Hōʻuluʻulu. Ka mana waena o ka hanaʻana o penile: Ke nānā houʻiaʻana o ka hana o oxytocin a me kona pilina me ka dopamine a me ka waika glutamic i nāʻiole kāne kāne (2011)

ʻO Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Ian; 35 (3): 939-55. hana: 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2010.10.014. ʻO Epub 2010 Nov 2.

Melis MR¹, ʻO Argiolas A.

KANAWAI

ʻO ka oxytocin he mea hoʻouka kūpono i ka hanaʻana o penile i ka wā i hoʻokaheʻia ai i loko o ka pūnaewele pūpū waena. Ma nāʻiole kāne kāne, kahi o ka lolo no ka hana pro-erectile o ka oxytocin,ʻo ia ka pilikino palahalaha o ka hypothalamus. ʻO kēia mau pokapū a me nā wahi ākea e piha ana i nā pūpū pūpū o nā neo a pau o ka oxytocinergic e kuhikuhi ana i nā wahi o ka lolo a me ka'ākau. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ka hoʻokipaʻana i ka penile hana i ka wā i hoʻopiʻiʻia ai ma kekahi o kēia mau māhele (e like me ka'āpana o ka ventral, i ke kikowaena o ka hippocampus, ka piko o ka amygdala a me ka limanco-lumbar). ʻO nā haʻawina hoʻonaʻauaoʻana i hui pūʻia me ka microdialysis intra-cerebral a me nā haʻawina immunofluorescence āpauʻelua e hōʻike ana i ka oxytocin ma kēia mau wahi e hana nei me kaʻole (ma o ka glutamic acid) nā neolimolic mumolimbic dopaminergic. ʻO Dopamine i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka ulupala i ka manawa e hana ai i nā ala kuʻuna e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonāʻana o nā neuropona dopamineric i ka incerto-hypothalamic i loko o ka nucleus palacer. ʻO kēia ka mea e hana aiʻaʻole nā ​​oxytocinergic neuron wale nō e kuhikuhi ana i kaʻeha a me ka pāpāʻana i ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o penile, akāʻo nā mea hoʻi e hoʻolālā ana i nā wahi o nā kumu-hypothalamic i luna, e hoʻololi pololei aiʻoleʻole (ma o ka acidic glutamic) ka hana o nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons e hoʻoholo ana i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka uku. Hiki i kēia mau ala keʻahi ke hoʻonohonoho i ka'ahamele kaʻapuni paʻakikī, kahi e hoʻokau i ka hana ma waho o ke kaʻina hana o ka moekolohe (hana hana e hoʻohuiʻia), akā, ma nāʻano hoʻonāukiuki a me nā mea maikaʻi hoʻi o ka mahina o ka moe kolohe.

1.Introduction

ʻO ka Penile ere, he kāne kāne e pili ana i ka wahine e hana nui i ka hana houʻana i nā mammals me ke kanaka, a hiki keʻikeʻia ma nāʻano likeʻole me ka pili pono i ka hoʻoponopono. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka hopena o ka hanaʻana o ka penile, nā kumuhana a me nā kikowaena kikowaena likeʻole a me nā hāmeʻa e komo i kāna mau hana (see Meisel and Sachs, 1994; Argiolas and Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005, Sachs, 2000, 2007, McKenna, 2000, Giuliano a me Rampin, 2000, 2004, Andersson, 2001; Melis a me Argiolas, 1995a, 2003; Hull et al., 2002). Ma waena o waena o nā neurotransmitters a me nā neuropeptides e hoʻomalu ana i ke kūkuluʻana i penile,ʻo ka mea iʻike nuiʻia dopamine, serotonin, hoʻokipa amino acids, nitric oxide, adrenocorticotropin, oxytocin a me opioid peptides. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoikaika a pale i ke kūkuluʻana o penile ma ka hanaʻana ma nāʻano lolo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka medial preoptic wahi, ka pilina o ka hypothalamus, kahi hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ke kekona, ka hippocampus, ka amygdala, ka moena moe o ka stria terminalis, ka puʻupuʻu nui, ka medulla oblongata a me ke āpau (1 Pūnaewele) (me ka Meisel a me Sachs, 1994; Witt a me Insel, 1994, Stancampiano et al., 1994; Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2005; Argiolas, 1999, Bancila et al., 2002, Giuliano a me Rampin, 2000, McKenna, 2000; Andersson, 2001; Hull et al., 2002; Coolen et al., 2004).

ʻO ka oxytocin, ke neurohypophyseal peptide kaulana loa no kona hana hormonal i ka lactation a me ka heleʻana, aia i loko o nā wāhine a me nā kāne,ʻaʻole wale i nā neurones me nā pūpū pūpū i loko o ka nuclei maʻamau a me supooptic o ka hypothalamus e kuhikuhi ana i ke neurohypophysis, akā, i nā neurons paha mai ka pūnana palahalaha a me nā hale e pili ana i nā wahi extraypothalamic (e like me ka septum, kahi hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ke kekona, ka hippocampus, ka amygdala, ka medulla oblongata a me ke āpau). Ke manaʻoʻia nei kēia mau hana i loko o nā hana maʻamau nui, e like me ka hoʻomanaʻo, ka aʻoʻana, ka pilina a me nā moe kolohe, e like me ka hana penile a me ka hoʻoponopono āpau (e nānā i Buijs, 1978, Sofroniew, 1983; Argiolas a me Gessa, 1991; Pedersen et al 1992, Nānā, 1992, Wagner a me Clemens, 1993, Ivell a me Russel, 1995; Carter et al., 1997; Tang et al., 1998, Veronneau-Longueville et al., 1999). ʻO keʻoiaʻiʻo, hana ka oxytocin i ka hana o ka honua a me ka nohokino kāne kāne ma nāʻiole, nāʻiole, nā lūlū a me nā kiʻoki (e nānā i Argiolas a me Gessa, 1991, Carter, 1992; Pedersen et al., 1992; Argiolas a Melis, 1995, 2004; Argiolas, 1999). Hiki ke hana i kēia i loko o ke kanaka, no ka mea, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka oxytocin plasma e nā ululāʻau e pili ana i ka wahine, ma keʻano ejaculation (Carmichael et al., 1987; Murphy et al., 1987) a ma ka hanaʻana o ka umauma a me ka maʻi male, pili (Tindall, 1974).

Ua hōʻike muaʻia ka mana hana o ka oxytocin ma ka moekolohe kāne kāne ma ka hikiʻana i ka oxytocin pāʻani e hoʻoemi i ka maʻi kīnā i ka ulia e hoʻomaka ai me ka hoʻopauʻana i ka hoʻopauʻana i nā wēpē kāne male me nā wahine hānai (Melin and Kihlstrom, 1963). Eia naʻe,ʻo ka hopena o ka hopena o ka oxytocin uaʻike maopopoʻia ma nā makahiki he kanawalukumamāwalu. ʻO ka mea i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ke nanogram ua loaʻa i ka mea i hiki ai ke hana i ke kūkuluʻana o penile (Argiolas et al., 1985, 1986) a me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ke kūlana kalala (Arletti et al., 1985) i nāʻiole kāne, a hoʻonui i ka lordosis ma nāʻiole wahine (Arletti a me Bertolini, 1985; Caldwell et al., 1986), ma ka hanaʻana i nā haipena oxytocinergic type oxygen (like Argiolas and Melis, 1995, 2004, Argiolas, 1999, Melis, Argiolas, 2003, a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko). Hoʻoponopono ka lāʻau i ka moekolohe i nā meaʻokoʻa wale nō ma nāʻiole kāne male kāne (Arletti et al., 1985), akā, i nāʻiole kāne kāne kahiko (Arletti et al., 1990), a ma ke poʻokela, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o ke keakeaʻana, nā'ānele nalu (Winslow a Insel , 1991).

ʻO ka hopena pro-erectile o ka oxytocin ka mea e pili ana i ka testosterone, no ka mea, ua hōʻoleʻia e ka hypophysectomy a me ka castration, a hoʻoula houʻia e ka mea hoʻokomo me ka testosterone a me kona metabolites, estradiol a me 5_-dihydro-testosterone i hāʻawi pūʻia (Melis et al., 1994a). ʻO ka lolo no ka hoʻopiliʻana i ke kūpili penile e oxytocin,ʻo ia ka pūnana paraventallular o ka hypothalamus (Melis et al., 1986), a ua puka mai nā hua'ōlelo extrato hypothalamic oxytocinergic (nānā i luna). Maanei, uaʻikeʻia ka oxytocin i hiki iā ia ke hana i ke kūkuluʻana penile (a kawning) i ka wā i hoʻomoloʻia ai i nā kaulike e like me 3 pmol (e nānā i ka Paukū 2.1 ma lalo). ʻO ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o ka penile o ka'oxtocin i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka CA1 o ka hippocampus, akāʻaʻole i loko o ka'eneke honua (e nānā i ka Paukū 2.3 ma lalo), ka septum laulā, ka pahu caudate, kahi medial preoptic, ka piko ventromedial o ka hypothalamus a me ka supraoptic nucleus (Melis et al., 1986). Ma keʻano e hana ai ka oxytocin i loko o ka nuʻuna papahana no ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana i kēia hana kuʻi, he nui nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ka hanaʻana o ka oxytocin i kona mau iho pono'ī. Ma muli o kēia kuhiakau, hoʻonui ka huiʻana i ka FOS, ka hua hua o ka c-fos wawe wawe i loko o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic e pili ana i ke āpau, i loko o ka mana o ka hana penile (e nānā i Witt a me Insel, 1994 a me nā kuhikuhi i loko o ia mea), a me ka moekolohe (e like me ka hikiʻole o kahi kāne kāne a me kaʻoki e hui me ka wahine hānai estrogen-progesteroneprimed ovariectomed) e pili ana i ka male kāne male me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka mRNA o ka oxytocin ma ka nucleusularular o ka hypothalamus (Arletti et al., 1997).

ʻO ka hopena o ke kalapona ka hopena o ka holomua a iʻole keʻano kūpono o ka moe koloheʻana i kēia manawa. I ke kauʻana o ka oxytocin i ke kūkuluʻana o penile a me ka hopena nui o ka oxytocin ma ka hoʻoponopono kalahala, he emi iho ma ka wā ma hope o ka hanaʻana ma nāʻiole kāne kāne (Arletti et al., 1985), he mea kūpono eʻike i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o ka peptide i ka hana i ka wahine. Eia naʻe, i ka hoʻonāʻana o ka oxytocin i ka pilina o ke kaiapili a me ke kāne (e nānā iā Pedersen et al., 1992, Carter et al., 1997, Ivell, a me Russel, 1995), a me ka palekana o ka loaʻa o ka oxytocin e hana i nā hana noncontact (Melis et al., 1999a), ʻikeʻia he helu helu o ke alo o ka wahine (e nānā iā Sachs, 1997, 2000, 2007; Melis et al., 1998, 1999b a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko), he mea hikiʻole ke hoʻokuʻuʻia i ka oxytocin i ka huhū a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wahine.

Ke hoʻopuka nei kēiaʻimi i nā hualoaʻa i paʻiʻia a hoʻopukaʻoleʻia o nā noi i hala iho nei, e hōʻike ana Hoʻokomo ka oxytocin i ke kūkuluʻana o penileʻaʻole wale nō i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular o ka hypothalamus, akā i loko o kekahi mauʻano o ka loloʻehā aʻe o ka hypothalamic, e like me kahi'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe (Melis et al., 2007, 2009a; Succu et al., 2008), tʻO ia ke kikowaena o ka hippocampus a me ka papa hope o ka amygdala (Melis et al., 2009b, 2010), he mau mea nui o ka mana limbic a manaʻoʻia e hoʻokani i ka hana nui i ka hoʻouluʻana a me ka uku. Ke hōʻike nei kēia mau haʻawina i ka hoʻokomoʻia o ka oxytocin i nā'āpana neural, e komo pū ana me kekahi mau neurotransmitters, e like me ka dopamine a me ka acid glutamic, a me nā wahi'ē aʻe'ē aʻe ma mua o ka nucleus paracentricular, e like me ka wahi ākea o ka lolo, ka pilikino nui, ka hippocampus a me nā wahi e ʻikeʻia. Hiki i kēia mau kaapuni ke kūkino i ka pilina ma waena o ka pūnaha mesolimbic a me ka pūnaewele spatory-hypothalamic, a e hana i ka hana ma ka palena pale wale no o ka moe kāne kāne (e like me ka hanaʻana i ka penile a me ka hoʻohui) no laila e hāʻawi ana i kahi pani pani kūikawā no ka ho'ākākaʻana i nā mea hoʻonāukiuki a me nā mea maikaʻi o ka noho kino.

