COMMENTS: ʻO ka loiloi e nā loea addiction ke hoʻopau nei i ka maʻi porn-hoʻohana i ke ʻano he hanana e hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻāpana ICD-11 "i nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i kūpono no ka pili ʻana i ke kolohe.". ^ E Ha yM. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohālikelike ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porn e hoʻohālikelike hou i nā hana hoʻonaninani e pili ana, e pili ana i nā pali a me nā pāʻani. ʻPlelo mai ka pepa:
E hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole mākou e ʻōlelo nei i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā maʻi hou i ka ICD-11. Ma ka mea ʻā, manaʻo mākou e hoʻokūpaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano kūpikipiki kolohe e kūkākūkā ʻia i loko o nā puke, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili ʻia i kēia manawa me nā ʻano kikoʻī i loko o ka ICD-11, akā hiki ke kūpono i ka mahele o nā "ʻano maʻi ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano addict" a no laila kuhi ʻia paha ma ke ʻano 6C5Y i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lāʻau. (hāʻawi ʻia ke koʻikoʻi)…
Ma muli o nā hōʻike i loiloi ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻano meta-kiʻekiʻe-ʻekolu i manaʻo ʻia, hōʻike mākou i ka maʻi porn-hoʻohana i ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e ka maʻi o ka ICD-11 "nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i kau ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike" i pili i nā poʻo ʻekolu nā paipai no ka pāʻani pāʻani, hoʻololi ʻia e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻikepili (Brand, Blycker, et al., 2019) ....
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi ʻino o ke kiʻi porn e like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka lawena hoʻohālikelike e kūpono paha i nā poʻe e hele kūino maoli ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻike kiʻi porn (ma ka hapanui o nā hihia me ka masturbation).
Eia kā mākou e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻāpana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā porn pilikia pilikia:
ʻO ka hana kiʻi kiʻi hūʻike
ʻO ka hana kūpono ʻole i ka moekolohe, e like me ka mea i komo i ka māhele ICD-11 i nā ʻehaʻohana o ka impulse-control, hiki ke kau i kahi ākea o ka pili ʻana i ka moekolohe me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi e pili ana i ka hanana.Brand, Blycker, & Potenza, 2019; Kraus et al., 2018). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka papa hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā moekolohe hana moekolohe.ʻO Derbyshire & Grant, 2015), me kekahi o nā mea kākau e ʻōlelo aku ana i ke kikoʻina pili ʻokoʻa kūpono (ʻO Gola & Potenza, 2018), he mea ia e pili pono ai i nā poʻe e ʻehaʻeha ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porno a ʻaʻole i nā mea hoʻoweliweli a i hoʻokauwa ʻole ʻia.ʻO Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; ʻO Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016).
ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ke pāʻani maʻi hilahila i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona me ka poʻe no ka hoʻopili kino ʻana i nā hana moekolohe a hoʻokipa ʻia paha e ke hoʻololi ʻana i ka "pāʻani" i ke kiʻi ʻana. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona nui ma ke kikowaena pilikia i hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana ʻia.Brand, Blycker, et al., 2019) a hele aku kūpono e kūpono i nā noʻonoʻo pono (Laau. 1). Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i ka pili o nā kauka ma ka maʻi (criterion 1) o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ponokala pilikia, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā e pili ana i ka hana hōʻino a me ka pili pilikino, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka mālama ʻana (ʻO Gola & Potenza, 2016; ʻO Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016). I loko o kekahi mau noiʻi a loiloi i nā ʻatikala, nā hana hoʻohālike mai ka noiʻi i hoʻohui ʻia (criterion 2) i hoʻohana ʻia e kiʻi i nā hypotheses a e wehewehe i nā hualoaʻa (Brand, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019; Brand, Wegmann, et al., 2019; ʻO Brand, Young, a me., 2016; Stark et al., 2017; ʻO Wéry, Deleuze, Canale, & Billieux, 2018). ʻO nā hōʻike mai ka hōʻike hōʻike pono, ka hana, ka electrophysiological, a me nā haʻawina neuroimaging e hōʻike ana i ka komo ʻana o nā hana ʻalani a me ke kumu o ka neural correlates i loiloi ʻia a i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā pae like ʻole no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea a me nā pono a me nā mea pāʻani (gaming manuʻa (criterion 3). Nā poʻe mālama i hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka cue-réactivity a me ka nānā ʻana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana i nā wahi kīnā e pili ana i ka makana, nā ʻano mea e ʻike ai, nā hana hoʻoholo ʻole ʻana, a me ka hana o ka hoʻokalakupua. Antons & Brand, 2018; Antons, Mueller, et al., 2019; Antons, Trotzke, Wegmann, & Brand, 2019; ʻO Bothe et al., 2019; Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Gola et al., 2017; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Mechelmans et al., 2014; ʻO Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018; Voon et al., 2014).
