Kākau. Hum. Neurosci., 15 Aukake 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00402
ʻO Mateusz Gola1,2 *, Małgorzata Wordecha2,3, ʻO Artur Marchewka3 a Guillaume Sescousse4
- 1ʻO Swartz Center no ka Neuroscience Pūnaewele, Institute for Neural Computments, Ke Kulanui o Kaleponi San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- 2Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
- 3Laboratory o Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of eksperimental Biology of Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
- 4Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Ke hoʻonui nei ka nui o nā noiʻi neuroimaging e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka moekolohe wahine (VSS), ka mea, i loko o ka ulu ʻana o ka noiʻi o ka noiʻi i ka hana hoʻomanawanui (CSB). ʻO ka nīnau nui i loko o kēia kahua ka mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa paha nā ʻano e like me ka make nui o ka pornograpi. Wahi a pehea e kuhi ʻia ai ka VSS, hiki i nā wānana like ke ʻano ma loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka Reinforcement Learning a me ka Incent Salience Theory, kahi i kahi nui ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka. kaulana a me keʻanoʻole hoʻoweliweli (e pili ana i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i ka makana. Ke ʻike nei i nā haʻawina neuroimaging hou o ke kanaka 40 e hōʻike nei mākou i ka hoʻoili ʻānō e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka VSS. No laila, manaʻo mākou he mea koʻikoʻi ke pane i ka nīnau no ke ʻano e noʻonoʻo ʻia ai ʻo VSS he ʻano stimulus (cue) a i ʻole ka hoʻouluulu (unconditioned stimuli). Eia a mākou e hōʻike i ko mākouʻike pono, aia ia ma ka hapa nui o nā kikowaena hana VSS hoʻokani i ka uku, i hōʻike ʻia e ka:
(1) ʻike ka leʻaleʻa a ke nānā nei iā VSS, ka mea i hele pū me ka neʻe ʻana o ka wahine;
(2) e pili ana i ka hana pili pili i ka lolo a me kēia mau manaʻo leʻaleʻa i ka pane ʻana iā VSS;
(3) ka makemake e hoʻoikaika i ka nānā ʻana iā VSS e like me ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻē aʻe e like me ke kālā; a
(4) pae no ka cues wanana o ka VSS.
Manaʻo mākou e hoʻomaka kēia ʻatikala pili i ka kūkākūkā ʻepekema e pili ana i kēia kumuhana koʻikoʻi a nānā nui ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia ka manaʻo no ka ho'ākāka pono o nā hopena o nā haʻawina neuroimaging kanaka e hoʻohana ana i VSS.
Hoʻonui ka nui o nā noiʻi neuroimaging e hoʻohana ana i ka hōʻola pilikino i ka moekolohe (VSS, Figure 1A).). Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka VSS ma o ka mea leʻaleʻa, hoʻonāneʻe hou i loaʻa ka waiwai koʻikoʻi intrinsic (ʻike Wierzba et al., 2015).). Hoʻololi pinepine ʻia nā ʻano hana hoʻonaninani e ka VSS ma loko o nā frameworks theoretical kaulana e wehewehe ana i nā kaʻina aʻo a i ʻole ʻano hoʻomanawanui e like me Reinforcement Learning (ʻO Sutton lāua ʻo Barto, 1998; ʻO Botvinick et al., 2009) aiʻole ʻoniʻoni ʻo Salience (ʻO Robinson a me Berridge, 1993; Berridge, 2012).). ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo kēia mau ʻepekema e hana kahi ʻokoʻa ma waena hāliʻi hākuhi (CS) a hoʻōla ʻana (UCS), no pili e pili ana i ka uku launa / makemake e kū mai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uku / makemake makemake, e loaʻa ana. Wahi a ia, he mea nui ke hana ma ke ʻano he mana nui ʻo VSS ma CS a i UCS paha, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea hōʻeuʻeu lākou e wānana ana i kahi uku e hiki mai ana, a i ʻole he makana lākou e lākou iho. Kuhi paha kēia pilikia i nā haʻawina i hala aku nei, ʻoiai ʻo kona mau kumu koʻikoʻi. Ua nānā mākou i nā haʻawina kanaka 40 i paʻi ʻia ma waena o 2013 a me 2016, e hoʻohana ana iā VSS i ka hui pū me nā hana neuroscience (fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG a TMS; Figure 1B):
• ʻEwalu mau haʻawina i wehewehe iā VSS he cues / CS: (Minnix et al., 2013; Politis et al., 2013; ʻO Steele et al., 2013; Kühn a me Gallinat, 2014; Oei et al., 2014; Voon et al., 2014; Wetherill et al., 2014; Hoʻoponopono a me al., 2015; Seok a me Sohn, 2015).