2. Hoʻopili ka lāʻau o ke kalapiuma penile ma ka hanaʻana ma nāʻano likeʻole

2.1. ʻO ka nuʻukia nui o ka hypothalamus

E like me ka mea i hoʻomaopopoʻia ma luna o ka piko o ka hypothalamus, uaʻike kokeʻiaʻo ia keʻano o ka lolo e maʻalahi i ka hopena pro-erectile o ka oxytocin. I ka wā i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o kēia puʻupuʻu, ua loaʻa ka oxytocin i nā mea i likeʻole me 3 (3 pmol) (Melis et al., 1986). Ua hōʻikeʻia nā hanana pili kaiapili i ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o ka penile e hoʻokomoʻia i ka oxytocin e nā mīkini helu o ka oxytocin uterinetype, i hui pūʻia me ka huahana Ca2 + i loko o nā pūpū o nā oxytocinergic neurons e hoʻoulu ana i nā kumu o ka hypothalamic a me ka hoʻouluʻana i ka oxyide-synthase nitric. ʻO kaʻelele kaulike ma ka hanaʻana iʻelele kino i kahi mechanicsʻikeʻole (ʻaʻole e pili ana i ka cycse guanylate) e alakaʻi i nā neoronopona e hoʻopili ana i kaʻeha āpau a me nā wahi o ka lolo-hypothalamic, hoʻokomoʻana i ka hana penile (Fig 1) (ʻike i lalo a me Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005 a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko). ʻO ka hikiʻana o ka oxytocin e hoʻonā i kāna mau lihilihi

Pane 1. (MISSING) Keʻano hoʻohālikelike o nā neuronic oxytocinergic, no loko mai o ka pilina o ka hypothalamus a me ka hoʻolālā i nā wahi extra-hypothalamic, e like me ke kuamoʻo, ka VTA, ka hippocampus, ka amygdala, a pēlā aku. Hoʻoukaʻia kēia mau mea e ka dopamine, amino acids excitation, oxytocin kanta, peptides anaxarelin ana peptides a me nā peptides i laweʻia ma ka VGF e alakaʻi ai i ke kāpili penile, hiki ke hoʻemi a / a hoʻopauʻia paha e ka hoʻonāukiuki o GABAergic, opioid a me cannabinoid CB1 hānai. ʻO ka hoʻonāʻana o nā neuronetopetoperiki ka lua i ka hoʻonāʻana o ka oxyide-synthase nitric i loko o kēia mau neurons. ʻOiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka nitric oxide i hoʻokumuʻia e ka hoʻonāukiuki o dopamine, hoʻokipaʻana i nā amino acino a iʻole nā ​​oxygen o ka oxytocin a iʻole ka oxydic exogenous nitrate, e like me ka mea i loaʻa mai i nā mea hāʻawi i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe waipika i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka pūnana papahana, hoʻohana i nā neo oxytocinergic ma kahiʻano unidentified. ke kaniʻana o ka cyphose guanylate. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻokuʻuʻiaʻana o ka oxytocin ma ke āpau o ka lolo a me nā wahi o ka lolo i ka extra-hypothalamic. ʻO kekahi mau kiko'ī e pili ana i nā hana a ka oxytocin e hoʻokomo ai i ke kūkuluʻana i ka penile i ka wā i hoʻokuʻuʻia ai i loko o kēia mau wahi, e like me ka VTA, ka papahana ākea a me ka amygdala e hōʻikeʻia ma nāʻaoʻao o ka moku. Maʻaneʻi, hana ka oxytocin ma kona mau iho pono'ī a hoʻonui i ka hana NO, e hiki ai i ke kūkuluʻana o penile e like me ka mea i loaʻa ma ka PVN. Eia naʻe, me ka kū'ēʻole i ka PVN, ma loko o ka pahu VTA NO ke hoʻouka i ka guanylate cyclase. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻomoʻoʻana cGMP e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons a me ka hoʻokumu penile. I ka VS NO ke hoʻolālā i nā neuronui'āpana e hoʻolālā ana i nā wahi extra-hippocampal, me ka VTA. Hiki i kaʻaila Glutamic i ka VTA ke hoʻololi i nā nehurons mesolimbic me ka oxytocin. ʻO nā hana likeʻole e like me nā mea i ho'ākākaʻia ma luna nei paha e hanaʻia i ka wā e hanaʻia ai ke kūkuluʻana o penile i loko o ka hanana physiological,ʻo ia hoʻi ka manawa e hoʻonohoʻia ai nāʻiole kāne ma ke alo o kahi wahine hānai hikiʻole ke mālamaʻia (e like me nā hana kuʻunaʻole) aiʻole i ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono.

ua kākoʻoʻia ma kahi moʻokūʻauhau papahana e nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana: (1) loaʻa nā'ōpena oxytocin i loko o kēia pūpū hypothalamic (Freund-Mercier et al., 1987; Freund-Mercier a me Stoeckel, 1995); (2) oxytocin hoʻonāuki i kona hoʻokuʻu ponoʻia i loko o ka vitro a i loko ola (Freund-Mercier a me Richard, 1981, 1984; Moos et al., 1984); a (3) oxytocin e hoʻonāuki i kāna mau neurones ma ka hanaʻana i loko o ka papahana papahana (Yamashita et al., 1987). Eia kekahi, ua ho'ākākaʻia nāʻenehana oxytocinergic e komo ana i nā pūpū o ka magnocellular oxytocinergic neurons i loko o ka puʻukū a me ka supraoptic nucleus o ka hypothalamus. (Theodosis, 1985). ʻO ka hopena,ʻo ka lukuʻiaʻana o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic pokapū e nā'elepa electrolytic a iʻole ke kino o nā meaʻeleʻele o ka pūnana panoho, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka maʻi oxytocin ma waena o ke kikowaena pūpū a me ka'ōpū o kaʻeha, e hoʻopau i ka hopena pro-erectile o ka oxytocin, akā, ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o penile a me nā hana kūkāʻole (nānā ma lalo a me Argiolas et al., 1987a, b; Liu et al., 1997 a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko). Loaʻa nā hualoaʻa e like me nā mea i loaʻa me nā liona o ka pūnana paravental me nā meaʻokoʻa a me nā koho o nā meaʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia mau pūpū i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka'elepili paʻamau i loko o ke nanogram uaʻaʻaʻia i ka hanaʻiaʻana o ka penile e hoʻopiliʻia i ka oxytocin, i ka wā i hāʻawiʻia ai i loko o ventricles i waho ka mea i pale ai i nā hana penile wale nō i hoʻokomoʻia e ka oxytocin pono'ī, akā, no ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o penile (i ka Section 3 ma lalo a me Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005 a me nā kūmole ma loko) a me nā hana hanaʻole (Melis et al., 1999a), a uaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i nā kamepiula male (male Argiolas et al., 1988). Eia kekahi, hoʻonui ka huiʻana o ka wahine i ka FOS, ka huahana hua mua o nā pū'āina mua o ka c-fos i loko o nā neeronic oxytocinergic paraventordular e pili ana i ke kaulaʻeha i loko o ka mana o ke kūkuluʻana o penile (see Witt and Insel, 1994 and references in it). ʻO ka hopena, ka moekolohe (e like me ka hikiʻole o kahi kāne kāne'ōnele e hui me ka wahine hānai estrogen-progesteroneprimed) he like me ka mea i pili i ka'anā kāne me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka mRNA a me ka nitric-oxide synthase i loko o ka pūnana paraventular o ka hypothalamus. (Benelli et al., 1995; Arletti et al., 1997) (no ka loiloi nui o kēia mau haʻawina e nānā iā Argiolas, 1999; Argiolas a Melis, 2004, 2005).

2.2. ʻO ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ka lehulehu

Uaʻikeʻia kahi'āpana hoʻokipa o ka'āpana i ka manawa wale nō e like me kahi wahi o ka lolo e hoʻoulu ai ka oxytocin i ka penile. ʻO kēia wahi kahi i loaʻa ai nā nerveʻeha o ka oxytocinergic i puka mai i loko o ka nucleus paraventricular a me nā mea loaʻa o ka oxytocin (Freund-Mercier et al., 1987, Vaccari et al., 1998). Ma keʻanoʻoi aku, uaʻikeʻia ka oxytocin hiki i kake kūkuluʻiaʻana o ka penile ere i ka wā i hoʻomokaʻia aiʻole i loko o ka pahu caudal, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o ke kaʻina o ka diastral ventral ma keʻano haʻawina (Melis et al., 2007). Uaʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaupaʻaʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea i makemakeʻia i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular a like me kēlā mau hana penile hoʻokomo i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka'ōmole o ka hippocampus a i loko o ka pūnana cortical postemedial o amygdala (e nānā i lalo). ʻO keʻano o ka hopena pro-erectile i ka laulimaʻia e ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neburons mesolimbic dopaminergic e hākilo ana i ka pūpū o ka puʻupuʻu nui, e hoʻololi ana i nā alanana neural iʻikeʻoleʻia i nā neurotopihana sperto-hypothalamic e hoʻokomo ana i nā neo oxytocinergic paraventricular (Melis et al., 2007, 2009a).

Ma keʻano e hoʻonā ai ka oxytocin i ka neurotransmission dopaminergic i ka'āpana hoʻonui i ke kelepona,ʻikeʻia nāʻikepili i loaʻa. Hoʻopiʻi ka oxytocin i nā apohoho oxytocinergic e waihoʻia ana ma nā pūpū pūpū o nā neuronolicbicolicbic neurons. Hoʻonui kēia i ka hoʻonā Ca2 + i loko o nā pūpū pūpū o nā neuronomoku honua, a laila e hoʻoikaika ana i ka oxide-synthase nitric (Succu et al., 2008). Ma ke kū'ēʻana i ka pilina o ka papahana (e nānā i ka Section 3 ma lalo), hanaʻia kaʻeha nitric i ka guanylate cyclase, no laila ke hoʻonui nei i ka manaʻo o ka GMP Cyclic. E like me kēia meka,ʻo ka (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin, he mea palekana oxytocin kaha, a S-methyl-thio-l-citrulline paha, he mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe nui o neuronal nitric oxide-synthase, i loko o ka ka nui o ka ventral caucal i mua o ka oxytocin, hoʻopauʻia ke kūkuluʻana o penile a me ka uluʻana o ka nui o ka hoʻopoma lepo dopamine i loko o ka pūpū o ka pūpū i hoʻokomoʻia e ka oxytocin. Eia kekahi, 8-bromo-cyclic GMP, kahi likeʻole GMP cyclic phosphate-resistant, hoʻokomo i ke kūkuluʻana o penile i ka wā i hoʻomokaʻia ai i loko o ke kaʻina o ka pahu cauldal a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hoʻokomoʻana o ka dopamine i loko o ka pūpū o ka puʻupuʻu nui, e like me ka oxytocin i hoʻoleiʻia ka'āpana kūkena kōpae (Succu et al., 2008; Melis et al., 2009a) (e nānā pū i ka 2 Fig.).

Ma muli o kēiaʻano hana, haloperidol, he diagonor receptor dopamine D2 kaha nui, hoʻohemoʻia i loko o ka pūpū o ka puʻukū nui ka mea e hoʻopiʻi ai i ke kūkuluʻana o penile i hoʻokomoʻia e ka oxytocin i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka'āpana hoʻonui ākea (Melis et al., 2007). Ke kākoʻoʻia nei hoʻi ka mākaukau o luna ma nā noiʻana o ka'elepona-fluorescence āpau, e hōʻike ana i nā kinai oxytocin e pili ana i nā kino o nā kinikini dopamineric i loko o ka'āpana kala o ka papa caual, i kākau muaʻia me ka mea unuhi hou Fluorogold i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka pūpū o ka puʻukū nui ( Melis et al., 2007; Succu et al., 2008). ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana o kēia mau neurons dopaminer a me nā diaboa dopamine i loko o ka ulutū accumbens alakaʻi i ka hoʻololiʻana i nā ala uila iʻole eʻikeʻia, e hoʻonāukiuki i nā neerons incerto-hypothalamic dopaminergic no ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ka dopamine i loko o ka nucleus paraventricular, a laila e hoʻonāuki i nā neo oxytocinergic e kuhikuhi ana i ka ka lāʻauʻala a me ka hanaʻana i ka hanaʻana i ka penile (e nānā ma luna a me Melis et al., 2007; Succu et al., 2007, 2008). ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻohemoʻia ka oxytocin i loko o ke kaʻina kūkā o ka pahu caualal i kahi lāʻau i hoʻokomoʻia i kahi kūkuluʻia o penile, hoʻonuiʻia ka nui o ka hoʻopihapiha dopamine i loko o ka dialysate i loaʻa maiʻaʻole wale nō mai ka puʻupuʻu nui, akā, mai ka pūnana hōkū (Succu et al., 2007).

2.3. ʻO ka hippocampus

ʻO ka kula CA1 o ka hippocampus ka mea'ē aʻe i loaʻa i nā oxytocinergic fibers a me nā mea loaʻa iʻikeʻia e nā haʻawina mua i hoʻokomoʻia ai ke komoʻana o ka penile holoʻokoʻa (penis Bujis, 1978, Sofroniew, 1983). Eia naʻe, i ke kū'ēʻana i ka nucleus paraventricular, uaʻikeʻia ka oxytocin e hiki ai ke hoʻokomo i ka hanaʻana i ka penile i ka wā wale nō i hoʻomohalaʻia i loko o ka pūnaewele hōʻoia (Melis et al., 1986, Chen et al., 1992). Uaʻikeʻia nā hanana o ka oxytocin i loko o ke kumuhana iʻole e hoʻokomo i kēia mau aʻo mua. Eia naʻe,ʻo nā noi ninaninau hou aʻoi aku ke nānā aku e alakaʻi i ka hōʻailona o ka'āpana o ka'ōwili honua i hiki ai i ke komoʻana o ka oxytocin ke hoʻokūkū i ka hana penile ma keʻano o ka hoʻokele (Melis et al., 2009b). Uaʻikeʻia ka hopena pro-erectile o ka oxytocin i loko o kēia lolo i nā lāʻau like me ka mea iʻikeʻia i loko o ke kaʻina o ka ventral ma hope o ka huiʻana o ka hui (Melis et al., 2007), e like me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka pūnana papa. ʻO keʻano,ʻo ka oxytocin i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka'eneke papahana ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana penile ma ka hoʻonāʻana i nā'āpana oxytocinergic i loko o nā neurons i loko o ka nitric oxide-synthase, e hoʻonui ai i ka hanaʻana o kaʻenehana nitric. Hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia ka'onihue kaulike ma ke hanaʻana e like me kaʻelele intercellular activic glutamic acid neurotransmission, e alakaʻi ana i ke kūkuluʻia penile, hiki paha ma o nā neural (glutamatergic) e pili ana i nā hoʻopiʻi kūʻokoʻa mai ka'ōwili honua i nā lāpuni hou-hippocampal e hoʻoponopono ana i ka hana o nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons (e like me ka'āpana o ka'āpana o ka ventral, ka cortex prefrontal, ka nucleus paraventricular) (e nānā i lalo a me Melis, 2007, 2009b, Succu et al., 2008).

Ke kākoʻo nei kēiaʻano hana i nā hoʻokolohua intra-cerebral microdialysis, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻohemoʻia ka oxytocin i loko o ka'eneke ākea i nā kumu hana e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana penile, e hoʻonui i ka hana kaupona nitric a me ka extracellular glutamic acid ma ka dialysate mai ka'ōwili honua (Melis et al. , 2010) a me ka extracellular dopamine ma ka nucleus accumbens (Melis et al., 2007). Mau pane i antagonized ole wale ma ka oxytocin mea loaʻa hoa D (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin, akā, no hoi ma ka neuronal nitric'okesaside-synthase inhibitor S-meto-thio-lcitrulline, a ma ka nitric'okesaside e huli ana hemoglobin haawiia i loko o ka'ōwili honua ma kahi mau minuke i mua o ke kauʻana (Melis et al., 2010).