Ma muli o nā hōʻike i loiloi ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻano meta-kiʻekiʻe-ʻekolu i manaʻo ʻia, hōʻike mākou i ka maʻi porn-hoʻohana i ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e ka maʻi o ka ICD-11 "nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i kau ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike" i pili i nā poʻo ʻekolu nā paipai no ka pāʻani pāʻani, hoʻololi ʻia e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻikepili (Brand, Blycker, et al., 2019). Ekahi kūlana sine qua non no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hana ʻinoʻino i loko o kēia ʻāpana he mea e hōʻeha wale nei ke kanaka a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kaohi ʻana i nā kiʻi kikowaena porn (ʻoiai i kēia manawa nā kiʻi pūnaewele ma ka hapa he nui), ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia e nā hana moekolohe hou aʻe.Kraus et al., 2018). Eia kekahi, pono e noʻonoʻo ke ʻano he hana hoʻohālikelike wale nō inā pili ia i ka hana hōʻino a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, e like nō hoʻi me ke ʻano leʻa o ka pāʻani.Billieux et al., 2017; ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2019). Eia nō naʻe, ʻike mākou i nā maʻi lawehala ke hoʻohana nei i kēia manawa i ka maʻi ICD-11 i kēia manawa no ka hōʻino ʻana i ka moekolohe ʻia i ke ʻano i ke nānā ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi a me nā ʻano hana maʻamau (pinepine i ka masturbation akā he mau hana moekolohe a me ke ʻano he pili pū kekahi). hoʻokō i nā pono no ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka moekolohe kāne (Kraus & Sweeney, 2019). ʻO ka hoʻokolohua ʻana o ka maʻi hana kūlohelohe kūpono kūpono i nā poʻe i hoʻohana ʻole i ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i ka lawehala, akā hoʻopilikia pū kekahi no nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā maʻi porn-hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka lawena hoʻohālikelike he mea kūpono loa ia no nā poʻe e hele kūino maoli ʻana i ke nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi porn (ma ka hapanui o nā hihia me ka masturbation). Inā ʻike a ʻokoʻa ʻole paha nā wehewehe ma waena o ka pūnaewele a me ke kiʻikepili i kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hihia no ka pāʻani pūnaewele / offline (ʻO Király & Demetrovics, 2017).
J Behav Kahalewai. 2020 Jun 30.
Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo
kāʻei kua
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā pā pāʻani a me nā pāʻani pāʻani e like me "nā maʻi ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike" i loko o ka ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā maʻi (ICD-11). Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano pilikia ʻē aʻe "ʻoi aku ka pilikia ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā mea hoʻohālike i hoʻohui ʻia (6C5Y)."
Nā Papahana
Narrative review, nā manaʻo o ka poʻe loea.
Results
Manaʻo mākou i kēia mau kaila e pili ana i ka meta-level no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike i hiki ke hoʻokō i ke ʻano o nā "ʻehaʻeha i hōʻike ʻia ma muli o nā mea hoʻohālikelike":
1. Kahakaha ʻoihana: He hōʻike hōʻoia e hōʻike ai i nā haʻawina ʻepekema lehulehu e pili ana i ka hoʻonaninani pono ʻana i ka hanana kūpono a pili wale ka poʻe i nā hopena maikaʻi a me nā hana ʻino i loko o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā ma muli o ka pilikia pilikia a me ka hoʻokau hoʻohālikelike.
2. Ka hana theoretical: Theororororororororic and theoretical mod e pili ana i ka papa noiʻi i nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike e wehewehe a wehewehe i kahi kūpono kūpono i ke ʻano o ka mea e hiki mai ana i kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike.
3. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo: Ka ʻikepili e pili ana i nā hōʻike ponoʻī, nā kūkākūkā mua, nā noiʻi, nā hoʻokolohua e pili ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a, inā loaʻa, nā hoʻokolohua kūlohelohe (neural, physiological, genetic) hōʻike i nā hana ʻekikena (a me ka neurobiological) pili i nā hana hoʻohālikelike hou i kūpono no nā hanana kuana. Loaʻa nā kiʻekiʻe palapala o ke kākoʻo no nā pilikia pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi, nā kūʻai a me ke kūʻai ʻana, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele. Hiki i kēia mau ʻano i ka māhele o "nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike".
Panina
He mea nui ia ʻaʻole i ke alapine-hele i ke ʻano o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a ʻo ka manawa hiki ke hoʻolilo i nā kūlana i ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a pono ia i nā mea olakino olakino. Hiki ke kōkua i nā loiloi meta-level-kōkua i ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā noiʻi noiʻi a me nā hana kulekele.
