ʻO ke kuleana nui o ke kumumanaʻo i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka ʻino mai nā ʻenehana e kū nei. Lilo i ke komite ?. • Nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka lawe pilikia ʻana e pili ana i nā ʻenehana e kū nei: kahi papahana e pili ana i nā mea e hōʻemi ai i nā meaʻino (Swanton et al., 2019)

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi mau ʻenehana ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe

Ma waenakonu o Swanton et al.'s (2019) ʻO ke kumu 'lawe pilikia pilikia', kūkulu like me, akā ʻokoʻa loa mai, ka pulunaele or lawe-pio e like me ka manaʻo i loko o nā kumumanaʻo ʻē aʻe. Kūpono kēia a manaʻolana ʻia e nā mea kākau e kōkua i kahi ʻano interdisciplinary hoʻokokoke ʻana e lilo i mea maʻalahi i nā manaʻo 'blind blind' e kū mai kahi ala 'unilateral' ʻoi aku. ʻOiai ʻo ke koho ʻana o ka lepili 'lawe pilikia pilikia' e hōʻalo i ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka mea hōʻalo akā, i ka hana ʻana pēlā, ua haʻalele ʻia ka kuleana nui o hōʻeuʻeu i ka hana. ʻO kēlā me kēia kumumanaʻo nui o ka impulsivity, lawe i nā pilikia, a i ʻole ʻimi / mea ʻimi ʻimi (i kūkulu ʻia ma nā papahana noiʻi multidisciplinary) ma ke kikowaena o ka hoʻoikaika e alualu i nā mea hoʻoikaika, e like me nā kūlana kahi e weliweli ai ka hana pēlā (Barratt, 1972; Cloninger, 1987; Eysenck, 1993; Gullo, Loxton, & Dawe, 2014; ʻO Whiteside & Lynam, 2001; Zuckerman & Kuhlman, 2000). ʻO ka lawehala a me ka lawe ʻana i kahi pilikia, inā pilikia a ʻole ʻole, hoʻonāukiuki ʻia e ka alualu ʻana i nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi makana a i ʻole unconditioned (e like me ka meaʻai, ka moekolohe, ka ʻae ʻana i ka nohona, ka hopena o ka hoʻoikaika maikaʻi) Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia e maikaʻi ' hoʻoikaika, ka alualu o ke kōkua mai aversive kino a i ʻole psychological mokuʻāina (ie hoʻopaʻi), e like me ka ʻeha a me ke ʻano haʻahaʻa. He mea ʻole ka mea hoʻoikaika maoli, ʻo ia ka manaʻolana o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hana ʻana i ka pilikia a me ka lawehala. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana o kahi ʻenehana hou a hiki i ka ikaika ka palena nui i ka Swanton et al.'s (2019) papahana

ʻO kekahi mau mea hoʻonāukiuki e hoʻonui i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana (uku a me / a i ʻole ka hoʻomaha ʻana) ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, kakaikahi ka poʻe e kūlike ʻole i ka ʻenehana e hiki ai i ke komo maʻalahi ʻana (pūnaewele) i nā pāʻani wikiō a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ke hopena i ka hoʻohana pilikia ma mua o ka ʻenehana e hiki ai i ka holoi maʻalahi ʻana. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā ponokala kiʻi no ka mea pili lākou i ka neurotransmission dopamine i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka holoi holoi ipu a i ʻole nā ​​hana ʻē aʻe (ʻO Gola et al., 2017; Koepp et al., 1998). I ka hopena e hoʻopili ana i ka neurotransmission dopamine, hiki i nā pāʻani pūnaewele a me nā kiʻi ponokala kiʻi ke loaʻa ʻoi aku ka nui nā mea e ola ai ma mua o nā kuhi holoi holoi, me nā manaʻo e pili ana iā lākou i ke kiʻi pinepine ʻana i ka maka o nā mea hoʻohana a me ka hana ʻana i ka makemake ikaika e ʻimi i ka uku e pili ana i ka hoʻohana (Berridge & Robinson, 2016; Han, Kim, Lee, Min, & Renshaw, 2010; Robinson & Berridge, 2001). ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana he mea nui ia e kākoʻo i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana (o nā mea a me nā lawena) i hiki ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi o ka hoʻoponopono o ka hoʻohana a me nā hopena ʻino (Koob & Volkow, 2016; Saunders, Degenhardt, Reed, & Poznyak, 2019). Me nā manaʻo intrusive hou aʻe a me nā impulses ʻoi aku ka ikaika e hele mai i ka paʻakikī i ka pāpā ʻana i ka hana inā kūpono ʻole a hōʻino paha. ʻO ka uku / hoʻoikaika ikaika o kēlā me kēia ʻenehana kahi mea nui i ka hoʻoholo ʻana pehea e makaʻu ai ia no nā mea hoʻohana (Saunders et al., 2017).

