Faallooyin: Tani waa nooc ka mid ah Dr. Hilton Cudurka Dabeecadda (Pornographic Addiction): A Neuroscience Perspective (2011), kaas oo laga helay qaybtan isla. Waxa uu ku qanacsan yahay, sidaanu nahay, abaalgudyada dabiiciga ahi waxay noqon karaan kuwo xariif ah oo maskax ahaan isku beddela sida daroogada. Warqadiisii ugu dambeysay ee la soo dhaafay ayaa ah Qabatinka sawir-gacmeedka - waa kicinta supranormal ee loo tixgeliyo qaabka neuroplasticity | Hilton | Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology (2013).
January 20, 2011
Donald L. Hilton, Jr. MD, FACS
Kalkaaliye caafimaad oo kiliin ah
Waaxda Neurosurgery
Jaamacadda Texas Texas Sayniska Xarunta Caafimaadka San Antonio
Maskaxda bani'aadamka waxaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhiirigeliso dabeecadaha gacan ka geysta badbaadada. Nidaamka loo yaqaan 'mesolimbic dopaminergic system' wuxuu abaalmarin ku siiyaa cunno iyo jinsi dhiirigelin xoog leh. Kookain, opioids, aalkolo, iyo daroogooyin kale oo qarsoodi ah, ama afduub, nidaamyadan raaxada, oo maskaxda u keenaya inay u maleyso in daroogada sare ay lagama maarmaan u tahay inay sii noolaato. Caddayntu hadda way xoog badan tahay in abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah sida cuntada iyo jinsiga ay saameyn ku yeeshaan nidaamyada abaalmarinta si la mid ah sida daroogadu u saameyso, sidaas darteed xiisaha hadda jira ee 'qabatinka dabiiciga ah.' Maandooriye, ha ahaado kookayn, cunno, ama jinsi waxay dhacdaa marka waxqabadyadan ay joojiyaan inay wax ku biiriyaan xaalad ah homeostasis, taa bedelkeedana ay sababaan cawaaqib xumo. Tusaale ahaan, marka cunnadu keento cayil daran, qaar yar ayaa ku doodi doona in nooluhu ku jiro dheelitirnaan caafimaad leh. Sidoo kale, filimada qaawan waxay waxyeello u geysataa markay wax u dhinto ama baabiiso awoodda qofka si uu u yeesho isu dhawaansho shucuur.
Toban sano ka hor cadeyntu waxay bilaabeen inay tilmaamaan dabeecadda balwadda ah ee isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee dabeecadaha dabiiciga ah ee sababa abaalmarinta dopaminergic in maskaxda loogala kulmo. Tusaale ahaan, Dr. Howard Shaffer, Agaasimaha Cilmi-baarista Maandooriyaha ee Jaamacadda Harvard, wuxuu yiri 2001, "Dhibaato weyn baan kala kulmay asxaabteyda markii aan soo jeediyey in balwado badan ay ka dhasheen khibrad… soo noqnoqosho, dareen sare, sare -waaya aragnimada u badnaan. Laakiin waxaa cadaatay in neuroadaptation –taas oo ah, isbeddelada wareegga neerfaha ee ka caawiya sii socoshada dhaqanka - waxay dhacdaa xitaa iyadoo aan la qaadanayn daroogada ”[1] Tobankii sano ee uu yiri tan, wuxuu diirada saaray cilmi baaristiisa wax badan oo ku saabsan saameynta maskaxda ee balwadaha dabiiciga ah sida khamaarka. Xusuusnow waxyaabaha soo socda isla tan Science warqad ka timid 2001