Eia kekahi, e like me kēiaʻano hana, hoʻouluʻana i ka neurotransmission glutamatergic e NMDA i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka'ōnaehana haʻihaʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana penile (Melis et al., 2010). ʻO ka phenotype o nā kuhi kūpono mai ka'ōwili honua, kahi e hoʻonā ai i nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons a me ka uluʻana o ka dopamine extra-cellular i loko o ka puʻupuʻu nui,ʻaʻoleʻikeʻia i kēia manawa. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ka hanaʻana o ka penile e ka oxytocin i loko o ka'ōwili honua, hiki i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka waiʻila glutamic pūnaewele i ka dialysate mai ka'āpana o ka'āpana kala, akā,ʻaʻole mai ka puʻupuʻu nui a hoʻopiʻiʻia e (+) MK-801, he mea hōʻokoʻa i ka hoʻonāukiukiʻole o nā mea hōʻailona amino acid receptors o ka Subtype NMDA (Woodruff et al., 1987), i komo i loko o ka'āpana hoʻokipa o ka makani, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o ka puʻupuʻu nui (eʻike i ka X. XUMUM a me Melis et al., 2b) , hiki i kēia mau hopena ke alakaʻi i ka neurotransmission glutamatergic i ka'āpana hanu o ka ventral, a ke hoʻohuli nei i nā neurons mesolimbic dopaminergic e hoʻouka ana i ka pilikua nui. ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka waika glutamic i loaʻa ma kahi'āpana o ka ventral ma hope o ka hamoʻiaʻana o ka oxytocin i loko o ka papahana ākea e hoʻokuʻuʻia mai nā neurons e puka mai ana ma ka palapala a iʻole ma nāʻano'ēheu'ē aʻe (e like me ka, cortex prefrontal) i kēia manawa. Eia naʻe, kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neburonolicbic neurons a me ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka dopamine ma loko o ka puʻupuʻu nui.. Maanei ka hoʻouluʻana o nā pūpili dopamine e alakaʻi i ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neuropona sperto-hypothalamic, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka dopamine i loko o ka nucleus paraventricular, a laila e hoʻonāuki i nā neo o ka oxytocinergic e kuhikuhi ana i ke kaula āpau a me ka hanaʻana i ka hanaʻana i penile ere (e nānā ma luna a me Melis et al., 2007, 2009a; Succu et al., 2008).

2.4. ʻO ka amygdala

ʻO ka amygdala kekahi mea'ē aʻe i loaʻa i nāʻaha oxytocin a me nā lohe (see Freund-Mercier et al., 1987, Vaccari et al., 1998; Uhl-Bronner et al., 2005). Ke manaʻoʻia nei ka hanaʻana i nāʻoihana'ē aʻe, mai ka noʻonoʻoʻana, ka hoʻomanaʻoʻana i ka pilikanaka a me kaʻikeʻikepili, ka hoʻouluʻana i ka pilina, ka pilina o ka naʻau, ka hana a me ka makaʻu i loko o nā kānaka e hana ai i ka hana a me ka moekolohe (e nānā iā Kondo et al., 1998; Dominguez et 2001;'Onehana me al., 2005; Huber et al., 2005; Domes et al., 2007, Petrovic et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2009, Donaldson a me Young, 2009; Hurlemann et al. , 2010). Eia naʻe,ʻo ka hiki i ka oxytocin e hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokumu penile i nāʻiole kāne kāne i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka piko cationical postemedial o ka amygdala iʻikeʻia i kēia manawa (Melis et al., 2009b). Ua hana maikaʻiʻia kēia pane me ka piʻiʻana o ka nui o ka hoʻopihapiha dopamine i loko o ka dialysate i loaʻa mai ka shell o ka puʻupuʻu maha, e like me ka loaʻa ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻeʻana o ka oxytocin i loko o ka papa honua (Melis et al., 2009b). Keʻikeʻoleʻia i kēia manawa keʻano o ka oxytocin i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka piko cortical postemedial o ka amygdala e hoʻokomo i ka penile. Hōʻikeʻia nāʻikepili iʻikeʻia ka hoʻopiliʻana o ka penile a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻopihapiha dopamine i loko o ka dialysate i loaʻa mai ka pilikua nucleus ma ka hoʻonāʻana o nā mea loaʻa o ka oxytocinergic receptors, no ka mea, ua hoʻopauʻia nā paneʻelua e ke antagonist o ka loaʻa o oxytocin d (CH2) 5Tyr ( Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin i loko o ka amygdala mau minuke he mau minuke ma mua o ka kauʻana (Melis et al., 2009b).

O na mea aʻano papa hana oxytocin haʻalele no loko o ka posteromedial cortical nucleus o ka amygdala, ka moe muli o poloʻai pule ma kaʻakika'amino ua hoopau ma ka blockade o nā mea a pau dopaminergic receptors me Kisa no lakou-flupenthixol injected i loko o ka iwi o ka nucleus accumbens, a ma ka blockade o NMDA receptors me ( + MK-801 hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ke kaʻina o ka ventral, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o ka puʻupuʻu nucleus, e like me ka mea i loaʻa no ka hana penile i hoʻokomoʻia e ka oxytocin i loko o ka papa honua (Melis et al., 2009b). Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻohemoʻiaʻana o ka oxytocin i loko o ka piko postemedial o ka amygdala activates glutamic acid neurotransmission ma ka'āpana hoʻonui i ke kala. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻouluʻana i nā neuronolicolicbic neuror, a hiki i ke kūkuluʻana o penile. I ka nānāʻana i nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana i nā alapuni pili e pili ana i kēia pūpū o ka amygdala me ka'eneke honua (Canteras et al., 1995, Farani a me Totterdell, 2003),ʻo kēia mau hopena e hoʻonui i ka hiki i kahi pilina ma waena o kēia mau loloʻelua, ʻO nā ala mai ka amygdala a i ka puʻukū āpau a iʻole i ka'āpana hoʻonui ākea o haʻiʻia (Kelley a me Domesick, 1982; Witter, 2006).

2.5. ʻO ke āpau

ʻO kaʻehaʻeha kekahi wahi o ka pūnaewele pūpū pūpū e loaʻa ana i nā fila o oxytocinergic (Freund-Mercier et al., 1987; Uhl-Bronner et al., 2005), kahi i loaʻa ai ka oxytocin i ke kūkuluʻana penile (Tang et al., 1998 ; Veronneau-Longueville et al., 1999, Giuliano a me Rampin, 2000; Giuliano et al., 2001). E like me ka mea i ho'ākākaʻia ma luna nei, ua loaʻa kēia mau oxytocinergic i loko o ka piko o ka hypothalamus a hāpai i nā ala ala e hoʻolālā ana i nā neuronalina spine autonomic mediating penile ere. He oiaio no kēia mau olona, ​​e synaptic hui 'ana i loko o ka dorsal pu preganglionic kōkua aloha a me ka parasympathetic aeea kolamu ma ka thoraco-lumbar a me nā puʻupaʻaʻelua-sacral'āpana me spinal neurons innervating penile cavernous corpora (Marson a me McKenna, 1996; Giuliano a me Rampin, 2000; Giuliano listen'ōlelo. , 2001). Ua hōʻikeʻia kēia mau pilina synaptic ma ka hōʻailonaʻana i nā neʻarons o ka'ōpū e puka mai ana i ka peni a hiki i ke ākiho me nā mea retrograde pono'ī i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka hale kupapaʻu, me ka pākuʻi-immuno-fluorescence ākea a me nā haʻawina microscopy laser confocal (Tang et al., 1998; Veronneau-Longueville a me al., 1999). E like me kēia mau haʻawina, ma nāʻiole kāne i hōʻikeʻoleʻia i loko o ka lumbo-sacral, akā,ʻaʻole ma ka laulā-lumbar, ua hoʻouluʻia ka piʻiʻana o ka'ōpili i keʻano o keʻano. Ua hoʻopauʻia kēia mau hopena e ka'āpana o ka apooho oxytocinergic me d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin a ma ka'āpana o nā kolo pelvic (Giuliano a me Rampin, 2000, Giuliano et al., 2001). Hōʻike kēia mau hopena i ka oxytocin, e hana ana i ka'ā'ī o ka lumbo-sacral, e hoʻonui i ka pēpē i loko o ka pulupulu, a'ōleloʻia e kauʻia ka oxytocin, i ka wā o ka hoʻouluʻana o ka nucleus paraventricular, he mea ikaika o nā nee pro-erectile āpau e lele ana i ke kino. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha,ʻo kēia mau pro-erectile kinikini maʻamau e hana ai ka oxytocin i kona mana pro-erectile, e loaʻa pū hoʻi nā pilikino synaptic mai nā nero lerotonineric mai loko mai o ka paragigantocellularis nucleus o ka hana reticular o medulla oblongata (Marson a me McKenna, 1992; Tang et al ., 1998). ʻO ka lukuʻiaʻana o kēia mau nero lerotoninergic e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hana a me ka penile reflexes i nāʻiole kāne kāne (Marson a me McKenna, 1992; Yells et al., 1992). No ka hoʻohanaʻana o nā lāʻauʻaila e hoʻonāuki i nā pūnana 5HT2C e hoʻoikaika i ke kūkuluʻana o penile i ka hāʻawiʻiaʻana i ka intracerebroventricularly, akāʻaʻole naʻe i loko o ka pūpū papahana, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kāohi ana i ka hana o ka penile 5HT2C i ka hoʻopiha dopamine agonistand a oxytocin-hoʻokomo i ka penile, e nānā i ka Stancampiano et al., 5 a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko), ua'ōleloʻia hoʻi he mea kōkua ka oxytocin i ka hana o nā'āiho pro-erectile 2HT1994C i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka'ā'ī lumbo-sacral (Stancampiano et al., 5). Ma keʻano'ē aʻe, hiki i ka oxytocin ke hoʻololi i ka hana o ka moʻoʻana i nā serotoninergic neurons ma ka hana ponoʻana i loko o ka paragigantocellularis nucle, kahi e loaʻa ai kēia mau neurons (e nānā i Stancampiano et al., 1994).

3. Nā hana maʻamau i waena o ka oxytocin, dopamine a me ka waika glutamic i loko o ka pūʻali pūpū waena a me ka hanaʻana o penile

E like me ia i ho'ākākaʻia ma ka Paukū 1,ʻo nā neo a pau o ka oxytocinergic e hōʻike nei i ka pūnaewele nokumu o ka piko o ka pūnaewele hōʻoia a me nā hale a puni. ʻO ka hana o kēia mau neurons aia ma lalo o ka mana o nā neurotransmitters and / or neuropeptides. Ma waena o nā mea i hoʻonaʻauaoʻia ma ka papaʻaina, he dopamine, acid acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), oxydide, endocannabinoids, opioid peptides, peptides-release peptides, peptides related VGF and oxtocin itself. Dopamine, glutamicʻakika, ulu hōmona ka hoʻokuʻu 'peptides, VGF-loko peptides a me oxytocin i stimulatory, IAOEIAaO, kēia hui a me kā lākou mau agonists kōkua penile kukulu ka wā injected i loko o ka paraventricular nucleus, iā me Gaba, opioid peptides a me endocannabinoids i inhibitory, IAOEIAaO, kēia hui ole iʻole nā ​​mea hanaʻino e kāohi i ke kāpili penile (Nānā Meisel a me Sachs, 1994; Witt a me Insel, 1994; Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005; Giuliano a me Rampin, 2000, 2004; McKenna, 2000; Andersson, 2001;. Hauna o listen'ōlelo, 2002).

Hōʻikeʻia kekahi mau hōʻailona hoʻokolohua e pili ana i kēia mau neurono oxytocinergic a me nā neurotransmitters i luna a me nā neuropeptides i loko o ka hoʻomaluʻana i ka hana erectile a me ka moekino maʻamau i nā hōʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi,ʻo ka oxytocin i hoʻokuʻuʻia i nā wahi o ka lolo me ka hypothalamic, e like me kahi hoʻokiʻekiʻe o kaʻaoʻao, ka hippocampus a me nā wahi, ka amygdala a me ke ākila e hoʻoikaika i ka hana a kēlā mau neuron i hoʻomohala ai ka oxytocinergic. I kēia manawa,ʻo nā neurones wale nō ka mea nui no ke kāpili penile kahi e hoʻopiliʻia ai ka oxytocinergic impinge, iʻikeʻia me ka maopopo,ʻo ia nā pūnaewele pūpū o nā mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons o ka'āpana o ka pahu caudal e kuhikuhi ana i ka pūpū o ka puʻupuʻu (acclaimens) (Melis et al., 2007 Succu et al., 2008), a me nā neerons pro-erectile e holo mai ana i ka hui lumbo-sacral i ka hui huipu (ʻike Giuliano a me Rampin, 2000; Giuliano et al., 2001) (e nānā i nā Paukū 2.2 a me 2.5) . ʻOiaʻiʻo,ʻoiai uaʻikeʻia nā'āhui o ka oxytocinergic a me nā mea loaʻa i loko o ka'ōwili honua, ka amygdala a me ke āpau, nā mea nui no ka hanaʻana o penile (e nānā i luna), ma kēia mau wahi i keʻano o nā neurotransmitter / s i loko o nā neu ka mea iʻikeʻoleʻia e nā aʻalolo oxytocinergic impinge.

ʻO kēia māhele o ka hoʻolālā e hōʻokoʻa ana i nā puke hou no nā hana e hoʻokūkū ana i ka hopena pro-erectile o ka oxytocin i hoʻomoloʻia i loko o ke kaʻina o ka papa kūkā, ka papahana ākea o ka hippocampus a me ka'ōpū. Hoʻolako ponoʻia ka piliʻana o ka peptide me ka dopamine a me ka waika glutamic ma kēia mau wahi a me ka hana a kēia pilikino i ke kikowaena o ka hana hoʻokuma. ʻO ka pōkole pōkole o nā hopena o ka dopamine a me ka waika glutamic i nā neo a me ka oxytocinergic i loko o ka nucleus paraventular, a he hana nui hoʻi i ka hana erectile i hāʻawi muaʻia, i mea eʻike ai ka mea heluhelu i ke kaʻina mua o ka noiʻi ma kēia māhele, ua loiloi houʻia kēia mau haʻawina (e nānā i Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005; Melis a me Argiolas, 2003). Eia kekahi ma kēia hihia, ua hāʻawi nuiʻia ka nānāʻana i nā hopena i hala loa aku nei, e hōʻikeʻia ana kahi hana nui no ka hono dopamine-oxytocin a me ka loulou acid-oxtocin glutamic iʻole ma ka moekolohe (hana penile a me ka hoʻohui), akā, ma ka moekolohe ka huhū a me ka hoʻonāukiuki.

