He aha nā ʻano lawelawe o ka pūnaewele e hoʻoili ai i nā ʻōpio? E hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia pilikia pūnaewele (2020)

Introduction

I nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala iho nei, ua komo ka pūnaewele i loko o ke ola o ka poʻe i kahi ala wikiwiki loa a ākea loa a lilo i kumu nui loa o ke ola maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ke kūʻai aku, loaʻa i ka nūhou a me ka pili ʻana i nā hoa. Ua hōʻike i ka hōʻike noiʻina US e pili ana i ka 90% o nā poʻe pākeke i komo i ka pūnaewele i ka makahiki 2019, a ʻo ka hapa o ka poʻe i hoʻohana ʻole i ka pūnaewele, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia mai 48% i 2000 a ʻo 10% wale nō ma 2019.¹ Hoʻohui kūikawā, hoʻohana nā keiki opio i ka pūnaewele i ko lākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā ma mua o nā lehulehu ʻē aʻe. In 2018, 95% o nā ʻōpio US i hōʻike ʻia i hiki ke loaʻa i nā poʻe kelepona, a 45% o nā ʻōpio i kahi pūnaewele ma kahi kokoke.²

ʻOiai ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka pūnaewele i nā pono like ʻole, e like me ke hoʻonaʻauao, ʻoliʻoli, kamaʻāina, ʻoluʻolu a me ka pono noʻonoʻo.³ ua nui nā haʻawina i hōʻike i nā hui maikaʻi ʻole o ka pūnaewele me ka olakino noʻonoʻo olakino, e like me ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo pili ʻana, ka makehewa a me ka cyberbullying.^4-7 ʻO ka manaʻo, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pūnaewele pilikia (PIU) i hiʻohiʻona ʻia e ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me nā hiʻohiʻona addictive kekahi o nā pilikia nui loa me ka hoʻohana pūnaewele ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻōpiopio, ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ai ka kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka 26.7% e nā haʻawina mua.^8,9

ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōpio i nā mea maʻa ʻole o ka PIU ma muli o ka impulsivity i hoʻopili ʻia me ka immaturity pili o ka prefrontal cortex (PFC), ka mea nui i ka wā mua a me ka wā waena.^10-12 Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻāʻī o ka naʻau i ka manawa mua o ka wā kamaliʻi (2 mau makahiki) i loaʻa ka hopena nui ma ka PIU i ka wā ʻōpiopio, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻano o ka hānau ʻana kekahi o nā mea nui o ka pilikia no ka PIU.¹³ ʻO ka sex ka mea e ʻike ʻia ai kekahi mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻohālike o ke kiʻi iā PIU. Hoʻohana ʻē aʻe nā keikikāne i ka pāʻani pūnaewele, aʻo nā kaikamāhine e hoʻohana i nā lawelawe ʻoihana pūnaewele ma mua o nā keikikāne.^14,15 Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea o ke kaiāulu, me ka hoʻopili pū me nā mākua a me nā hoa ʻē aʻe pū kekahi i hōʻike ʻia kekahi o nā mea wānana no ka PIU i nā wā'ōpiopio. ʻO keʻano, Badenes-Ribera et al¹⁶ ua hōʻike ʻo ka pili ʻana me ko lākou mau mākua i ka pae o ka PIU i ka hapa nui o nā wā ʻōpio, ʻoiai he mea pili pono nā pilina o nā hoa pili.

Pēlā nō, ua noiʻi nā noiʻi lehulehu i nā hopohopo maʻamau no PIU a me nā mea e pili ana i ka hopena i nā keiki'ōpiopio, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi wehewehe kumu ʻole iā PIU. Ua noiʻi nā poʻe noiʻi iā PIU me nā huaʻōlelo a me nā manaʻo like ʻole, e like me "ka hoʻohui honua",¹⁷ "Hoʻohana paʻa pūnaewele",¹⁸ "Pilikia pilikia pūnaewele"¹⁹ a me ka "hoʻohana pūnaewele pathological".²⁰ ʻO nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele pūnaewele ua hoʻohana i nā huaʻōlelo "pilikia pilikia pūnaewele ma luna iho",²¹ "Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele"²² a me nā "hoʻoilina pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele".²³

