 1. Nā ʻōnaehana hypothesized me ke kākoʻo kaiāulu ʻike a me ka pili o ka pilina e like me nā ʻōlelo hoʻopuka i manaʻo ʻia o ka hopena o ka pili ʻana o ka piliona media ma luna o ka hana pilikino, ke kaumaha, ke kaumaha, a me ka hopohopo. BSMAS: Scale Social Media Addiction Scale; FSFI: Palapala Hoʻoilina Hana wahine; FSDS-R: Palena wahine ʻoi wahine kūpilikiʻi - Hāpai ʻia

PROSESS makro ma SPSS (ʻO Hayes, 2013; Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Model 4) e hana i ka loiloi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi kaʻina hana no kahi hoʻohālikelike o 10,000 e loiloi i ka ʻike o nā hopena kūlohelohe. ʻO ka hala ʻole o ka makeʻe i ka 95% bias-hoʻoponopono a me ka wikiwiki o ka pilina hilinaʻi (CI) pono e hoʻomaopopo i nā hopena i loaʻa. Ua hana ka helu helu helu helu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka leo SPSS 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) me ka nui o ka pae ma α = .05.

nā mea pono

Ua ʻāpono ʻia ka noiʻi noiʻi e ka Komite Ethics for Biological Research ma ka Qazvin University of Medical Science. Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili no ka hoʻopili ʻana mai nā luna kūpono. Ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ʻikepili, nā noʻonoʻo pono a pau e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana, ka pilikino a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻikepili, ka inoa kikowaena, ʻokoʻa i loko o ke aʻo ʻana, a ua haʻalele ʻia mai ka noiʻi ʻana i noʻonoʻo ʻia a wehewehe. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia kahi palapala ʻatikala a kākau ʻia e nā poʻe āpau.

Results

ʻO nā poʻe komo (n = 938) he mean mean o 36.5 mau makahiki (SD = 6.8). ʻO 11.7 mau makahiki o ke aʻo ʻana no nā mea komo a me 12.24 mau makahiki no kā lākou kāne. ʻO 9.7 mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ka male ʻana. Ma mua o ka hapalua o lākou he mau wahine hale a 88% o lākou i ka wā premenopausal. Hoʻohui ʻia, 36% o lākou i loaʻa ka mōʻaukala hāpai keiki.

ʻO nā māka ʻike i kēlā me kēia helu e like me kēia: ʻĀpana pilipopili ʻenehana = 15.6 (ma waho o 30), ʻike kaiāulu = 53.2 (mai 60), piliʻikepili = 4.9 (ma waho o 7), hana hana = 27.7 (mai 95) , hopohopo = 7.7 (ma waho o 21), pohō = 6.2 (ma waho o 21), a me nā ʻōpū kuhi = 7.4 (ma waho o 52). Ma hope o kahi mahina 6-malama, ua hoʻonui iki ka nui o nā ʻōpū a me ke kaumaha a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa iki o nā kiʻi no ka hana a me ke kaumaha. Pākaukau 1 hōʻike i ka demograpics, ʻo ia hoʻi, a SDs ma ka papa kuhikuhi a ma hope o nā mahina 6.

1 Pūnaewele. Nā hiʻohiʻona nā mea komo (N = 938)

Hoʻomaopopo. SD: ke kūlike maʻamau; BMI: kuhikuhi kino kikoʻī.

papaʻaina 2 Hāʻawi i nā hualoaʻa o ka loiloi correlation hōʻike ʻokoʻa ma waena o MSPSS, BSMAS, FSFI (ma ka pae kahua a me ka nānā ʻana), hopohopo (ma ka papa hana a me ka hahai ʻana), nā kaumaha (ma ka papa hana a me ka hahai ʻana), FSDS-R (ma ke kahua. a hana hope), a me URCS. Hōʻike nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ʻo FSFI ma nā mahina 6 i hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia me MSPSS a me URCS, akā hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia me ka hopohopo, a me ke kaumaha ma 6 mau mahina, a me ka pili kaiapili pūnaewele.

2 Pūnaewele. Nā hana kikoo kauoha Zero no ka hana moekolohe, ka hopohopo, ke kaumaha, ka pili ʻana o ka pāʻoihana pāpili, ka pili pili ʻana a me ka hopohopo

'Ōlelo Aʻo. MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale o Perceived Social Support; BSMAS: Scale Social Media Addiction Scale; FSFI: Palapala Hoʻoilina Hana wahine; FSDS-R: Palena Hoʻohanohano Wahine kāne - Kau ʻia; URCS: Kekahi Lalena pili hoʻokūkū unahi. Nui p nā waiwai <.01.

^aKuhi ʻia ma nā mahina 6. ^bHana ʻia ma ka pae.

