ʻIke ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana ka "moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele" i nā ʻano pilikino pouli (machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, a me spitefulness). Nīnau: pehea e ʻokoʻa ai kēia mau ʻano ma hope o ka lōʻihi o ka manawa me ka ʻole o ka porn & pāʻani?
ʻO J Behav Addict. 2018 Nov 14: 1-11. hoʻopiʻi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.109.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
NĀ HOPE A ME NĀ HANA:
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana he mea nui nā ʻano pilikino i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele pilikia (PIU). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano pouli (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, a me spitefulness) a me PIU e hoʻokolokolo ʻia nei. No laila, ʻo nā pahuhopu o kēia noi e noiʻi i nā pilina o nā ʻano pouli me nā hana pūnaewele kikoʻī (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pāpili kaiaulu, pāʻani pāʻani, piliwaiwai, kālepa, a me ka wahine) a me PIU.
KANAKA:
ʻO ka huina o nā haumāna haumāna kulanui 772 i hoʻopau i kahi hoʻokolokolo hōʻike pono, kahi o ka Dark Triad Dirty Dozen Scale, Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, Spitegiving Scale, a me kahi ʻano i hana ʻia o ka Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale.
Nā hopena:
ʻO ka loiloi loikūlau Hierarchical a me kahi hoʻohālike o ka hui hou ʻana i hōʻike ʻia no ke kāne pili me ka ʻoi aku i ka ʻoi aku o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ʻoi aku ka wahine i ka pūnaewele, a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele, a ua hoʻopili hewa ʻia e ka ʻoihana pūnaewele a me nā kūleʻa pūnaewele. Ua pili ʻo Narcissism i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka pilia kanaka; ʻO Machiavellianism e pili ana i nā pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele kiʻekiʻe, ka wahine a me nā pāʻani hoʻoili pūnaewele; pili ke kaumaha ma ka sex online; a a spili me ka pili me ka wahine i ka pūnaewele, ka pāʻani pūnaewele, a me ka mākeke pūnaewele. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua pili pololei ʻo Machiavellianism a me ka lapuwale e pili ana iā PIU ma o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ka pāʻani pūnaewele, a me ka kūʻai pūnaewele, a me ka narcissism i kū pololei me ka ʻoU ʻo PIU ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele media.
KA HOOHOLO:
Hōʻike ka ʻike o kēia noiʻina mua i nā poʻe kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke ʻano ʻano kanaka ʻano haʻahaʻa i ka ulu ʻana i ka hoʻohana pilikia pūnaewele me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i nā hui o nā ʻano ʻuhane kūlohelohe me nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā hana pūnaewele pilikia.
KEYWORDS:
Machiavellianism; noke; pilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele; noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo; ʻaʻano; palaualulu
PMID: 30427212
Introduction
ʻO ka mana hou o ka beta draft hou o ka 11th loiloi o ka International Classification of Diseases (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2017) ua 'ike i ka "' oihana hana pāʻani, hana pinepine ma ka pūnaewele," ma ke 'ano he loiloi' ole, a me ka nū hou o ka Ka Papa Hana Hoʻonaʻauao a me Heluhelu o nā Mino Lō (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013) ua hoʻokomo i ka Pūnaewele Ke Ana Pūnaewele i ka ʻāpana 3 ma kahi o ka pilikia olakino e ulu hou ʻia e kūkā hou. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa nā manaʻo e noʻonoʻo i nā hana ma ka pūnaewele pilikia paha, ma kahi o ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pū ʻIa, e like me nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻonaninani (Mann, Kiefer, Schellekens, & Dom, 2017), nā hōʻike empirical hōʻike i kahi limahana liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka e hōʻike i nā mea hana pilikia pūnaewele, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia (PIU; ʻO Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, & Billieux, 2014). Nui nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana nui ʻia e wehewehe i ka pili ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia me ka "hoʻohui pūnaewele", "ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele," "ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele nui," "ka paulele pūnaewele," a me "ka hana hoʻohana pūnaewele," ʻoiai nā huaʻōlelo e wehewehe nei i ka pilikia ma ka pūnaewele. hoʻohana pinepine hoʻohana i nā kūlike diagnostic kūlike (Kuss et al., 2014). Hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi o nā papahana simptomatology e hoʻohana ākea ʻia i loko o ka biopsychosocial framework o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a ʻeono mau ʻāpana i loko e pili ana i ka hana pilikia i kēlā me kēia ʻano (ie, ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana, ka pīhoihoi, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano, ke ahonui, ka haʻalele ʻana, a me ka hakakā; Griffiths, 2005). Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ua kapa ʻia ʻo PIU ma ke ʻano he preoccupation me ka lilo o ka kaohi o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele e alakaʻi ai i nā hemahema i ke ola kaiaulu o ke kanaka, ke olakino, ka hoʻokō ʻana i kā lākou kuleana ola maoli (e laʻa, ka hana a me / a i ʻole ke aʻo ʻana), a me ka hiamoe a me ʻai lauana (Spada, 2014). No ka hana maʻamau, hoʻohana kēia noi i ka huaʻōlelo "pilikia pilikia pūnaewele" e wehewehe i ka nui o nā mea like ʻole a / ai ʻole ka nānā ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālike, e koi ʻia, a me / a i ʻole nā ʻano maikaʻi. ʻO PIU ka pānaʻi ʻoi loa he honua (a "hopu-ʻoi ʻia") kahi ʻoi i loko o ka pūnaewele hoʻohana, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo ʻole o ka PIU he mea maʻamau ka hoʻopilikia ʻia o nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
Hoʻololi nui nā helu prevalence o ka PIU (ma waena o 1% a me 18%) i nā haʻawina ʻokoʻa (no ka loiloi, ʻike ʻia Kuss et al., 2014). ʻO PIU kahi pilikia olakino koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻōpio a me nā wā e kū mai ana ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pūnaewele ʻike ma kēlā me kēia lā.Anderson, Steen, & Stavropoulos, 2017). ʻO nā hopena maikaʻiʻole o ka PIU ma waena o nā mea liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka i hoʻokomo i ke kaumaha, hopohopo, hopohopo, kaumaha wale (Ostovar et al., 2016), ke ao hiamoe, ke kūleʻa o ka ikehu, a me ke kino o ka physiological (Kuss et al., 2014). Ua hoʻonāukiuki kēia mau pōʻino i nā mea noiʻi e noiʻi i nā mea pili i ka PIU i mea e hoʻomohala ai i nā hoʻolālā pale no ka PIU.