Khabiiradu waxay jecelyihiin in ay sheegaan in cabsida ay dhacdo marka caado "cagajugyo" wareegyo maskaxeed oo horumarinaysa si loogu abaalmariyo dabeecadaha sii-wanaajinta-kor u qaadka sida cunista iyo jinsiga. "Waxay u taagan tahay sababtoo ah waxaad ku kala saari kartaa xayndaabyada daawooyinka faybarka, waxaad ku sameeyn kartaa abaalmarin dabiici ah," ayuu yiri Brian Knutson oo ah cilmi nafsiga jaamacada Stanford University. Sidaa daraadeed, maandooriyayaashu mar dambe kama jiraan wadnaha arrinta. "Waa maxay soo socota si dhakhso ah sida arrin muhiim u ah ... wuxuu sii wadaa ka qaybgalka dabeecada isdaba jooga ah inkasta oo natiijo xun," ayuu yiri Steven Grant of NIDA.[2]
Tobaneeyo sano tan iyo markii fikradahan kacaanka markii ugu horreysay lagu sharraxay, caddaynta fikradda qabatinka abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah ayaa kaliya la xoojiyay. Sannadkii 2005 Dr. Eric Nestler, oo hadda ah guddoomiyaha cilmu-nafsiga ee Mount Sinai Medical Center ee magaalada New York ayaa ku daabacay warqad taariikhi ah Nature Neuroscience cinwaankeedu yahay "Ma Jirtaa Waddo Caan Ah Oo Lagu Qabto Maandooriyaha?" Wuxuu yiri: “Cadeymaha sii kordhaya waxay muujinayaan in dariiqa VTA-NAc iyo gobolada kale ee limbiciska ah ee kor lagu soo sheegay ay si isku mid ah u dhexdhexaadinayaan, ugu yaraan qeyb ahaan, saameynta shucuureed ee togan ee wanaagsan ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah, sida cuntada, galmada iyo isdhexgalka bulshada. Isla gobolladaas ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo oogay waxa loogu yeero 'qabatinka dabiiciga ah' (taas oo ah, isticmaalka qasabka ah ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah) sida cunno-xumada cudurada, khamaarka cudurada iyo galmada balwadaha. Natiijooyinka hordhaca ah waxay soo jeedinayaan in dariiqyada la wadaago ay ku lug yeelan karaan: [tusaale waa] iskutallaab-dareen oo ka dhex dhaca abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah iyo daroogooyinka xadgudubka. ”[3]
2002 daraasad ku saabsan maadada cocaine-ka ayaa la daabacay taas oo muujisay in miyirka laydhka lagu qiyaasi karo meelo badan oo maskaxda ah, oo ay ku jiraan xayndaabyada hore.[4] Farsamadu waxay ahayd in la isticmaalo borotokool ku saleysan MRI oo loo yaqaan 'voxel-based morphometry (VBM), halkaasoo hal mitir mitir oo maskaxda ah lagu qiyaaso lana isbarbar dhigo. Daraasad kale oo VBM ah ayaa lagu daabacay 2004 methamphetamine oo leh natiijooyin aad u la mid ah.[5] Inkasta oo xiiso leh, natiijooyinkani maaha wax la yaab leh aqoonyahanka ama farsamada, maadaama ay kuwani yihiin "daroogooyinka dhabta ah."
Sheekadu waxay noqotay mid aad u xiiso badan markaan eegno balwada dabiiciga ah sida xad-dhaafka badan ee keena cayilka. Sanadkii 2006 daraasad VBM ah ayaa la daabacay iyadoo si gaar ah loo fiirinayo buurnida, natiijooyinkuna waxay aad ula mid ahaayeen daraasadaha kookaha iyo methamphetamine.[6] Daraasadda buurnida waxay muujisay aagag badan oo mugga lumiyay, gaar ahaan dhinacyada hore, meelaha la xiriira xukunka iyo xakamaynta. In kasta oo daraasaddani ay muhiim u tahay muujinta dhaawaca muuqda ee balwadda dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah, oo ka soo horjeedda qabatinka maandooriyaha xad-dhaafka ah, weli way fududahay in si macquul ah loo aqbalo maxaa yeelay waan awoodnaa arki saamaynta cunnadu ku badan tahay qofka cayilan.