ʻO ka hāmeʻa i ʻike ʻia ke kākoʻo kaiāulu a me ka pili pili pili i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohui ʻana medial a me ka hana ʻano hana (Model A) / ʻehaʻeha (Model B) i hōʻike ʻia. Nā hualoaʻa ma ka 10,000 bias-corrected i hōʻike ʻia i kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai ka nui o ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka uia pūnaewele i FSFI.B = −0.93, p <.001), me URCS a me MSPSS e wehewehe ana 31.3% o ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻolauna pāpili a me FSFI. Aia kekahi hopena kūwaho o ka hoʻolauna pāpili kaiaulu ma FSFI ma o URCS: B = −0.16, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = [−0.29, –0.09]. Aia kekahi hopena pololei ma o MSPSS: B = −0.11, SE = 0.03, 95% CI = [−0.19, −0.06] (Papaaina 3; Hōʻano A).

3 Pūnaewele. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka piliona media wahine e pili ana i ka hana moekolohe, ke kaumaha wahine, a me ka hopohopo a me nā hopohopo me nā poʻe kōkua o ke kākoʻo kaiāulu a me ka pili pili

'Ōlelo Aʻo. ʻO ke ʻano makahiki, ʻo ka hoʻonaʻauao kāne, nā waiwai kīwaha o ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, FSFI, a me FSDS-R ua hoʻoponopono ʻia no nā Models A a me B. MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; BSMAS: Scale Social Media Addiction Scale; FSFI: Palapala Hoʻoilina Hana wahine; FSDS-R: Palena Hoʻohanohano Wahine kāne - Kau ʻia; URCS: Unidimensional Pili Scoseness Scale; Nā pāpū SE: bootstrapping hewa maʻamau; Boot LLCI: bootstrapping haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka palena hilinaʻi; Boot ULCI: bootstrapping palena palena o ka manawa hilinaʻi.

^aʻInoʻi ʻia nā mea hōʻemi ma ka pae kahua.

I Ke Kūlana B (Papa 3), ʻo ka hopena kūlohelohe o ka hoʻopili lehulehu i ka FSDS-R i nui ka helu aB = 1.23, p <.001), me URCS a me MSPSS e wehewehe nei i ka 45.6% o ka pilina ma waena o ka pāpāho kaiapili a me FSDS-R. E pili ana i nā hopena pololei ʻole, URCS ʻelua (B = 0.38, SE = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.62) a me MSPSS (B = 0.26, SE = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.46) he mau mea uwao nui ma waena o ka hoʻolauna pāpili a me FSDS-R.

kūkākūkā

ʻO kēia ka noiʻi mua e noiʻi i ka hopena o ka hoʻoweliweli pāpili kaiapuni i ka hana moekolohe wahine, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hana waena o ke kākoʻo kaiāulu a me ka nohona civic i ka pilina male me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi noi lōʻihi lōʻihi i loko o kahi manawa 6 mahina. McNulty et al. (2016) i ka hoʻopaʻa lōʻihi ʻana o nā kāne 207 ma 4 – 5 mau makahiki o ka male i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli, male ʻole, a me ka ʻike o ka pilina o nā kāne ma nā kāne. ʻO nā manaʻo o ke aloha, nā hakakā mare, a me ka leʻaleʻa male e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka moekolohe, ka mea e hoʻokūkū nui ai i ka hana a ka wahine.Pakpour et al., 2015).

ʻO ka hopohopo a me ke kaumaha ka hopena o ka naʻau e pili i ka hana moʻo wahine.Burri, Rahman, & Spector, 2011; Johannes et al., 2009; Johnson, Phelps, & Cottler, 2004; Serati et al., 2010). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o kēia noiʻi me ka maleʻe o ka wahine wahine pili me ke kaumaha a me ka hopohopo. ʻO ia ka hopena, ʻo ke komo ʻana i ka pūnaewele me ka pūnaewele media kekahi mea i komo i ka wahine o ka wahine wahine haʻahaʻa. Kahi kūpono kēia mau hopena i nā mea o ka noiʻi mua e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hana o ka ʻoihana media ma ka hana pilikino. Zheng ma Zheng (2014) ʻike ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā pilina moekolohe o kēlā me kēia kanaka e nā hana pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele. Ua hōʻike lākou i kekahi o nā wānana o ka moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele ka ʻimi ʻana i ka moekolohe. Ua ʻike lākou i ka neʻe ʻana mai ka moekolohe maoli i ka moekolohe moekolohe ma muli o ka likelika e loaʻa i nā ʻike moekolohe hou a hoihoi. ʻO ka makemake moekolohe, ka ʻano, a me ka lawena i pili pono a pili pono me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pono moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele e pili ana i ka moekolohe a me ka hōʻoluʻolu o ka moekolohe i ʻike ʻia e Muusses et al. (2015). Ua hōʻike lākou ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā moena pilikino i ka pili ʻana o nā kāne i ka hui koʻikoʻi a hoʻololi i ka moekolohe a me ka ʻoluʻolu. ʻOiai ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā moekolohe pūnaewele pili i hiki ke hoʻokumu i nā ʻike maikaʻi no kekahi mau kanaka (ʻO Bridges & Morokoff, 2011), Eichenberg et al. (2017) a me Aydın et al. (2018) hōʻike i nā mea hoʻohana me nā hana moekolohe pūnaewele ma ka honua hiki ʻole ke makemake i ka pilina pilikino. No ka mea hiki ke lilo i ka male ʻana i ka hana ma muli o nā haunaele i ka hoʻoheheʻe, ʻala, orgasm, a me ka ʻehaʻeha.APA, 2013), ʻo ka nalowale o ka makemake moekolohe hiki ke pili me ka wahine hana wahine.

