Cortico-Basal Ganglia Reward Network: Microcircuitry (2010)

Susan R Sesack^1,2,* ma Anthony A Grace^1,2,*

Faamatalaga tusitala ► Mataupu tusiga ► Faamatalaga o le Puletaofia ma Laisene ►

O le tele o faʻaiuga a le faiʻai o loʻo faʻatasia i luga o le tumutumu o mea taua, o se itulagi e matua faʻamalosia e le faʻamalosi, taofiofi, ma faʻataʻitaʻi o loʻo fai ma sui o le matagaluega e manaʻomia mo le filifilia o uiga faʻaosofia loto. O le ventral subikulum o le hippocampus e maua ai faʻamatalaga ma tuʻufaʻatasiga o faʻamatalaga, o le basolateral amygdala e faʻaalia ai aafiaga taua, ma o le pito i luma o le tino e maua ai se aafiaga tuʻufaʻatasia i le faʻatonuina o amioga. O le paleni o nei afferents o loʻo i lalo o le fesuiaʻiga o le malosiʻaga o le dopamine neu i le vaega o le faʻamamafa o le ventral. Lenei itulagi itulagi mauaina lona lava laʻitiiti fefiloi o faʻagaeʻetia ma taofiofi sao, o nisi o na ua faʻatoa iloa lava. O ia tulafono faʻatulafonoina faʻatulagaina le dopamine system e faʻaituau amioga-faʻatonutonu amio faʻavae i luga totonu drive ma siʻosiʻomaga feteʻenaʻi. Tulaga e iʻu i le taui faʻamalosia ai le faʻamaloloina o le phasic dopamine, lea e faʻatumauina le faʻaauau pea o amioga e ala i le filifilia lelei o le ventral subicular drive i le accumbens. O amioga e le mafai ai ona maua se faʻamoemoe e faʻaititia ai le faʻaititia o le tuʻufaʻatasia o le dopamine, e fiafia i ai i le muaʻi faʻataʻavaleina e le kortical i suiga fou i amioga. I se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le limbic reward system ua fuafuaina e faʻaleleia le gaioiga o gaioiga mo le faʻateleina o faʻamanuiaga e maua. Lenei faiga e mafai ona faʻatonutonuina e fualaʻau o le sauaina poʻo le mafaufau faʻafitauli, mafua ai i le le talafeagai amioga e lagolagoina le faʻamalieina taui auala. O le talisapaia atoatoa o le matagaluega fesoʻotaʻiga o le nucleus accumbens ma ventral tegmental eria tatau ona tautua e alualu i luma mauaina o fou togafitiga filifiliga mo nei tulaga.

Fesoʻotaʻiga

O le NAC o se vaega o le telefoni feaveai ma e avea o se vaega tele e mafua ai le faʻavae mai i le vaʻavaʻaina o laufanua faʻatautaia ma le vaʻavaʻavale afi e faʻatonutonu ai amio tatau faʻatonutonuina sini (Mogenson 'ua al, 1980; Groenewegen 'ua al, 1996; Nicola 'ua al, 2000; Zahm, 2000; Poto, 2004). E pei foi o isi vaega o le tino, o le NAc na te mauaina le tele o fiafiaga mai afaina o le cerebral cortex ma thalamus. O galuega faatino e le pallidum ventral (VP), lea innervates le mediodorsal ma isi vaega thalamic, ua faapea ona faamaeaina loops cortico-striato-pallidal-thalamocortical (Zahm ma Brog, 1992; O'Donnell 'ua al, 1997). Faʻatasi nei foliga fausia o vaega taua o le matagaluega lea e faʻaalia ai le tali o amioga e tauia ai ma faʻalagolago i mafutaga. O suiga o le gagana synaptic i totonu o elemene eseese o lenei matagaluega ua matua aʻafia lava i le atinaʻeina o faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu (Kalivas 'ua al, 2005; Robbins 'ua al, 2008; Carlezon ma Thomas, 2009).

