FAALLOOYINKA: Kani waa nooc ka mid ah Dr. Hilton's Pornography Addiction: A Neuroscience Perspective (2011) , kaas oo laga helo isla qaybtan. Wuxuu ku qanacsan yahay, sida aan annagu nahay, in abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah ay noqon karto mid la qabatimo oo ay sababi karto isbeddello maskaxeed oo la mid ah daroogada. Warqaddiisii ugu dambeysay ee dib loo eegay ee asxaabtiisu ay tahay balwadda Pornography - kicinta ka sarreysa caadiga ah ee loo tixgeliyo macnaha guud ee neuroplasticity | Hilton | Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology (2013).
January 20, 2011
Donald L. Hilton, Jr. MD, FACS
Kalkaaliye caafimaad oo kiliin ah
Waaxda Neurosurgery
Jaamacadda Texas Texas Sayniska Xarunta Caafimaadka San Antonio
Maskaxda bani'aadamka waxaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhiirigeliso dabeecadaha gacan ka geysta badbaadada. Nidaamka loo yaqaan 'mesolimbic dopaminergic system' wuxuu abaalmarin ku siiyaa cunno iyo jinsi dhiirigelin xoog leh. Kookain, opioids, aalkolo, iyo daroogooyin kale oo qarsoodi ah, ama afduub, nidaamyadan raaxada, oo maskaxda u keenaya inay u maleyso in daroogada sare ay lagama maarmaan u tahay inay sii noolaato. Caddayntu hadda way xoog badan tahay in abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah sida cuntada iyo jinsiga ay saameyn ku yeeshaan nidaamyada abaalmarinta si la mid ah sida daroogadu u saameyso, sidaas darteed xiisaha hadda jira ee 'qabatinka dabiiciga ah.' Maandooriye, ha ahaado kookayn, cunno, ama jinsi waxay dhacdaa marka waxqabadyadan ay joojiyaan inay wax ku biiriyaan xaalad ah homeostasis, taa bedelkeedana ay sababaan cawaaqib xumo. Tusaale ahaan, marka cunnadu keento cayil daran, qaar yar ayaa ku doodi doona in nooluhu ku jiro dheelitirnaan caafimaad leh. Sidoo kale, filimada qaawan waxay waxyeello u geysataa markay wax u dhinto ama baabiiso awoodda qofka si uu u yeesho isu dhawaansho shucuur.
Toban sano ka hor caddaymo ayaa bilaabay inay tilmaamaan dabeecadda balwadda leh ee isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee dhaqamada dabiiciga ah ee sababa abaalmarinta dopaminergic-ka in lagu arko maskaxda. Tusaale ahaan, Dr. Howard Shaffer, Agaasimaha Cilmi-baarista Balwadaha ee Jaamacadda Harvard, ayaa yiri sannadkii 2001, "Waxaan dhibaato weyn kala kulmay asxaabteyda markii aan soo jeediyay in balwad badan ay tahay natiijada waayo-aragnimada ... waayo-aragnimo soo noqnoqota, shucuur sare leh, iyo mid soo noqnoqota. Laakiin way caddaatay in la qabsashada neerfaha - taas oo ah, isbeddellada wareegga neerfaha ee ka caawiya sii wadida dhaqanka - ay dhacaan xitaa marka aysan jirin qaadashada daroogada" [1] Tobankii sano ee uu sidaas yidhi, wuxuu cilmi-baaristiisa si aad ah diiradda u saaray saamaynta maskaxda ee balwadaha dabiiciga ah sida khamaarka. Fiiro gaar ah u yeelo kuwa soo socda ee isla warqaddan Sayniska ah ee laga soo xigtay 2001 .