- PMID: 32634114
- DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00035
Introduction
Ua koho ʻia nā mea pāʻani a me nā maʻi pāʻani ʻana he "pilikia ma muli o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike" i ka puka ʻumikūmākahi o ka ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana o nā maʻi (ICD-11) (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2019).). ʻOiai ua loaʻa ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui e pili ana i ka mea kūpono a ke komo pū ʻana i ka pāʻani pāʻani i ka ICD-11 (Dullur & Starcevic, 2018; van Rooij et al., 2018), nā kauka a me nā mea noiʻi i ka addi psychiatry a me ka neuroscience kākoʻo i kāna hoʻopili ʻana (Brand, Rumpf, et al., 2019; Fineberg et al., 2018; King & al., 2018; Rumpf et al., 2018; ʻO Stein et al., 2018).). Hāʻawi ʻia i nā hakahaka ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea a me nā hana hoʻohālikelike i komo i loko o ka ICD-11, ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ʻo "nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā lawaiʻa hoʻohui" (coded as 6C5Y) e kūkā hou aku i nā kūkā pili ʻana i nā kūkā. Hōʻike kēia wehewehe wehewehe i ka manaʻo e pono ke ʻano o nā ʻano palupalu a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia he mau maʻi ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻomāliʻi (ma waho o ka palaka a me nā pāʻani) pono nō i ka nānā (Potenza, Higuchi, & Brand, 2018).). Eia naʻe naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea e wehewehe i nā ʻano pilikino a me nā kuʻuna. Kūʻē mākou he mea nui ke ʻae a mālama pono i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pilikia hiki i kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano o ka holomua ʻana o nā kūlana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā.Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, 2015; Starcevic, Billieux, & Schimmenti, 2018).). Maanei ke hōʻike nei mākou i nā mana-level-meta no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano pilikia e like me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i pili ʻole i ke ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike a kūkākūkā i ke ʻano o nā kūpaʻa e pili ana i nā ʻano kumu ʻekolu: hoʻohana ʻia nā hana ʻino-hoʻohana, ke kūʻai kūʻai-kūʻai aku, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lehulehu. hewa
Nā mōlia-pae-kiʻekiʻe no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike i hoʻohui ʻia e like me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā lawelima hoʻohui
E like me kekahi mauʻano hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike e noʻonoʻo ʻia nei no ka hoʻolālā ʻana no 6C5Y, hele pinepine ʻia ka pāʻani pāʻani ma ka Pūnaewele. ʻO nā alakaʻi ʻekolu e pili ana i ka pāʻani ʻana i ka pāʻani ma ka ICD-11 me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mana i ke kīpē ʻana, e hoʻonui ana i ka mana o (a me ka preoccupation me) ka pāʻani, a me ka hoʻomau a hoʻomau ʻia o ka pāʻani ʻaʻole e ʻike i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2019).). Eia kekahi, pono ke kumu hoʻohālike e alakaʻi i ka hōʻino nui i nā pilikino, ʻohana, nā haʻawina, ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka hana, a i nā waiwai koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe. Pono kēia mau kuhikuhi diagnostic e pili i nā ʻano hoʻohālike i hiki ke hōʻemi ma mua o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā pāʻani pāʻani (a me ke kalaka pila, e kaʻana like i nā alakaʻi diagnostic me nā maʻi pāʻani). Ma kahi o kēia mau loiloi diagnostic, hōʻike mākou i ʻekolu mau mākeke meta-kūloko mai kahiʻikeʻepekema no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike e hoʻokō ana i ka māhele ICD-11 "nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i pili i nā ʻano hana hoʻohalike". Hoʻonohonoho mākou i kēia mau mana lāʻau-maʻa ke kōkua i ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā ho'āʻo noiʻi a me nā hana lapaʻau.
ʻO nā hōʻike ʻepekema no ka pili kaukaʻi
Kuleana 1: ʻO nā hōʻikeʻoiaʻiʻo mai nā haʻawina ʻepekema lehulehu, me nā mea e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau, hōʻike ʻia i ka hanana kūikawā e pili ana i ka maʻi ʻona a he mau poʻe ʻike i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hana hewa i loko o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā ma muli o ka lawena pilikia a me ka hoʻomau ʻia paha.
Rationale: ʻO ka hana nui ke kumu he hana nui i loko o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo ʻole, e komo pū ana i nā pāʻani a me ke kīlohelohe (.Billieux et al., 2017; ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2019).). No laila, pono nā noiʻi ʻepekema e hōʻike ana i ka pili pono ke pili i ka hana hōʻino e hoʻākāka i ka mālama ʻana (ʻO Stein et al., 2010).). Pono keʻano o kēia hanana, ʻo ia ka mea e pilikia ai nā pilikia i loko o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā i nā hopena i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano hanana hoʻohālikelike kūikawā a ʻaʻole ma muli o kahi ʻano ākea o nā ʻano pilikia like ʻole a i wehewehe ʻia e kekahi mau pilikia noʻonoʻo (e hoʻohālike, no ka hanana manic ).).