ʻOiai ʻo kēia mau ʻōlelo ʻokoʻa a me kā lākou mau wehewehe ʻana me ka hoʻokumu kino pili ʻana i kahi kuhi o ka hoʻohana ʻole pūnaewele paʻa i hopena i ka hōʻeha ʻana o nā maʻi ma mua o nā maʻi.²⁴ ʻo ke kumu no ka nele o ka hoʻākāka maʻamau o ke gula ʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi i ka pūnaewele i kahi ʻano ʻaeʻī like paha e pili ana i ka pilia i mea e pili ana i ka pāʻani, ka pāʻani, kūkā a me nā kiʻi paha. ʻŌpio²⁵ kuhikuhi mai ʻo ka pili ʻana ma ka pūnaewele e uhi i ka pilikia o ka pilikia o ka mana o ka mana a ka poʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā ʻelima kūloko, a me ka cyber-sexuality, cyber-pilina, net compulsions, information overload, a me ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka kamepiula.

I waena o kēia mau mana kikoʻī o PIU, "ka maʻi pāʻani pāʻani pūnaewele" a me "ka pāʻani pāʻani" i komo pū ʻia me ka maʻi ʻeha ma ka Pauku 3 o ka Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)²⁶ a me ka loiloi hou loa o ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) e ka World Health Organization (WHO).²⁷ ʻOiai nā manaʻo nongaming pūnaewele ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he aliaʻi no ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mea hōʻike.²⁴ mau nō hoʻi nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā hana pili nongaming addictive e like me ka leʻa pūnaewele,²⁸ nohona kūkākūkā²⁹ a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka pūnaewele.³⁰

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai kēia mau hopohopo e pili ana i nā ʻano subtypes o ka PIU, ua nele nā ​​haʻawina i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka hoʻohui ʻana ma luna o ka lawelawe pūnaewele ʻike ʻole. Ua noi ʻia kahi noi Sīmia i hala aku nei me 6,081 mau haumāna nona ka makahiki 12-19 i ka ʻūhā ʻana i ka noi ʻana i nā noi ma ka Pūnaewele ʻo PIU a me ka Pūnaewele.³¹ I ke aʻoʻana o Rosenkranz et al³¹ ʻo nā mea e hoʻohana pono ai i nā pūnaewele i ʻoi loa nā pūnaewele pili pūnaewele a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana, a ʻo nā palapala pūnaewele ʻike pono loa no ka ʻoU ʻo PIU he pāʻani a me ka pili ʻana. Eia naʻe, nā noiʻi e noiʻi ana i ka hoʻoili a me ke addiction i pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele kūikawā e nele ana; i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i kā mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe ʻike ma Korea. No laila, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa e noiʻi e pili ana i nā palau a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā PIU i kahi ʻāpana nui o nā ʻōpiopio e pili ana i ka subtype o ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.

Nā Pono a me nā Una

Results

kūkākūkā

Ua noiʻi kā mākou noiʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana iā PIU i ka nui o nā ʻōpiopio e pili ana i nā lawelawe pūnaewele maʻamau. I kā mākou papa noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ka laulā maʻamau o ka PIU he 5.4%, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā haʻawina mua i alakaʻi ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Nui nā hōʻike mua o ka hana a PIU i hōʻike ʻia i kahi pālahalaha o ka prevalence o ka PIU. No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina ma waena o ʻehā mau ʻāina o ʻEulopa e hōʻike ana i ka ulu o 25%, e piʻi ana mai 14% a 55% i nā ʻāina āpau.³⁴ ʻO kekahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia ma ʻeono mau ʻāina i haʻi aku i ka lehulehu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūnaewele addictive i pani ʻia e ka Internet Addiction Test (IAT) mai ka 1% ma Kina Hema a i ka 5% i Pilipinas, a ʻo ka hoʻomāhuahua ʻana o ka PIU mai 13% a 46% . ^ E Ha yM.³⁵ Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loiloi o ka loiloi pūnaewele ʻē aʻe i ka nui o ka lehulehu ma o 1% a 18.7%⁹ a mai 0.8% a i ka 26.7%.⁸ Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kēia mau noiʻi ʻana i kēia pae ākea o ka pae prevalence no ka PIU ua kumu paha i ka nele o ka ʻano mau i ka ʻano, me nā wehewehe, nā hana loiloi a me nā ʻokiʻoki no PIU.^8,36 No laila, ʻo nā haʻawina o hope aku me nā wehewehe wehewehe a me nā loiloi hou loa no ka PIU pono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka PIU. Eia nō naʻe, he loiloi meta-hoʻāʻo ʻana me 27 mau noiʻi mai 1998 a 2006 i hōʻike ʻia i ka maʻamau ākea o ka pili pūnaewele ma ka 4.7%, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka pā nui o ka lehulehu.³⁷ ia e kūlike me kā mākou aʻo.