• Numau ʻeono papa noiʻi i wehewehe iā VSS i uku / UCS: (Costumero et al., 2013, 2015a,b; Graf et al., 2013; Klucken et al., 2013, 2015, 2016; Sescousse et al., 2013a; Cassidy et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014; Mascaro et al., 2014; Oei et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2015; Banca et al., 2016; Brand et al., 2016; Schöne et al., 2016).
• Kahi ʻano haʻawina ua wehewehe ʻo VSS ma like me CS a me UCS: (Oei et al., 2014).
• ʻAʻole nā haumāna he ʻumikumamālima i hoʻohana i ia mau inoa:Abler et al., 2013; Chung et al., 2013; Habermeyer et al., 2013; Hernández-González et al., 2013; Sylva et al., 2013; Wehrum et al., 2013; Borg et al., 2014; Hoʻoponopono a me al., 2014; Kim a iā Jeong, 2013, 2014; Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014; Flaisch et al., 2015; Amezcua-Gutiérrez et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2016; Knott et al., 2016).
Ke kiʻi 1. (A) Hōʻike ka pahu uliuli i ka nui o nā noiʻi kanaka e hoʻohana ana i nā hana neuroscience (fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG a TMS) a me ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i ka naʻau (VSS) i paʻi ʻia ma waena o 2000 a me 2016 e like me PubMed (loaʻa i loko o Malaki 31st 2016). ʻO nā wahi ʻulaʻula e hōʻike i ka helu o nā haʻawina neʻe e pili ana i ka hana hoʻonaninani (CSB): 1 ma 2013 (ʻO Steele et al., 2013), 2 ma 2014 (Kühn a me Gallinat, 2014; Voon et al., 2014), 1 ma 2015 (Hoʻoponopono a me al., 2015), a me 3 ma 2016 (Banca et al., 2016; Brand et al., 2016; Klucken et al., 2016). (B) Ka helu o nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma waena o 2013 a me 2016 e unuhi nei i ka VSS he cue, i loaʻa ka uku a i ʻole kekahi o kēia mau inoa (pono ʻole ʻia). Hoʻomaopopo i loko Oei et al. (2014) Ua wehewehe ʻia ka VSS ma ke ʻano he "cues uku" a me ka "hoʻonaninani uku", no laila ua helu ʻia i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua "Cue" a me "Reward".
ʻO ke kūlana ʻoi Hoʻolāliau Salience, i manaʻo ʻia e ʻO Robinson a me Berridge (1993), e hoʻokaʻawale i ʻelua mau mea i makemake nui ʻia "ka makemake" a me ka "makemake". E pili pono ana ka hope o ka ua hoano e ka waiwai o ka uku (UCS), aʻo ka mea i pili i ka mua ʻikeʻia ka waiwai o ka uku, lawe pinepine ʻia e kahi cue manaʻo (CS). Hōʻike nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hana a me ka pili ʻana i nā haʻawina aʻo ʻia (CS) e pili ana i ka addiction ka huki ʻana i nā pane i loko o ka ventral striatum a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana hoʻowalewale (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka manawa wikiwiki, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa) ma waena o nā mea hoʻomau, ʻoiai ke kūleʻa i nā pane i ka uku. ʻaʻole i loli a loli i ka blunting i ka manawa (Berridge, 2012; Robinson et al., 2015).