Khubaradu waxay jecel yihiin inay sheegaan in balwaddu ay dhacdo marka caado "ay afduubto" wareegyada maskaxda oo isu beddelay inay abaalmariso dhaqanka sii wanaajiya badbaadada sida cunista iyo galmada. "Waa macquul haddii aad kala shaandheyn karto wareegyadan iyadoo la adeegsanayo farmashiyaha, waxaad sidoo kale ku samayn kartaa abaalmarinno dabiici ah," ayuu yiri Brian Knutson oo ah cilmi-nafsiga Jaamacadda Stanford. Sidaa darteed, daroogooyinka hadda ma aha udub-dhexaadka arrinta. "Waxa si dhakhso ah u soo baxaya oo ah arrinta ugu muhiimsan ... waa sii wadida ku lug lahaanshaha dhaqanka is-burburinta inkastoo cawaaqib xumo ay jirto," ayuu yiri Steven Grant oo ka tirsan NIDA. [2]
Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay tan iyo markii fikradahan kacaanka ah markii ugu horreysay la sharraxay, caddaynta fikradda balwadda abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah ayaa sii xoogeysatay. Sannadkii 2005, Dr. Eric Nestler, oo hadda ah guddoomiyaha neerfaha ee Xarunta Caafimaadka ee Mount Sinai ee New York ayaa daabacay warqad taariikhi ah oo ku taal Nature Neuroscience oo cinwaan looga dhigay "Ma jiraa waddo caadi ah oo loogu talagalay balwadda?" Wuxuu yiri: ""Caddaynta sii kordheysa waxay muujinaysaa in waddada VTA-NAc iyo gobollada kale ee limbic-ka ee kor ku xusan ay si isku mid ah u dhexdhexaadiyaan, ugu yaraan qayb ahaan, saameynta shucuureed ee wanaagsan ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah, sida cuntada, galmada iyo isdhexgalka bulshada. Gobolladaas oo kale ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo daray waxa loogu yeero 'qabatimaha dabiiciga ah' (taas oo ah, isticmaalka qasabka ah ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah) sida cunista xad-dhaafka ah ee cudurrada, khamaarka cudurrada iyo balwadaha galmada. Natiijooyinka hordhaca ah waxay soo jeedinayaan in waddooyinka la wadaago ay ku lug yeelan karaan: [tusaale waa] is-dhexgal dareen-celin ah oo ka dhacda inta u dhaxaysa abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah iyo daroogada xadgudubka." [3]
Sannadkii 2002, daraasad ku saabsan balwadda kookaha ayaa la daabacay taasoo muujisay luminta mugga la cabbiri karo ee meelo badan oo maskaxda ah, oo ay ku jiraan xudunta hore. [4] Farsamadani waxay ahayd in la isticmaalo hab-maamuuska MRI-ga oo loo yaqaan morphometry-based voxel (VBM), halkaas oo hal millimitir oo xabadood oo maskaxda ah la cabbiro oo la barbar dhigo. Daraasad kale oo VBM ah ayaa la daabacay 2004 oo ku saabsan methamphetamine oo leh natiijooyin aad u la mid ah. [5] In kasta oo xiiso leh, natiijooyinkani ma aha kuwo la yaab leh saynisyahanka ama qofka caadiga ah, maadaama kuwani ay yihiin "daroogo dhab ah."
Sheekadu waxay noqotaa mid xiiso badan marka aan eegno balwad dabiici ah sida xad-dhaafka oo horseedda cayilka. Sannadkii 2006 daraasad VBM ah ayaa la daabacay iyadoo si gaar ah u eegaysa cayilka, natiijooyinkuna waxay aad ugu ekaayeen daraasadaha kookeynta iyo methamphetamine. [6] Daraasadda cayilku waxay muujisay meelo badan oo lumis mugga ah, gaar ahaan gudaha hore ee lugaha, meelaha la xiriira xukunka iyo xakamaynta. In kasta oo daraasaddani ay muhiim u tahay muujinta waxyeello muuqata oo ku timaadda balwad dabiici ah oo asal ah, marka la barbar dhigo balwad daroogo oo dibadda ah, haddana way fududahay in si dareen leh loo aqbalo sababtoo ah waxaan arki karnaa saameynta xad-dhaafka ah ee qofka cayilan.