I loko o kā mākou aʻo ʻana, hōʻike nā keikikāne i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka PIU ma mua o nā kaikamāhine ma o kahi o ʻelua paha mau kaukani. He ʻike mau loa kēia me nā haʻawina mua o ka hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ka male kāne ke ʻano he pilikia ʻo PIU.^38-40 Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi e like me ke ʻano o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka wahine no ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka PIU. Penei ka laiki, Durkee et al³⁹ ua hōʻike ʻia he mau loli liʻiliʻi ma ka pae o ka prevalence o ka PIU ma waena o nā kāne i loko o kahi noiʻi me nā ʻōpio mai ka 11 mau ʻāina ʻEulopa akā ʻo kekahi mau ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻano noiʻi ma Kanada i nā lō ʻole o ka wahine ma ka lehulehu o PIU.¹⁵ Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi haʻawina me nā pākeke mai 9 mau ʻāina ʻEulopa i hōʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu o ka hana ʻo PIU ma mua o nā kāne.³⁴ Hiki i kēia mau ʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā ʻokoʻa a ka wahine ma PIU i nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau ʻokoʻa a ka wehe ʻana o ka kāne i ka lehulehu o PIU, ka ʻimi ʻana i nā lawelawe kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia e ka pūnaewele ma o nā kāne ʻelua.

I loko o kā mākou papa noiʻi, ʻo ka lawelawe pūnaewele maʻamau e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i waena o nā mea āpau i pāʻani ʻia e ka pūnaewele i ukali ʻia e ka ʻike ʻimi, ʻelele / kamaʻilio, a me ka blog. Akā naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā lawelawe pūnaewele e hoʻohana nui ʻia, heʻokoʻa loa i waena o nā kāne. Ma kahi i hoʻohana nui ai nā keikikāne i ka pūnaewele no ka pāʻani ʻana i ka hapa nui, ua hoʻohana nā kaikamahine i ka pūnaewele no ka blogging a i ka ʻelele / kamaʻilio nui loa. Hoʻopili kēia mau kūleʻa i nā loiloi ma nā noiʻi mua. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kaikamahine e hoʻohana i nā memo koke (74%) a me nā lawelawe lawelawe kaiāulu (70%) ma mua o nā keikikāne he 15 a 17 (62% a me 54%, kēlā).^14,41 ʻO Dufour et al¹⁵ hōʻike pū kekahi ʻoi ka nui o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele a me nā blog i kiʻekiʻe i nā kaikamahine ma mua o nā keikikāne. Hoʻohālikelike, ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pāʻani pūnaewele no ka nui o ke kāne ma mua o nā wahine.^15,26,34,42 ʻOiai nā kumu kumu maoli no kēia mau ʻokoʻa pili i ka pili o ka pūnaewele i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia.⁴² nā haʻawina i hala mua e wehewehe i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā kāne i ka pili ʻana o ka pāʻani kamepiula i ka pili ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka ʻike a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā pāʻani maʻamau, ka huhū o nā pāʻani, nā hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū o nā pāʻani, a me nā ʻoihana pilikino i loko o nā pāʻani.⁴³ ʻO ko mākou mau hopena no ka hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe ʻana i ka pūnaewele no ka blogging a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pūnaewele no ka pāʻani ʻana i nā kaikamahine ma mua o nā keikikāne e pili ana i nā hōʻike paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo nā wahine ma mua o ka pili ʻana, aʻo nā kāne ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻikepili / hana hana.⁴⁴