No laila, ʻo ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o VSS e like me nā cues a i ʻole nā makana i nā hana hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻole wale nō ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa semant, no ka mea, he mau hopena koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻohalike o nā hopena neuroimaging. ʻO kekahi hopena nui e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka noiʻi neuroscientific e pili ana i ka hana hoʻohālikelike i ka hana (CSB; Aloha et al., 2015; Kraus et al., 2016a,b; Hōʻike 1). ʻO kahi nīnau nui ma kēia kahua ʻo ia paha ʻo CSBs (e like me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi porno nui Gola et al., 2016a,b) kaʻana like i nā hana ʻekahi maʻamau me ka nui o nā mea i noiʻi ʻia a me nā hoʻohui i ke ʻano (Aloha et al., 2015; ʻO Gola a me Potenza, 2016; Gola et al., 2016c; Kraus et al., 2016b). Aia ma muli o ke ʻano o kahi VSS ʻĀkau, hiki i nā wānana like ʻole ke kūkulu ʻia. Inā kuhi ka mea i ʻāpono o VSS i ka cue, a laila hoʻonui ka nui o ka ventral striatal réactivity ma waena o nā kumuhana me CSB (i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā mana) e ʻōlelo ai i ke ʻano o ka addiction hypothesis, ʻoiai ma ka manaʻo o ka hana ʻana o VSS i kuleana, ʻo ia ka mea. ʻokoʻa ka hopena (hōʻemi i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi striatal kūpono) e ʻōlelo ai i ke kākoʻo o ke ʻano like ʻole. No laila ke manaʻo nei mākou he mea pono ke pane i ka nīnau no ka mea e noʻonoʻo pono ʻia ka VSS e like me nā cues (CS) a i ʻole nā makana (UCS) i nā noiʻi kanaka. Eia kā mākou e hōʻike nei i ko mākouʻike ponoʻi, me ka manaʻolana e hoʻomaka ana i ka kūkākūkā ʻepekema ma kēia kumuhana.
No ka pane i kēia nīnau manaʻo mākou he mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale i ke ʻano o VSS ma ke ola maoli vs i ka hoʻonohonoho hana (Figure 2). I ka nui o nā kūlana ola, ʻo VSS e like me ke kino o ke kaona wahine ʻoi aku ka moe kolohe e hoʻonui i ka moe kolohe a alakaʻi i ka hele ʻana e hana i ka hana hoʻonaninani ʻo dyadic a hoʻopau i ka orgasm (Georgiadis a me Kringelbach, 2012; Gola et al., 2015a). Ma kēia hihia, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei mākou e hoʻokani like ʻo VSS i kahi cue (CS), aʻo ka orgasm e hoʻokani i kahi o ka uku (mua) ka uku (UCS). Hoʻohālike nā kumu ʻike i ka hapanui o nā hana pilikino. ʻO ka VSS maʻamau he mau kiʻi wikiō a kiʻi kiʻi paha (cue / CS), e hoʻonui ana i ka moena moe wahine, a ke alakaʻi nei i ka masturbation a pau me ka orgasm (uku / UCS). Hoʻohālikelike kēia, i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā kumuhana e hoʻomaka e hoʻomaka i kekahi mau moekolohe (e like me ka masturbation) a me ka UCS kūlohelohe - ʻaʻole loaʻa ka lako. ʻOiai inā e ʻae ʻia nā kumuhana i ka masturbate i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā keʻena ʻana ma mua o ka ʻōlelo maʻamau a me nā hana moekolohe. No laila, ʻo nā poʻe i komo i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ʻaʻole i manaʻo i kekahi uku ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻia ʻana o VSS. No laila, maikaʻi mākou i ke kāpili ʻana i ka hana VSS he kuleana o ka uku (UCS; Figure 2). ʻO ka konsepualization o VSS he mau makana i ka pōpilikia o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua hiki mai me nā wānana he nui. Ma waena o nā kumuhana olakino e pono ai mākou e nānā: (1) ʻike ka leʻaleʻa a ke nānā nei iā VSS, ka mea i hele pū me ka neʻe ʻana; (2) e pili ana i ka hana pili pili i ka lolo a me kēia mau manaʻo leʻaleʻa i ka pane ʻana iā VSS; (3) ka makemake e hoʻoikaika i ka nānā ʻana iā VSS e like me ka hōʻeuʻeu ʻē aʻe e like me ke kālā; a me (4) pana o nā cues (CS) wanana i ka VSS. Ma lalo iho mākou e loiloi i nā hōʻike e kākoʻo ana i kēia mau wānana.