Wahi a ke kikowaena o Inter-of-Affect-Cognition-Exemption (I-PACE) kekahi o nā ʻano aʻoaʻo i manaʻo ʻia e wehewehe i nā hana lalo o ka hana ʻo PIU (Brand, ʻōpio, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016), nā ʻano pilikino, nā ʻike kaiāulu, ke kumukānāwai biopsychological, a me nā manaʻo motika pūnaewele i waena o nā mea nui e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala a me ka mālama ʻana i ka PIU. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea a i hiki paha ke pāʻani i nā kuleana i waena o kekahi me kekahi e pili ana i kā lākou pilina e pili ana iā PIU (Brand et al., 2016). No laila, i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana iā PIU, he mea nui ia e noʻonoʻo ai i ka pilina o nā ʻokoʻa pilikino me nā kumu hoʻohana pūnaewele kikoʻī (e laʻa, pāʻani, pāʻani kālā, moekolohe, pāpili kaiaulu, a me nā kūʻai.)
E pili ana i nā hoʻoholo no ka pilikino o PIU, kahi loiloi meta-analytic i hoʻomaopopo i ka hana mau o ka Big Lima ʻano kūlia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka PIU. ʻOi aku ka nui, pili ʻo PIU me ka neuroticism kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e ʻike, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Kayiş et al., 2016). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina kūʻokoʻa i kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka PIU a me ka HEXACO kūloko pilikino o ka ʻoluʻolu, ʻo kaʻoiaʻiʻo-hoʻohaʻahaʻa, a me nā naʻau.Kopuničová & Baumgartner, 2016). Ua ʻike kekahi mau noiʻi ʻē aʻe ʻo PIU i ka pili ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana, ka ʻimi ʻana, ka ʻimi ʻana, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻana, a me ka pale ʻole ʻana i ka manaʻo.Kuss et al., 2014). Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ke kino nui o nā palapala palapala e pili ana i ka hopena o ke kanaka ma ka PIU, ua mālama ʻia ka hana o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, a me spitefulness me PIU ma muli o nā pilina maʻamau o kēia mau ʻano pilikino (eg pili) pili me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o PIU (Dalbudak, Evren, Aldemir, & Evren, 2014; Douglas, Bore, & Munro, 2012; ʻO James, Kavanagh, Jonason, Chonody, & Scrutton, 2014; Kayiş et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2017; Richardson & Boag, 2016; ʻO Trumello, Babore, Candelori, Morelli, & Bianchi, 2018).). Ua pili pū kekahi mau ʻano ʻona kanaka hewa me nā mea hoʻonaninani pūnaewele antisocial e pili ana i nā mana o nā kūlana he nui, cyberbullying, a me ka trolling pūnaewele, me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono noʻonoʻo like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā paepae like ʻole (ʻO Craker & Malaki, 2016; Garcia & Sikström, 2014; Panek, Nardis, & Konrath, 2013).). Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou a ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa pū ʻia ka Machiavellianism a me narcissism i hoʻopili pū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pāpaho pilikia pilikia, e pili ana paha i ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i nā pono antisocial o nā poʻe kiʻekiʻe ma kēia mau ʻano (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, & Tosuntaş, 2018). Hiki ke kōkua ʻia i nā hana he nui e ka pūnaewele (e laʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāpaho kaiaulu, pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele, piliwaiwai pūnaewele, cybersex, a me nā kūʻai pūnaewele) e hoʻopiʻi paha i nā pono like ʻole o kēlā me kēia kanaka me nā ʻano pilikino like ʻole. No laila, pili paha nā ʻano pouli me nā hana pūnaewele ʻokoʻa a me PIU. No laila, ua noiʻi kēia noiʻi i nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano pouli, nā hana pūnaewele kikoʻī, a me PIU.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻonaʻeleʻele a me ka PIU
ʻO ka Dark Triad ka pākahi o ʻekolu mau pūlima e pono ai a me nā hana antisocial: Machiavellianism, psychopathy, a me ka narcissism (Paulhus & Williams, 2002).). Ua kau hopu ʻia kēia mau ʻano i loko o ka poʻe noiʻi ma mua o nā makahiki i hala. ʻOi hou, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka Dark Triad i ka Dark Tetrad me ka hoʻohui o sadism (ʻO Buckels, Trapnell, & Paulhus, 2014; van Geel, Goemans, Toprak, & Vedder, 2017).). Eia kekahi, ua nānā kekahi mau noiʻi i ka hana o ka kānalua ʻole ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano Tetrad Dark Tetrad (ʻO Jonason, Zeigler-Hill, & ʻOkan, 2017; ʻO Zeigler-Hill & Vonk, 2015).). Eia nō naʻe, ua paio kekahi poʻe loea e loaʻa ʻole ke kōkua o ke kaumaha a me ka nānā ʻole i ka Dark Triad.Jonason et al., 2017; Tran et al., 2018).). ʻOiai nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e like me ka manippers interpersonal a me ka callousness (Jones & Figueredo, 2013; ʻO Marcus, Preszler, & Zeigler-Hill, 2018), he mau hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e hiki ke hōʻeha i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele no ka pilikia pilikia.
ʻO Narcissism, e pili ana i ka manaʻo he nui o ka manaʻo nui, ka nui, ka mana a me ke kuleana (Corry, Merritt, Mrug, & Pamp, 2008), ua pili pū me ka ʻoi aʻe ke komo nui ʻana ma ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka pūnaewele media pilikia (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), pilikia nā pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (Kim, Namkoong, Ku, & Kim, 2008), ai hoʻi ʻo PIU (Pantic et al., 2017).). ʻO nā mea kiʻekiʻe ma ka ncissism hōʻike i ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kekahi manawa.Arpaci, 2018; Fox & Rooney, 2015), ʻoiai ke hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi mea kaulana loa ma ka pālahalaha pūnaewele ʻo ia nā mea koʻikoʻi nui i ka pilikia ma ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.Kircaburun, Alhabash, Tosuntaş, & Griffiths, 2018).). Loaʻa i nā poʻe narcissistic i ke kiʻekiʻe nui a me ka mahalo i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele pūnaewele (Casale & Fioravanti, 2018), a / ai a i ʻole ma ke pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he mea e manaʻo ai ka luna i ko lākou mau hoa hoʻokūkū (Kim et al., 2008).). ʻO Futhermore, ʻo ka hoʻohana pūnaewele pili pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele hiki ke alakaʻi iā PIU i kahi liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka (ʻO Király et al., 2014).