Faʻafefe: faʻafefe

O le tele o vaega o limul e fesoʻotai atu e maua ai le faʻasalaga o le innervation cortical i le NAc (Ata 1), E aofia ai vaega medial ma lateral o le cortex prefrontal (PFC), entorhinal cortex ma subiculum ventral o le hippocampus (vSub), ma basolateral amygdala (BLA) (Kelley ma Domesick, 1982; Kelley 'ua al, 1982; Groenewegen 'ua al, 1987; Kita ma Kitai, 1990; McDonald, 1991; Faʻavae 'ua al, 1992; Brog 'ua al, 1993; Totterdell ma Meredith, 1997; Reynolds ma Zahm, 2005). Ole tino o le NAc e masani lava ona i ai ile vaega ole vaega o le ulbini, infralimbic, medial orbital, ma gaioiga faʻasalalau faʻavaomalo, ae o le mea autu e maua mai i totonu ole vaega ole pito i lalo o le cortex prelimbic ma le pito i tua o nofoaga faʻapitoa.Faʻavae 'ua al, 1992; Brog 'ua al, 1993). O le vSub faʻatautaia i le taimi atoa ma se mea e fiafia i ai mo le NAC shell, ae o le vaega o loʻo i lalo o loʻo faʻatinoina i nisi nofoaga e aofia ai le telefoni (Groenewegen 'ua al, 1987; Brog 'ua al, 1993). O le BLA e gaosia ai se faʻalavelave faʻapitoa i le maualuluga ma le paluga i le atinaʻe faʻasolosolo e tutusa foi e tusa ai ma vaega o patch-matrix i le NAc (Wright 'ua al, 1996).

 

Ata 1

Ofisa autu afferents e fesoʻotaʻi ai nofoaga o le faiʻai mo amioga faʻasolosolo sini ma le NAc ma le VTA. Mo le manino, na o nisi o faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia, ma o ala sili autu mai le NAc o loʻo faʻaalia i Ata 2. Lanu mumu o loʻo faʻaalia ai le faʻailoga ...

neurons Cortical o le faalauiloaina ono o amioga faatonuina-sini, ma le tuuina atu o le vSub faamatalaga spatial ma contextual, tuuina atu o le PFC pulea faapitoa, e aofia ai galuega Faaolaina ma le tali inhibition, ma le BLA fesootai faamatalaga e faatatau i fegalegaleaiga faalagolago faapea foi taavale affective (Moore 'ua al, 1999; Wolf, 2002; Kalivas 'ua al, 2005; Ambroggi 'ua al, 2008; Ishikawa 'ua al, 2008; Ito 'ua al, 2008; Gruber 'ua al, 2009a; Simmons ma Neill, 2009). O le NAc ua tuʻuina atu se nofoaga taua mo le faʻafeiloaʻiga o nei faʻasologa o amioga, e ui lava o faʻatulagaga faʻapitoa talafeagai o le faʻamautuina o fesoʻotaʻiga vavalalata ma isi (Ata 1; Swanson ma Köhler, 1986; Sesack 'ua al, 1989; Jay 'ua al, 1992; Brinley-Reed 'ua al, 1995; puaʻa fāʻasu 'ua al, 1996; Pitkänen 'ua al, 2000).

Thalamic o loʻo i luga o le telefoni e tulaʻi mai i le ogatotonu ma le faʻaogaina o le telefoni (Ata 1), e aofia ai le mea faʻapitoa, faʻamaʻaloga, vavalaʻau, medial center, rhomboid, faʻapotopotoga, ma le faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo faʻapipiʻi (Kelley ma Stinus, 1984; Berendse ma Groenewegen, 1990; Samita 'ua al, 2004). I le rat ma le primate, o le tino o le NAc e faʻaulufaleina muamua e le intermediodorsal, o le atigi i luga o le pito i luga, ma le pito i luga o le pou i le va o le vaʻaia (Berendse ma Groenewegen, 1990; Samita 'ua al, 2004). O nisi o neo faʻamalosi i totonu o le NAC e tuʻuina atu faʻasalaga faʻasalaga i le PFC (Otake ma Nakamura, 1998). O galuega o faʻataʻitaʻiga thalamostriatal e itiiti lava le suʻesuʻeina pe a faʻatusatusa i auala corticostriatal. Ae ui i lea, o le mea muamua e mafai ona faʻaalia i le fagua ma le gauai atu i mea taua (Samita 'ua al, 2004).