3.1. ʻO ka huiʻana o Dopamine-oxytocin i loko o ka pūpū papa

ka hiki i ka dopamine agonists e hoʻonāuki i ka hoʻolālā penile ma ka hoʻonāʻana i nā neo o ka oxytocinergic o waena ua manaʻoʻia ma hope koke iho o kaʻikeʻana e loaʻa ana i ka apomorphine ke kūkuluʻana i ka penile i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular (Melis et al., 1987) i ka loaʻaʻana o ka intractrebroventricularly (icx) (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin. hiki iā ia ke ho'ēmi i ka hoʻolālā kokoke i nāʻeleʻele penile i hoʻokomoʻia ma muliʻole o ka oxytocin hāʻawiʻia, akā ma ka apomorphine hoʻi, i hāʻawiʻia i lalo (Argiolas et al., 1987b). Ua ukaliʻia kēia mau hopena e nā mea'ē aʻe e hōʻike ana i nā hopena likeʻole i hāʻawiʻia ka d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin a hāʻawi pololeiʻia ka apomorphine i loko o ka nucleus (Melis et al., 1989b), lke manaʻo nei e hoʻopuka ka hoʻopale i ka dopamine agonists i ka hanaʻana o penile ma ka hoʻonāʻana i nā neo o ka oxytocinergic o nā mea'ē aʻe e hoʻokuʻi ana i nā wahi o ka lolo a me ka'ākau (e nānā i Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005). Ma muli o kēia kuhiakau, ma nāʻiole i hoʻopiʻiʻia, hiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻia o nā'āpana oxytocinergic lumbo-sacral e kekahi mea palekana o ka'eneke peptide oxtocin receptor i mea hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i ka piʻiʻana o ka apomorphine i loko o ka pulupule intracavernous e hoʻokomoʻia e ka agonorphine agonist dopamine, ke alanui ala-oxygenicinal spinal-spine i komo i ka hana hana penile (Baskerville et al., 2009).

Nā mea i noiʻia ma ka ʻikeʻia kaʻikepili dopamine ka mea i kuleana no ka hoʻokomoʻana i kahi hana kūkulu penile, ua hōʻikeʻo ia i loko o ka'āpana hoʻopunipuni kalacle nucleus dopamine e hana i ke kūkuluʻana o penile ma ke hanaʻana i nā haipule dopamine o kaʻohana D2, e like me ka loaʻa o ka agonists recepta a dopamine i ka mea maʻamau (e nānā i Melis et al., 1987; Eaton et al., 1991; Melis, Argiolas, 1995a). No laila, apomorphine, kahi D1 / D2 agonist agonist puʻupuʻu, a me quinpirole, kekahi mea koho selectiveXXUMXreceptor agonist, akā,ʻaʻoleʻo SKF 2, kahi'āpana o ka'onihana D38393 koho, i komoʻia i loko o kēia'ōpae hypothalamic i hiki ke hoʻokumu i ka hana penile ma keʻano , a ua hoʻopauʻia ka pilina i laweʻia e kēia mau mea'onike e loaʻa ana i ka D1 e ka poʻe DTNUMX receptor antagonists, e like me haloperidol a me ka l-sulpiride,ʻaʻole naʻe na SCH 2, kahi mea'onike D2 receptor (SEMIS, 23390) koho. ʻO ka hikiʻana o ka'ōpomorphine e hoʻopiʻi i ke kūkuluʻana o penile i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka'elepili hōʻaho e hōʻaiaʻia e nāʻike telemetry e hōʻike ana i ka agonist dopamine i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka'ōpiho paraventelular e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka pēpē i loko o nāʻiole kāne mānei me ka hoʻololiʻole i ke koko toto (Chen et al. , 1, Giuliano a me Allard, 1987), i loaʻa ma hope o ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele (Bernabè et al., 1999). ʻO kēia mau aʻoʻana ua hoʻokūpaʻa i kahi kuleana nui o nā kākoʻo o D2, e like me kaʻikeʻole o ka'āpana agoho o D1 i ka hikiʻole ke hoʻonui i ka pihi kaomi i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka pūnana papa (Chen et al., 1999).

Ua hōʻikeʻia kekahi mau hōʻailona hoʻokolohua e hōʻike ana i nā mea e hoʻopau ai i nā penihana D2, nona ka hoʻouluʻana i ka penile ere, ma luna o nā pūpū pūpū o nā neo'aehana. ʻO ka mea mua, aia i loko o ka pūnana palahalaha nā pūpili nerve dopaminergic e pili ana i nā mea i kapaʻia he incertohypothalamic dopaminergic neurons. ʻO nā pūnaewele o kēia mau neurons e waihoʻia ana ma ka hui A13 a me A14 o Dahlstrom a me Fuxe (1964), e hoʻonui i ka nui o nā hanana hypothalamic, e like me nā neoronato oxytocinergic paraventricular e kuhikuhi ana i nā neurohypophysis a me / a i nā wahi extra brain hypothalamic (Buijs et al., 1984; Lindvall et al., 1984).

Ke kākoʻoʻia nei ka hoʻokomoʻana o kēia mau neuronomomihana ma kahi pāʻaniʻole o ka penile a me ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā haʻawina microdialysis e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka nui o ka waiʻameʻa extracellular a me ka 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), kona metabolite ma ka dialysate i loaʻa mai ʻo ka nuʻukia maʻamau o nāʻumeke male kāne kū i ke kino e hōʻike ana i ka hana kūkāʻole inā hoʻokomoʻia i mua o kahi wahine estrogen + progesterone-primed hānai (Melis et al., 2003).

Ua piʻi aku ka piʻiʻana o ka dopamine a me ka nui o ka DOPAC i ka wā iʻaeʻia ai ka wahine i loaʻa (Melis et al., 2003), e like me ka mea i loaʻa ma kahi o ka medial preoptic (Hull et al., 1995) a ma loko o ka puʻukū nui (Pfaus a me Everitt, 1995). ʻO ka lua, he nui nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ke kūkuluʻana o penile i ka hoʻonāukiuki o nā mīkini helu D2 o ka mea i hoʻopiliʻia i kēia mau wahi. No laila, ua loaʻa i ka apomorphine i nā lāʻau i loaʻa i ka hoʻokumu penile, ua hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻokipa kalapona,ʻaʻole wale i ka plasma o nāʻiole a me nā mele (Melis et al., 1989a; Cameron et al., 1992), akā i loko o ka lolo i ka hypothalamic nā wahi, e like me ka hippocampus (Melis et al., 1990). Ma muli o kēia mau hualoaʻa,ʻo ka apomorphine i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular i ka hopena i hoʻokomoʻia ka penile ere iʻikeʻia nei i hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hoʻopihapiha dopamine i loko o ka puʻupuʻu maha, ka hopena i hoʻemiʻia e ka anitonike e loaʻa ka oxytocin d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka'āpana hoʻolaha kīʻaha (Succu et al., 2007; Melis et al., 2009a) (e nānā i ka pauku 4). ʻO ka meaʻekolu, nā'elepa electrolytic āpau o ka nucleus pāʻani, kahi kokoke e hoʻopau loa i ka oxytocin mai nā wahi o ka lolo ma hope o hypothalamic (Hawthorn et al., 1985), hoʻopau i kahi hoʻokumu penile apomorphine-i hoʻokomoʻia (Argiolas et al., 1987a) Hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka ventricles ākea, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o ka pūpū palahalaha, e hoʻouku i ka pāpale penile apomorphineinduced with a power equal to that of these composites in blocking oxygencin receptors (Melis et al., 1989b). Hoʻopiʻi nui nā mea'onike o ka'anakoki o oxygencin i ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i ka moekino kāne kāne i hoʻokomoʻia ma muli o ka oxytocin, akā naʻe ma ka apomorphine (Argiolas et al., 1988, 1989).

No kaʻenehana e lawe ai nā dxNUMX i ka dopamine a iʻole ka dopon diaboa agonists, e hoʻonui i ka hana o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic, no laila e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka oxytocin ma nā wahi extraypothalamic a me ka pūniu, nā hōʻailona hoʻokolohua nuike kuhiakau i ke kuhiakau e hoʻonui ka hoʻonāukiuki o nāʻenehana D2 i ka hoʻokomo o ka Ca2 + ions i loko o nā pūpū o nā oxytocinergic neurons, e hiki ai i ka hoʻouluʻana i ka nitide oxide-synthase, ʻo ka CazyNUMX + -calmodulin-enzyme e pili ana, aia i loko o kēia mau pūkunoʻo (Vincent a Kimura, 2; Torres et al., 1992, Sanchez et al., 1993; Sato-Suzuki et al., 1994). ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka wai oxidationergic neuron. No laila, ua kāohiʻia ka (1998) apoporindineindile penile e ka kolakola a me ka G-e-conotoxin, he mea kaha a koho i nā mea likeʻole o Ca1 + me nā laina o keʻano N (McCleskey et al., 2), i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka poʻomanaʻo nucleus (e nānā i Argiolas et al., 1987, a me nā kūmole ma loko); (1990) hana'āpili penilepoma apomorphine i kāohiʻia e nā mea hana hoʻopunipuni nitric oxide-synthase i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka nucleus (Melis et al., 2c); a me (1994) apomorphine a me nā mea hana'ē aʻe o D3 i hāʻawiʻia i nā lāʻau i laweʻia i ka hoʻoliliʻana penile i ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka waihā o nitric i loko o ka dialyside diaventry i loaʻa ma o ka microadetral microdialysis, kahi hoʻonui i hoʻemiʻia e nā mea hoʻopaneʻe o nitric oxide-synthase D2 kaho i loaʻa kahi hana penile (Melis et al., 2). Keʻikeʻoleʻia ka'ōnaehana e hana ai i ka mea oxide oxidecinergic neurons,ʻoiaiʻikeʻia nāʻikeʻikeʻia e hanaʻia ka oxyide nitric e like me kaʻelele intracellular aʻaʻole pono ka hua'ōlelo guanylate cyclase. ʻOiaʻiʻo, uaʻikeʻia keʻano likeʻole o ka'ōnaehana phospodiesteraseresistant o ka GMP cyclic, 1996-bromo-cyclic GMP, i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka nucleus paraventricular (Fig. 8) (eʻike iā Melis a Argiolas, 2b a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko).

ʻO ka'ōlelo i ho'ākākaʻia i kēia manawa ua manaʻoʻiaʻaʻole iʻikeʻia, no ka mea, ua hui pūʻia ka hoʻonaniʻana o nā hoʻopuka dopamine D2 i ka hanaʻana ma mua o ka hoʻonaniʻana i nā kino o nā kino o nā neurons e paʻa ana i kēia mau hōʻailona ma o nā pūnaehana hoʻohui G (eʻike iā Sokoloff a me Schwartz, 1995). Eia nō naʻe, ua hiki ke'ōleloʻia i kēia manawa i ka weheweheʻana, e like me ka hoʻoikaika pololeiʻana o nā neo oxytocinergic paraventricular e dopamine. ʻO G-pū'ālā-doped dopamine D4 ka lekeno, kekahi lālā o kaʻohana o kaʻohana D2 (D2, D3 a me D4), ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka Ca2 + i loko o nā papa hana pūnaewele i loko o ka pūnaewele o kēia subtype receptive (Moreland et al., 2004). ʻO ka mea nui aku, uaʻikeʻia kahi'āpana agonist receptor D4 (eg, ABT 724) (N-methyl-4- (2-cyanophenyl) piperazynil-3methylbenzamide maleate) e hiki ai ke hoʻokomo i ka hanaʻana o penile i nāʻiole kāne kāne ke hāʻawiʻia (Brioni et al., 2004). ʻAʻole i loaʻa kēia hopena me ka D2 receptor subtype agonist koho PNU-95666E (R-5,6-dihydro-N, N-dimethyl-4Himidazo [4,5,1-i] quinolin-5-amine) (Hsieh et al., 2004), a ua hikiʻole ke hoʻonui i ka Ca2 + pākuʻi i loko o ka hoʻopili pūnaewele i loko o ka waihona o ka D4 subtype receptor (Brioni et al., 2004; Moreland et al., 2004). E like me ke kuhiakau a me nā hopena, PD 168,077 (N-methyl-4- (2-cyanophenyl) piperazynil-3methylbenzamide maleate), PIP-3EA (2- [4- (2-methoxyphenyl) piperazin-1-ylmethyl] imidazo [1,2-a] pyridine) a me nā mea hana'ē aʻe o D4 agonists (Heier et al., 1997; Melis et al., 2006b, Löber et al., 2009), ua hiki i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ke kūkulu penile i ka wā i hoʻomokaʻia ai i ke kikowaena, ʻO ka nucleus hoʻonaniʻole,ʻoiai he emiʻole ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka apomorphine. Ua paleʻia ka hopena pro-erectile o kēia mau mea agonists D4 i ka L-745,870 (3- (4- [chlorophenyl] piperazin-1-yl) -methyl-1H-pyrrolo [2,3-B] pyridine trihydrochloride), he mea loaʻa ke kaha kiʻi D4 antagonist (Patel et al., 1997; Melis et al., 2005, 2006b, Löber et al., 2009).

I ka hopena, ua hoʻemiʻia ka hana pro-erectile o ka'āpana agonists D4 ma luna nei e nā mea hana hoʻopunipuni oxide-synthase, i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular, a me d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin, i hāʻawiʻia i kaʻike akāʻaʻole i loko o ka pūpū papahana. ʻO kēia mau hualoaʻa he laulā me ke kuhiakau e hoʻonāukiuki hoʻi nā mea agonists o ka D4 i nā neoronetona ma ka hoʻonāʻana i ka nitric oxide-synthase, a me ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ka oxytocin i nā extrahypothalamic pūpū lolo, e hoʻololi i ka hana penile, e like me ia i hōʻikeʻia no ka apomorphine a me ka D2 agonists (Melis et al ., 2005, 2006b; Lōber et al., 2009).

Loaʻa i nā manaʻo i hōʻikeʻia ma hope o ke kuhiakau e hana ana ka dopamine i ke kūkuluʻana o penile ma ka hanaʻana ma nā mīkia D4 e kū ana ma nā pūpū pūpū o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic diaventricular, aʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻonuiʻia ai ka huahana Ca2 + i loko o nā pūpū pūpū o ka oxytocinergic neurons. Hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia kaʻewa kaupona i nā neoronetona e hoʻohemo i ka oxytocin ma nā hapa extra-hypothalamic a me ka'ōpū o ke kuamo, e like me ka mea i'ōlelo muaʻia. Ma kēiaʻano, he mea pono ke hoʻomaopopoʻia nā haipule o ka dopamine i loko o nā pūnaewele pūnoanoa o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic i loko o ka nucleus i kēia mau lā wale nō i ka hoʻonaʻauao kūlohelohe immuno-fluorescence a me nā'āpikipipii pūnaewele D2, D3 a me D4 kiʻekiʻe a me nā pūpikopoko kaupona. Ua hōʻikeʻia kēia mau haʻawina i ka'ōlelo o nā kāʻei D2receptorʻekolu a pau (D2, D3 a me D4), i hui pūʻia me ka hui pū o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic i loko o ka nucleus paraventular (a ma ka puhi supraoptic a me ka medial preoptic area) (Baskerville a me Douglas, 2008; Baskerville et al., 2009).