Ke kiʻi 2. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hana hoʻonaninani pilikino (VSS) i nā cues ma ke ola maoli, akā mau ka makana ma ka lab. Wahi a kā mākouʻike, i ka nui o nā kūlana ola maoli (e like me ka hana a ka wahine a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā aku i nā kiʻi kikowaena) VSS e like me ke kino ʻōpiopio o ka wahine a i ʻole ka wahine a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka cue (CS). Hoʻonui ka VSS i ka moekolohe a pili i ka hana e hoʻomaka ana i ka hana moe dadic a maʻemaʻe paha a hoʻopau me ka uku uku - ʻo ia hoʻi, orgasm (UCS). Hoʻohālikelike kēia, ma ka hapanui o nā hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hana a me ka orgasm i loaʻa ʻole. Hōʻike mākou he nui ka pāʻani o VSS (UCS), like like me kekahi mau ola maoli e like me ke kipa ʻana i kahi kalapu polip. Ma ia mau ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole makemake ka poʻe i nā uku ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻia ʻana o VSS, a ke makemake nei e hoʻoikaika a hoʻolimalima kālā paha e kiʻi ma ka VSS makemake ʻia, ʻoiai ua hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kuhi e ʻike i kēia mau VSS. No ke kumu o ka hōʻike o ko mākou mau manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia nei i kahi hōʻike maʻalahi o ke ola maoli kahi e hiki ai ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana o VSS, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi porn porn i ka hana kolohe kiʻi wahine a i ʻole kekahi. Nā ʻokoʻa kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi: Lies Thru a Lens; Kahu kalapu ma Montréal, Quebec, ma Saint Henri borough; ʻO Lola Bel Aire, kahi lula mai Miss Exotic World 2008, CC BY 2.0. No nā palapala laikini e ʻike: CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/).
Ma nā haʻawina e hōʻiliʻili ana i nā hoʻokolohua hedonic o VSS, hōʻike pinepine nā kumuhana i ka nānā ʻana i ka VSS he mea ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi loa ia i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike nei i nā makemake o ke poʻo kanaka.Kālā a me Bailey, 2005; Rupp a me Wallen, 2009; Jacob et al., 2011; Wierzba et al., 2015). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau kiʻekiʻe hedonic e hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano ʻōiwi me ke ʻano o ka helu penile plethysmography i nā kāne kāne (Stoléru et al., 1999; Redouté et al., 2000; Ferretti et al., 2005). ʻO ka hopena Erectile ma waena o nā kāne e lawe i kekahi manawa a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka nānā ʻana me VSS mau loa e like me nā wikiō a i ʻole nā hōʻike lōʻihi o nā kiʻi (Ferretti et al., 2005) akā naʻe, ʻo nā hōʻike pōkole o nā kiʻi moʻomeheu static e pili ana i ka leʻaleʻa kumuhana a me ka hoʻokūkū (Ferretti et al., 2005; Wierzba et al., 2015).