ʻO Machiavellianism, e pili ana i ka hoʻopunipuni, hoʻopunipuni, aloha nui, a me nā pono hana (ʻO Christie & Geis, 1970), ua hui pū me ka pilikia pilikia o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), trolling i nā pāʻani onlineLadanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017), ka mālama ʻana iho i ka pūnaewele, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana ihoAbell & Brewer, 2014). E koho paha nā Machiavellians i ka pūnaewele pôpiha a me nā papa hana pāʻani e komo i ka hoʻopunipuni a interpersonal a hoʻopunipuni paha i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana (Abell & Brewer, 2014; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017) kekahi hapa ma muli o ko lākou makaʻu i ka hōʻaʻē ʻana i ka lehulehu (Rauthmann, 2011). Me ke ʻano e hiki ai i kēia mau ʻano ke ʻano, pili kēia mau luhi pilikia me ka pili ʻana i nā hōʻailona e like me ka preoccupation a me ka mood modification (Griffiths, 2005), a, hele, ulu i PIU no kekahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā poʻe (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018). Eia kekahi, pili maikaʻi ka Machiavellianism i kahi maikaʻi kūpono (ʻO Egan, Chan, & Shorter, 2014) a maikaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha (Richardson & Boag, 2016). Hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilikia ma kahi hoʻolālā kope maladaptive e kū'ē i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole (Kuss et al., 2014), he mea kūpono ia e manaʻo ai i kekahi poʻe kiʻekiʻe i Machiavellianism e komo i ka PIU a lilo i mea hoʻohana pilikia.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka psychopathy e ka impulsivity kiʻekiʻe, recklessness, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ʻO Jonason, Lyons, Bethell, & Ross, 2013). Ua like pū me Machiavellianism, ua pili pū me ka psychopathy me ka ʻōpū o ke ʻano a me ka haʻahaʻa hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi (ʻO Egan et al., 2014; ʻO Zeigler-Hill & Vonk, 2015). I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mana o ka psychopaths i ka PIU me kahi hoʻolālā kope maladaptive (Kuss et al., 2014), hiki iā lākou ke hana iā PIU i kahi hoʻāʻo e ʻimi a loaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe.Lin & Tsai, 2002; ʻO Vitacco & Rogers, 2001). Pēlā nō, hoʻonaninani nā mea kiʻekiʻe ma luna o nā dully sadistic a me nā ʻano kūpono antisocial, e like me ka cyberbullying (me ka cyberbullying).van Geel et al., 2017), nā trolling pūnaewele (ʻO Buckels et al., 2014), ʻoihana kōkipiko pilikino (Puhipaka & Malaki, 2017), me ke pāʻani wikiō o ka pāʻani wikiō (Greitemeyer & Sagioglou, 2017). Eia kekahi, hiki i nā psychopaths a me nā sadists ke hoʻāʻo e hōʻoluʻolu i nā makemake moekolohe ma ka pūnaewele (e laʻa me, cybersex a me nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi) a ola i kā lākou mau moemoeā (ʻO Baughman, Jonason, Veselka, & Vernon, 2014) i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka moʻo wahine a me ka hoʻouluʻana (Shim, Lee, & Paul, 2007). E hoʻāʻo paha nā poʻe Sadists e uku i ko lākou pono no ka hoʻokaumaha (ʻO Oʻara, Davies, & Hammond, 2011) ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō ma ka honua maoli i nā ʻike pūnaewele. Hiki paha ke ho'āʻo kūleʻa i ka pilikia i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma o ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana.
ʻO ka Spiteful, ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻopilikia i kā lākou iho no ka hōʻino ʻana i kekahi (ʻO Zeigler-Hill, Noser, Roof, Vonk, & Marcus, 2015), he ʻano kūlana ʻē aʻe ka mea iʻike ʻole ʻia akā ke pālahalaha ʻia me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻouka ʻana, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka naʻau haʻahaʻa.ʻO Marcus, Zeigler-Hill, Mercer, & Norris, 2014; ʻO Zeigler-Hill et al., 2015). ʻO kēia mau neʻe ʻana he kumu nui koʻikoʻi no nā ʻano antisocial a me ka pilikia pilikia.Kuss et al., 2014). ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe nui paha paha ka hopena e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka poʻe kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka hopohopo e ʻike ai i ka pilikia pilikia o ka nohona pili ola pono ma muli o ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona antisocial, e like me ka lawena interpersonal (Marcus et al., 2014) a me ka hōʻeha kino me nā ʻanoʻano (Vrabel, Zeigler-Hill, & Shango, 2017), eʻoi aku paha lākou i ka hana e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he nui no ka pale ʻana i ka pilina kaiāulu maoli a me / a i ʻole ke alualu maʻalahi i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018; Kırcaburun, Kokkinos, et al., 2018). Eia kekahi, hoʻonui i nā pae o ka impulsivity o nā kānaka makaʻuʻole (Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014) hiki iā lākou ke kau i kahi poʻe i kahi kūlana hūnā no ka ʻike ʻana iā PIU, no ka mea, ʻo ka impulsivity kekahi o nā mea wānana maʻamau o ka PIU (Kuss et al., 2014).
ʻO ke kūlana o nā hana pili pūnaewele
ʻO ka Pūnaewele ka mea maʻalahi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa a me nā hana ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uha pūnaewele, pālahalaha, mea pāʻani, kūʻai, a me nā moe kolohe (Griffiths, 2000; Montag et al., 2015). ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau hana i ka hanana ʻikepili ma waho o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka pilia pūnaewele. No laila, hiki i nā mea hana waho pūnaewele ke hele i loko o ka poʻe pūnaewele i ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻolāleʻa i nā pono waho pūnaewele ʻole (Kardefelt-Welther, 2014), e like me ka leʻaleʻa, ka pāʻani, ka pili ʻana, ke kūʻai ʻana, a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana. E like me ke kumu I-PACE (Brand et al., 2016), he pilikino kekahi kanaka i mea nui no ka makemake e hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana pūnaewele a me / a i nā noi. ʻO ka hōʻike hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka hiki o nā mea me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e loaʻa i nā hōʻola like ʻole mai nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka hana pūnaewele e hāʻawi ai i ka hōʻoia o ke kumu I-PACE.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā hana pūnaewele e hiki ke lilo i mea hoʻohui a alakaʻi i ka PIU no ka mea liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka. No ka laʻana, ua pili pū ka pāʻani pūnaewele me ka pāʻani pilikia. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hoʻohui pūnaewele, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele pūnaewele e wānana i ke kiʻekiʻe ʻo PIU, ʻoiai ke pili pū nei ka pāʻani pilikia me ka pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka pūnaewele.ʻO Király et al., 2014). ʻO ia ka mea, hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo PIU i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka pūnaewele ma luna o kāna mau hana like ʻole. No laila, ʻo ia ke komo ʻana i kēia mau hana pūnaewele e pili ana i kahi pili iā PIU kiʻekiʻe a me ka moʻolelo no nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻano pilikinoʻeleʻele a me ka PIU. Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike empidical e kākoʻo i kēia manaʻo ma o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā pilina nui o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ka pili pūnaewele, a me ke kiʻi ʻana hoʻi a me ka nānā ʻana i ka PūnaeweleAlexandraki, Stavropoulos, Burleigh, King, & Griffiths, 2018; Critselis et al., 2013; Stavropoulos, Kuss, Griffiths, Wilson, & Motti-Stefanidi, 2017). ʻO ia ke ʻano, ʻokoʻa ai ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻona e neʻe i ka poʻe e hoʻohana i nā hana ʻenehana like ʻole, a ma ia manawa e loaʻa ai nā hōʻoluʻolu mai kā lākou hana pūnaewele makemake ʻia e alakaʻi i ka hana hou a me ka pilikia o ka pūnaewele. No laila, ʻo ka mea e manaʻo ʻia e pili ana nā ʻano ʻuhaneʻeleʻele iā PIU me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ala like ʻole ma o nā hana pūnaewele.