Haddaba balwadda galmada ka waran? Sannadkii 2007, daraasad VBM ah oo ka dhacday Jarmalka ayaa si gaar ah u eegtay carruurta yaryar, waxayna muujisay natiijo la mid ah daraasadaha kookeynta, methamphetamine, iyo cayilka. [7] Muhiimadda daraasaddan ee la xiriirta dooddan ayaa ugu habboon iyadoo muujinaysa in qasab galmo ay sababi karto isbeddel jireed, oo ku dhaca maskaxda, tusaale ahaan, waxyeello. Waxaa xiiso leh, warqad dhawaan la soo saaray ayaa heshay xiriir sare oo u dhexeeya sawirrada qaawan ee carruurta yaryar iyo carruurta xadgudubka galmada. [8] Tani waxay xustay, sidaas darteed warqaddu waxay diiradda saartay koox hoosaad oo leh, iyo dhibaatooyin kale, balwadda filimada qaawan ee daran. In kasta oo aan kala sooci karno anshaxa iyo sharciga u dhexeeya sawirrada qaawan ee carruurta iyo dadka waaweyn, maskaxdu uma badna inay yeelato meel la xiriirta da'da oo la xiriirta hoos u dhigista dopaminergic iyo luminta mugga ku salaysan balwadda. Maskaxdu ma danaynaysaa in qofku uu jidh ahaan la kulmayo galmo, ama uu ku sameynayo habka galmada walxaha, tusaale ahaan, sawirrada qaawan. Nidaamyada muraayadda ee maskaxdu waxay khibradda casriga ah ee sawirrada qaawan u beddelaan waayo-aragnimo dhab ah, ilaa inta maskaxda laga hadlayo. Tan waxaa taageeraya daraasad dhawaan laga sameeyay Faransiiska oo muujinaysa firfircoonida meelaha la xiriira dareemayaasha muraayadaha ee maskaxda aadanaha ee ragga daawanaya sawirrada qaawan. Qorayaashu waxay soo gabagabeeyeen, "waxaan soo jeedinaynaa in ... nidaamka muraayadda-neuronka uu ku dhiirrigeliyo daawadayaasha inay la jaanqaadaan xaaladda dhiirigelinta ee shakhsiyaadka kale ee ka muuqda sawirrada muuqaalka ah ee isdhexgalka galmada." [9] Daraasad horudhac ah ayaa taageerta dhaawaca hore gaar ahaan bukaanada aan awoodin inay xakameeyaan dhaqankooda galmada. [10] Daraasaddani waxay isticmaashay MRI faafin si ay u qiimeyso shaqada gudbinta neerfaha iyada oo loo marayo maaddada cad, halkaas oo axons, ama fiilooyin isku xira unugyada neerfaha, ay ku yaalliin. Waxay muujisay cillad ka jirta gobolka hore ee sare, oo ah aag la xiriira qasabka, oo ah astaan u ah balwadda.
Daraasado badan ayaa muujinaya isbeddellada dheef-shiid kiimikaadka ee ku dhaca neerfaha iyadoo maskaxdu ay "barato" inay balwad yeelato. Isbeddelladan balwadda leh ee nidaamka abaalmarinta dopamine-ka waxaa sidoo kale lagu sawiri karaa baaritaannada maskaxda sida MRI, PET, iyo SPECT oo shaqeynaya. In kasta oo aan fileyno in daraasad sawir maskaxeed ay muujin doonto cillado ku yimaada dheef-shiid kiimikaadka dopamine ee balwadda kookaha, [11] waxaa laga yaabaa inaan la yaabno marka aan ogaano in daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay ay sidoo kale muujinayso cillad ka jirta isla xarumahan raaxada leh ee khamaarka cudurada. [12] Cunista xad-dhaafka ah ee keenta cayilka, oo ah balwad kale oo dabiici ah, ayaa sidoo kale muujinaysa cudur la mid ah. [13]
Sidoo kale waa arrin khuseysa warqad ka soo baxday Mayo Clinic oo ku saabsan daaweynta balwadda qaawan ee internetka ee naltrexone, oo ah qof ka soo horjeeda soo-dhoweynta opioid. [14] Drs. Bostsick iyo Bucci oo ka tirsan Mayo Clinic ayaa daaweeyay bukaan aan awood u lahayn inuu xakameeyo isticmaalkiisa qaawan ee internetka.
Waxaa la saaray naltrexone, daawo ku shaqeysa nidaamka opioid-ka si loo yareeyo u-karnaanta dopamine si ay u kiciso unugyada nukleus accumens. Daawadan ayuu awood u yeeshay inuu ku xakameeyo noloshiisa galmada.
Qorayaasha ayaa soo gabagabeeyay:
Soo koobid, qalabka isgaarsiinta ee PFC ee takhasuska leh ayaa kordhiyay saliida dareemaha daroogada la xiriirta, hoos u dhac ku yimaada dareemayaasha aan dawo lahayn, iyo xiisaha hoos u dhac ku yimid raadinta hawlaha bartilmaameedka udubdhexaad u ah badbaadada. Marka lagu daro ogolaanshaha naltrexone ee Maamulka Cuntada iyo Maandooriyaha ee daaweynta khamriga, warbixino badan oo la daabacay ayaa muujiyay suurtagalnimada in lagu daaweeyo khamaarka cudurada wadnaha, self-injury, kleptomania, iyo habdhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah. Waxaan rumaysanahay in tani ay tahay tilmaanta ugu horeysa ee isticmaalka si loola dagaallamo galmada internetka.