Paipai ʻona
Kānāwai 2: Nā ʻ thelelo ao a me nā hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka papa noiʻi e pili ana i nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike e wehewehe a wehewehe i kahi kūpono no ke ʻano o ka hanana hoʻohālikelike.
Rationale: Inā ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike, nā ʻōnaehana (neuroscientific) e wehewehe pono ana i nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike e kūpono i ke kuhi. A i ʻole, ʻaʻole ia e ʻāpono i ka ʻōlelo i ke ʻano he mea hōʻiliʻili, akā, inā paha he maʻi hoʻokūkū anuʻu a hoʻokuʻuku paha i ka maʻi hoʻokō. ʻO nā meaʻepono i kēia manawa i manaʻo ʻia he kūpono i loko o nā hana o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā mea noiʻi hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻopili ʻana.Robinson & Berridge, 2008), ka hopena o ka pane ʻana i ka hopena a me ka hoʻohuihui salience (iRISA).ʻO Goldstein & Volkow, 2011), ke nānā i ka maʻi kinohi (Blum et al., 1996), nā papa hana ʻelua o ka hele ʻana no ka hoʻohui ʻana (Hanaʻia, 2005; Everitt & Robbins, 2016) e pili ana i nā mea e pili ana i nā cognitions implicit (ʻO Stacy & Wiers, 2010; Wiers & Stacy, 2006), a me nā mea kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā hana lawena. ʻO kēia pūʻulu hope loa e like me nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o Davis no nā maʻi hoʻohana pūnaewele (ʻO Davis, 2001), ka hiʻohiʻona cognitive-alakaʻi pāʻani o nā pāʻani pāʻani (Dong & Potenza, 2014), ke ʻano hoʻohālike o ka pāʻani papa holoʻokoʻa (Wei, Zhang, Turel, Bechara, & He, 2017), a me ka launa pū ʻana o ka mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo-cognition-execution (I-PACE) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pilikia ponoʻī o ka pūnaewele.Brand, ʻōpio, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016) a me nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike i ka laulā maʻamau (Brand, Wegmann, et al., 2019).). I loko o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema e kūkākūkā nei i nā hanana kulekele, pono nā pili o nā ʻano hoʻohui i nā ʻano a pono nā noiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā hana kumu i lalo o ke ʻano hana hoʻohālike e pili pū ana i ka hanana calon (e ʻike i nā kāʻei hou e pili ana). He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kūlana no ka hahai ʻana i kahi loiloi-kaila a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana-hypotheses ma mua o ka hoʻopono ʻana wale ʻana i kekahi mau loiloi pili i kahi hanana kūpono.
Hōʻike hōʻailona i ka loiloi kumu
Criterion 3: ʻikepili e pili ana i nā hōʻike ponoʻī, ninaninau kuʻuna, noiʻi, hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, a, inā loaʻa, nā hoʻokolohua kūlohelohe (neural, physiological, genetic) hōʻike i nā hana ʻepekema (a me ka neurobiological) i hoʻopili i nā ʻano hana i hoʻohui ʻia (cf., ʻO Potenza, 2017) ua kūpono no ke kūlana moho.
Rationale: hoʻopaʻapaʻa mākou he mea nui ia i nā ʻikepili mai nā haʻawina lehulehu i hoʻohana i nā ʻano like ʻole e nānā i nā kaʻina kūikawā i lalo o ke ʻano o ka poʻokela i mua o ka mea e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano i loko o ka maʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea hoʻohalike. Pono nā haʻawina e hōʻoia i ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana o nā ʻano pili i hiki ke kūpono i ke ʻano no ka hanana. Ua hōʻike kēia i ʻaʻole lawa loa inā nā liʻiliʻi wale nō nā noiʻi, no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea screening hou, ua ʻōlelo i kahi ʻano hana hou hou i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻohana ai i ka huaʻōlelo "maluhia ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike." Eia nō kekahi, pono e hoʻopili nā noiʻi i nā ʻano kūpono a pono hoʻi e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona me nā mea loiloi (Rumpf et al., 2019).). Aia wale nō ka hōʻoia a me ka pololei o nā ʻikepili mai ka nui o nā noiʻi (a mai nā pūʻulu hana like) - e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he mālamalama ʻo ka hilinaʻi nui o nā hāmeʻa screening ma ke kula (King & al., 2020) - ke loaʻa nei e hōʻike ana i nā hypotheses puʻupaʻa e alakaʻi i ke ʻano o nā hanana ʻokoʻa pili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi kēia i ka ʻōlelo o ka pale ʻana i ka hala-pathologizing i ke ʻano o ke ʻano i kēlā me kēia lā e like me ke kolohe (Billieux, Schimmenti, et al., 2015) e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna aʻe i ka ʻāpana e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā loina meta-kiʻekiʻe-ʻekolu i manaʻo ʻia, me ka hui hierarchical a me nā nīnau e pane ʻia ai i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ana i ka helu ʻana o ka maʻi moho i ʻole he "ʻano pilikia ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike" Laau. 1.