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kekahi poʻe i ka uku

Ke ʻike nei i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana pilikia e wehewehe i ka noi o ka impulsivity theory ke noʻonoʻo pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kānaka kalaiwa uku / hoʻomaopopo, kahi nui nui o ka impulsivity, e ʻike i ka hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻana mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā makana e pili ana i ka ʻenehana, e hoʻopili wikiwiki i nā kuhi ʻē aʻe me kēia uku, a hana i nā mea i manaʻo nui ʻia e pili ana i nā pono o ia ʻano ʻenehana, nā hopena āpau i nā impulses hoʻoikaika ikaika. ie makemake) e hoʻohana hou a hou (Dawe, Gullo, & Loxton, 2004; Gullo, Dawe, Kambouropoulos, Staiger, & Jackson, 2010; Robinson & Berridge, 2000). ʻO ka makana makana kahi ʻano biologically-based e hōʻike ana i kēlā me kēia ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i ka hana o ka mesolimbic dopamine ʻōnaehana i pili nui i ke kumu.Cloninger, 1987; Costumero et al., 2013; Dawe et al., 2004; Depue & Collins, 1999; Schreuders et al., 2018). Aia ke kuhi a me ka ʻike i ke kumu o ka extraversion (Depue & Collins, 1999; Gray, 1970; ʻO Lucas & Diener, 2001), wehewehe maopopo ʻia i ka Gray's Behavioural Approach System (BAS) (Kelehu, 1975), a ʻike ʻia i nā kekelē ʻokoʻa i kekahi mau manaʻo manaʻo o ka ʻimi ʻimi (Steinberg, 2008; Woicik, Stewart, Pihl, & Conrod, 2009), akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i kekahi (Zuckerman & Kuhlman, 2000).

Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kalaiwa uku kiʻekiʻe e wānana lōʻihi i nā pilikia me nā lāʻau hoʻoikaika like ʻole (De Decker et al., 2017; Heinrich et al., 2016; Urošević et al., 2015) a ʻo nā kānaka me ka maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻokele uku ma mua o nā kaohi olakino (Lee et al., 2017; Rho et al., 2017). ʻO nā piko hoʻoliʻiliʻi makana i ka wā ʻōpio, e hōʻike ana i kahi manawa kū hoʻokahi o ka makaʻu no ke ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻokokoke pilikia.Ernst et al., 2005; Galvan et al., 2006; Gullo & Dawe, 2008; Steinberg & Chein, 2015). ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou a kūwaho hoʻi ma o ka aniani o ka hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia e ʻae no ka ʻike wikiwiki ʻana o kēlā mau mea e hōʻeha paha (e laʻa ʻaʻole pilikia nā hana hou i ka ʻenehana holoi ipu). ʻO ka noi o ke kumumanaʻo impulsivity e ʻae no ka ʻike ʻana i kēlā mau kanaka i ka hui kaiaulu e maʻalahi i ka hoʻohana pilikia.

Ke hoʻoponopono nei i ka hana uku

ʻOiai kekahi mau ʻenehana e hoʻopaʻa i ka hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka poʻe ʻē aʻe, ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻohana ʻaʻole e hoʻomohala i nā pilikia, ʻoiai me ka hoʻohana pinepine. Kuhi nā loiloi noiʻi nui nui i ka laha o nā pāʻani pūnaewele pathological ma ke ʻano he 1-15% i waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio, me kēia ʻano ʻokoʻa loa e ka ʻāina a me ka makahiki.Helene, 2009; Saunders et al., 2017). ʻO nā ʻōpio e pāʻani ana i nā pāʻani wikiō a hiki i 19 mau hola i kēlā me kēia pule ʻaʻole lākou e hele a lilo i mau mea pāʻani pathological (Gentile et al., 2011). E like me ka hihia no ka hoʻoikaika ikaika ʻana i nā mea (ʻO Wagner & Anthony, 2007), ʻoiai ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻoikaika e hoʻonui i ka likelike o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pilikia, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻohana ʻaʻole hoʻomohala i nā pilikia e kaohi ana i kā lākou hoʻohana. Aia ka lula kūleʻa i ka hiki ke kāohi i kahi ʻano ikaika i hoʻokokoke ʻia ma hope o ka puka ʻana o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ʻo ia ka hoʻopaʻiPatterson & Newman, 1993).

ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻōpio e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō e loaʻa ka ikaika e pili ana a ʻaʻole e lilo i mau mea pāʻani pathological (Gentile et al., 2011). No nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻonui ka hana hoʻoikaika i ka pinepine a me ka ikaika, e hopena i ka hoʻopaʻi (e laʻa me ka papa maikaʻi ʻole ma kahi hōʻike. ʻO ka ʻike (a i ʻole ke kali ʻia) o ia hoʻopaʻi e hoʻopuka i kahi manaʻo kūʻē e kāpae i ka hana i hoʻoikaika ʻia, no laila e hōʻalo ai i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (hiki)Gray & McNaughton, 2000; Patterson & Newman, 1993). Leʻaleʻa paha ka pāʻani ʻana ma ka pūnaewele, akā haʻalele kēlā me kēia hola i ka haʻalele ʻana i hoʻokahi hola liʻiliʻi e hoʻolilo i ke aʻo ʻana no kahi hoʻokolohua a i ʻole me ke keikikāne / ipo wahine. ʻAʻole paha kēia, ma-a-iā ia iho, e hoʻopōʻino a maladaptive paha, akā hoʻonui ia i ka hopena no nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole e like me ka hāʻawi ʻia ʻana o nā hola i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kahi ʻenehana uku koke e kūʻē i nā hana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia ʻano, e pili ana i ka uku koke a hoʻopaneʻe / kānalua ʻole ka hoʻopaʻi, kahi mea nui o ka hana theoretical i ka impulsivity kahua.

Hōʻike ʻia nā moʻolelo kumumanaʻo o ka impulsivity a me ka lawe ʻana i nā pilikia ma ke ʻano he komo ʻana i ke ʻano alakaʻi e alakaʻi ai i ka uku / kōkua (ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a me ka uku hou aʻe) ʻoiai ka hoʻopaʻi (ʻoi aku ka lohi a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻopaʻi.Barratt, 1972; Cloninger, 1987; Eysenck, 1993; Gullo et al., 2014; Zuckerman & Kuhlman, 2000)). ʻOiai kekahi mau theories ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale ma waena ka pulunaele a lawe-pio, hāpai kekahi i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia e ka nele o ka ʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a ʻo ka hope i ka makemake e 'lawe i ka makaʻu' ʻoiai ke ʻike nei i nā hopena (Keʻa, ʻoki, & Campbell, 2011; ʻO Eysenck, Easting, & Pearson, 1984; Gullo & Dawe, 2008; Nigg, 2017; Zuckerman & Kuhlman, 2000). Mai kahi manaʻo neuropsychological, ʻoi aku ka parsimonious e ʻike i ka ʻike i ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki a me ko lākou manaʻo hoʻoikaika e like me ka mea i koe i ka hoʻomau hoʻokahi o ka 'hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻi' (Gray & McNaughton, 2000; ʻO McNaughton & Corr, 2004).

Hōʻike ka ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia i ka hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻi i ka paepae o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale o ka lolo. Hoʻopili kēia ʻōnaehana, i waena o nā hanana ʻē aʻe, ka hippocampus, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, subicular area (subikulum), amygdala, orbitofrontal a me cingulate cortices (Bechara, 2004; Gray & McNaughton, 2000). ʻO nā mea haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻi e pane wale i nā kuhi wānana no ka hopena koke a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (e like me 'Inā ʻaʻole wau e hana hou i kahi hōʻike hou, ʻo ia ka lā ʻapōpō, pono wau e hana hou i ka papa 10'). ʻO nā mea kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻopaʻi hoʻopaʻi e ʻike i ka hoʻonāukiuki koʻikoʻi nui i ka pane ʻana i nā ʻōuli o ka hopena liʻiliʻi a me kekahi o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (e like me 'makemake ʻole wau e pāʻani i nā pāʻani wikiō i nā lā pule no ka mea ikaika pili i kaʻu mau aʻo ʻana ').