Hāʻawi kēia i ke kākoʻo neuroanatomi ikaika i ka hiki i ka dopamine a me ka diaamine receipor agonists o ka type D2 e hana i ke kūkuluʻana o penile ma ka hanaʻana i nā neo oxytocinergic e kuhikuhi ana i nā wahi lolo i extraypothalamic i hoʻomanaʻoʻia ma luna, e like me ka'ākau, kaʻaoʻao hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ka lehulehu, ka hippocampus a me ka amygdala. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kēia mauʻike kekahi kōkua no kaʻikeʻana i ka subtype / sccepter D2 subtitle / s, aʻo ka mea hoʻonāukiho ka hopena o ka pane hoʻokau. Akā,ʻaʻohe kōkua e hiki ke loaʻa ma muli o nā haʻawina e pili ana i kaʻikeʻana i nā neo'aehana e hanaʻia e ka agonists diabetor diabetor i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular. ʻOiaʻiʻo, no kaʻoihana'ē aʻe i nāʻano subtypes o ka hoʻopili dopamine, nā agonorphine āpau e hoʻopuka ana (e like me ka apomorphine), a koho paha i nā agonists o ka hoʻopihapiha D2 (e like me quinpirole, e hana ana ma nā DtyNUMX subtypes kaʻina) a koho paha i nā agonist receptor D2 ke hoʻoikaikaʻiaʻana o nā neorons oxytocinergic, e like me ke anaʻia e ka uluʻana o ka protein FOS ma nā neo o ka oxytocinergic advocate o ka nucleus paraventricular (Bitner et al., 4). Eia naʻe, ua nīnauʻia kēia nīnau i kēia manawa,ʻoiai ka loaʻaʻana o ka protein FOS i nā neo oxytocinergic paraventricular i ka manawa wale nō i hoʻokomoʻia ai ka penile e quinerolane, e hana nui ia ma nā kaha haʻahaʻa D2006 a me D2, akāʻaʻole ma PD 3, me ka ikaika o nā pūnaeweleʻelua e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻokō pili (Baskerville et al., 168077).

ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe e pili ana i nā agonists koho o nā mea'ē aʻe o D2 subtypes (ma kahi o D2 a me D3) he pono e hoʻomaopopo i keʻano pololei o kēlā me kēia subtype receptor dopamine i ka mana o kaʻoihana erectile ma ka pae waena. Ma kēiaʻano, e like me ka mea i hoʻomaopopo muaʻia i mua,'āpana apomorphine, e hana pono i nā subtypes āpau a pau o ka dopamine (e nānā i Brioni et al., 2004, a me nā kūmole ma loko),ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻoponopono o D4 agonists i ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka hana penile i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka poʻomanaʻo 'Oiho. Hiki ke ho'ākākaʻia kēia ma kahi o ka loina kiʻekiʻe o ka apomorphine ma nā mīkini helu D4 ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia me ka DongNUMX agonists diagnostics, aiʻole ia,ʻo D4 agonists ka mea nāna e hana i ka'āpana o ka'āpana o D4, aiʻole i ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana o nā subtypes o ka hoʻopili dopamine e ka apomorphine. hana i kaʻoihana kiʻekiʻe o nā neurons oxytocinergic pili i ka hanaʻana o penile, ma mua o ka hoʻouluʻiaʻana e D4 agonists agonists o ka subtype kaʻina wale o D2 wale nō.

Ua wehewehe muaʻia nāʻano pilina ma waena o ka hoʻoponopono dopamine D1 a me D2 ma ka mana o ka moe kolohe ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wahi medial preoptic (e nānā Hull et al., 1989). I ke kumu o ka hikiʻole ke kohoʻia o ka hana hoʻopiliʻana o D2 i ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i ka penile hana (Hsieh et al., 2004) (akā eʻike i ka Depoortère et al., 2009), no ka lā ma hope o ke komoʻana o kēia mau pūnaewele i loko o ka pūnana paranele , he mea koʻikoʻi nui no nā kākiō D3 wale nō a me nā mea e loaʻa ai nā kaha D4 ma ka hoʻonāʻana o nā neoronetics mediating penile ere e pono ke nānā ponoʻia (e nānā i Baskerville et al., 2009). ʻO ka mea pōʻino,ʻo D2 a me D3 agonists o ka hopena (e like me ka mea, heʻano likeʻole i ko lākou aloha no kēia mau'āpana'ohekaʻelua no ka nui aʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui o ka nui ma vitio). No kēia kumu,ʻo ka manaʻo hou e hōʻikeʻia e D3 ka hoʻopuka helu penilele i hoʻokomoʻia e ka meaʻae ma ka pahuhopu D2 diabor agonists, i kauʻia ma luna o ka hikiʻana o ke kikowaena D3 diagnostics i hōʻikeʻia i loko o nā hoʻokolohua in vitro, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hana penile i hoʻokomoʻia e kaʻae ma D2 agonists. apomorphine, quinpirole a me pramipexole, kahi hiki ke hoʻololi i nā subtypes dopamine D2 a pau (Collins et al., 2009), pono pono e hoʻokōʻia me nā hoʻouka'ē aʻe. Pono nō kēia hōʻoiaʻana no ka meaʻaʻole i loaʻa kekahi hopena o nā agonists e loaʻa ana i ka penile ere ma kēia haʻawina, ma keʻano likeʻole me nā hopena o nā haʻawina i hōʻikeʻia ma luna nei, e hōʻike ana i ka hopena pro-erectile o ka'āpana agonomi D4. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka hikiʻana o ka apomorphine e hoʻopiʻi ai i ka mīkini penile a me ka mea iʻikeʻia i ka'īlio hanu D4 knockout mice a me ka hikiʻana o ka mea hōʻailona D4 e hoʻopauʻia ka pane apomorphine i kēia mau holoholona ( Collins et al., 3) hikiʻole ke noʻonoʻoʻia he hōʻailona kūpono no kahi wae koho o ka subtype kaʻina D2009 i ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka penile e hoʻopiliʻia e ka agonist D3. Hoʻokaʻawale pinepineʻia ka hoʻohaunaele a me nā pilikia ma ka hōʻoiaʻana i keʻano o ka hana pili i ka hana pili kino o nā neurotransmitters a me ka hōʻoiaʻana. / aiʻole neuropeptides a me ko lākou mau pepeiao. ʻO ka mea,ʻo ka hoʻohuiʻiaʻana o ka'āpana oxytocin e huakiʻi i ka'ōlohelohe i nāʻiole e mate a kūpikipiki maoli, e like me ka meaʻole ka oxytocin no ka piliʻana a me ka hoʻopiliʻana. Aʻo nāʻiole kūoho kūoho kūoho wahine e like me ka homozygous e hōʻike ana i ka maʻamau maʻamau a me ka helehelena, akā me ka hōʻinoʻiaʻana o ka waiū o ka loli (Nishimori et al., 1996, Young et al., 1996). ʻO ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka gene e hoʻopili ana i ka neuronal nitric oxide synthase, hana pūʻia hoʻiʻo nitric oxide synthase e kīkē i nāʻiole i mate a paiʻoleʻia (Huang et al., 1993). Eia naʻe, e hōʻike paha kēia mau hopena i kahiʻano koʻikoʻi o ka physiology reproductive,ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kūlana o nā pūnaewele i komo i kona mana ma ka piko a me ka laulā.

ʻO keʻano o keʻano palekana he kumu maoli ia, no ka mea, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka heleʻana o nā genes i ka hanauna e hiki mai ana no ke olaʻana o kēlāʻano. No laila,ʻo ka hōʻailona o ka generator D4ʻole e hoʻololi i ka hopena pro-erectile o ka apomorphine, e'ōlelo ana he mau'onike D4, e like me ka oxytocin a me ka oxyde nitene, he mau meaʻokoʻa wale nō e hana ana i nā pūnaewele e hoʻomalu ana i ka hana'ōpile, ma mua o ke manaʻo neiʻaʻole he kuleana no kēia mau loea i ka mana o ka hanaʻana o penile a me ka moekino. ʻO ka paʻakikī o D4 e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka penile i ka hāʻawiʻiaʻana i nāʻiole kāne o nāʻanoʻokoʻa'ē aʻe i hōʻikeʻia mai nei e kahi haʻawina hou (Depoortère et al., 2009). Eia naʻe, heʻokoʻa ka hana a Collins et al. (2009), a no ka hanaʻana i ke kiʻi ma kahi o D2 subtypes receptor i loko o ka mana o ke kūkuluʻana i nā penile aʻoi aku ka loiloi loa, ua hōʻike pūʻia kēia hōʻike i ka mea i hāʻawiʻoleʻia e nā mea kālepa D3 kōmike i hāʻawiʻia i ka mea i hikiʻole ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hanaʻana o ka penile apomorphine. nā'anike kāne o ke kaumaha i maʻalahi i ka hopena pro-erectile o ka apomorphine,ʻoiai ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i ka wahine (a me ka yawning) i ka LFL XUMUMX (2-chlorophenyl) -741,626-hydroxypiperidin -3-yl] methyl-4H-indole), e alakaʻi ana i nā mea kākau e'ōlelo i nā mea hōʻailona D4, ma mua o D4 a me D1 mau leka uila,ʻo ia ka poʻe e hoʻokani nei i ka hana nui ma D1 hoʻokauʻia penile (Depoortère et al., 2). ʻO ka hopena,ʻo ka hiki i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka diabetor diabetor i nā neeron oxytocinergic ma ka hanaʻana i ka penile, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi hapa, he kūʻokoʻa ma muaʻole o ke kuhikuhi, no ka mea, i hanaʻia aiʻole e hoʻololiʻia e nā loli o ka hana o nā neuropeptides neurotransmiters e hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hana ʻo nā neo e hoʻopunipuni i nā meaʻeleʻele ma loko o ka pūnana palahalaha, hikiʻole ke hoʻopau loaʻia.

3.2. ʻO ka hui'enela Glutamic-oxytocin i loko o ka pūpū papahana

He waiwai nui ka'ōpū o ka hypothalamus i nā synapses i loko o ka amino acitua hauʻoli e like me ke neurotransmitter (eg, acid glutamic and acid aspartic) (Van Den Pol, 1991). Hoʻopiliʻia nā amino acids i loko o kēia pūpū i nā hana he nui, e like me ke ere penile a me ka moe kolohe (Roeling et al., 1991; Melis et al., 1994b, 2000, 2004b). Penei, N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA), he mea koho a koho o ka subtype receptor NMDA, akāʻaʻole (±) -_- amino-3-hydroxy-5-propionic acid (AMPA) , ua kohoʻia kahi agonist koho o ka subtype receptor AMPA a (±) -trans (4) -amino-1-cyclopentane dicarboxilic acid (ACPD), kahi agonist koho o ka subtype receptor metabotropic, i hiki ke hoʻokomo i ke kūkuluʻana o penile i ka wā i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka ka pūnana nui o nā kiole holoʻokoʻa (Melis et al., 1,3b). ʻO ka hana pro-erectile o 1994 MR Melis, A. Argiolas / Neuroscience a me nā'ōlelo Biobehavioral 948 (35) 2011-939 NMDA i kāohiʻia e (+) MK-955, he mea hōʻailona NMDA o ka'āiho (Woodruff et al., 801). ), injected into the nucleus (Melis et al., 1987b). Ma muli o kēia mau hopena, ma ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka nānāʻana i ka neʻeneʻe nui, uaʻike nuiʻia ka NMDA ma mua o ka hanaʻana o nāʻano hoʻoheheʻeʻana o ka amino acid receptor ma ka hoʻoukuʻana i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka pēpē o ka ulupalaʻau ma ke awakea. al,, 1994, Chen a me Chang, 2000).

E like me ka mea i'ōleloʻia no luna no ka oxytocin a me ka dopamine, hiki paha i nā pūpili NMDA o ke kelepona penile i loko o nā pūpū pūpū o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic, no ka mea,ʻo ka hopena o nā pūpona'emino amino e pili ana i nā kino o ka pūnaehana oxytocinergic i loko o ka nucleus nucleus (Van Den Pol, 1991). Ma analogy i ka mea i loaʻa me ka dopamine mea loaʻa agonists, ua apparently mediated ke kākoʻo-erectile hopena o NMDA ma ka ho'ā hope o oxytocinergic neurotransmission, ua hoopau ma ka oxytocin hoa D (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin hāʻawi icv, akā, ʻaʻole i loko o ka pūnana palahalaha (e nānā i Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005 a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko). Pēlā nō hoʻi, ka mea i hoʻokomoʻia e NMDA o ka neurotransmission oxytocinergic, he mea nui ia i ka hoʻouluʻana o ka oxide-synthase nitric, no ka mea, ua paleʻia ka pāpili penile NMDA e nā mea hoʻolālā nitric oxide-synthase (N-Nitro-N-methyll-arginine methyl ester a me N- meto-thio-l-citrulline) hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka paraventricular nucleus, a me NMDA injected i loko o ka paraventricular nucleus ma nā māhele i induce penile kukulu, maoli he nitric'okesaside? iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka hypothalamic nucleus (nānā Argiolas a me Melis, 1995, 2004, 2005 a me kūmole maloko ). No ka agonists o ka hoʻopuka dopamine, hiki ke hoʻokuʻuʻia ka hoʻonuiʻia o ka Ca2 + i nā pūnaewele pūnaehana oxytocinergic ma o ka Ca2 + pūnaewele nickname NMDA pūnaewele, e like me ia i hōʻikeʻia i nā hananaʻano'ē (no ka loiloi e nānā iā Snyder, 1992; ʻO Southam a me Garthwaite, 1993, Schuman a me Madison, 1994 a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko o ia mea). Hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia ka'ōmole nitric i ka neurotransmission oxytocinergic (e nānā i luna). Ke kumu o ka glutamatergic nā wānana waiwai e haʻalele paraventricular oxytocinergic neurons mediating penile kukulu mea ike ole ia, eia nae kekahi neuroanatomical a electrophysiological hoike paipai i i originate ka mea, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i loko o kekahi, ma ka hippocampus (Saphier a me Feldman, 1987;. Chen listen'ōlelo, 1992) . ʻOiai ua pono ka hana hou eʻikeʻia ke kumu o ka holoʻana o ka glutamatics i ka nuʻukena paraventalular,ʻo ka hoʻokomoʻia o ka waika glutamic i loko o ka pūnana paraventular ma ka mana o ka hanaʻana penile a me ka moekino pili i keʻano o ka hana microdialysis. No laila, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka nui o ka hoʻohui o ka waikale glutamic a me ka wai aspartic i loko o ka dialysate i loaʻa mai ka'ōpū palahalaha o nāʻiole kāne e hōʻike ana i nā hana noncontact i ka wā e hoʻokomoʻia ai nā kuʻikuʻi hānai hānai estrogen + progesterone-primed (Melis et al., 2004b), hana hana penile i hanaʻia no ka hoʻonāʻana o ka pūnaehana oxytocinergic central (Melis et al., 1999a, b). Ua piʻi aʻe ka piʻiʻana i kēlā me kēia kiʻekiʻe i ka manawa iʻaeʻia ai ka pilinaʻana me ka wahine hānai (Melis et al., 2004a). I ka laina me ke kuhiakau, hiki ke hoʻonuiʻia ka hana o nā amino acitua i loko o ka nuʻukena paraventularular i ka wā o ka hanaʻana o penile a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana,ʻo nā hanaʻelua a me ka hoʻoponopono kala (kahi e hanaʻia ai ke kāpili penile) e ka'āpana o NMDA i loko o ka pūnana papa , a ua hoʻonuiʻia kēia hoʻonui ma muli o ke emiʻana o ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka hana'opihu waipiro e hanaʻia i loko o kēia moʻokūkū hypothalamic ma kēia mau hanana physiological (Melis et al., 2000). An mahuahua ma extracellular glutamicʻakika lehulehu kiʻekiʻe i ka ua hoʻemi me Gaba hookuu mai GABAergic nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale impinging ma excitatory'amino acidergic synapses juxtaposed e oxytocinergic aeea kino, i loaʻa i loko o ka paraventricular nucleus ma hope o ka blockade o cannabinoid CB1 receptors ma ka CB1 hoa M. 141761A, Hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka ventricles a me ke ala pololei i loko o ka pūnana palahalaha ma nā kohu e hoʻopiʻi ai i ke kūkuluʻana penile (see Succu et al., 2006; Castelli et al., 2007). ʻO ia hoʻonuiʻana i alakaʻiʻia ai ka hoʻouluʻana o ka waihā nitric-synthase i loko o nā pūpū o nā oxytocinergic neurons, me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hanaʻenehana nitric. Hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia kaʻehu kaupona i nā neurons oxytocinergic pili i ka hanaʻana o penile e like me ia i ho'ākākaʻia ma luna nei. I ka laina me iaʻano, ua ho'ēmiʻia ka hoʻoliliʻana o ka penile SR 141761A e ka pahonoʻana o nā mea hōʻailona NMDA a me nā mea hoʻolālā nitric oxide-synthase, akāʻaʻole naʻe ma ka pahupaʻi o dopamine a iʻole ka oxytocin receptors i loko o ka nucleus pōkole, akā naʻe ua kāohiʻia e ka papapa o ua loaʻa nā'ōpena o ka oxytocin pūnaewele ma o kaʻaha uila a loaʻa i ka mea hōʻailona