Ma kā mākou papa noiʻi, ʻo ka nui o nā poʻe me ka PIU ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele pāʻani (ka helu ʻana ma mua o 50% o ka huina ʻo PIU) a ʻoi loa ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka PIU i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele pāʻani. Hāʻawi kēia mau ʻike i nā hōʻike kākoʻo no ka hopohopo nui no ka pāʻani pūnaewele a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka maʻi pāʻani ʻoihana pūnaewele ma ka pūnaehana ʻoihana diagnostic.^26,27 Eia nō naʻe, pono e nānā pū ʻia ka mea hiki ke hoʻomālamalama pūnaewele. ʻAʻole i kiʻekiʻe nā kūmole o ka hoʻolaha pūnaewele e like me ka mea lawelawe ʻo ka pūnaewele (0.8%) a hiki i nā kaikamahine (0.1%). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pae pākuhi i pili ʻole i ka PIU i waena o ka poʻe i hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele no ka hapanui o nā kiʻi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kiʻi porno ʻaʻole ia ke pilikia e ka pūnaewele wale nō. Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele keu ʻaʻole i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele akā hoʻohana wale nō i ka pūnaewele me ke ʻano ʻokoʻa no nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike hou.^45,46 Eia nō naʻe, ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā haʻawina mua e hoʻohana ana ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pili pono i ka pūnaewele me ka piʻi ʻana o ka "triple A" (hiki ke loaʻa, ʻikea a me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia) e ka pūnaewele i hoʻonui ʻia i ka hiki ke pilikia no ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kiʻi ma ka pūnaewele.⁴⁷ Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i kūpono nā ʻike a mākou i nā hopena o nā noi ʻana ma mua o Rosenkranz et al³¹ ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa i ka pili i ka moekolohe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka pāʻani ʻana a me nā mea pāʻani. ʻO kēia mau hopena hopena e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohui i ka ʻike ʻikepili ma waena o nā haʻawina i lilo i nā ʻokoʻa socio-environment. No laila, ʻo nā haʻawina hou e hoʻomaopopo ai a pale i ka poʻe ʻōpio mai ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pilikia ma ka pūnaewele pūnaewele.

ʻO kekahi ʻike nui i kā mākou aʻo ʻana he pilina nui ma waena o ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka paio no ka PU a me ka psychopathology, me ka pohō a me ka manaʻo suicidal a me ka hoʻāʻo, ka mea e kū pū me ka ʻike mai kahi noiʻi o mua.²⁴ ua hōʻike i ka hui o nā haumāna me PIU i mea e hōʻike hou aku ai i ke kaumaha a me ka suicidal a me ka hōʻino kino pilikino ma mua o ka hui hoʻohana pūnaewele maʻamau. Ma keʻano kūikawā, he mea kupaianaha ia o ka nui o nā pane a 'ʻae' i nā ʻeha hōʻeha, nā manaʻo suicidal a me nā hoʻāʻo suicidal e kiʻekiʻe i nā mea hoʻohana o ka ʻelele / kamaʻilio a me ka blogging ma mua o nā mea hoʻohana o nā lawelawe ʻē aʻe, me ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea hoʻohana o nā wikiō pūnaewele. a ʻo kēia ka hapa haʻahaʻa loa ma nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele pāʻani ʻoihana pūnaewele. Ke hōʻike nei kēia mau ʻike i ka ʻōpio kaumaha i mea e ʻimi nei i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele ma mua o ka pūnaewele. Kūlike kēia mau ʻike i ka noiʻi ʻana ma mua²⁴ ua hōʻike nō hoʻi he nui koʻikoʻi nui o ke kaumaha i nā haumāna me ka PIU nongaming ma mua o nā haumāna me nā pāʻani PIU. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa o ka "yes" pane i nā manawa haʻahaʻa, ka manaʻo suicidal a me ka hoʻoweliweli suicidal ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa i nā mea hoʻohana pūnaewele porn. Hōʻike kēia mau mea i ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka pūnaewele no ka porno e pili ana i ka psychopathology koʻikoʻi, e like me ke kaumaha a me ka makehewa, a me ka puʻuwai hoʻokalakupua ikaika.