ʻAʻole pono e heluhelu ʻia ke kūkā e hōʻike ana i ka impulsivity ʻo ia wale nō ka hui ʻana o ka uku nui a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻopaʻi, a ʻo nā hōʻike e hōʻike i kēia (Depue & Collins, 1999; Smillie, Pickering, & Jackson, 2006). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka uku a me nā hōʻailona hoʻopaʻi, a me ke alapine / kūpono o kā lākou hanana pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia. ʻO kēia kahi ʻāpana a mākou i manaʻoʻiʻo ai Swanton a me nā hoapili '(2019) ʻo ke kuanaʻike o ka lawe ʻana i kahi pilikia e pōmaikaʻi ia mai ka hoʻomohala hou aʻe.

Hoʻohālikelike nā hiʻohiʻona o ka impulsivity o kēia wā, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana hoʻopulapula, ʻike i ke koʻikoʻi o nā ʻokoʻa i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka uku a me ka hoʻopaʻi ma muli o ke ʻano o ke ʻano nui, a pehea e hoʻololi ai kēia i ka hala o ka manawa. Hoʻomaka pinepine ka hana kolohe me ke komo ʻana i kahi hana e hopena ai ka uku (e laʻa me ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani wikiō ma ka pūnaewele). Hoʻomaʻa hou ʻia kēia hana a uku ʻia i nā manawa he nui me ka hoʻopaʻi liʻiliʻi a ʻole ʻole, a hiki ke hoʻomau i kēia papa hana hoʻoikaika no kekahi mau makahiki, ʻoiai i ka hihia o nā lāʻau lapaʻau (ʻO Wagner & Anthony, 2007). Ke piʻi nei ke alapine a me / a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ke ʻano nui, i kēia hihia, pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele, hoʻonui ʻia ka likelike o ka hoʻopaʻi ke hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻopilikia i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā noho: loaʻa ka hiamoe kūpono, hoʻoikaika kino, hydration, meaʻai (Achab et al., 2011; Chuang, 2006; Mihara, Nakayama, Osaki, & Higuchi, 2016). Hana ʻia kēia mau hoʻopaʻi i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o kahi ʻano maikaʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia, koʻikoʻi, hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka hana a ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia e ka lolo e like me nā hoʻopaʻi e kū nei me ka ʻole o kēia moʻolelo aʻo (Bechara, 2004; Nā Hoa, 2007; Gray & McNaughton, 2000; Patterson & Newman, 1993). ʻO ka mea nui, nui nā ʻokoʻa biologically-based pilikino o ka poʻe i ka hopena hoʻoikaika o nā hoʻopaʻi i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka hana uku mua (Dawe et al., 2004; Gullo, Jackson, & Dawe, 2010; Patterson & Newman, 1993). ʻO kēia ke kiko o ka lua o ka nui o ka impulsivity, impulsiveness wīwī, kahi e pili pono ai i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻohana makaʻu ʻana o ka ʻenehana hou.

Impulsiveness Rash kahi ʻano biologically-based i hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia i ka hiki ke hoʻololi a pale paha i nā ʻano hoʻokokoke prepotent e like me ka hopena o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (Dawe & Loxton, 2004; ʻO Gullo & Dawe, 2008). He ʻano like ia me ka impulsiveness e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e ʻO Eysenck lāua ʻo Eysenck (1978) lāua ʻo Barratt (1972), a ʻano like ia me ʻO Cloninger's (1987) ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hou, a me Zuckerman's ʻimi ʻimi impulsive-sensation (Zuckerman & Kuhlman, 2000). ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia ʻano ka hopena o nā ʻano like ʻole i ka hana ʻana o ka orbitofrontal a me nā aniani cingulate mua, me kā lākou pili ʻana i nā wahi lolo lolo e like me ka striatum (ʻO Gullo & Dawe, 2008). Aia kekahi hōʻike e pili nui ka dopamine a me ka serotonin i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana neural e pili ana i ke ʻano (Cools, Roberts, & Robbins, 2008; Gullo et al., 2014; ʻO Leyton et al., 2002). Hoʻohālike like ka manaʻo impulsiveness Rash iā ia Swanton a me nā hoapili '(2019) lawe pilikia pilikia, akā loaʻa iā ia ka pōmaikaʻi i hoʻohui ʻia o kahi neuropsychological kikoʻī, kūlana a me ke ana ana e huki ana ma kahi o 50 mau makahiki o ka noiʻi. Hoʻopili pū ia i ka pono no kahi mea pono 'pilikia', a ʻo ia iho he pilikia.