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi he nui ka nānā ʻana ma VSS e nānā i ka hana striatum ventral (ʻO Arnow et al., 2002; Stark et al., 2005; Sabatinelli et al., 2007; Demos et al., 2012; Georgiadis a me Kringelbach, 2012; Stoléru et al., 2012; Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). He paʻakikī ke loiloi inā ʻike ka hana striatal i ka cue pili makemake a i ʻole ka pili e pili ana makemake i kēia mau haʻawina i ʻike ʻia ua ʻike ʻia ka striatum ventral e pane i nā pōʻehā ʻelua (CS) a me nā makana (UCS; Flagel et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2011Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ma waena o ka hana striatal a me ka helu hedonic i alakaʻi ʻia e VSS ma nā ʻano like ʻole (Walter et al., 2008; Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013b) makemake i ka hypothesis e hana ʻo VSS e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana. Ma kēia e mahalo ai, ʻike like ka VSS i ka waiwai o ka uku kālā: hoʻōla lākou i nā wahi like ʻole o ka lolo a me ka striatum ventral, a hoʻokūkū i ka hopena hedonic kūlike a me nā ʻano kūpono.Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013b, 2015). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui, ʻo VSS ka uku uku mua (ʻo ia hoʻi, he waiwai waiwai a me ka waiwai ʻokoʻa), aʻo ka kālā he uku kekona (ʻo ia ka mea ʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā uku ʻē aʻe). Ke alakaʻi nei kēia ʻokoʻa i kahi kīpē ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe i ka ʻōnaehana uku o ka lolo, a me nā ikaika o ka hoʻoweliweli hou ʻia (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013b, 2015).
ʻOiai ʻo ka hapanui o nā haʻawina e hoʻohana ana iā VSS ua hoʻohana i nā paradigms nānā passive, ua hana kekahi mau noiʻi hou i nā hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua ʻoi aku ka makemake e ana i ka makemake o nā poʻe komo e hana i ka hana ma VSS. Ma kekahi mau ninaninau, ua hoʻohana mākou i kahi mana i hoʻololi ʻia o ka hana hoʻolōʻihi ʻenehana ʻoihana kālā (Knutson et al., 2001) e hoʻokomo i ka VSS (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; Gola et al., 2015b, 2016c). Ma kēia hana e ʻike ai i ʻelua mau pahuhopu e wānana ana i ka VSS a i ʻole ka loaʻa kālā. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau ʻōuli e kahi hana hana ʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā kumuhana e paʻi i ke pihi pololei (ma waho o ʻelua) i loko o ka manawa palena o 1 s. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā a i ʻole VSS kekahi ma muli o kā lākou hana ma kēia hana, ʻo ia mau ʻano hoʻohālike e hiki ke hoʻākāka ʻia me he lima ʻole o ka paipai i loaʻa kēia mau uku. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo nā mea i manaʻo ai ke kūleʻa ʻo VSS elicit like like me nā wā e wānana ana i nā makana kālā, e hōʻike ana i nā poʻe makemake e hoʻohālike i ka nānā ʻana iā VSS, a ua like kā lākou kumu kīnā i nā makana like (Sescousse et al., 2010). ʻO kēia makemake e hoʻoikaika i kahi hana, ʻo ia kahi makana o ka uku (Thorndike, 1965), ua nānā ʻia i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻoikaika (akā ke hoʻoluloa) i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pā kula me VSS (Prévost et al., 2010). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike mākou i nāʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i ke kālā keu VSS e hoʻopili paʻa ʻia me ka hana kīʻaha pili i hoʻopili ʻia e nā cues pili i ka striatum ventral (Sescousse et al., 2015; Gola et al., 2016c). Ma kēia pane kūpono i ka hana o ka lolo a me ka manawa kū i ka manawa VSS e wānana ana i nā cues e hōʻoia hou ana i ka waiwai o ka VSS.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua hōʻike nā noiʻi hope loa i ka CS ʻole abstract (e like me nā hiʻohiʻona a i ʻole nā ʻopopili) i pili me VSS e mālama i kā lākou uluʻana a hiki i ka wā ke wānana hou lākou iā VSS (Banca et al., 2016; Klucken et al., 2016). Ma ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana ma Banca et al. (2016), ke kiʻi ʻike abstract i loaʻa i ka waiwai o ka wānana maikaʻi (CS +) a i ʻole ka waiwai i koho ʻole ʻia (CS−) ma o ka hana hou ʻana me ka VSS a i ʻole nā neʻe kūleʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe o ka hoʻokolohua, pono e koho nā kumuhana i nā koho ma waena o kēlā mau hanana CS a me ka hōʻeuʻeu abstract, ʻoiai ʻo CS kekahi me kēia me ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā (akā ʻaʻole ʻo VSS hou aku). ʻOiai ke loaʻa ʻana o nā like like o CS no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waiwai kālā, ua koho pinepine ʻia ʻo CS + ma mua o CS− a ma ka awelika (ka hapanui e nā kumuhana me CSB), e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai makana nui o VSS.