Efferents

O faʻataʻitaʻiga tetele o le NAC e oʻo atu i le VP, televara nigra, VTA, hypothalamus, ma le brainstem (Ata 2; Haber 'ua al, 1990; Zahm ma Heimer, 1990; Heimer 'ua al, 1991; Usuda 'ua al, 1998; Nicola 'ua al, 2000; Zahm, 2000; Dallvechia-Adams 'ua al, 2001). O le autu o le NAc i le vaega tele o le VP, o le entopeduncular nucleus, ma le SNR (SNR). O le atigi e masani ona auai i le VP divisionromedial division, substantia innominata, itu o le hypothalamic laugatasia, itu i luga o laʻau, SNc, VTA, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, ma le PPTg (Haber 'ua al, 1990; Zahm ma Heimer, 1990; Heimer 'ua al, 1991; Usuda 'ua al, 1998). O loʻo faʻapipiʻi foi e le teritori VP nisi o taulaiga tutusa, faatasi ai ma le VP telefoni feaveaʻi e masani lava o le SNr ma le subthalamic nucleus ma le VP o le ventromedial agai atu i VTA, basal forebrain, ma preoptic areas (Zahm, 1989; Zahm ma Heimer, 1990). E tatau foi ona maitauina o aʻafiaga o le atigi NAc i le VTA o loʻo aʻafia ai le DNA, ma o le a faʻatulagaina i le NAc, e fausia ai le medial i le faʻalauteleina o faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ai ona faʻamalosia faʻamalosia e faʻamalosia ai le tuʻuina atu i vaega sili atu ona aʻafia o le vaʻavaʻa a le basal ganglia. O faʻamatalaga mo lenei matatiole vavalalata i le faʻalapotopotoga faʻalapotopotoga na faʻamatala muamua i tamaʻi e Nauta i le 1978 (Nauta 'ua al, 1978) ma mulimuli ane faʻamaonia e isi i tama ma pusi (Somogyi 'ua al, 1981; Groenewegen ma Russchen, 1984; Heimer 'ua al, 1991; Zahm ma Heimer, 1993). I totonu o le primate, pe o fea e sili atu ona tulaga ese le vaevaega o galuega, o le faʻavaveina o faʻasalaga o striatonigral-starytal e sili atu ona faʻamamaina ma ua sili ona faʻamalamalamaina lelei (Haber 'ua al, 2000).

 

Ata 2

Vaʻaia ole ala saʻo ma le tuusao auala e mafai ai e le NAc core ma le atigi ona faʻasaina poʻo le taofiofia, i soo se faasologa, auala faʻaleleia fetuutuunai mo le faʻateleina o le mauaina o taui. E na o vaʻai tetele e faʻaalia. Ole lanu mumu e faʻaalia ai faʻailoga ma ...

Faatasi ai ma galuega eseese a le NAc ma le VP, o se vaega e mafai ona vaʻaia e faʻatatau tutusa ma auala tuusao ma le tuusao lea e aofia ai i le faʻaaliaina o amio ma taliina o tali (Ata 2; Alexander 'ua al, 1990). O lenei faalapotopotoga e sili atu ona tutusa-e pei o le autu nai lo le vaega o le atigivae (Zahm, 1989; Zahm ma Brog, 1992; Nicola 'ua al, 2000). O le ala tuusao mai le NAc e aofia ai le tele o faʻaaliga i SNr (Montaron 'ua al, 1996) ma mai iina i mediodorsal thalamus. O le VP, lea e faʻamoemoeina e le NAc, e foliga mai e na o ni nai faʻaiʻuga laiti i le mediodorsal thalamus (Zahm 'ua al, 1996; O'Donnell 'ua al, 1997) ae ui lava i lea, o loʻo faʻasalalau nisi o tuusaʻo tuusao i luga o gaoioiga faʻalauiloa (Lavin ma Grace, 1994). I le ala tuusaʻo, faʻafouina faʻaogalagi o neo Neko e oʻo atu ai i le le faʻamaina o fuafuaga faʻatino talafeagai e faafaigofie ai le mauaina o taui. O le ala faʻasalalau e faʻatautaia i totonu o le VP telefoni ma le pito i lalo o le eleele ao le i oʻo i SNr (Ata 2). O le faʻatagaina mai Cortical o lenei matagaluega atonu e taofiofia ai fuafuaga a le au faʻalavelave, pe mo le mauaina o le taui poʻo le aloese mai faʻasalaga (Mink, 1996; Faʻasalaga 'ua al, 1999).