Nā pilikia me ka lawe pilikia 'pilikia'

e hoonoho ana ia pilikia lawe pilikia ma ke kikowaena o kekahi kahua hou no nā ʻenehana e kū nei e hoʻolauna i kekahi mau pilikia manaʻo. E like me ka mea i ho'ākāka ʻia e Swanton a me nā hoapili (2019, p. 2-3), 'I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka pūnaewele puni honua, ʻike ʻia ka lawe pilikia ʻana e like me ke komo pū ʻana me nā ʻike pūnaewele ma kahi ʻano e hoʻopilikia ai i kēlā me kēia kanaka, e alakaʻi ana iā ia e ʻike i nā mea hōʻino'. ʻO ka mea mua, ho'ākāka ia i ka hana me ka ʻāiki o ka hopena e nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ka palena ʻana i kāna noi i ka pale a me ke komo mua. E like me ke kūkākūkā ma luna, ʻo nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka lawe ʻana i nā pilikia e hoʻopaneʻe a pinepine ʻole. Ke lawe nei kahi ʻōpio i 10+ mau hola i kēlā me kēia lā o ka pāʻani pūnaewele e pilikia ana i ke olakino, a ʻo kēia ʻano ke kumu o ka hopohopo, ʻoiai inā e ʻike lākou i nā mea ʻino (Saunders et al., 2017). ʻO ke ʻano pinepine o ka pāʻani ʻana o kēia ʻano ke ʻano e ka hoʻoikaika ʻana no ka hoʻoikaika wā pōkole me ka ʻole o ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana no ka hoʻopaʻi e hiki mai ana, a e piʻi paha ka likelika i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana. ʻO kēia ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kahi lawena a me nā hōʻike o nā mea hōʻino ke hōʻike ʻia i nā pae diagnostic provisional no ka Pūnaewele ʻAno Pūnaewele i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma DSM-5 (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013), a me nā pae hoʻohālikelike o kēia manawa no nā maʻi hoʻohana lāʻau. Hiki i kekahi kanaka ke loaʻa i kahi kuhi e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona (e like me ke ahonui, preoccupation), kahi e hōʻoia ai i ka hoʻopili kino ʻana, ma mua o ka ʻike o ka hōʻeha koʻikoʻi (AhahuiʻApelika Psychiatric Association, 2013). ʻO ka loiloi hou loa (ʻumikumamākahi) o ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) he ʻekolu mau hiʻohiʻona kikowaena o Gaming Disorder, me kahi koi ʻokoʻa akā koi ʻia no ka hōʻino ʻia ʻana (World Health Organization, 2019). Ka lua, kamepiula ua wehewehe ʻia e like me ka hiki no ka hōʻino ma ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hana ana i ka huaʻōlelo 'pilikia pilikia e lawe i ka "tautological (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2009). Ke wehe nei i ka mea pono 'pilikia' a kau i nā manaʻo i kākoʻo maikaʻi ʻia o ka lawe pilikia ʻana a me ka impulsivity, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, ma ke kikowaena o Swanton a me nā hoapili '(2019) ke kumu e hiki ai ke hoʻohana pono i ka pale ʻana a me ka ʻokoʻa ʻike maopopo ʻole i ka pilikia ʻole mai ka hoʻopili pilikia ʻana me kahi ʻenehana.

ʻAʻohe mea kūpono e like me ke kumumanaʻo maikaʻi

E pili ana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, kōkua ia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka impulsivity a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i nā pilikia mai nā pāʻani pāʻani a i ʻole (Pūnaewele) Pūʻali Pūnaewele. ʻOiai ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pāʻani pūnaewele, ua akāka mai ke kumumanaʻo a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia e ka mea hiki ke loaʻa, ka uku koke a me ka liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻopaʻi i loaʻa i nā poʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka impulsivity i ka nui o ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pilikiaʻO Dawe & Loxton, 2004). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hui ma waena o ka impulsivity kiʻekiʻe a me nā maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele i hoʻokumu ʻia i kēia manawa (Şalvarlı & Griffiths, 2019). E like me ka mea i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i ka lāʻau ma mua o ia, ke wānana ka impulsivity i ka puka ʻana o nā hōʻailona maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele (Gentile et al., 2011) a ua hōʻike ʻia nā makana a me nā impulsiveness wikiwiki e hāʻawi kūʻokoʻa i ka pilikia o ka pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele (Lee et al., 2017; Rho et al., 2017). Hoʻopili ka pāʻani pūnaewele i nā substrates neural o ka hoʻokuke uku a me ka impulsiveness wikiwiki, me ka pāʻani ʻana e hoʻonui ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka dopamine striatal ventral striatal (Koepp et al., 1998), a me ka cexulate cingulate mua ma waena o nā wahi lolo i pili loa i ka poʻe me nā maʻi pāʻani pūnaewele (Lee, Namkoong, Lee, & Jung, 2018; Yuan et al., 2011). ʻO ka impulsivity kahi kumu pilikia no ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pilikia a hiki ke loiloi maikaʻi ʻia ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka pōʻino, ʻoiai i ka wā kamaliʻi a e manaʻo ʻia kona pilikia e pili i nā ʻenehana hou e hāʻawi i ke komo i ka hiki ke loaʻa, nā uku koke a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hiki, hoʻolōʻihi nā hoʻopaʻi (Dawe et al., 2004; ʻO Gullo & Dawe, 2008).

ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi papahana hou me nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻokumu ʻia o ka impulsivity hiki ke hoʻomaopopo pū i ka noiʻi noiʻi. ʻO nā neurophysiological a me nā kaʻina hana o ka impulsivity e kāwili nui loa me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i ka lawena addict (ʻO Dawe et al., 2004). Hāʻawi kēia mau kaʻina hana i lalo i kahi 'alahaka' e pili pono ai i kekahi ʻenehana hou e kōkua ai i ka lawe ʻana i nā uku kiʻekiʻe, uku koke a hoʻopaneʻe / maopopo ʻole i kēia mau papahana noiʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia. ʻO nā mea kaulike ma waena o ka hana o nā impulsivity i ka pāʻani pāʻani a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea (a me ka piliwaiwai) ʻike i nā manaʻo hoʻohiki o ka hoʻopili. Hōʻike nā hana i ka makemake ʻana i ka pili pāʻani e like me nā hopena neurophysiological like i kēlā me kēia mea i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohuoi.Saunders et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2016); e like me ka mea ʻāpiki, loaʻa ka ʻike ikaika-behavioral intervensional i ka hōʻike ʻike ikaika loa (King & al., 2017); a me nāʻike kīnā ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i nā pilikia o nā mea pāʻani e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohuoi.Marino & Spada, 2017; Moudiab & Spada, 2019). Ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo impulsivity a me ka noiʻi i hala i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau, hiki iā mākou ke kuhi i ka hopena o ka uku a me ka impulsiveness wikiwiki e hoʻololi i ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā ʻike pili ʻenehana a me nā lawena.ʻO Fowler, Gullo, & Elphinston, 2020; Gullo, Dawe, et al., 2010; Papinczak et al., 2019), a ʻo kēia, ma ka hopena, e hopena i kekahi o nā hana hoʻopili mua e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, keu no nā ʻano pilikino like ʻoleConrod, 2016; ʻO Patton, Connor, Sheffield, Wood, & Gullo, 2019). Hāʻawi ʻia i ka like o nā hana neurobehavioural kī, hiki i ke kumumanaʻo i kēia manawa ke hāʻawi i kahua paʻa no ka noiʻi kūwaho a me ka hoʻomohala kulekele me ka ʻole o nā hōʻike empirical kikoʻī ma kekahi ʻenehana hou.

Aia kahi kino nui o nā hōʻike, mai nā ʻano hoʻopaʻi he nui, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa o ke kanaka i ko lākou susceptibility e hana ʻino mai nā stimulus e pili ana me nā uku kiʻekiʻe koke a hoʻolōʻihi / hoʻopaʻi ʻole ʻia. He hopena koʻikoʻi kēia no nā hui kuleana nui (ʻike i ka Papa 1 i Swanton et al., 2019). ʻOiai ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻenehana hoʻoikaika hou i ka ʻokoʻa o kā lākou ʻokoʻa, nā mea e like ai me nā ʻano mea ʻāpiki ʻē aʻe e mālama ʻia ke hoʻolauna ʻia i ke kaiāulu. Hoʻonui ʻia kēia mai nā mea i pili pono i nā mea hoʻohana (ʻohana, kumu) i hiki ke nānā a loiloi i ka makaʻu (Bonnaire & Phan, 2017), i nā mea kuleana ʻoihana e hoʻolālā i ka ʻenehana (Fitz et al., 2019) a me nā aupuni e hoʻoponopono ana iā ia (ʻO Gainsbury & Wood, 2011). He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā kānaka noiʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kulekele lehulehu e pili ana i nā ʻenehana hou, kahi e hōʻike nei i nā mea kuleana (a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā lākou iho) i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hōʻike kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe, "ʻAʻohe mea kūpono e like me ke kumumanaʻo maikaʻi" (Lewin, 1951).