Marka bal ka warran qabatinka galmada? Sannadkii 2007 daraasad VBM ah oo ka socota Jarmalka ayaa si gaar ah u eegtay pedophilia, waxayna muujisay ku dhowaad isku mid ah helitaanka kookaha, methamphetamine, iyo daraasadaha cayilka.[7] Muhiimadda daraasaddan ee la xiriirta dooddan waxay ku habboon tahay tan Waxay muujineysaa in ku-qasbid galmo ay sababi karto isbeddel jireed, anatomic ah maskaxda, ie, waxyeello. Waxaa xiiso leh, warqad dhowaan soo baxday waxay heshay xiriir sare oo u dhexeeya filimada xunxun ee galmada iyo ku xadgudubka galmada carruurta.[8] Tani waxay xustay, warqaddu waxay sidaa diiradda ku saartay koox-hoosaad iyada oo ay ka mid yihiin dhibaatooyinka kale, qabatinka qaawan ee xunxun. In kasta oo aan soo qaadan karno kala duwanaanta anshaxa iyo sharciga ee udhaxeeya cunugga iyo qaawan ee qaawan, maskaxdu uma badna inay yeelato dhibic noocan oo kale ah oo la xiriirta da'da oo la xiriirta hoos u dhigista dopaminergic iyo mugga luminta ku-tiirsanaanta. Maskaxdu ma danaysaa in qofku jidh ahaan la kulmayo galmo, ama uu ku samaynayo dhex-dhexaadinta walax jinsi, sida, filimada qaawan. Nidaamyada muraayadaha ee maskaxdu waxay u rogaan khibradda dhabta ah ee filimada sawir-qaadista khibrad dhab ah, illaa inta maskaxda laga qabo. Tani waxaa taageeray daraasad dhowaan laga sameeyay Faransiiska oo muujineysa firfircoonida aagagga la xiriira muraayadaha neerfaha ee maskaxda bini'aadamka ee ragga ee daawada filimada. Qorayaashu waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen, "Waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in system Nidaamka muraayadda-neerfayaasha uu ku kallifiyo kormeerayaasha inay la jaan qaadaan xaaladda dhiirrigelinta ee shakhsiyaadka kale ee ka muuqda muuqaalka muuqaalka ah ee isdhexgalka galmada."[9] Daraasad horudhac ah ayaa taageertaa dhaawaca hore ee gaar ahaan bukaanka aan awoodin in ay xakameyaan dabeecadooda galmada.[10] Daraasadani waxay isticmaashay faafitaanka MRI si loo qiimeeyo shaqada gudbinta dareemayaasha iyada oo loo marayo maaddada cad, halkaasoo axons, ama fiilooyin isku xiraya unugyada dareemayaasha, ay ku yaalliin. Waxay muujisay cillad la'aan xagga hore ee aagga hore, aag la xiriira qasab, astaan u ah balwadda.
Daraasado fara badan ayaa muujinaya isbeddellada jir ahaaneed ee isbeddelka cudurada neerfaha maadaama maskaxda ay "waxbarto" si ay u noqoto mid balwad leh. Isbeddeladaan la qabatimay ee nidaamka abaalmarinta dopamine sidoo kale waxaa lagu baari karaa baaritaannada maskaxda sida MRI, PET, iyo baaritaannada 'SPECT'. In kasta oo aan rajeyneyno daraasad baaris maskaxeed si loo muujiyo cilladaha ku jira dheef-shiid kiimikaadka dopamine ee daroogada maandooriyaha,[11] waxaa laga yaabaa in laga yaabo in la ogaado in daraasad dhowaan ay sidoo kale muujinayso cilladahan xarumahan farxad isku mid ah leh khamaarista cudurada.[12] Hoos u dhigista buurnaanta, khabiir kale oo dabiiciga ah, ayaa sidoo kale muujinaya naqshad la mid ah.[13]
Sidoo kale waa arrin laga soo xigtay warqad ka timid Mayo Clinic oo ku saabsan daaweynta qaawan ee qaawan ee internetka ee la yiraahdo naltrexone, oo ah antagonist ka soo horjeeda opioid.[14] Drs. Bostsci iyo Bucci oo jooga Mayo Clinic ayaa bukaanka u daaweynaayey awood la'aanta in ay xakamayso isticmaalka filimada internetkiisa.
Waxaa la saaray naltrexone, daawo ku shaqeysa nidaamka opioid-ka si loo yareeyo u-karnaanta dopamine si ay u kiciso unugyada nukleus accumens. Daawadan ayuu awood u yeeshay inuu ku xakameeyo noloshiisa galmada.
Qorayaasha ayaa soo gabagabeeyay:
Soo koobid, qalabka isgaarsiinta ee PFC ee takhasuska leh ayaa kordhiyay saliida dareemaha daroogada la xiriirta, hoos u dhac ku yimaada dareemayaasha aan dawo lahayn, iyo xiisaha hoos u dhac ku yimid raadinta hawlaha bartilmaameedka udubdhexaad u ah badbaadada. Marka lagu daro ogolaanshaha naltrexone ee Maamulka Cuntada iyo Maandooriyaha ee daaweynta khamriga, warbixino badan oo la daabacay ayaa muujiyay suurtagalnimada in lagu daaweeyo khamaarka cudurada wadnaha, self-injury, kleptomania, iyo habdhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah. Waxaan rumaysanahay in tani ay tahay tilmaanta ugu horeysa ee isticmaalka si loola dagaallamo galmada internetka.