O se vavaega faigofie o neo neu i le arai i auala tuusao ma le tuusao e faigata ona o le mea moni e faapea o le atigi o se ituaiga faʻapitoa: vaega basal ganglia ma vaega ole vaega limbic (Zahm, 1989; Zahm ma Heimer, 1990; Heimer 'ua al, 1991; Zahm ma Brog, 1992). I le faaopoopo atu i le avea o se faʻalautelega faʻalauiloa o le vaega, faʻatasi ai ma vailaʻau masani ma fesoʻotaʻiga-faʻaputuga, o le atigi o se vaega o le faalauteleina o le amygdala ma faʻasagaga i le hypothalamic ma le faia o le fomaʻi e taua tele mo le masini mata o le visceral ma aʻafia ai (Alheid ma Heimer, 1988; Waraczynski, 2006).

E ui lava i nei faʻafitauli, o nisi o aʻoaʻoga e uiga i auala tuusaʻo ma le faʻaalatua e aofia ai le Motu o le NAc ua tuʻuina atu (Ata 2). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ua fautuaina e faapea o taʻiala tuusaʻo ma le faʻaalatua e mafai ona aofia ai le VP faʻapitoa (Nicola 'ua al, 2000), faʻatasi ai ma suauu faʻafesoʻotaʻi faʻatautaia tuusaʻo lea e faʻatino i le mediodorsal thalamus (O'Donnell 'ua al, 1997) ma faʻasalalauga le faʻaaogaina e aofia ai le VP alofilima e mulimuli ane faia i le vaega pito i lalo. I le isi itu, o vaega o le basal forebrain ma le hypothalamus e mafai ona tautua i le matafaioi o fausaga o galuega mo galuega a le visceral, faʻatasi ai ma faʻasologa ia i latou e afua mai i le NAc (ma le gaosia o le inhibition) poʻo le tuusao e ala i le VP (ma mulimuli ane faia le faʻasaina) (Nicola 'ua al, 2000). Ae ui i lea, o le mea moni o nei tauʻavega e na o ni nai faʻailoga laiti lava e faʻamuamua ai le faʻamaoni faʻamalosisi faʻamaonia e faʻatusatusa i vaega sili atu o le vaega o le vaʻaia o le basal (Heimer 'ua al, 1991; O'Donnell 'ua al, 1997; Zahm, 2006).

O lona tolu atonu o auala tuusao ma le tuusao mai le NAc shell e liua i luga o le VTA, lea e mafai ona avea o se basal ganglia fausaga elemene e ala i le faasologa i le mediodorsal thalamus. O le auala tuusao e alu mai le NAc i le VTA, ae o le auala tuusao o le a muamua aofia ai le fesoʻotaʻiga i le VP i le ventromedial ona sosoo ai lea ma ana folasaga i le VTA. E ui lava o VTA DA neurons e na o le vaivai lava e fai ma pologa i le thalamus i le rat (Groenewegen, 1988), latou te tuʻuina atu le tele o le innervation of midline thalamic structures in the monkey (Sánchez-González 'ua al, 2005; Melchitzky 'ua al, 2006). E le gata i lea, o potu o le non-DA e foliga mai e auai i nei fuaitau i rats ma primates (Sánchez-González 'ua al, 2005; Melchitzky 'ua al, 2006; Del-Fava 'ua al, 2007). E ui lava ina e leʻi faʻataʻitaʻiina saʻo, e foliga mai o le tele o nei mea o le GABA VTA neurons o loʻo galue e avea ma suauu o ganglia masani.