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, aia ke kino kūlike o nā hōʻike e kākoʻo ana i ko mākou nānā ʻana i ka hana ʻōnaehana ʻo VSS i loaʻa ka waiwai no ka cue. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i kēlā me kēia lā ʻo VSS e hana i kēlā me kēia cue no ka hana pilikino a me ka orgasm. ʻO ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻi paʻi makemake ka poʻe i ka mea like me nā kiʻi kiʻi a me nā kiʻi pena e hōʻike i ka moekolohe. Malia paha (like nō me kēia manawa) kēia ʻano hana i mea leʻaleʻa ma mua o ka cue no ka moekolohe. I ka wā o ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi aku nā kānaka e uku i nā kiʻi a me nā wikiō me ka manaʻo erotic a me ka pornographic, a laila ua hāʻawi ka ʻenehana pūnaewele pūnaewele i nā mea a pau me ka maʻalahi a me ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i kahi ʻano like ʻole o VSS (Cooper, 1998). Hoʻolaha paha ka hapanui o VSS o kēia manawa (e like me ka pūnaewele ʻo porn) i kahi ʻano cue no ka moekolohe a i ʻole ka hana kiʻi wahine, akā i kekahi mau hihia ua ʻimi ʻia ʻo VSS no lākou iho, hōʻike hou i kā lākou intrinsic uku uku. ʻO kahi kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi i ka nohona o kēlā me kēia lā he mau kalena me nā kiʻi erotic, i kūʻai aku nā kānaka a hoʻolaha i kā lākou wahi hana a i ʻole ma ka hale. Pēlā nō, kaulana i nā hui kapa, kahi a ka poʻe e makemake ai e uku e nānā i nā mea ʻakaʻaka moeʻuhane ʻole i ʻae ʻia lākou e komo i ka hana moekolohe, hōʻike i ka hiki o VSS he hedonic stimuli (Figure 2).
Ma muli o nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa i luna, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei mākou he kuleana nui ʻo VSS ma mua o ka cue - i ka nui o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka hanana kolohe a me ka ʻike kikowaena. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo ka nānā ʻana iā VSS he mea leʻaleʻa i makemake ʻia e makemake nei nā kānaka e hana a kali no (Prévost et al., 2010), a hūnā i ka like pākuʻina ʻoihana e like me ka uku kālā (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; Gola et al., 2015b, 2016c). ʻOi aku ka hoʻonaninani kuʻuna e pili ana me VSS ma o ka Pavlovian conditioning e loaʻa i ka waiwai hoʻoikaika ʻia (Sescousse et al., 2010, 2013a, 2015; Banca et al., 2016; Gola et al., 2016c; Klucken et al., 2016). ʻO kēia ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o VSS he uku i ko ka nui o nā cues e noi ana i ka ʻike hou ʻana. ʻOiaʻiʻo paha he hopena ikaika ia ma ka hoʻohalike ʻana o nā noi neuroimaging e noiʻi ana i nā mea like me ka neurobiological ma waena o CSB a me ka mea hoʻohui; No ka laʻana, e pili ana i ka pae hana ʻoihana Insenture Salience kaulana, e manaʻo ka mea e kū'ē i ka ventral striatal ka hoʻoikaika ʻana no VSS ma muli o ka manaʻo ʻia e like me ka cue a i loaʻa ka uku (e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike pono ʻana e ʻike: Hoʻoponopono a me al., 2015, 2016; e nānā hoʻi Gola, 2016 no ka kūkā kamaʻilio). Inā ma ka hapanui o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, e like me kā mākou hoʻopaʻapaʻa, hoʻokūkū ʻo VSS i ka uku, a laila hoʻemi ʻia (ma mua aʻe o ka nui) ka hana ʻana o ka maʻi ventral striatal ma VSS i loko o ka poʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi porno pilikia.Gola et al., 2016a) e ʻōlelo i ka makemake o ka addict hypothesis (Robinson et al., 2015). Manaʻo mākou e hele pū ia me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hana striatum ventral no CS no ka wānana i ka VSS, a me ka nui o ka hoʻoikaika a i ka manawa hoʻi e hoʻonui i ka manawa e loaʻa ai kēia VSS. I nā haʻawina i ka wā e hiki mai ana, makemake mākou e loaʻa i ka hana i hana ʻia e VSS ma nā ʻōnaehana maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka nānā ʻana, a me kēlā me nā wehewehe kūpono e hana kūpono.