ʻOiai ʻo nā hopena o kēia noiʻi e hōʻike nei i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pāʻoihana kanaka e pili ana i ka hana moekolohe, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia noiʻi ʻana a me nā haʻawina mua ʻo ia ua ʻike ʻia ka piliona o ka lehulehu i loko o kēia noiʻi, ʻaʻole ia i komo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike pili. I ka kaiapuni o kēia wā, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hiki ke piʻi o ka Pūnaewele, pilikia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia a me ka pūnaewele pili pūnaewele wale nō e pili ana i kāna ʻike, akā pili pū kekahi i nā manawa i hoʻohana ʻia me kēia pākino a pehea e ulu ai nā pilina interpersonal (Whitty, 2008). Hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa a me ka ikaika ma nā hana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele.Dong & Potenza, 2014). ʻO McDaniel lāua ʻo Coyne (2016) ʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ia mau ʻenehana i mea e hoʻopili ai i ka pilina o ka pilina a me ka ʻoluʻolu i loko o kahi pilina. Kēia hopena i loko o kēia noiʻi ua ʻikepili ʻia e ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hana hoʻokūʻūʻa a ʻike ʻia i ke kākoʻo kaiāulu ma ke ʻano he mea kākau. ʻOi aku ka kikoʻī, hōʻike kēia noiʻi e pili ana i ke kākoʻo a me ke kikowaena pili i ka hapa nui o ka ʻano o ka ʻano o ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana media a me ka hana pilikino (31.1%) a me ka hopohopo (45.6%). No laila, ua hōʻoia ka hopena o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele no ka mea i hoʻopili maoli ʻia i ka wahine wahine maoli akā ʻaʻole hoʻi ma ka hōʻemi o ka nui o ka pilina i waena o nā kāne a i ʻike ʻia ke kākoʻo kaiāulu.

hoʻokau

ʻO ka palena koʻikoʻi o kēia noi nei ka nele o ke komo ʻana i nā hoahana o nā ʻahahui wahine. No laila, ʻaʻole i hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili e pili ana i nā wahi noʻonoʻo a ke kāne. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka manaʻo ʻo ia ka pili ʻana i ka mare ʻana a pili ʻia ka wahine a me kāna hoa kāne, a ʻo ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka kāne a me nā hiʻohiʻona wahine e pili ana i ka moe kolohe wahine, ke manaʻo ʻia nā haʻawina o nā wā e pili ana i nā kāne a me nā dyads. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia he ʻano mea i ʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o nā kaola e ʻike ʻia (e like me ka hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo, a me ka makemake social).

hopena a

Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi e pili pū ana ka piliona media i ke ʻano o nā wahine i ka hana. Ma mua, pono nui ka nānā ʻana i ka hana o ka ʻoihana pilikino ma ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka launa a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā kāne. Pono e kau ʻia nā ʻōlelo noʻonoʻo i kahi ʻano pono no ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pili, ʻoiai inā he luhi a he pilikia paha paha. Eia kekahi, pono nā ʻano hana e kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka poʻe i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele e pono e kamaʻilio i ka hoʻolālā hana e pili ana i ka wahine e loaʻa kahi hana kolohe.

ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana o nā mea hoʻohana

Ua hoʻolālā ʻo ZA a me AHP i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a kākau i ka protocol. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo VI a me AHP i ka ʻike i hana a hoʻokele i ka helu helu helu. Ua kōkua ka MDG a me C-YL i ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono, wehewehe, a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana. Ua kōkua nā mea kākau a pau a apono ʻia ka palapala hope o ka ʻatikala.

Kōkua hihia

ʻO MDG ka mea kākoʻo hoʻomohala o ka hele mua ʻana o ka Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). Hōʻike nā mea kākau āpau i ka pili kālā a i ʻole pili e pili ana i ke kumuhana o kēia pepa.

E hoʻomaopopo '