3.3. ʻO ka hulina o ka oxygencin-dopamine i ka'āpana hoʻopau o ka ventral

Hoʻokomo ka Oxytocin i ke kūkuluʻana i ka penile i ka wā i hoʻoleiʻia i loko o ka papa caudal o ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o kaʻaoʻao ma keʻano (Melis et al., 2007). ʻO ka'ōpana hana hope loa i hoʻokuʻuʻia e likeʻole me 20 ka, aʻo ka hopena nui loa i ho'āʻoʻiaʻo 100 ng. Hoʻopaʻaʻia ka hana oxytocin e ka hoʻonāʻana o nā mea loaʻa o ka oxytocinergic, no ka mea, ua hoʻopauʻia ka hoʻoponopono pili i ka wahine ma mua o ka hoʻoholoʻana o ka meaʻokoʻa oxytocin d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin ma keʻano kuhi o ka papa kala. Hoʻokomoʻia kēia mau loea i loko o nā pūnaewele pūpū o nā neurons dopamineric, aʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai i ka pūpū o ka puʻukū nui. No laila, (1) iʻelua mau hōʻailona āpau-fluorescence e hōʻike ana i loko o ke kūpuni koʻikoʻi o kaʻeha kalatocinergic i nā kinopa o nā neoronomeni honua, aʻo ka hapanui o nā inoa i kapa inoaʻia no tyrosine-hydroxylase a me ka pelekane retrograde Fluorogold mua i komo i loko o ka pūpū o ka puʻupuʻu maha (Melis et al., 2007), a me (2) kekona kegmental wahi'āpana i hoʻokomoʻia ka penile e hoʻopihaʻia me ka piʻiʻana i ka mahele o ka dopamine extra-cellular i ka dialysate i loaʻa mai ka pūpū o ke hoʻokūkū o ka hale (Melis et al., 2007). Oxytocin-ʻonou penile kukulu no hoi ia lŘlŘ concomitantly me ka hoomahuahua i loko o nitric'okesaside? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka ventral tegmental wahi, i nā pane antagonized ole wale ma and (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin, a ma ka nitric'okesaside synthase inhibitor S- meto-thio-l-citrulline, akā, i ka _-conotoxin, he anakahi uila-e kaukaʻi Ca2 + auwai a blocker, a ma ODQ (1H- [1,2,4] oxadiazole [4,3-he] quinoxalin-1-kekahi), he potent inhibitor o guanylate Cyclase, ua hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka'āpana kala o ka caudal ma mua o ka oxytocin (Succu et al., 2008). ʻO ka nui o nā kikowaena o ka pūnaehana dopaminergic i pākaʻiʻia e nā oxytocinergic fibers, iʻikeʻia he kūpono no tyrosine hydroxylase ma ka'āpana o ka pahu caualal, ua hoʻopaʻa inoaʻia no ka oxyide-synthase nitene a me ka guanylate cyclase (Succu et al., 2008), oxytocin Hiki ke pāpākūʻia ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o penile i ka hana ma lalo. ʻO ka hoʻonāʻana o nā mea loaʻa o ka oxytocinergic i nā pūnaewele pūnaeka dopingergic e ka peptide hoʻonui i ka hoʻonā Ca2 + i loko o nā pūpū pūpū o nā neuronomena. ʻO kēia activate nitric oxide-synthase, he enzyme hoʻonā Ca2 + -calmodulin, a hoʻonuiʻia ka hoʻonuiʻia o ka meaʻenehana nitric. Hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia ka'ōmole kaulike e ka guanylate cyclase, hiki i ka hoʻonuiʻia o ka GPS GMP. Hoʻopili nā Cyplic GMP i nā neemeni dopaminergic e hoʻouka ana i ka pilikua. ʻO keʻano o ka GMP cyclic i ke kūkuluʻia penile i hoʻokomoʻia e ka oxytocin i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka'āpana kūkā o ka pahu caudal e kākoʻoʻia hoʻi e ka hikiʻana o ka 8-bromo-cyclic GMP, kahi likeʻole phosphodiesterase-resistant o GMP cyclic, e hoʻokumu i ke kūkuluʻana penile i ka wā i hoʻoleiʻia i loko o ka ka nui o ka ventral ventral, a me ka hoʻonui i ka dopamine extra-cellular i ka dialysate mai ka puʻukū nui (Succu et al., 2008; Melis et al., 2009a). E like kēia me keʻano i hanaʻia ai e ka mea oxidic oxocinergic neurons i loko o ka nucleus paraventularular,ʻoiai he 8-bromo-cyclic GMPʻole hiki ke hoʻoulu i ke kūkuluʻana penile i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i kēia puulu (Melis and Argiolas, 1995b) (Fig. 2). No nā ala ala neural i hanaʻia e ka dopamine ma loko o ka puʻukū o ka ulupuna e hiki ai i ke kūkuluʻana i penile,ʻaʻole iʻikeʻia kēia. Eia naʻe,ʻikeʻia nāʻikepili i loaʻa i kēia mau ala e hoʻokomo i ka neurotransmission dopamine i loko o ka nucleusularular o ka hypothalamus. No laila, hana kūpono ka penile o ka penetene i ka oxytocin i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka dopamine extra-cellularʻaʻole wale ma ka ka pilikino nui, akā, i loko o ka pūpū palahalaha, a ua hoʻopiʻiʻia e ka diagonidol diagonor receptor dialogor injected into the nucleus paraventricular (Melis et al., 2007). AI hui pūʻia, ua kākoʻo kēia mau hopena i ka manaʻo o nā neurons oxtocinergic mai loko mai o ka nucleus ma mua a me ka hoʻokauʻana i ka'āpana o ka pahu caudal, i ka wā e hoʻonoeʻia ai ka oxytocin i kēia wahi, a laila e hoʻonāuki i ka'ōnaehana hōʻailona GMP, i ka mea e hoʻololi nei i nā neuronic mesolimbic dopamineric (Melis et al., 2007, 2009a; Succu et al., 2008). Hoʻopukaʻia ka Dopamine i loko o ka pūpū i ka hana i nā ala kūwaho e alakaʻi i ka neeronalima incerto-hypothalamic, e hoʻonāukiuki i nā neo o ka oxytocinergic paraventricular e kuhikuhi ana i ke kāpiliʻana o kaʻalima penile. I ka manawa like, hiki i ka dopamine i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular hiki ke hoʻonā i nā neo a me ka oxytocinergic e hoʻolālā i nā wahi o ka lolo e like me ke kaʻina o kaʻaoʻao, ka hippocampus, ka amygdala a me nā wahi'ē aʻe.

E like me ka mea i hoʻomaopopoʻia ma luna, me ke kuhi me kēia kuhiakau,ʻo ka'ōpomorphine i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka ulupala o ka mea i hoʻopiliʻia ai ka penile ere ka mea e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hoʻopihapiha dopamine i loko o ka puʻupuʻu maha, ka hopena i hoʻololiʻia e ka antitolist d (CH2) 5Tyr ) 2-Orn8-vasotocin i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka'āpana hoʻolaha kīʻaha (Succu et al., 2007; Melis et al., 2009a). Ma keʻano likeʻole, nā alanui kuʻuna ma luna nei e hiki ke lilo i kahiʻokoʻa neuropuniʻokoʻa e pili ana i dopamine, oxytocin a me nā mea kelepona'ē aʻe (e like me ka acid glutamic acid, e nānā i lalo) e hoʻonāukiuki ana i ka hana kaikolohe wale nō, (e nānā i ka Section 4).

3.4. ʻO ka pilina o ka'oxytocin-glutamic acid i loko o ka'ōwili o ka hippocampus

Hoʻokomo ka Oxytocin i ke kūkuluʻana i ka penile i ka wā i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka kīʻaha,ʻaʻole naʻe i loko o ka'ōwili honua, ma keʻano pono (Melis et al., 2009b). Hanaʻia ka pilina ma muli o ka hoʻonāukiuki o nā nūkini o ka oxytocin, ke hoʻopauʻia e ka ma mua o ka hoʻokomoʻana o d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin i hāʻawiʻia i kahi pūnaewele o oxytocin, e like me ka mea i loaʻa i nā wahi'ē aʻe (ʻike i luna) . No ka localization o kēia mau loli,ʻo kaʻikepili iʻikeʻia e hoʻonohonohoʻia lākou i loko o nā pūpū kino o nā neurons waiwai i ka nitric oxide-synthase.

No laila, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina microdialysis e hoʻokumu me ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka hanaʻana o ka meaʻaila nitene me ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka hanaʻana o ka meaʻenehana nitric i loko o ka'eneke papahana, a ua hoʻopauʻia kēia hoʻonuiʻaʻole wale nō ma mua o ke komoʻana o ka inhibitor nitric oxidesynthase S-methyl-thio-l citrulline a ma o ka hemoglobin pūniki nitric oxide, akā ma ka d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin, ua hāʻawiʻia i loko o kahi hoʻokahi o ka oxytocin ma nā kaupae e ka antagonize penile hoʻokumu (Melis et al., 2010). ʻO ka mea nui,ʻo ka hanaʻiaʻana o ka'āpana penile-hana i hanaʻia me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka mahele o kaʻaila glutamic extra-cellular i loko o ka'eneke ākea, i hoʻohālike waleʻia e ka mea hōʻailona NMDA (+) MK-801 i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka kapili ākea ventral (Melis et al., 2010). Ma muli o kēia mau hopena, hōʻikeʻia ka mea i hana houʻia i ka oxide nitric, ma ka hanaʻana ma keʻano he messenger intercellular, hoʻonāukiuki i ka neurotransmission acid acid e alakaʻi i ke kūkuluʻana penile, hiki paha ma nā hanana kūpono kūpili mai ka pūpū ke kāʻei honua i nā wahi lolo o ka hipopampal. Me ke kuhi me kēia kuhiakau, Hoʻokomoʻia ka NMDA i loko o ka'ōwili honua i ka hana penile i keʻano o ka hoʻokeleʻana, a hoʻopauʻia kēia hopena ma mua o ka hoʻohuiʻana i loko o kahi pūnaewele o (+) MK-801, akāʻaʻole ma o S-methyl-thio-l citrulline , hemoglobin aiʻole d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2-Orn8-vasotocin (Melis et al., 2010). Ma nā ala kūpono i ke kino e neʻe ana i nā lolo o ka hippocampal i hanaʻia e ka mea'aeʻaha amino acid (ie, glutamic acid) i loko o ka'ōwili honua, he mea maʻalahi paha kēia, e like me ka hapa nui o nā huakaʻi hoʻopiʻi hippocampal. I kēia manawa, hiki paha ke manaʻoʻia e hoʻopili kēia mau hanana i ka hana o nā neburons mesolimbic dopaminergic, a ma ke keake e hoʻololi i ka hana o nā neuropope-spope-hypothalamic dopamineric i loko o ka nucleus paraventricular, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonāʻana o nā neo oxytocinergic ke kuʻiʻana i ke kūkuluʻana o penile e like me ka mea i'ōlelo muaʻia (e nānā i luna).

Penei i hanaʻia ai ka penile ere i hoʻokomoʻia e kaʻenehana kalahu e hoʻopauʻia ka oxytocin me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka kukuna o ka dopamine extra-cellular i loko o ka pūpū o ka puʻupuʻu nui, aʻo kēia hoʻonuiʻana, e like me ka hana penile, e hoʻopauʻia e d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) 2- ʻO Orn8-vasotocin i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka'ōwili honua ma mua o ka oxytocin (Melis et al., 2009b). Eia kekahi, no ka mea, ua ho'ēmiʻia ka mea i hoʻohālikeʻia e ka (+) MK-801 i ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka penile i loko o ka'āpana o ka'āpana kala, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o ka puʻupuʻu (acclaimens) (Melis et al., 2009b) a me ka hopena i ka hoʻonuiʻia i ka'āpana glutamic acid i ka'āpana hoʻokipa o ke keʻena, akāʻaʻole naʻe i loko o ka puʻukū nui,ʻo nā paneʻelua i hoʻopauʻia e d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) -Orn8-vasotocin, injected into the subralular subralulum before oxytocin (see Fig. 3), malia paha ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neoltbic dopaminergic neurons i ke kula kiʻekiʻe i kahi neurotransmission holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o kaʻaoʻao. Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻopiliʻana o ka waipika glutamic acid-dopamine i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ke kūkuluʻana o penile ma ka'āpana hoʻonui ākea. Pono e nānā houʻia nā mea e pono ai ka pro-erectile pololei o nā alanui mai ke kelepona i kaʻaoʻao kuhi o ke kīhāhā a pololeiʻole,ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ke kino pale mua a me nā wahi'ē aʻe (e nānā iā Melis et al., 2009b a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko). Ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o nā hanana holoʻokoʻa mai ka hippocampus (e nānā i luna a me Saphier a me Feldman, 1987) a ka'āpana glutamic e hoʻopiha i nā neo o ka oxytocinergic meaʻole me nā mea e hoʻouka ana i ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o kaʻaoʻao (e nānā i Argiolas a me Melis, 2005 a me nā kūmole ma loko), a ka oxytocin ma ka'āpana hoʻokipa o ke kelepona e hoʻokomo i ka hanaʻana penile a hoʻonui i ka hana o ka neolimbic dopelineergic neurons (nānā i luna), he mea hoʻonāukiuki ke haʻi aku i ka phiki ke kau pū kekahi mau neo aʻoi o ka oxytocinergic, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka hapa, i ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons ma ka oxytocin i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka'ōnaehana kala (e nānā i ka Section 4).