hoʻokau

Loaʻa i kā mākou noiʻi kekahi mau palena ʻē aʻe e pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia. ʻOiai ua alakaʻi mākou i ke aʻo ʻana me kahi ʻāpana nui o nā wā'ōpiopio, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kā mākou aʻo ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā cross-sectional, e palena ana i ke ʻano o ka kumu kumu. No ka laʻana, nā ʻeha hoʻonāukiuki, nā manaʻo suicidal a me nā hoʻāʻo aʻi e pepehi ai e pili ana i nā kuʻuna kiʻekiʻe o ka PIU, a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i ke ala o ke kumu kumu. No laila, ua noi ʻia nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana me kahi hoʻolālā lōʻihi. ʻO ka lua, ʻoiai ua hoʻāʻo mākou e hoʻokomo i nā ʻano lawelawe like ʻole o ka pūnaewele i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻōpio i nā nīnau nīnau, ʻaʻole mākou i hoʻokomo i nā lawelawe āpau. ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ka mālama pūnaewele pūnaewele ʻo ia kekahi o nā hopohopo nui e pili ana i ka hoʻohana pūnaewele.²⁸ ʻaʻole i waiho ʻia i loko o nā nīnau nīnau. ʻO ke kolu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kā mākou aʻo ʻana i ka hōʻike ponoʻī ʻana o nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio, hiki ke hōʻike i ka hōʻike. Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o nā maʻi psychiatric e like me ka hewa i waena o nā mea hoʻomaopopo, e like me nā mākua a me nā ʻōpio.⁴⁸ No laila, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike mai nā mea hoʻolaha he nui, me ka mau mākua hoʻi, he mea nui no ka loiloi pololei ʻana i nā hōʻailona psychiatric. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike i hala i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka hōʻike o ka mea ʻōpiopio no ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi hoʻomā e like me ka waiʻona a me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka waiwai a ua ʻoi aku ka ʻeha me nā maʻi maoli ma mua o nā hōʻike mai nā mākua.⁴⁸ Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana mākou i nā mea waiwai maʻalahi e nānā ana i ke kaumaha, ka manaʻo suicidal, a me nā ho'āʻo suicidal a ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo i nā hana loiloi i hōʻoia ʻia. ʻOiai ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau mea i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pane ʻana o ka nīnau no ka nui o nā mea i komo, e hopena paha kēia i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia a me ka hilahila o ka hui maoli ma waena o ka PIU a me ka psychology'ōpiopio, e like me ke kaumaha a me ka make. ʻO ka hope, ʻaʻole i komo ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻohana, e like me ka kamaʻilio ʻana o ka makua a me ke ʻano makua, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea nui i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka PIU i nā keiki ʻōpio.¹⁶ No laila, ʻo nā haʻawina o hope e pili pū ana i ka ʻike kikoʻī loa e pili ana i ka psychopathology o nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻano ʻohana mai nā mea hoʻolaha he nui e kuhi e hōʻoia i nā ʻike i kēia manawa.

hopena a

ʻOiai kekahi mau kaupalena, ʻike kā kā mākou noi ʻana i ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka PIU i nā ʻōpio. ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā lawelawe pūnaewele e hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā hiʻohiʻona e pili ana i ke ʻano moe. Ua hōʻike ʻo ka prevalence o ka PIU i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lawelawe ʻoihana pūnaewele. Pono nā haʻawina o ka wā e pili ana i ka PIU me nā metala hoʻākāka a me nā loiloi pono no kēlā me kēia lawelawe pūnaewele pono e pono ai e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā e pale aku i nā keiki ʻōpiopio mai ka hopena o PIU.

mau hoomaikai ana

Kālāʻike kālā

Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia hana e ka National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) hāʻawi kālā ʻia e ke aupuni Kōlea (MSIP; Kuhina ʻEpekema, ICT & Hoʻolālā Hou) (NRF-2018R1C1B5041143).

E hoʻomaopopo '