Hōʻike nui i nā meta-level-criteria i manaʻo ʻia no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka helu ʻana o ka maʻi palaka ma kahi “maʻi ʻē aʻe i pili ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike”.
Hōʻike: Ka Nupepa o nā Kumana ʻAau Lika ʻO J Behav Addict 2020; 10.1556/2006.2020.00035
ʻO ka loiloi ʻana o nā hōʻike ʻepekema e kākoʻo ana i ka kūpono o nā ʻano hanana hoʻohiki ʻē aʻe i loko o ka māhele ICD-11 o "nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i pili ʻia i ka pili pono."
Loaʻa nā kiʻekiʻe palapala o ke kākoʻo no nā pilikia pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi, nā kūʻai a me ke kūʻai ʻana, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele. E hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka mea hōʻike ma nā pauku aʻe. E hoʻomaopopo, ʻaʻole mākou e hōʻike i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā maʻi hou i ka ICD-11. Akā, manaʻo mākou e hoʻohālikelike e kūkākūkā ʻia kekahi o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike i pili i ka puke, i ʻike ʻia ʻole i kēia manawa he mau pilikia i loko o ka ICD-11, akā hiki ke kau ʻia i ke ʻano o nā maʻi ʻē aʻe i hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike. hiki ke helu ʻia me 6C5Y ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau. Ma ka wehewehe maikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia mau ʻano hoʻomohala ʻekolu, manaʻo nō hoʻi mākou e hōʻike i kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole paha e lawa ka hōʻike e ʻōlelo ai i kēia mau ʻano "hoʻohui".
ʻO ka hana kiʻi kiʻi hūʻike
ʻO ka hana kūpono ʻole i ka moekolohe, e like me ka mea i komo i ka māhele ICD-11 i nā ʻehaʻohana o ka impulse-control, hiki ke kau i kahi ākea o ka pili ʻana i ka moekolohe me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi e pili ana i ka hanana.Brand, Blycker, & Potenza, 2019; Kraus et al., 2018). Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka papa hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā moekolohe hana moekolohe.ʻO Derbyshire & Grant, 2015), me kekahi o nā mea kākau e ʻōlelo aku ana i ke kikoʻina pili ʻokoʻa kūpono (ʻO Gola & Potenza, 2018), he mea ia e pili pono ai i nā poʻe e ʻehaʻeha ana i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka porno a ʻaʻole i nā mea hoʻoweliweli a i hoʻokauwa ʻole ʻia.ʻO Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; ʻO Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016).
ʻO nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ke pāʻani maʻi hilahila i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona me ka poʻe no ka hoʻopili kino ʻana i nā hana moekolohe a hoʻokipa ʻia paha e ke hoʻololi ʻana i ka "pāʻani" i ke kiʻi ʻana. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona nui ma ke kikowaena pilikia i hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana ʻia.Brand, Blycker, et al., 2019) a hele aku kūpono e kūpono i nā noʻonoʻo pono (Laau. 1). Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i ka pili o nā kauka ma ka maʻi (criterion 1) o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ponokala pilikia, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā e pili ana i ka hana hōʻino a me ka pili pilikino, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka mālama ʻana (ʻO Gola & Potenza, 2016; ʻO Kraus, Meshberg-Cohen, Martino, Quinones, & Potenza, 2015; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016). I loko o kekahi mau noiʻi a loiloi i nā ʻatikala, nā hana hoʻohālike mai ka noiʻi i hoʻohui ʻia (criterion 2) i hoʻohana ʻia e kiʻi i nā hypotheses a e wehewehe i nā hualoaʻa (Brand, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019; Brand, Wegmann, et al., 2019; ʻO Brand, Young, a me., 2016; Stark et al., 2017; ʻO Wéry, Deleuze, Canale, & Billieux, 2018). ʻO nā hōʻike mai ka hōʻike hōʻike pono, ka hana, ka electrophysiological, a me nā haʻawina neuroimaging e hōʻike ana i ka komo ʻana o nā hana ʻalani a me ke kumu o ka neural correlates i loiloi ʻia a i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā pae like ʻole no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea a me nā pono a me nā mea pāʻani (gaming manuʻa (criterion 3). Nā poʻe mālama i hōʻike ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka cue-réactivity a me ka nānā ʻana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana i nā wahi kīnā e pili ana i ka makana, nā ʻano mea e ʻike ai, nā hana hoʻoholo ʻole ʻana, a me ka hana o ka hoʻokalakupua. Antons & Brand, 2018; Antons, Mueller, et al., 2019; Antons, Trotzke, Wegmann, & Brand, 2019; ʻO Bothe et al., 2019; Brand, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Gola et al., 2017; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Mechelmans et al., 2014; ʻO Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018; Voon et al., 2014).