I totonu o le tele o auala, o auala tuusao ma le leai ni auala e iloagofie ai e ala i le faʻaaliga o eseese eletise o le receptor DA, faʻatasi ai ma le faʻaaogaina o le D1 o le vaega pito sili ona maualuga i ala saʻo o laina eletise ma le D2 o loʻo faʻaalia manino mai e ala i laina eletise e leai ni auala (Gerfen 'ua al, 1990; Surmeier 'ua al, 2007; Sesack, 2009). O lenei eseesega e sili atu ona manino i suʻesuʻega faʻatekonolosi (Hersch 'ua al, 1995; Le Moine ma Bloch, 1995; Deng 'ua al, 2006), ae o le electrophysiological recordings e masani lava ona lipotia mai sela e tali atu i sui filifilia mo tagata uma e taliaina (Uchimura 'ua al, 1986; Surmeier 'ua al, 1992; Cepeda 'ua al, 1993). O vaega o lenei feeseeseaiga ua foia e ala i le sailia o le tele o telefoni feaveai e maua ai le gafatia e faailoa ai subtypes elemene subtypes mai le D1 (D1 poʻo D5) lautele ma D2 (D2, D3, poʻo D4) aiga (Surmeier 'ua al, 1996) ma e ala i le iloa o faʻalavelave faʻaletonu e le mafai ona faʻamatalaina nisi o tulaga o le faʻaalia manino o le physiological o tali a D1 ma D2 (Wang 'ua al, 2006; Surmeier 'ua al, 2007).

Eseesega o le aofaʻi o neuronic medium medium spiny e foliga mai foi e faʻaalia ma le filifilia D1 poʻo D2 faʻapitoa (Le Moine ma Bloch, 1996; Lee 'ua al, 2006), e ui lava o lenei faʻasesega e le faʻamaeʻaina pe a faatusatusa i le pito i tua. E le gata i lea, o le faʻateleina o faʻamatalaga o le DA D3 faʻaaliga i le Neo Neo (Le Moine ma Bloch, 1996) faʻaalia se sili atu le ono mafai ona faʻafefiloi faʻasologa o tali o le physiological (Uchimura 'ua al, 1986) i lenei itulagi. O le mea lautele, o loʻo faʻaalia i le NPM le tali atu i le VP ma e seasea ona i ai i latou o loʻo nonofo i le vaeluagalemu, ae o le D2 faʻaaliga o loʻo faʻaalia i tagata uma e lua (Robertson ma Jian, 1995; Lu 'ua al, 1997, 1998).

Tulafono Faatonutonu o le NAc Galuega ma lona Matafaioi i Taui

Fesoʻotaʻiga

O le Dopamine ma aemaise lava ona faʻataʻitaʻiga i le telefoni feaveaʻi e matua aʻafia lava i le faʻamalosia o le faʻaalia o amio ma aʻoaʻoga faʻaosofia (Horvitz, 2000; Poto, 2004; Faatoaga 'ua al, 2007; Ikemoto, 2007; Schultz, 2007; Faʻasalaga 'ua al, 2008). O lipoti ua taua i luga ua faailoa mai ai o le gaoioiga a le DA neurons e aafia i le tele o tusi o fualaau faasaina lea e le i totogia muamua i ni amioga ae o le a mafai ona talisapaia ona o lo latou malosi tele ma vave ona amata. Na tali atu foi NE nerons i taui faalenatura na le faamoemoeina ma i luga o tuutuuga e taʻu mai ai taui. O le faʻamaoniaina o faʻamaumauga a le AD i luma o le atunuʻu e mafai ona aʻafia ai i le tali atu i le taui, ma le faʻamalosia o gaioiga faʻaosofia lea e tau atu i le taui i le lumanaʻi. O le mea la lea, o le DA e sili atu ona aʻafia i le mea faigaluega nai lo le taumafa moni (Poto, 2004). E taua faapitoa le DA mo le aʻoaʻoina pe faʻapefea ona faʻataunuʻuina amioga, ma o manu faʻatasi ma le faʻamalosiga a le ATUA e le mafai ona aʻoaʻoina ni faʻasalalauga faapena pe le mafai foi ona faʻamautuina (Poto ma Rompre, 1989; Poto, 2004). O le aʻafiaga o le DN i le NAC e fesoasoani foi i taui e fesootaʻi ma fualaau faasaina (Koob, 1992; Poto, 2004; Ikemoto, 2007), ma o le palasitisi i lenei faiga e matua aʻafia lava i faʻafitauli o mea ua fai ma vaisu e aʻafia ai le faʻamalosia o fualaau faasaina (luko 'ua al, 2004; Zweifel 'ua al, 2008).