ʻO ka noi i kēia manawa
ʻO kēia ka noiʻi mua e noiʻi i nā hui pololei a pololei ʻole o nā ʻano pouli (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, a me spitefulness) me PIU ma o nā hana pūnaewele kikoʻī (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pāpaho kaiapuni, pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele, piliwaiwai pūnaewele, kūʻai pūnaewele. , a me ka moekolohe pūnaewele. Ua nānā ka hapanui o nā noiʻi ma nā pilina o nā ʻano pouli ʻekolu (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, a me narcissism) ma nā ʻano pūnaewele like ʻole. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe noiʻi i noʻonoʻo i nā ʻano ʻelima (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka Triad Dark me ka hoʻohui i ka sadism a me ka spiteness) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana pūnaewele like ʻole a me PIU i ka manawa like. Ua manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa kahi hopena waena mai nā hana pūnaewele ma waena o nā hana pilikino a me PIU. Ma muli o nā manaʻo kuhi o ka hoʻohālikelike I-PACE (e hōʻike nei i nā kumu kumu i hoʻopili ʻia e like me ke ʻano pilikino a me nā kumu hoʻohana pūnaewele maʻamau e hiki ke hana i ka hana waena i kā lākou pili iā PIU) a me nā hōʻike empirical e kū nei, ua hana a hoʻokolohua ʻia kēia noi i kekahi mau kuhiakau ʻoiai ka mālama ʻana no ke kāne a me ka makahiki.
H1: E hoʻopili pololei ʻia ka Narcissism a me Machiavellianism me PIU a me ka pololei ma o ka pūnaewele media a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele.Kim et al., 2008; Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018; Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017).
H2: E pili pololei ka Psychopathy a me ke kaumaha me ka PIU a ma ke kūkaʻa ʻana ma o ka wahine ma ka pūnaewele.ʻO Buckels et al., 2014; Lin & Tsai, 2002; ʻO Vitacco & Rogers, 2001).
H3: ʻO ka psychopathy a me ka makaʻuʻole e pili pololei ana me ka PIU a me ka nānā ʻole ma ka pāʻani pūnaewele.Jonason et al., 2013; Marcus et al., 2014).
Nā Papahana
Ka huina o nā haumāna haumāna kulanui 772 (64% wahine), ʻelemakule ma waena o 18 a me 28 mau makahiki (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 20.72 mau makahiki. SD = 2.30), nā pepa nīnau pepa a me nā penikala. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka poʻe a pau i pili e pili ana i nā kikoʻī o ke aʻo a hāʻawi ʻia i kā lākou ʻae ʻike. ʻO ka komo ʻana i ka noi ʻana he inoa ʻole a me ka manawaleʻa ʻole. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻike i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia noi me kekahi noi ʻē aʻe i paʻi ʻia ma kahi ʻē (ie Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018a).
I mea e loaʻa ai ka ʻike e pili ana i nā kāne, nā makahiki, a me nā hana o ka pūnaewele i komo ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi palapala hoʻolaha pilikino. Ua hoʻohana nā mea komo i kahi unahi Likert 5-point mai “loa"I"mau"I mea e hōʻike ai i kā lākou hoʻohana pūnaewele ma ka pili ʻana i ka pili kālā (ʻo ia hoʻi,"Hoʻohana wau i ka Pūnaewele no ka pāʻani pili ʻana"), Pāʻani pāʻani (ʻo ia hoʻi,"Hoʻohana wau i ka pūnaewele no ka pāʻani ʻana"), Kūʻai kūʻai (ie,"Ua hoʻohana au i ka pūnaewele no ke kūʻai ʻana"), Pāpaho kaiapili (ie,"Hoʻohana wau i ka pūnaewele no ka ʻike pūnaewele"), A me ka moekolohe (ie,"Hoʻohana wau i ka pūnaewele no ka wahine").
K? Kuhi ka ipu i nā huahana 12 ma kahi kiko 9-point Likert mai "ikaika loa"I"ikaika loa, "Me nā mea ʻehā no kēlā me kēia ʻano pilikino me Machiavellianism (e laʻa,"Ua hoʻohana wau i ka hoʻopunipuni a hoʻopunipuni paha e kiʻi i koʻu ala"), Psychopathy (e laʻa,"ʻAʻole wau e hopohopo nui i ka ara kūpono a i ʻole ke ʻano hewa o kaʻu mau hana"), A me narcissism (e laʻa,"Makemake wau i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e nānā iaʻu'). ʻO ke ʻano Turkish kahi o ke kāʻei i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka hōʻoia kiʻekiʻe a me ka hilinaʻi nui (ʻO Özsoy, Rauthmann, Jonason, & Ardıç, 2017). Loaʻa ka pākuhi i ke kūlike o ka maikaʻi kūloko i kēia kula (Cronbach's α = .67 – .88).
ʻO ka ʻōkuhi ka helu 10 dichotomous (“ʻaʻole iaʻu"A me"e like me aʻu”) Mau mea (e laʻa,“Loaʻa iaʻu kahi moʻo e pili ana i ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā poʻe'). ʻO ke ʻano Turkish kahi o ke kāʻei i hōʻike mua ʻia i ka hōʻoia kiʻekiʻe a me ka hilinaʻi nui (Kircaburun, Jonason, & Griffiths, 2018b). Loaʻa ka pālākōna kūlike i loko o kēia aʻo ʻana (α = .77).