4. Nā pane hope

Uaʻikeʻia ma luna o ka loiloi i luna a hōʻoia i nāʻike mua e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻoihoʻana o kaʻumeke kāne male i ke kuleana nui o ka hanaʻana o penile ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pūnana papahana o ka hypothalamus a me ka'ō'ī. ʻO keʻano,ʻo kaʻoi loahe nui o nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻopiʻi kalapona i ka penile a ma ka hanaʻana i nāʻaoʻao'ē aʻe,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka wahi hoʻokiʻekiʻe o kaʻaoʻao, ka papahana ākea, a me ka piko o ka amygdala..

Ma ka pae hoʻolālā,ʻo ka hopena hou loa o kaʻikeʻana o nā haipule dopamine a pau o kaʻohana D2 (D2, D3 a me D4) ma nā pūpū pūpū o nā neo o ka oxytocinergic i loko o ka nucleus (a ma ka pūnana supraoptic a ka medial preoptic area) (Baskerville a me Douglas, 2008; Baskerville et al., 2009). Hāʻawi kēia i nā neuroanatical ikaika ke kākoʻo i ke kuhiakau e hiki i ka agonists o ka dopamine a me ka dopamine ke hoʻonāuki i nā neo a pololei o ka oxytocinergic i komo i loko o ka hana i hoʻonohonoho ponoʻia a me ka hoʻolālāʻanaʻaʻole wale i ke kaula o ka'ōpū, akā, i nāʻano'ē aʻe i ka hypothalamic. Ma keia ano, he mea nui no hoi ka ike ana o ka pii ana o ka diabene diabor agonist i ke kahe ana o ka pulupau i ka puu o ka lumbo-sacral (Baskerville et al., 2009). ʻOiai,ʻoiai ua loaʻa nā hōʻike i loko o nāʻiole kāne i hōʻikeʻia, he mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hoʻouluʻana o kahi alahele o ka paraterriculo-spinal oxytocinergic e komo ana i ka hoʻokomoʻia o ka penile aconist-aggreist agonist. Hʻaʻole iʻikeʻia inā hanaʻia ka hana penile i hoʻokomoʻia e ka hoʻonāukiuki o nā diabope dopamine i loko o nā pūnaewele pūnaehana oxytocinergic he mea kiʻekiʻe ia i ka hoʻoukaʻana o kahi subtype kikowaena dopamine o kaʻohana D2 (D2, D3, a D4 paha) aiʻole inā e hana pū kēia kōpili subtypes i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka pane o ka honua, hiki paha i nāʻano likeʻole ma muli o keʻano i hanaʻia ai kahi hana kūpili (see Moreland et al., 2004; Enguehard-Gueiffier et al., 2006; Melis et al., 2006a, b; Löber et al., 2009; Collins et al., 2009; Depoortère et al., 2009; Baskerville et al., 2009).

ʻO kekahi mea hou hou,ʻo ka oxytocin ka mea e hoʻokumu i ka penile i ka wā i komoʻoleʻia ai i loko o ka pahu hōkū poʻoʻole CA1 o ka hippocampus, akā i loko o ka'āpana hoʻokipa o kaʻaoʻao, ka papahana ākea, a me ka maha o ka pūpū o ka amygdala. ʻAʻole i ho'āʻoʻia kēia mau o ka lolo i nā hōʻike mua e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka oxytocin i nā episodes kūpikipiki o nā'ōpiopio male, akā naʻe e loaʻa iā lākou e like me ka hua'ōlelo o ka'ā'ī o ka limbo-sacral o oxytocinergic mai ka pūpū papa. Uaʻike ponoʻia ka oxytocin e hiki ke hoʻonui i nā episodes'āpana penile a me ka manawaʻole, e ulu ana i nā māmā male ma ka loaʻaʻole o nā hanuʻana i ka hopena, e like me nā mea i loaʻa mai i mua o kaʻeleʻele o ka wahine male ovariectomized (estrogen-progesterone primed) ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka genitalia, i ka wā i hoʻoleiʻia i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular a me ka CA1 o ka hippocampus, akāʻaʻole i loko o ka'ōlohelohe hope, ka septum o mua, ka pahu caudate, ka medial preoptic area, ka pūnoho ventromedial a me ka puhi supraoptic (Melis et al. , 1986). I loko o kēia mau haʻawina a pau, ua heluʻia ka penikala i ka manawa i puka mai ai ka peni mai ka lei penile mai kekahi mea nānā makapō iʻikeʻole i nā hōʻailona i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka hoʻokolohua a ma hope paha ma ka nānāʻana i ka hoʻokolohua i hoʻopaʻaʻia ma kahi wikiō me nā mea hana kiʻi wikiō. ʻO kēlā me kēia hopena o ka hoʻokalakili penile e loaʻa ana no ka 0.5-1 min a loaʻa pinepineʻia me ka penile grooming a me nā hāmele āpau. ʻAʻohe hoʻomohala e hana maʻamau i kēia mauʻiole no kaʻikeʻana i ka hopena o kaʻike pilina, makahiki a inā paha e hiki ke puʻunaueʻia kēia mauʻiole i nā mea liʻiliʻi a kiʻekiʻe paha i ka hopena pro-erectile o ka oxytocin i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o nāʻokoʻa likeʻole. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hapanui o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka hopena pro-erectile o kekahi mau neuropeptides a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻonuiʻia ai nā epile a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻeʻana i ka penile, e like me ka dopamine agonists, nā amino acids, ACTH-MSH, hexarelin a me VGF peptides. Akā, ua hoʻokūpaʻa mauʻia ka hopena pro-erectile o kēia mau pūnaewele e nāʻano telemetry, e hoʻoholo ai i ka hopena o ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o penile e ka uluʻana o ka pēpē i loko o ka manawa kūpono a ma hope paha o ka hoʻoponoponoʻiaʻana o kēia mau pūnaewele ma nā ala likeʻole,ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka pūnaewele, intracerebroventricularly i loko o ka nuclei maʻamau, ma hope o ka hoʻokomoʻiaʻana o kahi microtransducer press directly into the corvernual corpora (see Bernabè et al., 1999). Ma ka'āpana hoʻokipa o ke keʻena,ʻo ka'eneke papaʻa a me ka piko postemedial o ka amygdala me ka oxytocin e hoʻokomo i ka hoʻolima penile ma ka hanaʻana i nā mea loaʻa i nā oxytocinergic receptors. ʻO kēia ke alakaʻiʻiaʻana o nā neurons mesolimbic dopaminergic mai loko mai o ka'āpana o ka'āpana o kaʻaoʻao a me ka hoʻokaeʻana i ka pūpū o ka pūpū nui, e like me ke anaʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka nui o ka hoʻopihapiha dopamine i loko o ka dialysate i loaʻa mai ka pūpū o ka nucleus accumbens a ma o ka emiʻana o ka pane o kaʻeleʻele i hoʻokomoʻia e ka peptide i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o kēia mau pūnaewele hou-hypothalamic, i loaʻa ma hope o ka pahonoʻana o nā liʻiliʻi dopaminergic i nucleus accumbens (e nānā i lalo). No ka mea i hanaʻia e ka hoʻonaniʻana o nā haipena oxytocinergic i kēia mau lolo, kahi i alakaʻiʻia ai ka neolronsbic dopaminergic neurons a me ka kūkuluʻana o penile,ʻo ka mea iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea e hanaʻia ana i ka papahana kīʻaha caudal. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēia mau huahana pharmacological a me nā huapalapala o ka'ōmaʻomaʻomaʻa, hōʻikeʻia ka hopena o nā aʻalolo o ke kalapona ma luna o nā pūpū pūpū o nā neuronomena kinipona e kuhikuhi ana i ka shell o ka pilikino accumbens (Melis et al., 2007, 2009a; Succu et al., 2008). ʻO ka nui o kēia mau neurons e waiwai i nā nitric oxide synthase a ma ka goanylate cyclase. ʻO ka hoʻonāukiʻia o nā mea loaʻa o ka oxytocinergic i loko o nā pūnaewele pū o kēia mau neuronomoku e hoʻopiʻi ai i ka hanaʻia o ka nitide oxide synthase e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka waipiha nitric. Hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia ka'ōmole kaulike i ka guanylate cyclase, a ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka mahele o ka GMP Cyclic, ka mea e alakaʻi i ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neburons mesolimbic dopaminergic a me ka hoʻokuʻuʻana o dopamine i loko o ka puʻupuʻu nui, e like me ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o ka dopamine extra-cellular i loko o ka dialysate mai ka puʻukū i loaʻa i ka microdialysis intra-cerebral (Succu et al., 2008 ). ʻO Dopamine i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka puʻupuʻu e hoʻokomo i ka huliʻana i nā ala kuʻuna e alakaʻi ai i ke kūkuluʻana penile. Hiki ke kākoʻoʻia e ka hikiʻana o ka diabolidists diaperidol a me / a iʻole cis-flupentixol i komo i loko o ka puʻukū nui e hoʻemi i ke kūkuluʻiaʻana o ka penile oxytocin e hoʻokomo i oxytocin (Succu et al., 2008). ʻO kekahi o nā alanui pro-erectile e'āpono ana i ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā neuropona doponomeric incerto-hypothalamic,ʻo nā mea paha e hoʻolālā i nā pūpū kino o nā neo oxytocinergic paraventricular. ʻO keʻano o ka oxytocin i komo i loko o ka'āpana kūkā o ka pahu ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻopamele extracellularʻaʻole i loko o ka puʻupuʻu nui wale ma loko o ka nucleus paracentricular, a me ka paʻiʻana o nā diabene dopamine i loko o ka nucleus paracentricular e ho'ēmi ai i kahi hana kūpikipiki o ka'āpana oxytocin-i hoʻokomoʻia (Succu et al. , 2007, 2008; Melis et al., 2007, 2009a). ʻO ka nohoʻana o kēia mau kumu he nui ka hoʻopauʻia o dopamine-diaventricular dopamine-paraventricular oxytocin-ventral area oxytocin-dopamine links ua'ōleloʻia hoʻi e ka hikiʻana o ka pāʻani pro-erectile o ka apomorphine a me ka agonist receptor D4 PD 168077 i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka nucleus paraventularular e hoʻonui i ka dopamine extra-cellular i loko o ka pūpū o ka puʻupuʻu maha (Succu et al., 2007), pane i hoʻopauʻia e d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) -Orn8-vasotocin i hāʻawiʻia i loko o ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ke keʻena (Melis et al., 2009a, e nānā ma lalo iho nei). Eia nō naʻe, he hana hou no ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā alaina neural e pili ana i ka pilina e hoʻokomo i ka pūnaewele sperto-hypothalamic dopaminergic.