Ma muli o nā hōʻike i loiloi ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻano meta-kiʻekiʻe-ʻekolu i manaʻo ʻia, hōʻike mākou i ka maʻi porn-hoʻohana i ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e ka maʻi o ka ICD-11 "nā pilikia ʻē aʻe i kau ʻia ma muli o nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike" i pili i nā poʻo ʻekolu nā paipai no ka pāʻani pāʻani, hoʻololi ʻia e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻikepili (Brand, Blycker, et al., 2019). Ekahi kūlana sine qua non no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hana ʻinoʻino i loko o kēia ʻāpana he mea e hōʻeha wale nei ke kanaka a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kaohi ʻana i nā kiʻi kikowaena porn (ʻoiai i kēia manawa nā kiʻi pūnaewele ma ka hapa he nui), ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia e nā hana moekolohe hou aʻe.Kraus et al., 2018). Eia kekahi, pono e noʻonoʻo ke ʻano he hana hoʻohālikelike wale nō inā pili ia i ka hana hōʻino a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, e like nō hoʻi me ke ʻano leʻa o ka pāʻani.Billieux et al., 2017; ʻOihana Ola Lahui, 2019). Eia nō naʻe, ʻike mākou i nā maʻi lawehala ke hoʻohana nei i kēia manawa i ka maʻi ICD-11 i kēia manawa no ka hōʻino ʻana i ka moekolohe ʻia i ke ʻano i ke nānā ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi a me nā ʻano hana maʻamau (pinepine i ka masturbation akā he mau hana moekolohe a me ke ʻano he pili pū kekahi). hoʻokō i nā pono no ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka moekolohe kāne (Kraus & Sweeney, 2019). ʻO ka hoʻokolohua ʻana o ka maʻi hana kūlohelohe kūpono kūpono i nā poʻe i hoʻohana ʻole i ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i ka lawehala, akā hoʻopilikia pū kekahi no nā ʻano hana hoʻohālikelike. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i nā maʻi porn-hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka lawena hoʻohālikelike he mea kūpono loa ia no nā poʻe e hele kūino maoli ʻana i ke nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi porn (ma ka hapanui o nā hihia me ka masturbation). Inā ʻike a ʻokoʻa ʻole paha nā wehewehe ma waena o ka pūnaewele a me ke kiʻikepili i kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hihia no ka pāʻani pūnaewele / offline (ʻO Király & Demetrovics, 2017).
Kūʻai-kūʻai kūʻai
Hōʻike ka maʻi kūʻai kūʻai-wehewehe e ka preoccupation me ke kūʻai-kūʻai-kūʻai, hōʻemi ka mana ma ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā huahana, nā mea pinepine ʻole e pono ai a hoʻohana ʻole ʻia, a me ka hana hoʻi malepaptive kūʻai kūʻai. ʻO nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo (e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ma Laau. 1) e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia me ka emi ʻana o ka mākaʻi kūʻai ʻana i ke kūʻai-kūʻai, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mana o ka kūʻai ʻana i ke kūʻai-kūʻai.ʻO Guerrero-Vaca et al., 2019; Weinstein, Maraz, Griffiths, Lejoyeux, & Demetrovics, 2016).). Ke alakaʻi nei ke ʻano o ke ʻano i ka pōpilikia nui a me nā hōʻino i nā wahi nui o ka hana (criterion 1) me ka hōʻemi nui ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ke ola a me ka pilina pilikino a me ka hōʻemi o ka ʻokoʻa (cf., Müller, Brand, a me al., 2019).). Ma nā moʻolelo hou e pili ana i ke kūʻai aku-kūʻai kūwili, hoʻohana ʻia nā kumumanaʻo a me nā manaʻo o ka noiʻi no ka noiʻi (criterion 2), me ka laʻa, ka hopena, me nā hana ʻelua e pili ana i ka cue-reactivity a me ka makemake a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka mana o ka mana o ka pae a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hoʻoholo. ((Brand, Wegmann, et al., 2019; Kyrios et al., 2018; ʻO Trotzke, Brand, & Starcke, 2017).). Hōʻike no ka hōʻoia o nā kumumanaʻo o nā hōʻike hoʻohui (criterion 3) ma ke kūʻai mai-kūʻai kūʻai mai nā maʻi nui (ʻO Maraz, Urban, & Demetrovics, 2016; ʻO Maraz, van den Brink, & Demetrovics, 2015), nā noiʻi hoʻokolohua (Jiang, Zhao, & Li, 2017; ʻO Nicolai, Darancó, & Moshagen, 2016), nā loiloi loiloi (ʻimi loiloi) i kahi kanaka me ka hōʻike ʻana a me ke ʻano.ʻO Derbyshire, Chamberlain, Odlaug, Schreiber, & Grant, 2014; Granero et al., 2016; Müller et al., 2012; ʻO Trotzke, Starcke, Pedersen, Müller, & Brand, 2015; ʻO Voth et al., 2014), nā pane i ka mālama kino-kūʻai i nā mākeke kūʻai-kūʻai (ʻO Trotzke, Starcke, Pedersen, & Brand, 2014), a hoʻokahi hoʻopaʻa haʻawina neuroimaging (Raab, Elger, Neuner, & Weber, 2011).). Ma muli o nā hōʻike i loiloi e pili ana i nā ʻekolu mau mana palena i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻia, manaʻo mākou e manaʻo ʻia ke kūʻai kūpaʻa kūʻai.Müller, Brand, a me al., 2019), a hiki i ka manawa o ka mana i manaʻo ʻia i loko o ke kau ʻana o ka ICD e hiki mai ana. Hāʻawi ʻia nō kekahi pūkaʻi no ka ʻokoʻa ʻana i loko o ka fenomenology ma waena o ke kahua o ka pūnaewele a me ka kūʻai ʻana-kūʻai kūʻai.Müller, Steins-Loeber, et al., 2019; ʻO Trotzke, Starcke, Müller, & Brand, 2015), ka mea i ke kūʻai aku-kūʻai kūʻai ʻia i ke ʻano he hanana ʻokoʻa, he mea maikaʻi paha ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ke kūʻai ʻana mai ke kūʻai aku, kūʻai ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ka pūnaewele, e kū like me ka pāʻani a me nā pāʻani o ka pāʻani ma ka ICD-11, ʻoiai ua hoʻokolohua kēia ala. hoʻopaʻapaʻa, i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei (ʻO Király & Demetrovics, 2017).