Abaalmarinta Royal Society of London waxaa lagu aasaasay 1660, waxaana uu daabacaa joornaalka cilmiga ugu dheer dunida oo dhan. Arrinta dhowaan ka mid ah Hawlaha Philosophicals ee Bulshada Boqortooyada, Xaaladda hadda jirta ee fahamka balwadda ayaa la soo sheegay maadaama ay ka wada hadleen qaar ka mid ah saynisyahannada adduunka ee hormuudka u ah qabatinka kullanka bulshada. Cinwaanka joornaalka ee ka warbixinaya kulanka wuxuu ahaa "Cudurka neerfaha ee balwadda - vistas cusub." Si xiiso leh, qodobbada 17, laba waxay si gaar ah uga walaacsanaayeen qabatinka dabiiciga ah: khamaarka noolaha[15] iyo warqad uu qoray Dr Nora Volkow oo la mid ah maskax ahaan nacaybka maskaxda ku jira daroogada maandooriyaha iyo cunnooyinka[16]. Warqad saddexaad oo uu qoray Dr. Nestler ayaa ka hadlay moodooyinka xayawaanka ee qabatinka dabiiciga ah iyo sidoo kale la xiriirta DFosB.[17]
DFosB waa kiimiko uu Dr. Nestler bartay, waxayna umuuqataa in laga helo neerfaha maadooyinka balwada leh. Waxay umuuqataa inay leedahay doorka jir ahaaneed ee jir ahaaneed way fiicantahay, laakiin waxay si xoogan ugu lug leedahay balwadda Si xiiso leh, waxaa markii ugu horreysay laga helay unugyada maskaxda ee xayawaanka lagu barto daroogada maandooriyaha, laakiin hadda waxaa laga helay unugyada maskaxda ee nukleus accumens ee la xiriira isticmaalka badan. ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah.[i] Warqad dhow oo baaritaan ku sameeysay DFosB iyo doorka ay ku leedahay isticmaalka xad dhaafka ah laba abaalmarin dabiici ah, cunid iyo jinsi, ayaa soo gabgabeeyay:
Marka la soo koobo, shaqada la soo bandhigay halkan waxay caddaynaysaa in, marka lagu daro daroogooyinka xadgudubka, abaalgudyada dabiiciga ah ay ku daraan heerarka DFosB ee Nac ... natiijooyinkeenu waxay kor u qaadayaan suurtagalnimada in DFOSB soo afjarto NAc ay dhexdhexaadin karto maaha oo kaliya qaybaha muhiimka ah ee maandooriyaha, laakiin sidoo kale qaybaha wax-soo-saarka dabiiciga ah ee ku lug leh isticmaalka macaamiisha ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah.[18]
Dr. Nora Volkow waxay madax ka tahay Machadka Qaranka ee Ku Xadgudubka Daroogada (NIDA), waana mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan adduunka ee la daabaco laguna ixtiraamo saynisyahannada balwadda. Waxay u aqoonsatay isbeddelkan fahamka qabatinka dabiiciga ah waxayna ku doodday in magaca NIDA loo beddelo Machadka Qaranka ee Cudurrada Cudurrada. Joornaalka Science ayuu yidhi: "Agaasimaha NIDA Nora Volkow ayaa sidoo kale dareemay in magaca machadahiisa ay tahay inuu ku koobnaadomukhadaraadyada sida pornography, khamaarista, iyo cuntada, ayuu yidhi lataliyaha NIDA Glen Hanson. 'Waxay jeclaan lahayd inay dirto farriinta [waa in aan] eegno beerta oo dhan.' "[19] (xoogga la saaray).