Tulafono Faatonutonu o le VTA Galuega ma lona Matafaioi i le Taui

Faʻasalaga faʻagata o VTA DA neuron gaoioiga

O laupepa o Dopamine ua lauiloa e faʻaalia ai setete eseese o gaoioiga e faʻalagolago i a latou mea taua ma le tietiega alofa. O le galuega faavae o le DA neurons e faʻataʻitaʻiina e se amio faʻasolosolo e aumai ai le gaʻo o le neuronal mai se tulaga e sili atu ona palapopoia i ona tulaga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa (Grace ma Bunney, 1983, 1984b; Grace ma Onn, 1989). O lenei faʻatinoga o le palemia e nafa ma le galuega faavae o neu, lea e faʻasolosolo i luga pe lalo mai lenei setete. E ui lava o lenei faʻatonuga o le pacimaker e mafua ai le mu o le neuronite DA i se mamanu masani masani i vitro (Grace ma Onn, 1989), o lenei mamanu ua suia e se mamanu le lelei pe a faʻalavelaveina e le osofaʻiga faifaipea a GABA IPSPs (Grace ma Bunney, 1985). Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia ai e le o faʻamafanafanaga uma a le DA i le SNc / VTA o loʻo oso faʻatasi. O le mea lea, o faʻamaoniga o loʻo faaalia ai o le tele o DA neurons i le faʻateʻaina (Bunney ma Grace, 1978; Grace ma Bunney, 1984b) pe ala mai (Freeman 'ua al, 1985) manu o loʻo i totonu o le hyperpolarized, leai-fana tulaga. E mafua lenei mea ona o le malosi taofiofi faʻatonutonu e tulaʻi mai le VP. O le VP, i le isi itu, o loʻo i lalo o le taofiofi taofi o le NAc. O le fuainumera o neura ninii o loʻo fanaina faʻafuaseʻi, lea e faʻaigoaina o le 'gaoioiga o le faitau aofai o tagata', e faʻamoemoe lava i mea e faʻaulu i le NAS; o le mea lea, o le vSub o le a faʻatamaia le NAc taofiofia o le VP, ma faʻateʻa ese ai neura DA (Floresco 'ua al, 2001, 2003). O le matafaioi a le vSub i le puleaina o le numera o le DA neurons e osofaʻi i taimi uma e ogatusa ma lona gaioiga atoa i le faʻatulagaga o le faʻalagolago i le tala, i le tulaga o le faʻamalosia o DA neurons e mafai ona faʻafetaui lelei le tulaga o le tino.