Additional Information
Ke ʻano o ke koho noi ʻana
Ua ʻimi mākou i ka waihona Pubmed mai 2000 a 2016 e ʻike i nā nīnūnū pono (nā huaʻōlelo koʻikoʻi: fMRI, EEG, ERP, PET, MEG a TMS) me VSS (mau huaʻōlelo: VSS, hōʻeuʻeu pilikino, hoʻonaninani erotic, kiʻi pilikino, kiʻi erotic, kiʻi pilikino. , nā kiʻi erotic, nā wikiō kūʻokoʻa, nā wikiō erotic). Ua koho ʻia nā nūpepa helu i ʻike ʻia (ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka abstract kūkā. No nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma waena o 2013 (makahiki o ka hoʻolaha mua e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ponokala pilikia) a me 2016 ka mea i kahakaha ʻia iā lākou i ʻekolu mau puʻupaʻa e like me ke ʻano ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo VSS: (1) "cue / CS"; (2) "hoʻoulu / uku hoʻolako hana / UCS"; a (3) ma kahi ʻē aʻe.
Nā pilikia pili
Maanei makemake mākou e hoʻolaha i nā pilikia e pili ana, inā i ʻike pono ʻia, e hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka ho'ākāka ʻana o nā haʻawina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i VSS a kōkua e hoʻonui i ka manaʻo o ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻano o ka ʻano o ka ʻano, a me ka pane neural i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ka VSS e like me nā cues vs. uku. Hiki iā ia ke hana ma o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻokolohua ʻelua ma kahi o VSS i kuleana o ka uku (ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua o kēia manawa) a i ʻole cue (nā ʻōlelo e ʻae i nā kumuhana e climax i ka manawa a ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana).
ʻO kekahi hypothesis hoihoi ʻo ia ka hele ʻana a me ka uha e hoʻonaninani ʻia e VSS ma nā hana hoʻokolohua maʻamau e hōʻike iki paha i ka control inhibitory. E hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia pale pale ma ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua, ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kumuhana e ʻimi i nā kiʻi kolohe a hoʻomaka paha i ka moekolohe. ʻO kahi laʻana, kahi pākuhi ʻōpiopio kahiko e Brown et al. (1976) ke hōʻike nei ma waena o nā kāne heterosexual, nānā VSS i loko o ka laboratory masturbation ma 24.5% o nā kumuhana i ka lā o ka hoʻokolohua, aʻo kekahi mau lā wale nō 12.5% o lākou e hana i ka masturbation. Hōʻike kēia ʻike i kahi hapa o nā kumuhana, ʻo ka nānā ʻana iā VSS ma ka pūlea paha he cue eliciting motivation seksual i pono ai e pai ʻia. I ka nānā ʻana i ia ʻano kūpono e lilo i mea nui e hoʻomalu i ka hana moekolohe ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua. Eia kekahi i hāpai ʻia i nā nīnau he nui: ʻokoʻa anei kēia ʻōpana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka ʻano o ka moekolohe.Gola et al., 2015a)? A inā he, ma mua o ka hopena o ka hana lolo?