ʻO nā pālākiō kumu 17 nā mea (e laʻa, “He mea kūpono paha e hoʻonāukiuki i koʻu inoa no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hōʻea e pili ana i kahi mea aʻu i makemake ʻole ai”) Ma kahi kiko 5-point Likert mai“loa"I"mau. "Ma kēia noiʻi, koho ʻia nā mea 11 e like me nā haumāna o ke kulanui ʻOki no nā mea ʻimi aʻoaʻo (EFA) a me nā kumu loiloi hōʻoia (CFA). Ma ke kumu, EFA (KMO = 0.90; p <.001; nā kaiāulu e kū ana ma waena o 0.29 a me 0.59; e wehewehe ana i ka 48% o ka ʻokoʻa) a me CFA (nā kaulike kaulike kaulike ma waena o 0.49 a me 0.72) i hana i ʻelua subfactors, i manaʻo ʻia e like me ka hana ino ana i na mea e ae (e laʻa, “Inā loaʻa iaʻu kahi manawa, a laila ʻoliʻoli wau i kahi helu kālā e ʻike i kahi haumāna i aloha ʻole ʻole ai wau i kāna kaupaʻa hope.") A hana ino i ka poʻe (e laʻa, “Inā wau kekahi o nā haumāna hope loa i loko o kahi papa e lawe nei i kahi hoʻokolohua a ʻike wau ua nānā ʻole ke kumu, ʻaʻole wau e hoʻolilo i koʻu manawa i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wale nō e hoʻonāukiuki iā ia.'). ʻĀlelo lua-CFA (χ2/df = 2.67, RMSEA = 0.05 [90% CI (0.04, 0.06)], CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.97) hōʻike e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka pālākiō i kahi ala unidimensional. He kūlike kūloko maikaʻi ka pālākiō i kēia noi (α = .84).
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka Turkish BIAS e loiloi i ka hoʻohui honua. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka BIAS ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka Scence Facebook Addict Scene (Bergen Facebook).Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012). Nā BIAS Turkish (ʻO Tosuntaş et al., 2018) hoʻololi wale i ka huaʻōlelo "Facebook"Me ka huaʻōlelo"Internet. ” Aia nā BIAS i ʻeono mau mea (e laʻa, “Ehia mau manawa i hoʻāʻo ai i ka makahiki i hala e hoʻāʻo e hōʻoki ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka kūleʻa.”) Ma kahi kiko 5-point Likert mai“loa"I"mau. ”ʻO ke ʻano Turkish o ka ʻōna i hōʻike mua ʻia ai ka hōʻoia kiʻekiʻe a me ka hilinaʻi hoʻi. Loaʻa ka pālākōna kūlike i loko o kēia aʻo ʻana (α = .83).
Loaʻa ʻia ka ʻikepili no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā papa alakaʻi o ke kula ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka poʻe i komo, a ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia me ka ʻ thenaka o Helsinki.
Results
ʻO ka helu helu wehewehe, skewness, kurtosis, a me ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o nā helu inflation (VIF) waiwai, a me nā hoʻoponopono ma waena o ka wahine, ʻokoʻa, makahiki ʻo Dark Tetrad, ka ʻike ʻole, nā hana pūnaewele kūikawā, a me ka PIU i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1. ^ E Ha yM. Ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka nānā ʻana hierarchical helu regression lehulehu, skewness, kurtosis, VIF, a me ka hoʻomanawanui i ʻike ʻia i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ʻike ʻole ʻana a me ka multicollinearity. Wahi a West, Finch, a me Curran (1995), ke nānā skewness a me nā paepae kurtosis no ka normality he ± 2 a me ± 7, kēlā, akā ʻo Kline (2011) he ala hou aku me ka ± 3 a me ± 8, kēlā me kēia, ke manaʻo nei kekahi mau ʻōmaʻomaʻi konservative e pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka hoʻoili maʻamau inā he skewness a me nā waiwai kurtosis ka ± 2 (George & Malog, 2010). I kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻaʻole i loli ʻia nā loli a i ʻole nā mea hōʻike kaua-parametric i hoʻohana ʻia, no ka mea, aia ma lalo o ka paepae ka waiwai nui ʻana, hiki ke haʻalele ʻia nā hana kolohe maʻamau i kumu o ka kurtosis.Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). Hierarchical regression analysis (Papa 2) ua noi ʻia e nānā i nā mea wānana pilikino o nā hana pūnaewele ma ka manawa no ka pale ʻana i ka wahine a me nā makahiki e hoʻohana ana i ka polokalamu SPSS 23 ʻO ke kamaʻilio ʻana me ka male ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka pūnaewele (β = 0.35, p <.001), moe kolohe (β = 0.42, p <.001), a me ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele (β = 0.19, p <.001), a me ka maikaʻi ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka nohona (β = −0.16, p <.001) a me ke kūʻai pūnaewele ʻana (β = −0.13, p <.001). Ua pili wale ka makahiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nohona (β = −0.16, p <.001). Ua pili ka Narcissism i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nohona (β = 0.18, p <.001); Ua pili ka Machiavellianism me ka pāʻani pūnaewele (β = 0.11, p <.05) a me ka moekolohe pūnaewele (β = 0.09, p <.05). ʻO kēlā mau mea kiʻekiʻe i ka spiteness i loaʻa i ka wahine ma luna o ka pūnaewele (β = 0.10, p <.05), piliwaiwai pūnaewele (β = 0.16, p <.001), a me ke kūʻai pūnaewele ʻana (β = 0.15, p <.01). ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua pili wale ka sadism me ka wahine pūnaewele (β = 0.12, p <.01).