ʻO keʻano e hoʻoulu ai ka oxytocin i ka penile a hoʻonāʻana i nā neuronolicbicolicbic neural i ka wā i hoʻokomoʻia ai i loko o ka papahana ākea a iʻole i ka piko postemedial o ka amygdala i kahi maopopo wale nō i kēlā manawa. I kēia mau wahi, ua hoʻonāʻia ka oxytocin i kona mau waihona pono'ī e alakaʻi i ka hoʻouluʻana o ka oxide-synthase nitric, a hoʻonuiʻia ka hoʻonuiʻia o ka meaʻenehana nitric. Hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia ka'ōmole kaulike ma nā hanana kūponoʻikeʻole, kahi e hoʻonuiʻia ai ke neurotransmission glutamatergic i ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o kaʻaoʻao. ʻO kaʻaila Glutamic ka mea e hoʻonāuki i nā neuronoline e hoʻopili i ka penile. Ke kākoʻo nuiʻia kēia kuhiakau ma muli o ka hikiʻana o ke oxytocin i loko o ka'ōwili honua no ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka waika glutamic extrapellalular i ka'āpana hoʻonui i ke kikowaena (Fig. 3), a me ka MK-801 kuhukū (NMDA) kū'ēʻole i loko o ka'āpana o ka ventral, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o ka pahuhopu nui, e ho'ēmi i ke kūkuluʻana o penile i hoʻokomoʻia e ka oxytocin i loko o ka papahana ākea a iʻole i loko o ka hale kuhi o ka amygdala (Melis et al., 2009b). I kēia manawa, hiki keʻike hou aku i nā kiko'ī no ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ka penile o ka oxytocin penile. Maanei kahi hanaʻia o ka penile i kauʻia e ka oxytocin e like me ke kula kiʻekiʻe i ka hoʻonāʻana o nā mea loaʻa o ka oxytocinergic i loko o nā pūnaewele o nā neurons o ka nitric oxide-synthase. ʻO kēia ke kumu e hoʻonuiʻia ai ka hanaʻana o ka waihā nitric, e hoʻonāukiuki ana i ka neurotransmission glutamatergic ma ke hanaʻana ma ke ano he messenger intercellular me kahi mechanical e like me ka mea i ho'ākākaʻia no ka mana o ka wā lōʻihi (e nānā iā Snyder, 1992, Southam a me Garthwaite, 1993; Schuman a Madison, 2004) . Ma ke kūlike me kēia kuhiakau, hanaʻia ka hanaʻana o ka penile o ka oxytocin me ka piʻiʻana o ka waika glutamic extracellular i ka dialysate mai ka'ōwili honua, a me ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana o nā amuamu amino acid i loko o ka'ōwili honua ma NMDA, e hoʻokomo i ka hanaʻana penile. Hiki i ka wai Glutamic ke hoʻololi i nā kuhi kuʻuna i loko o ke kuhi, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons i ka'āpana hoʻonui i ke kelepona, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma luna. Ināʻaʻoleʻikeʻia kēia mau hana i ka pahu postromedial o ka amygdala i kēia manawa. Eia kekahi, he mau mea hou e pono ai e hōʻoia i kaʻikeʻana (1) oxymecinergic nomo nerve a me nā mea loaʻa i loko o ka'enela papahana a me ka hieromedial nucleus o ka amygdala i loko o nā pūpili pūpū o nā neurons containing nitric oxide-synthase, (2) ma lalo o ka mana o ka hoʻokipaʻana i ka mea amino acid (glutamatergic) synapses a me (3) e hoʻomaopopo i ka'ōnaehana hōʻailona hanaʻia e ka oxyide nitric. Ma keia ano, he mea pono ke hiki i ka oxytocin ke hoonui i ka hana hana oxide-synthase nitric ma na kino kamepiula o na neurons kinomaila ma kahi o ka hanu o ka papa caual a me na neu i ike ole ia ma ka papahana a me ka piko postemedial o amygdala, e hoomanao ana ka mana o ka oxytocin e hoʻonāuki i ka waihā nitric-synthase i loko o nā pūpili pūpū o nā neo oxytocinergic i ka nucleus paraventricular (Melis et al., 1997). Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka'āpana hoʻokipa o ka'āpana,ʻo ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana o kaʻeha nitric i loko o nā pūpū pūpū o nā neurons kinikini e alakaʻi i ka hoʻouluʻana o kēia mau mea ma ka hanaʻana i ka guanylate cyclase a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka GMP cyclic,ʻaʻole e hanaʻia ma loko o ka pūnaewele palahalaha. No laila,ʻo 8-bromo-cyclic GMP i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka nucleus paraventricularʻaʻole ia e hoʻoulu i ke kūkuluʻana i penile,ʻoiai ke hanaʻia pēlā i ka wā i hoʻoleiʻia ai i ka'āpana hoʻopau o kaʻaoʻao. ʻO kekahi ala'ē aʻe eʻokoʻa ana mai ka pūnaehana GMP oxidecyclic i hoʻokomoʻia i ka laulā maʻamau i ka hoʻonāʻana o nā neorons oxytocinergic pāpālua i ka hanaʻana o penile ma muli o Melis a Argiolas, 1995b, Melis et al., 1997) (Fig . 1). I kekahiʻaoʻao,ʻo ka GMP GC i ka'āpana hoʻokipa o kaʻaoʻao eʻikeʻia ana he kī nui i ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons a me ka uluʻana o ka dopamine extra-cellular e hiki mai ana i ka dialysate i loaʻa mai ka pūpū o ka pūpū nui o nāʻiole kāne kāne kohoʻia no ka hōʻike aʻaʻole hoʻi i hōʻike i nā hana hana penile noncontact ke hoʻokomoʻia i mua o kahi o ka male hānai (estrogen + progesterone treated) ovary. I kēia mau ho'āʻo hoʻokolohua, ma nāʻiole kāne e hōʻike ana i ka hanaʻana o penile noncontact, ua loaʻa ka piʻiʻana o ka nui o ka helu o ka dopamine e like me ka mea i manaʻoʻia, a ua hoʻonuiʻia kēia hoʻonuiʻana, akā he haʻahaʻa wale nō, i nā mea hoʻopunipuni phosphodiesterase i hāʻawiʻia i loko o kaʻeke kūkā papa (Sanna et al., 2009).

ʻO ka hikiʻana o ka oxytocin i komo i loko o ka'āpana o ka'āpana o ka makani, ma ka'enekele ākea a me ka piko postemedial cortical o amygdala, me ia o agonists dopamine i hoʻokaheʻia i loko o ka pūnana paraventricular, e hoʻokumu i ka hana penile a me ka ho'āʻana i nā neurons mesolimbic dopaminergic . ʻO ka mea mua, hiki ke hana i nā hana likeʻole i nā mea i ho'ākākaʻia ma luna nei i ka wā e hanaʻia ai ke kāpili penile i nā hanana physiological, e like me ke kauʻana (i ka wā e hanaʻia ai ke kino penile) a i ka manawa o ka hana penile noncontact. ʻO kēia mau mea i kūkuluʻia he mau hana penile no ka pheromona a hiki i ka wā e hoʻokomoʻia ai nāʻiole kāne ma ke kino o ka wahine ma ke alo o kahi hānaiʻeleʻele (estrogen + progesterone primed) hānai ākea a ua manaʻoʻia he helu helu o ka moekolohe. nā leʻaleʻa (Sachs, 1997, 2007). ʻOiaʻiʻo,ʻoiaiʻaʻole kēia mau hopena e hōʻike ana i ka oxytocin ma kēia mau wahi e hana i kahi hana kūpili penile e ulu ana ma nā hōʻalopili physiological aiʻole ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono lāʻau, hōʻalahi lākou i ka ikaika i nāʻike mua e hōʻike ana e pili ana kēia mau lolo i ka mea i hāʻawiʻia ai ka oxytocin i nā hana maʻamau e hoʻonui ʻaʻole wale i nā hanana penile hoʻohālike wale nō iʻikeʻia ma hope o nā lāʻau lapaʻau pro-erectile, akā, no ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka moe kāne kāne (a wahine) (e nānā i Argiolas a Melis, 2004 a me nā kuhikuhi ma loko). No laila, hoʻonuiʻia ka hoʻokipa o ka oxytocin i ka hippocampus o nāʻiole kāne kāne i mālamaʻia me kahi maʻi pro-erectile o ka apomorphine, he agonist dopamine (Classic, 1990) a me d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) -Orn8-vasotocin, e pākiʻi ana i ka oxytocin nā kupa, he mea maikaʻi loa ma ka hoʻopiʻi waleʻana i ka hoʻoponopono kalahala (Argiolas et al., 1987a) akā me ka hana hoʻonāukiuki o ka apomorphine ma ka halihali hoʻopaʻi kāne kāne (Argiolas et al., 1987b) ma nāʻiole kāne male kāne kūlohelohe, i loko o ka hale penile penile hana. d (CH2) 5Tyr (Me) -Orn8-vasotocin he mea nui loa ia e hoʻoemi i nā hana noncontact ma nāʻiole kāne male kūpono i ka wahine, ke hāʻawiʻia i loko o ke nanogram i nā ventriclesʻaoʻao,ʻaʻole naʻe i loko o ka PVN (Melis et al., 1999a).

ʻO ka lua, nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons e hoʻokau i kahi kuleana nui i nā waiwai hoʻonāukiuki a me nā mea waiwai o nā hoʻokūkū kūlohelohe maoli, e like me ka meaʻai, ka wai a me ka moe kolohe (Fibiger a me Phillips, 1988, Wise and Rompre, 1989; Everitt, 1990). ʻO keʻano,ʻo ka dopamine i hoʻokuʻuʻia mai kēia mau neurons e manaʻoʻia e noʻonoʻo i ka weheweheʻana i nāʻano hilinaʻi o nā hanana kūlohelohe i nā hana i hoʻoholoʻia ma ka pahuhopu, e like me keʻano o ka moekolohe, kaʻimiʻana i ka hoa moe kolohe a me ka moekolohe e loaʻa ai ka uku a me kaʻoluʻolu (Goto a me Grace, 2005). A laila, piʻi ka hoʻonuiʻia o ka dopamine extracellular i ka dialysate mai ka puʻupuʻu nui o nāʻiole kāne male ma muli o ka hoʻouluʻana i ka'īlio hānai estrogen + progesterone-primed, a he nui aʻe ka piʻiʻana i ka manawa iʻaeʻia ai ka'īlio kāne e pilikō me ka wahine hānai (Pfaus a me Everitt, 1995).

ʻO ke kolu,ʻo nā hopena o kēia manawa e kākoʻo ana i ke kuhiakau e hui pū ke kaapuni'āpana i ka pūnana paraxentular me ka'āpana o ka'āpana o kaʻaoʻao ma keʻano pololei a ma wahoʻole (ma o ka papahana ākea a me / a i ka piko cortical cortical o amygdala) a me ka pilikino ke ala hou i ka pilina o ka papa e hoʻoholo ai i ka hana o nā neuronone oxytocinergic e pili ana i ke kaula i kaʻalima a me ka neonei oxytocinergic e kuhikuhi ana i ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ka'āpana, ka papahana ākea a me ka puʻu o ka amygdala, e like me kēia. ka hana o nā neuronolbinbone (Fig 4). Hiki i kēia 'āpana'enepuni koʻikoʻi ke komo i loko o ka hoʻohuiʻana o nā hana neural i loko o ka mālamaʻana i nāʻano o ka moekolohe kāne ma nā hōʻokoʻa physiological. ʻOiai, piʻi ka nui o ka dopamine i loko o ka ulutū accumbens (Pfaus and Everitt, 1995) a ma ka pūpū palahalaha o nāʻiole kāne male kūpono i ka manawa e hiki ai i kahi'īlio hānai hikiʻole ke loaʻa, e like me ka manawa i hanaʻia ai ke kāpili penile penile (Melis et al., 2003). No laila,ʻoiai he nui nāʻike e pono ai e ho'ākāka i keʻano o ka oxytocin e pili ana i ka'āpana o kaʻaoʻao o kaʻaoʻao, ka papahana ākea a me ka amygdala i ka manawa o ka hoʻokūkūʻole a me ka moe kolohe, pono paha e noʻonoʻo i kēia kekepuni neural, nāʻano kūpono o ka nohokino, i ka manawa like paha e hoʻonāuki i ka pūnaehana dopolicbic bulbulum e hāʻawi ana i kahi pani pani neural no ka ho'ākākaʻana i nā kuleana waiwai o ka moekolohe (Everitt, 1990, Pfaus a Everitt, 1995). Ma kēiaʻano, he mea maʻalahi no ka hoʻohanaʻana o ka pūnaha dopolimbic dopaminergic e ka oxytocin i loko o ka'āpana o kaʻeha o ka makani e hoʻohanaʻia e nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ka opiates, cannabinoids, amphetamine, cocaine a me ka waiʻona (Tanda et al., 1997), a uaʻikeʻia ua oxytocin i hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka palekana a me ka hilinaʻiʻana i ka cocaine, morphine, waiʻona a me nā cannabinoids (Kovacs et al., 1998; Cui et al., 2001). I ka hopena, ua manaʻoʻia ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ke kalapona iʻole ma kahi o ka hoʻokipa kala wale nō, akā, i loko o ka'eneke ākea a me ka hiero o ka amygdala, hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā neol a me ka pono o ka hana maʻamau. . ʻO ka hoʻouluʻana o nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons ke alakaʻi pololeiʻia, ma o nā'āpana oxytocinergic i loko o nā pūpū o nā mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons, aiʻole ma waho paha ma o ka hoʻouluʻana o ka neutolic acid neurotransmission ma ka'āpana hoʻokiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka Dopamine i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka pulupulu accumbens o ka hoʻololiʻana i ka hana o nā neeronalino-sppotophotosic i loko o ka nucleus paraventularular e hana ai i ke kūkuluʻana o penile (ma o ka hoʻonāʻana i nā neo o ka oxytocinergic e pili ana i ke āpau), aiʻole ka hopena a me ka uku (ma ka hanaʻana o oxytocinergic neurons e hele ana i kahi i hoʻonuiʻia i ka papahana, ka papahana ākea a iʻole ka piko cortical postemedial o ka amygdala). No ka mea, ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ka dopamine i loko o ka pūpū accumbens āpau a i loko o ka pūnana palahalaha i ka hanaʻana o ke kāpili penile i loko o nā hanana physiological (e like me ke kūkuluʻana i nā noncontact and copulation) (Succu et al., 2007; Melis et al., 2003, 2007). hiki paha i nā neorona oxytocinergic pokapū ke komo i nā'eneke kūpuni eʻimi i kahi pilina ma waena o ka pūnaha mesolimbic a me ka pūnaewele sperto-hypothalamic dopaminergic. Hiki i kēia mauʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa ke pāʻani i ka palena o ka moekolohe (e like me ka hanaʻana i penile a me ka hoʻopiliʻana), akā, i ka hoʻouluʻana i ka wahine, i ka moe kolohe a me ka moekolohe.

Pane 4.

Hoʻohālikelike i keʻano o kahi neʻeneʻe neural circuit hypothetical e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻonāukiuki, ka uku a me ka moekolohe, e like me ka manaʻo o nā hopena o kēia mokuna a me nā loiloi mua. ʻO nā neurons oxytocinergic e puka mai ana i ka nucleus mahele a me ka hoʻokaheʻana i kaʻeha o ka'ōpū i ka manawa i hanaʻia e ka dopamine a me ka waipika glutamic (akā, e kekahi mau neurotransmitters a / aiʻole neuropeptides), hoʻonanea i ka hana penile a me ka hana maʻamau ma ka hanaʻana i nā neo o ka oxytocinergic e kuhikuhi ana i ke kaula. ʻO ka Dopamine a me kaʻaila glutamic (akāʻo nā neurotransmitters a me nā neuropeptides) i loko o ka nucleus papahana ka mea e hoʻopiha ai i nā neo aʻoihana e pili ana i ka'āpana hanana o ka makani, me ka hoʻonāukiʻana i nā neolimbic dopaminergic neurons. ʻO ka Dopamine i hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka maha o ka pahu (NAs) i ka huliʻana i nā ala kai kūponoʻole, kahi e hoʻonui i ka hana o nā nee a me nā hui kaiapili (hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons) (mai loko mai o nā hui A13-A14 o Dahlstrom a me Fuxe) impingingamongothers ma nā neo o ka oxytocinergic, ke kaulaʻai, e alakaʻi ana i ke kāpili penile. Hiki ke hoʻoikaikaʻia kēia kaapuni e ka oxytocin injectedʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka'āpana o ka papa kūkā, akā, i loko o ka'enekele ākea a me ka amygdala, a loaʻa iā ia kekahi innervation o ka oxytocinergic mai ka nucleus paracleronular, hiki paha ma o ka pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa a pololeiʻole paha i ka pūpū ka'āpana'āpana, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻololi o ka hoʻouluʻana i ka wahine a me ke kūkuluʻana i nā penile. ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hoʻoukaʻia ka circuitry i luna ma muli o nā ululāʻau pilikino a me nā pheromones, no ka mea, nui aʻe ka nui o ka dopamine a me ka waikea glutamic i loko o ka nucleus paraventricular (a ma ka medial preoptic area) i ka manawa o ka hana pāpālua me ka pahūʻana i ka pheromones. Nā papa inoa e pili ana).

'Ōlelo Hoʻohanohano Ua kākoʻo nuiʻia kēia hana e kahi hāʻawi kālā mai ka Hui'IlepaʻItalia o ke Kulanui a me ka Research to AA a me MRM

E hoʻomaopopo '

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