Hoʻopilikia-hoʻohana-hoʻohana i nā maʻi
ʻO ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka pilikia pilikia o nā ʻoihana pūnaewele a me nā noi e pili ana i ke ʻano he kūlana i kūpono paha i nā koina no "nā pilikia ʻē aʻe ma muli o ke ʻano hana i hoʻohui ʻia" he manawa a manawa kūpono. Hoʻopau i ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele, ʻoi aku ka hoʻonui o ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele, a me ka hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele ʻoiai e pili ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole (nā manaʻo maʻamau i ka Laau. 1) ua manaʻo ʻia he mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana pūnaewele (Andreassen, 2015), ʻoiai me nā hōʻike empirical e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā o ka pilikia o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka launa pūnaewele me ka ʻiliʻī a ʻike ʻole ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, i ka laʻana.ʻO Wegmann & Brand, 2020).). Hōʻalo ʻia ka hoʻonāukiuki i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā ma muli o ka lawaiʻa (criterion 1) ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi o nā mea e pili ana i ka hana. Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā waihona ola ʻē aʻe mai i ka lawelawe ʻole ʻia o nā noi kamaʻilio, e like me nā pūnaewele pili pūnaewele, e kekahi mau kanaka (ʻO Guedes, Nardi, Guimarães, Machado, & King, 2016; ʻO Kuss & Griffiths, 2011).). Wahi a nā loiloi meta-loiloi, nā loiloi ʻōnaehana, a me nā haʻawina ʻelemaka o ka lahui, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o nā pūnaewele ʻoihana pūnaewele e pili ana me ka pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo, ka ʻehaʻeha o ka noʻonoʻo, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa maikaʻi ʻana (Bányai et al., 2017; ʻO Frost & Rickwood, 2017; Marino, Gini, Vieno, & Spada, 2018).). ʻOiai ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka launa pūnaewele ʻoi aku ka nui a hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻia me nā hana koʻikoʻi.Karaiskos, Tzavellas, Balta, & Paparrigopoulos, 2010), ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o nā haʻawina hoʻonaninani a wehewehe i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole e like me nā ʻoki ʻokiʻoki i nā mea kani screening. ʻO ka hana theoretical embitation (criterion 2), akā ua pālahalaha loa i loko o ka laina addiction (Billieux, Maurage, Lopez-Fernandez, Kuss, & Griffiths, 2015; Turel & Qahri-Saremi, 2016; ʻO Wegmann & Brand, 2019).). He mau neuroimaging a me nā haʻawina hoʻonaninani (criterion 3) hōʻike i nā mea i waena o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka pūnaewele o ka pūnaewele a me nā waiwai, hoʻohana, a me nā pāʻani pāʻani (cf., ʻO Wegmann, Mueller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018), me nā ʻike mai nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua ma ka cue reactivity (ʻO Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2018), pale aku (ʻO Wegmann, Müller, Turel, & Brand, 2020), a me ke nānā aku (Nikolaidou, Stanton, & Hinvest, 2019) me nā hualoaʻa mua ʻana mai ka pōpoki maʻi (Leménager et al., 2016).). Ma ka ʻokoʻa, nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia i ka ʻike mua e kākoʻo ana i ke alo o ka frontal lobe e hana nei i nā poʻe e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka launa pūnaewele.ʻO ia, Turel, & Bechara, 2017; Turel, He, Xue, Xiao, & Bechara, 2014).). ʻOiai ʻo ka hōʻike pono ʻole a me kekahi mau ʻike i hui ʻia (e like me, aʻo ʻia ka neuroscience), ʻoiai, ʻo nā mea nui i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea pili i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele e hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka poʻe e pili ana i ka pāʻani pāʻani, ʻoiai e pono ka hoʻokolokolo pono. ʻO ka hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi hana i ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā kiʻi mai nā papa noiʻi ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano he nui no ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka ICD-11 ke ʻano "nā pilikia ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā ʻano hana ʻokoʻa" hiki i kēia manawa ke kōkua no ka maʻi ʻana i kahi kanaka nona ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele ma ke kumu no ka pilikia ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka hana hewa, inā ka hana pilikino i ʻike ʻia i ka pilikia ua hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ʻo ka ʻoihana pūnaewele. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā haʻawina, e komo pū ana i nā mea lapaʻau i mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka ʻae hope ʻana i hiki i ka hopena e pili ana i ka hōʻoia o ke ʻano 6C5Y no ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i ka ʻoihana pūnaewele.