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1 Pūnaewele. Nā pākuhi helu SDs, a me nā kaukaʻi o Pearson i nā ʻano noi
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Hoʻā pilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele | - | |||||||||||
| 2. Hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻepekema | .33 *** | - | ||||||||||
| 3. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani | .14 *** | -.01 | - | |||||||||
| 4. Hoʻohana maikaʻi | .10 ** | .00 | .28 *** | - | ||||||||
| 5. Hoʻohana hoʻohana | .14 *** | -.02 | .26 *** | .32 *** | - | |||||||
| 6. Hoʻohana hoʻohana | .17 *** | .19 *** | .10 ** | .03 | .09 ** | - | ||||||
| 7. Machiavellianism | .24 *** | .10 ** | .19 *** | .32 *** | .22 *** | .05 | - | |||||
| 8. ʻĀpana naʻau | .15 *** | .04 | .14 *** | .26 *** | .18 *** | .05 | .53 *** | - | ||||
| 9. ʻO Narcissism | .20 *** | .18 *** | .11 ** | .24 *** | .07 * | .03 | .50 *** | .28 *** | - | |||
| 10. Hoʻopukū | .20 *** | .08 * | .16 *** | .34 *** | .16 *** | .05 | .47 *** | .48 *** | .29 *** | - | ||
| 11. Lawaa | .26 *** | .11 ** | .13 *** | .31 *** | .24 *** | .13 *** | .46 *** | .48 *** | .34 *** | .49 *** | - | |
| 12. Makahiki | −.16 *** | −.17 *** | -.04 | .04 | .06 | -.03 | -.00 | .03 | .02 | -.06 | .00 | - |
| 13. Kau kāne | -.00 | -O12 ** | .37 *** | .50 *** | .25 *** | -O09 ** | .22 *** | .20 *** | .15 *** | .26 *** | .21 *** | .05 |
| M | 16.67 | 4.23 | 2.29 | 1.52 | 1.56 | 2.74 | 9.43 | 9.83 | 16.25 | 11.29 | 16.60 | 20.72 |
| SD | 5.34 | 1.01 | 1.27 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 6.15 | 5.75 | 9.06 | 1.82 | 6.66 | 2.30 |
| ʻAukā | 0.17 | 1.80 | 0.69 | 0.20 | -1.45 | 1.75 | 1.55 | 1.52 | 0.31 | 2.17 | 1.82 | 1.38 |
| Kurtosis | -0.37 | 2.44 | -0.62 | -0.56 | 1.67 | 2.43 | 2.43 | 3.11 | -0.93 | 5.16 | 3.59 | 1.67 |
| ʻĀkiō | - | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.55 | 1.89 | 1.62 | 1.42 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1.05 |
Kākau. SD: ʻōleʻa kūlike; VIF: ka hopena o ke ʻano o ka hopena.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
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2 Pūnaewele. ʻO ka loiloi o ka hierarchical regression e nānā ana i ka wānana ʻana i nā hana like pūnaewele
| β (t) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nohona Media, | mea piliwaiwai | Sex | piliwaiwai | Kūʻai | ||
| Block 1 | kanaka | −0.16 (−4.33) *** | 0.35 (9.93) *** | 0.42 (13.40) *** | 0.19 (5.43) *** | −0.13 (−3.42) *** |
| makahiki | −0.16 (−4.58) *** | −0.06 (−1.85) | 0.02 (0.78) | 0.05 (1.56) | −0.02 (−0.60) | |
| Block 2 | Machiavellianism | 0.01 (0.17) | 0.11 (2.41) * | 0.09 (2.33) * | 0.14 (3.00) ** | 0.01 (0.24) |
| Hoʻokiʻekiʻe | −0.02 (−0.49) | 0.01 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.55) | −0.00 (−0.03) | |
| ʻO Narcissism | 0.18 (4.39) *** | −0.00 (−0.11) | 0.06 (1.83) | −0.08 (−1.99) * | −0.01 (−0.26) | |
| Hoʻopukū | 0.03 (0.71) | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.12 (3.27) ** | −0.02 (−0.46) | 0.01 (0.14) | |
| Lawaa | 0.07 (1.66) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.10 (2.60) * | 0.16 (3.66) *** | 0.15 (3.37) ** | |
| R2pili = .08; F(7, 764) = 10.48; p <.001 | R2pili = .15; F(7, 764) = 19.84; p <.001 | R2pili = .32; F(7, 764) = 53.25; p <.001 | R2pili = .11; F(7, 764) = 13.97; p <.001 | R2pili = .02; F(7, 764) = 3.62; p <.01 | ||
'Ōlelo Aʻo. Ke hōʻike nei nā waiwai i nā pale t nā helu o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
I ka nānā ʻana i nā hopena hopena o nā hana pūnaewele ma waena o nā ʻano pilikino a me ka PIU, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o nā kikowaena ʻano ʻano like ʻole me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻoU e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana, a me nā kāne a me nā makahiki he mana hoʻohālikelike ka mana. (Kiʻi 1).). Ua holo ʻia nā polokalamu AMOS 23 no ka loiloi ala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana bootstrapping me ka hoʻohālikelike mau ʻia e like me 5,000 a me 95% ka hopena palekana hilinaʻi. Ua nānā ʻia nā ala kūkaʻa me ka helu ʻana.Gaskin, 2016).). Ma ke ʻano o nā noiʻi (Papa 3), Machiavellianism pololei a pili pololei me ka PIU ma o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele (β = 0.12, p <.05; 95% CI [0.02, 0.21]). Pili pili ʻole ʻia ʻo Narcissism me PIU ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nohona (β = 0.09, p <.05; 95% CI [0.00, 0.18]). ʻO ka mea hope loa, pili pololei a pololei ʻole ʻia ka spiteness me PIU ma o ka pili kālā pūnaewele a me ke kūʻai pūnaewele ʻana (β = 0.18, p <.001; 95% CI [0.10, 0.26]). Ua wehewehe ka hoʻohālikelike i ka 21% o ka ʻokoʻa ma PIU.