Isku soo wada duuboo, 10-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayaa cadeyntu hada si adag u taageereysaa dabeecada qabatinka leh ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah. Dr. Malenka iyo Kauer, warqadooda taariikhiga ah ee ku saabsan habka isbeddelka kiimikada ee ku dhaca unugyada maskaxda ee shakhsiyaadka balwadda leh, "qabatinku wuxuu u taagan yahay qaab cilmiyan ah, haddana awood leh oo ah barasho iyo xusuus."[20] Waxaan hadda ugu yeernaa isbeddeladaan unugyada maskaxda "awood dheeri ah" iyo "niyad jab muddo dheer ah," oo waxaan uga hadalnaa maskaxda inay tahay caag, ama ay isbadali karto oo ay dib u xirtay. Dr. Norman Doidge, oo ah dhakhtar ku takhasusay neerfaha, isla markaana ka shaqeeya Columbia, buugiisa Maskaxda Isbedeleysa wuxuu sharxayaa sida sawir-gacmeedku u sababo dib-u-xidhka wareegyada neerfaha. Wuxuu xusayaa daraasad ku saabsan ragga daawanaya filimada sawir-gacmeedka ee internetka oo ay u muuqdeen "si aan macquul ahayn" sida jiirka riixaya kabaalka si ay u helaan cocaine sanduuqyada tijaabada ah ee Skinner. Sida jiirka balwada leh, waxay si ba'an u raadinayaan hagaajinta xigta, iyagoo gujinaya jiirka sida jiirku u riixo kabaalka. Qabatinka sawirada qaawan waa badan barashada, iyo laga yaabee inay tani tahay sababta dad badan oo la halgamay qabatinno badan ay u soo sheegaan inay ahayd balwadda ugu adag ee ay ka adkaadaan. Maandooriyeyaasha daroogada, in kasta oo ay awood badan yihiin, waxay ku sii badan yihiin nooca "fikirka" ah, halka daawashada sawir-gacmeedka, gaar ahaan internetka, ay tahay geedi socod aad u firfircoon oo neerfaha ah. Baadhitaanka joogtada ah iyo qiimeynta sawir kasta ama fiidiyow fiidiyow ah oo loo soo saaray awood iyo saameyn waa jimicsi barashada neerfaha iyo dib u cusbooneysiinta.
Daraasada jinsiga ee aadanaha ayaa faa'iido u sameeya marinada abaalmarin isku mid ah sida kuwa lagu abaabulo xilliga hirowiinka.[21] Haddii aan ku guuldareysano inaan fahamno saameynta sawir-gacmeedka ee awooda dib-u-barnaamijka maskaxda qaabdhismeedka, neerfaha, iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaad, waxaan nafteenna ku xukumeynaa inaan sii wadno ku guuldareysiga daaweynta cudurkan halista ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii aan siinno abaalmarintan dabiiciga ah ee xoogga leh diiradda iyo xoojinta waxaan ka caawin karnaa kuwa badan oo hadda ku xanniban balwadda iyo rajo beel inay helaan nabad iyo rajo.
[1] Constance Holden, "Ku-dhaqanka Dabeecadda: Ma Waxay leeyihiin? Science, 294 (5544) 2 November 2001, 980.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Eric J. Nestler, "Miyuu jiraa jidka loo yaqaan molecular path for fungal?" Nature Neuroscience 9(11):1445-9, Nov 2005
[4] Teresa R. Franklin, Paul D. Acton, Joseph A Maldjian, Jason D. Gray, Jason R. Croft, Charles A. Dackis, Charles P. O'Brien, iyo Anna Rose Childress, "Maqnaanshaha Gray Matter Concentration ee qallafsan, Orbitofrontal, Cingulate, iyo Joonisooyinka Ku meelgaarka ah ee Bukaanka Cocaine, " Cilmi-nafsiga (51) 2, Janaayo 15, 2002, 134-142.
[5] Paul M. Thompson, Kikralee M. Hayashi, Sara L. Simon, Jennifer A. Geaga, Michael S. Hong, Yihong Sui, Jessica Y. Lee, Arthur W. Toga, Walter Ling, iyo Edythe D. London, "Dhibaatooyinka Dhismayaasha ee maskaxda Mawduucyada Qofka Isticmaalayo Methamphetamine, " Jariidadda Neuroscience, 24 (26) Juun 30 2004; 6028-6036.
[6] Nicola Pannacciulli, Angelo Del Parigi, Kewei Chen, Dec Son NT Le, Eric M. Reiman iyo Pietro A. Tataranni, "Dhibaatooyinka maskaxda ee buurnaanta aadanaha: Daraasad ku salaysan miyuusiyoolajiyadeed." Neuroimage 31 (4) July 15 2006, 1419-1425.