Panina
Ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻokae i ʻae ʻia no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā ʻano kūpono e hoʻohālikelike ʻia e "nā pilikia ʻē aʻe ma muli o nā ʻano hana i hoʻohui ʻia" he mea kōkua ia no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a me nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa lapaʻau. He mea nui ia ʻaʻole i luna-pathologize o nā hana i kēlā me kēia lā.Billieux, Schimmenti, et al., 2015; Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017) ʻoiai e noʻonoʻo ana i nā kūlana kūpono e pili ana i ka hanaʻino (Billieux et al., 2017).). No kēia kumu, ua ʻike mākou i nā kūlana i kūpono loa me ka paʻa ʻana o ka māhele ICD-11 me ka 6C5Y a ʻaʻole i manaʻo i nā maʻi hou. E hoʻoholo paha nā luna ma ka honua a puni pehea e hoʻohana ai i ka ICD-11 a no laila e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pilikia o nā pilikia i loko o nā ICD-11 kikoʻī. No ka noiʻi, pono nui ke hōʻea i kahi ʻikepili o ka honua e pili ana i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia kūikawā. No laila, hoʻolaha mākou i kēia mau mana kiʻekiʻe o ka meta-level no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia i hiki ke kūpono i ka māhele 6C5Y. Eia hou, hoʻopaʻapaʻa mākou he mea nui ia e ʻae me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "addictive behaviour," i ka manaʻo e hoʻohana i kēia huaʻōlelo no nā hanana wale nō e kū ai nā mea ʻikeʻike kūlohelohe. Ma nā hihia āpau, he mea nui e noʻonoʻo pono i ka hana hōʻeha ma ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o kekahiʻano hoʻohālike e hoʻokō nei i nā kūpaʻa no nā maʻi maʻa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e hōʻino i nā kūlana i koʻikoʻi ʻia ma nā maʻi koʻikoʻi a pono i nā loiloi olakino. Paipai mākou i ka hana ʻana o nā haʻawina hou e pili ana i nā kūlana i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā mea hoʻohālike me nā ana kūpono o nā kūlana like a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loiloi maikaʻi o ka hōʻino ʻana a me ka paʻa kino. Eia kekahi, hōʻike mākou i nā noiʻi hou aʻe e hoʻohālikelike pono ana i nā kaʻina psychological a me ka neurobiological i pili i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike i hāpai ʻia.
Nā manaʻo o nā makemake
ʻO JB, ZD, NAF, DLK, SWK, KM, MNP, a me HJR he mau lālā o ka ʻĀina a i ʻole nā kelepona ʻē aʻe, nā hui loea a i nā hui aʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike, hoʻohana i ka pūnaewele a me / a CSBD.AM, JB, MB, SRC, ʻO ZD, NAF, DLK, MNP, a me HJR he mau lālā a nānā paha i ka COST Action 16207 "Pūnaewele ʻEulopa no ka Hoʻohana pilikia o ka Pūnaewele". Ua loaʻa i nā AEG, NAF, a me MNP nā makana / hāʻawi kālā / kākoʻo mai nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana (meihana), me ke kūkākūkā.
Nā papa inoa o nā mea hoʻohana
Ua kākau ʻo MB a me MNP i ka palapala. Ua hāʻawi nā mea kākau āpau i nā manaʻo i ke kōmike. Ua kūkākūkā ʻia ka ʻike o ka palapala me ʻae ʻia e nā hoa kākau āpau.
mau hoomaikai anaKuhi ʻia kēia ʻatikala / puke ma nā hana mai COST Action CA16207 "European Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet", i kākoʻo ʻia e COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), www.cost.eu/.
E hoʻomaopopo '
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