E le gata i le faʻaogaina i le va o se leo filemu, leai se paʻu, ma se tulaga o se mea e le masani ai, e mafai foi e le neurons ona faʻaalia le osofaʻi. O le faʻaosoina o le fana e faʻaosoina i DA neurons i taimi uma e faʻaalia ai manu feʻaveaʻi i se faʻalogona fiafia e pei o se tasi o taulaʻi taulaʻi (Schultz, 1998a). O le fanaina o le fana e faʻalagolago i se avega faʻamalosi o DA neurons o loʻo galue i luga o le NMDA suʻega (Grace ma Bunney, 1984a; Chergui 'ua al, 1993). O le avetaavale e sili ona malosi o le mesolimbic DA neuron o le pagatia o le fana e foliga mai e maua mai i luga o le tamaʻitaʻi mai luga o le PPTg (Floresco ma Grace, 2003; Lodge ma Grace, 2006a). E le gata i lea, o le LDT o loʻo tuʻuina atu se faitotoʻa tuʻufaʻatasia i luga o le gafatia o le PPTg e faʻamalosi ai le fanaina (Lodge ma Grace, 2006b). O le mea lea, o le PPTg / LDT e faʻaumatia ai le faʻaleagaina o le DA neurons. Ae ui i lea, ina ia mafai ona faia se osofaʻiga a le NMDA, o le DA neuron e tatau ona i ai i se tulaga tuulafoaia (Floresco 'ua al, 2003). O le tulaga tuusao o le paina e faalagolago i le sao mai le vSub-NAc-VP-VTA auala (Ata 3). O le mea lea, naʻo neo e tuʻu i totonu o se faʻateʻaina faʻanatinati e le vSub system e mafai ona tali atu i le PPTg ma le pa o fao. I lenei tulaga, o le PPTg maua ai le amio faʻaalia 'faailo,' ae o le vSub maua ai le faʻateleina mea, poʻo 'maua,' o lenei faʻailoga (Lodge ma Grace, 2006a; Ata 3). O le maualuga o le galuega a le VSub, o le tele atu lea o le numera o le neurons e mafai ona lafo i totonu o se mea e oso ai le fana.

 

Ata 3

DA neurons i le VTA e mafai ona i ai i le tele o setete o gaioiga. I le basal, tulaga le mafaʻatasia, o le a le afi afi le afi a le neurons i se taimi lemu i se taimi lemu ma le le mautonu. O le VP o loʻo tuʻuina atu i ai le GABAergic i totonu o le DN, ma mafua ai le faʻatusatusaina o se vaega ...

O lenei faalapotopotoga o le a mafai ai ona faatagaina le vSub e pulea le televave o le phasic e osofaia ai le tali atu o le neuronesa DA. E o gatasi lenei ma le matafaioi a le vSub i le faʻatonutonuina o tali e faalagolago i le anotusi (Jarrard, 1995; Maren, 1999; Sharp, 1999; Fanselow, 2000). I taimi e ono aʻafia ai le malosi o le tali i se mea e faʻatalitali ai, o le a taua tele le vSub i le pulea o le tele o le activation a le DA neuron. O le mea lea, afai ei ai se tasi i se tulaga o le a maua ai se fua maualuga o tau (faataitaiga o se kasino), o le taina o se logo o le a sili atu le malosi e faamalosia nai lo isi tulaga (e pei o se lotu). O le mea lea, o le vSub o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai se faʻavae faʻalagolago i le faʻavae o le tele o le tali a le AT i fuamini (Grace 'ua al, 2007).

O lenei galuega na faʻatupeina e le NIH.

TALANOAGA

Ua maua e le SRS taui mo auaunaga faʻapolofesa mai le National Institutes of Drug Abuse; Ua maua e le AAG totogi mo auaunaga faʻapolofesa mai Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Galaxo SmithKlein, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Lundbeck AstraZeneca, Novartis, Phillips / Lyttel o loʻo fai ma sui o Galaxo Smith Klein, Roche, Schiff-Harden o loʻo fai ma sui o Sandoz Faletalavai, ma Taisho i le tuanaʻi 3 tausaga.

O faasinomaga o loʻo faʻasalalau e faatatau i uluaʻi pepa suʻesuʻe ua fautuaina mo le au faitau. O lenei mataupu o loʻo i ai le tele o faʻasino i faʻamatalaga iloga mai le teritorium, PFC, amygdala, basal forebrain, ma isi itulagi. Ae ui i lea, o lenei ua matou filifili e faʻapipiʻi pepa mai le NAc ma le VTA polokalama o autu autu o lenei iloiloga.

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