Manaʻo mākou e hāpai i kēia mau nīnau i nā poʻe noiʻi a e nīnau ʻia i nā haʻawina o ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Nā mea kōkua i kākau
Ua kūkākūkā nā mea kākau āpau i ka manaʻo. Ua hoʻomākaukau a MG i nā helu. Hana ʻo MW lāua ʻo MG i ka hana heluhelu palapala. Ua kākau ʻo MG a me GS i ka kākau ʻōlelo. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo AM a me MW i ka kākau aʻoaʻo.
hoʻolako 'ia o
Ua kākoʻo ʻia ʻo MG e ka ʻĀha ʻauhau mai National Center Center ma Pōlani (2014 / 15 / B / HS6 / 03792; MG) a me kaʻikepili o ke Keʻena ʻepekema a me ʻAmelika ʻImi o Republic of Poland (469 / STYP / 10 / 2015); Kākoʻo ʻia ʻo MW e ka ʻĀpana i loaʻa mai ke National Science Center ma Polani (2014 / 15 / B / HS6 / 03792; MG); Kākoʻo ʻia ʻo GS e ka ʻāpana Veni mai ka Netherlands Research Organization (NWO, ref no. 016.155.218).
Kōkua o ka'Āina Kuleana
Ua haʻi aku nā mea kākau i ka hanaʻana o ka noiʻiʻana ma ka nele o nāʻoihana pāʻoihana aʻoihana kālā paha i hiki ke manaʻoʻia he hopena kūpono e pili ana.
Ua hoʻolaha ka mea loiloi RS a me TK i ko lākou pili puana ʻana, a ua ʻōlelo ka luna hoʻoponopono e hoʻokō nei ke kaʻina hana i nā kūlana o kahi loiloi kūpono a pololei.
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Nā huaʻōlelo: hōʻeuʻeu ka nānā aku i ka wahine, neuroimaging, hoʻonaninani pilikino, ʻāwili ʻano hoʻokaumaha, incali salience, hoʻoikaika hoʻoikaika, pili ʻano hana
Citation: Gola M, Wordecha M, Marchewka A a me Sescousse G (2016) Ka Manaʻo ʻIkeu Loaʻa — He Cue a i ʻole kekahi Pihi? He ʻikepili no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā loina e pili ana i ka lolo. Kākau. Hum. Neurosci. 10: 402. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2016.00402
Loaʻa: 27 ʻApelila 2016; ʻAe ʻia: 26 Iulai 2016;
Hoʻopuka: 15 Aukake 2016.
Hoʻoponoponoʻia e:
Mikhail Lebedev, University Duke, USA
Nānā ':
ʻO Rudolf Stark, Ke Kulanui o Giessen, Kelemānia
ʻO Tim Klucken, Ke Kulanui o Giessen, Kelemānia
ʻO Janniko Georgiadis, Ke Kula Nui o Gallingen Medical Center, Netherlands
Shane W. Kraus, Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Veterans Affairs a me ke Kulanui o Massachusetts, USA
Kuleana kope © 2016 Gola, Wordecha, Marchewka a me Sescousse. He kumuhana kahi i wehe ʻia ma lalo o nā huaʻōlelo o ka Lulā Lahui Creative Commons (CC BY). ^ E Ha yM. Ke ʻae ʻia ka hoʻohana, lawe ʻana a me ka hana hou i nā ʻaha kūkā ʻē aʻe, ke hāʻawi ʻia ka mea kākau (kumu) a me ka mea laikini paha i kākau ʻia a i ʻike ʻia ka hana kūlohelohe a i ka lula ma ke ʻano he hana maʻamau. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻohana, hoʻopuka a hoʻopili hou paha i kū ʻole ʻia me kēia mau ʻōlelo.
* Apana: Mateusz Gola, [pale ʻia ka leka uila]
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