Hōʻike 1. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hope o ka coefficients nui ala. Hoʻololi ʻia ka male a me ka makahiki no nā mea hoʻopihapiha a me nā hopena i ka hoʻohālike. No ka mālamalama, ka hoʻomohala i nā loli a me nā loulou ma waena o ke kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa, ka hoʻomalu, a me nā mea kikowaena ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ke kiʻi. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001
|
3 Pūnaewele. Nā koho hoʻohalahala o ka hopena holoʻokoʻa, pololei a me ka hema ʻole ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia a me nā hoʻololi kikowaena
| Kālā (SE) | Ka wehewehe kiko (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Machiavellianism → Noho pilikia pūnaewele pūnaewele (hopena piha) | 0.12 (0.05) * | - |
| Machiavellianism → Hoʻohana pūnaewele pūnaewele (hopena pololei) | 0.09 (0.05) * | 75 |
| Machiavellianism → No ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia (hiki i ke kūlike ka hopena) | 0.03 (0.02) | 25 |
| Machiavellianism → Keʻaʻai → He pilikia pilikia ka hoʻohana pūnaewele (hopena hemahema) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Machiavellianism → Mea Pili → Pili pilikia pūnaewele hoʻohana (kūlana hakahaka) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 8 |
| Narcissism → pilikia pilikia pūnaewele (hopena piha) | 0.09 (0.04) * | - |
| Narcissism → pilikia pilikia pūnaewele (hopena pololei) | 0.05 (0.04) | 56 |
| Narcissism → Pili kaiapili hoʻohana → pilikia pilikia pūnaewele (kūmole hopena) | 0.04 (0.02) * | 44 |
| Spitefulness → pilikia pūnaewele hoʻohana (hopena hopena) | 0.18 (0.04) *** | - |
| Spitefulness → pilikia pilikia pūnaewele hoʻohana (hopena pololei) | 0.14 (0.04) *** | 78 |
| Spitefulness → pilikia pūnaewele hoʻohana (ʻokoʻa kūlike ninaninau) | 0.04 (0.02) ** | 22 |
| Pūnaewele | 0.02 (0.01) * | 11 |
| Spitefulness → Kūʻai → Hoʻoikaika pūnaewele hoʻohana (kūmole hopena) | 0.01 (0.01) * | 6 |
'Ōlelo Aʻo. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
kūkākūkā
I ka mea ʻoi loa o ka ʻike o nā mea kākau, ʻo kēia ka noiʻi mua e noiʻi i nā hui pololei a me ka ʻole o nā ʻano pouli (ie, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, sadism, a me spitefulness) me PIU ma o nā hana pūnaewele kikoʻī (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pāpili kaiaulu, pāʻani pūnaewele, piliwaiwai pūnaewele, kūʻai pūnaewele, a me ka moekolohe pūnaewele). Wahi a nā anamanaʻo, a kūlike me ka hoʻohālikelike I-PACE, pili nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i nā hana pūnaewele a me nā pae o PIU. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hopena hopena ma waena o nā loli liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai ʻo ka pilina ma waena o narcissism a me PIU ka mea i hoʻoponopono piha ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nohona, ua pili pololei a pili ʻole paha ʻo Machiavellianism me PIU ma o ka pāʻani kālā pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hoʻokau hapa ʻia ka piliwaiwai pūnaewele a me nā kūʻai pūnaewele ʻana i ka hui ma waena o ka spitefulness a me PIU. ʻOiai ʻo nā kuhiakau mua a ʻekolu hoʻi i kākoʻo hapa ʻia, ʻaʻole kūlike nā mea i loaʻa me ka kuhiakau ʻelua.
Ua pili pū kekahi me ka hypothesis, hoʻohana ʻia e ka ʻoihana pūnaewele i ka pilina ma waena o narcissism a me ka PIU. Ua pili ʻo Narcissism i ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka mea pili i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele, a ma ka huli ʻana ua pili pū kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻoihana pili i ka pūnaewele. ʻIke ʻia he mau kānaka kiʻekiʻe i ka narcissism i makemake ʻia i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele i nā pūnaewele pāʻani pūnaewele i mea e hoʻokō ai i kā lākou mau manaʻo noʻonoʻo e kū mai ana mai ko lākou ʻano antisocial e like me ka pīhoihoi (Casale & Fioravanti, 2018). Ke hoʻohana nei nā Narcissists i nā mea hana pilikino pūnaewele ponoʻī e hoʻolaha a nānā aku iā lākou iho, ka mea e hoʻohuli i ka preoccupation me kā lākou kiʻi a me nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe a kekahi i kā lākou mau pou (Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018). I ka huli ʻana, e loli kēia preoccupation i PIU no kekahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā kānaka. Hāʻawi ʻia, ʻokoʻa mai nā noi pūnaewele ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana media pūnaewele ma ka pūnaewele wale nō, hiki i kona pilikia pilikia ke unuhi i ka PIU hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hana pūnaewele e loaʻa ana i nā kūlike ma waho.
E like me ka hypothesized, ua hoʻopili pololei a Machiavellianism me PIU ma o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele. Hāʻawi ia i nā Machiavellians hiki ke pilikia i ka launa olakino ma muli o ko lākou ʻae haʻahaʻa, kiʻekiʻe ka naʻau o ka manipulativeness, kiʻekiʻe alexithymia, a me ka naʻau haʻahaʻa.Austin, Farrelly, ʻEleʻele, & Moore, 2007; ʻO Jonason & Krause, 2013), hiki iā lākou keʻoluʻolu i ka pūnaewele a makemake aku i nā hōʻiliʻili pūnaewele ma ka maka. Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa nā haumāna Machiavellian i ke kaumaha nui loa i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā haumāna non-Machiavellian (Bakir et al., 2003). Ua hōʻike kēia ma laila e loaʻa i ka PIU kiʻekiʻe no nā poʻe kiʻekiʻe i Machiavellianism, no ka mea ke kūlike ka mea kaumaha i ka manawa pilikia ma ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.Kircaburun, Kokkinos, et al., 2018).
Ua pili ʻo Machiavellianism me ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka pili kālā pūnaewele, a ʻo ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele i alakaʻi ʻia i PIU kiʻekiʻe aʻe. Ua pili nā noiʻi i hala aku nei iā Machiavellianism me ka pāʻani kanikau (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka trolling ʻana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele), a he hōʻike paha kēia no kēia pilina.Ladanyi & Doyle-Portillo, 2017). Kakau ʻia ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea kiʻekiʻe ma Machiavellianism nona ka manaʻo hoʻokūkū a ʻaʻole hoʻokō i ka kūpono kūpono a me ka hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kā lākou mau pahuhopu (Clempner, 2017), ua hana paha lākou i ke pāʻani me ke kaumaha e hoʻokūkū i nā mea pāʻani a hiki i kēia mau hoʻāʻo a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻana ke huli i ka manawa lōʻihi i hoʻolilo ʻia ma ka pūnaewele. Hoʻohālike i ka pāʻani, ʻo ka pili ʻana kekahi ʻoihana hoʻokūkū kahi me nā uku uku ʻē aʻe e like me ka loaʻa kālā maoli. Ua loaʻa ka hiʻohiʻona pilikino Machiavellian e launa me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i nā uku e hōʻike nei he mau pono nui nā mea e pono ai nā poʻe me nā mea kiʻekiʻe Machiavellian (ʻO Birkás, Csathó, Gács, & Bereczkei, 2015). ʻO ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka pāʻani pūnaewele pūnaewele ʻelua o nā hana kūikawā kaulana loa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele a hiki ke hoʻololi koke i ka hoʻonāukiuki pūnaewele pilikia no kekahi mau mea hoʻohana (Brand et al., 2016).