[7] Boris Schiffer, Thomas Peschel, Thomas Paul, Elke Gizewshi, Michael Forshing, Norbert Leygraf, Manfred Schedlowske, iyo Tillmann HC Krueger, "Isbeddellada Maskaxda ee Dhismayaasha ee Nidaamka Xanuunka Hore iyo Xeeldheer ee Pedophilia," Joornaalka Cilmi-baarista Cilmi-nafsiga (41) 9, November 2007, 754-762.
[8] M. Bourke, A. Hernandez, Study 'Buter' Redux: Warbixinta dhacdooyinka Dhibbanaha Dhibbanaha Carruurta ee Waalidiinta Dumarka Filinka ah. Wargeyska Rabshadaha Qoyska 24(3) 2009, 183-191.
[9] H. Mouras, S. Stole4ru, V. Moulier, M Pelivini-Issac, R. Rouxel, B Grandjean, D. Glutron, J Bittoun, Dhaqdhaqaaqida nidaam muraayad-neuron ah oo loo yaqaan 'erotic video clips' waxay saadaalisaa heerka koritaanka kacsanaanta: FMRI study . NeuroImage 42 (2008) 1142-1150.
[10] Michael H. Miner, Nancy Raymond, BryonA. Meuller, Martin Lloyd, Kelvin Ol Lim, "Baaritaan horudhac ah oo muujinaya dabeecadaha aan fiicnayn iyo neuroanatomiga ee dabeecadda galmada ee qasabka ah." Cilmi nafsiga Volume 174, Issue 2, November 30 2009, Pages 146-151.
[11] Bruce E. Wexler, Christopher H. Gottschalk, Robert K. Fulbright, Isak Prohovnik, Cheryl M. Lacadie, Bruce J. Rounsaville, iyo John C. Gore, "Functional magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cocaine Craving," Somali Journal of psychiatry, 158, 2001, 86-95.
[12] Jan Reuter, Thomas Raedler, Michael Rose, Iver Hand, Jan Glascher, iyo Christian Buchel, "Khamaarka nafsadda wuxuu ku xiran yahay hoos u dhaca habka abaalmarinta nidaamka abaalmarinta mesolimbic," Nature Neuroscience 8, Janaayo 2005, 147-148.
[13] Gene-Jack Wang, Nora D. Volkow, Jean Logan, Naomi R. Pappas, Christopher T. Wong, Wei Zhu, Noelwah Netusil, Joanna S Fowler, "Dopamine Mental and Fertility," Lancet 357 (9253) Febraayo 3 2001, 354-357.
[14] J. Michael Bostwick iyo Jeffrey A. Bucci, "Isku-xirka Wicitaanka Galmada ee Lagu Adeegay Naltrexone." Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2008, 83(2):226-230.
[15] Marc N. Potenza, "Cudurka neurobiology ee khamaarka iyo baaritaanka daroogada: aragti guud iyo natiijooyin cusub," Hawlaha Philosophicals ee Bulshada Boqortooyada, 363, 2008, 3181-3190 ..
[16] Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler, Frank Telang, "Ku dul-wareegga wareegyada neur-mareenka ee maandooriyaha iyo cayilka: caddaynta cudurada wadnaha" Hawlaha Philosophicals ee Bulshada Boqortooyada, 363, 2008, 3191-3200.
[16] Eric J. Nestler, "Mabaadi'da ku-meel-gaadhka ah ee mukhaadaraadka: doorka DFosB," Hawlaha Philosophicals ee Bulshada Boqortooyada, 363, 2008, 3245-3256.
[18] DL Wallace, et al, Saamaynta DFosB ee Nucleus waxay ku Dardaaranaysaa Dabeecadda Abaalmarinta Abaalmarinta Dabiiciga ah,Jariidadda Neuroscience, 28 (4): Oktoobar 8, 2008, 10272-10277,
[19] Science 6 July 2007:? Vol. 317. maya. 5834, p. 23
[20] Julie A. Kauer, Robert C. Malenka, "Maqnaanshaha Synaptic iyo Isticmaalidda," Dabeecadaha Natiijada Neuroscience, 8, 8440858 November 2007, 844-858.
[21] Gert Holstege, Janniko R. Georgiadis, Anne MJ Paans, Linda C. Meiners, Ferdinand HCE van der Graaf, iyo AAT Simone Reinders, "Dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda inta lagu guda jiro bini'aadamka aadanaha," Jariidadda Neuroscience 23 (27), 2003, 9185-9193
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