He ʻokoʻa i ka hopena i manaʻo ʻia, pili koke kekahi me ka PIU a me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka kūʻai pūnaewele. Ua like pū me Machiavellianism, ʻoiai ka pili me ka dysregulation kiʻekiʻe aʻe.ʻO Zeigler-Hill & Vonk, 2015), hoʻopio ʻia, a me ka ʻike ʻole (ʻO Zeigler-Hill & Noser, 2018) - nā hui e hopena i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono kūloko i ka ʻoluʻolu online.Gervasi et al., 2017; Niemz, Griffiths, & Banyard, 2005). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano hoʻohiki ākea e ka ʻāwili a me ka hoʻoweliweli komo ʻana (Marcus et al., 2014) a me nā poʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka hilahila e ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka narcissism haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Marcus et al., 2014), ka mea i pili me ka piʻi aku online pathological kiʻekiʻe (Andreassen et al., 2017; Casale, Fioravanti, & Rugai, 2016). Pēlā nō, hoʻohana paha nā mea nūhou i ke kūʻai aku pūnaewele e ko lākou ukiuki i ka poʻe ʻē aʻe a i ko lākou pono mau ʻana no ka ego-hoʻoikaika, no ka mea hiki i ko lākou hōʻeha a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ma ka huli ʻana, hiki i nā mākeke pūnaewele ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka pūnaewele i ka wā e ʻimi nei i nā pūnaewele like ʻole no ka kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana like ʻole.
ʻO kēia haʻawina ma waena o nā mea liʻiliʻi i hana ʻia e noʻonoʻo i ke kumu o nā ʻuhane kūlohelohe iā PIU. Aia kekahi mau pahulā ma waena o nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi a me kēia mau haʻawina ʻoiai aia nō hoʻi kekahi mau kiʻi kūʻē kue. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻoiai kēia haʻawina ua hōʻike i kahi pili pololei ma waena o Machiavellianism a me PIU, ʻo Machiavellianism kahi mea wanana pololei o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka pāpāao pilikia ma waena o nā haumāna haumāna ma kahi aʻo mua.Kircaburun, Demetrovics, et al., 2018), a he mea kūpono ʻole ia i kekahi 'ana noiʻi e nānā ana i nā pāʻani pūnaewele ma ka pilikia (Kircaburun et al., 2018b). Pēlā nō, ua piliwaliwali ka pili ʻana o ka narcissism me PIU ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāpili kaiaulu i kēia noi, ʻoiai he mea nui ia e wānana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāpaho pilikia a me nā pāʻani pāʻani pilikia. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā noiʻi i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei me nā haumāna o ke kulanui ʻokoʻa loa a me nā mea pāʻani, he wehewehe hiki ke wehewehe ʻia no nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa e wānana nei i ka hoʻohana pilikia ʻana o nā hana pūnaewele like ʻole (e laʻa, ka pāpili kaiaulu, pāʻani pāʻani, a me ka hoʻohana pūnaewele). Eia nō naʻe, kākoʻo kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo (ʻoiai ka hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi nui) nā ʻano kikoʻī o ka pilikia ma ka pūnaewele (e laʻa me ka pāʻani ʻana a me nā pāpili kaiaulu) a me ka PIU he mau ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole a ʻokoʻa nā nosological entities i loaʻa paha nā ʻano wānana like ʻoleBrand et al., 2016; ʻO Király et al., 2014; Montag et al., 2015). Akā, ke hōʻike nei kēia mau haʻawina mua e pono ke hāʻawi aku i nā ʻano helehelena ʻeleʻele i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ana i ka PIU a me nā ʻano pilikia ʻē aʻe pūnaewele, a ʻo ka noiʻi hou aku i kuhi ʻia i ke kumuhana no ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi loa i kēia mau pilina.
Ua loaʻa i kēia noiʻi nā palena ʻē aʻe e pono e kūkā i nā haʻawina o hope aku. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka ʻikepili noiʻi ma o nā nīnau nīnau hōʻike ponoʻī i kahi tauira i koho pono ʻia e kū nei i nā kūlana i ʻike ʻia a me nā palena. Pono nā haʻawina o ka wā e hana ana i nā mea hohonu hou e like me ke ʻano qualitative a i ʻole me nā ʻano hoʻohālike i waena o nā pākana nui a ʻoi aku paha. ʻO ka lua, pale i ka hoʻolālā ʻāpana ke kālai i nā pilina kumu. I mea e hiki ai ke hōʻike i ke kumu a me nā kuhikuhi o kēia mau pilina, pono e hana nā noiʻi i nā hoʻolālā lōʻihi. ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ka papa noiʻi i loaʻa nā haumāna haumāna Tureke ʻekahi mai hoʻokahi kula; no laila, palena ʻole ka laulā o nā hopena. Pono nā noi ʻana o ka wā e hoʻohuli i nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻulu o nā makahiki ʻokoʻa a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe mai nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā moʻomeheu.
ʻOiai ke kaupalena ʻana, ʻo ia ka noiʻi mua ʻana e nānā pono ai i nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻano pilikino, nā hana pūnaewele kūʻokoʻa, a me ka PIU. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi e pili pololei a kūlike ʻole i ka pili ʻana i ka PIU kiʻekiʻe ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻano hana like ʻole pūnaewele. Hōʻike ka ʻike o kēia noiʻi e pono e nui hou aku ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i ka hana o nā ʻuhane kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoi nui o ka hui a Machiavellianism a me ka pupuhopo ʻana me ka PIU. Eia kekahi, hōʻike nā hopena i pili ai ʻo Machiavellianism, ka ʻoluʻolu, ke kaumaha, a me ka narcissism pili i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hana pūnaewele e like me ke kelepona pūnaewele, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele media, ka pili pūnaewele, ka pāʻani pūnaewele, a me ke kūʻai kūwele pūnaewele, hiki i nā mea āpau ke kumu. hana ʻino i kekahi ola o kekahi kanaka ma muli o ka pilikia a me / ka hoʻohana nui ʻana. Pono nā limahana olakino a me nā kauka lapaʻau e mālama i kēia mau ʻano pilikino i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hiki ke pale a me nā hoʻolālā kikowaena no PIU. Ma kahi o nā hoʻopiʻi ʻana i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei, ua hoʻāʻo ka noiʻi nei i nā kuhi ʻikepili o ka hoʻohālikelike I-PACE a ua hāʻawi i nā hōʻike empirical no ka hana nui o nāʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā hana pūnaewele a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana ma ka pūnaewele, a me ka kuleana nui o nā makemake o nā ʻokoʻa like me ka pūnaewele nā hana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pae o ka PIU.
Uaʻike nui nā mea kākau ʻelua i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka ʻatikala.
ʻAʻole i hōʻikeʻia e nā mea kākau i ka paʻi kālā.
E hoʻomaopopo '
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