Ururka Royal Society ee London ee sharafta leh waxaa la aasaasay 1660-meeyadii, waxayna daabacdaa joornaalka sayniska ee ugu dheer adduunka. Cadadkii dhawaan ee Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , xaaladda hadda jirta ee fahamka balwadda ayaa lagu soo warramey iyadoo ay ka wada hadleen qaar ka mid ah saynisyahannada ugu horreeya adduunka ee balwadda kulan ay yeesheen Bulshada. Cinwaanka cadadka joornaalka ee soo tebinaya kulanka wuxuu ahaa "Neurobiology of balwadda - muuqaallo cusub." Waxaa xiiso leh, 17-ka maqaal, laba ka mid ah waxay si gaar ah uga walaacsanaayeen balwadda dabiiciga ah: khamaarka cudurada [15] iyo warqad uu qoray Dr. Nora Volkow oo ku saabsan isku ekaanshaha cilladda maskaxda ee balwadda daroogada iyo xad-dhaafka [16] . Warqad saddexaad oo uu qoray Dr. Nestler ayaa ka hadashay moodooyinka xayawaanka ee balwadda dabiiciga ah iyo sidoo kale marka la eego DFosB. [17]
DFosB waa kiimiko uu Dr. Nestler bartay, waxayna u muuqataa in laga helo neerfaha dadka qabatimay. Waxay u muuqataa inay leedahay door fiisiyoolajiyadeed oo wanaagsan, laakiin si xooggan ayay ugu lug leedahay balwadda. Waxaa xiiso leh, markii ugu horreysay waxaa laga helay unugyada maskaxda ee xayawaanka lagu bartay balwadda daroogada, laakiin hadda waxaa laga helay unugyada maskaxda ee ku jira unugyada xudunta ee la xiriira isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah. [i] Warqad dhowaan la sameeyay oo baaraysa DFosB iyo doorkeeda ku aaddan isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee laba abaalmarin oo dabiici ah, cunista iyo galmada, ayaa soo gabagabeysay:
Marka la soo koobo, shaqada halkan lagu soo bandhigay waxay caddaynaysaa in, marka lagu daro daroogada xadgudubka, abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah ay keento heerarka DFosB ee Nac… natiijooyinkayagu waxay kor u qaadayaan suurtagalnimada in DFosB soo saarista NAc ay dhexdhexaadin karto oo keliya dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee balwadda daroogada, laakiin sidoo kale dhinacyada waxa loogu yeero balwadaha dabiiciga ah ee ku lug leh isticmaalka qasabka ah ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah. [18]
Dr. Nora Volkow waa madaxa Machadka Qaranka ee Ku Xadgudubka Daroogada (NIDA), waana mid ka mid ah saynisyahannada balwadaha ugu daabacan uguna ixtiraamka badan adduunka. Waxay aqoonsatay isbeddelkan ku yimid fahamka balwadda dabiiciga ah waxayna ku doodday in magaca NIDA loo beddelo Machadka Qaranka ee Cudurrada Balwadda. Joornaalka Sayniska ayaa sheegaya: "Agaasimaha NIDA Nora Volkow sidoo kale waxay dareentay in magaca machadkeedu uu ku jiro balwadaha sida filimada galmada , khamaarka, iyo cuntada," ayuu yiri la-taliyaha NIDA Glen Hanson. 'Waxay jeclaan lahayd inay dirto farriinta ah inaan [aan] eegno goobta oo dhan.'" [19] (xoogga ayaa lagu daray).
Marka la soo koobo, 10-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay caddayntu hadda si adag ayay u taageersan tahay dabeecadda balwadda leh ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah. Drs. Malenka iyo Kauer, warqaddooda taariikhiga ah ee ku saabsan habka isbeddellada kiimikada ee ka dhaca unugyada maskaxda ee shakhsiyaadka balwadda leh waxay ku sheegeen, "balwaddu waxay u taagan tahay qaab barasho iyo xusuus ah oo cudur ah, haddana awood leh." [20] Hadda waxaan ugu yeernaa isbeddelladan unugyada maskaxda "xoog-saarid muddo dheer ah" iyo "niyad-jab muddo dheer ah," waxaanan ka hadlaynaa maskaxda inay tahay balaastig, ama ay ku dhici karto isbeddel iyo dib-u-xirid. Dr. Norman Doidge, oo ah dhakhtar ku takhasusay neerfaha oo ka tirsan Columbia, ayaa buugiisa The Brain That Isbedesha wuxuu ku sharraxayaa sida sawir-gacmeedku u keeno dib-u-xirid wareegyada neerfaha. Wuxuu xusayaa daraasad ku saabsan ragga daawanaya sawir-gacmeedyada internetka oo ay u ekaayeen "si qarsoodi ah" sida jiirarka riixaya kabaalka si ay u helaan kookayn sanduuqyada Skinner ee tijaabada ah. Sida jiirka balwadda leh, waxay si quus ah u raadinayaan hagaajinta xigta, iyagoo gujinaya jiirka sida jiirku u riixayo kabaalka. Balwadda sawir-gacmeedku waa waxbarasho aad u kacsan , laga yaabee tani waa sababta dad badan oo la halgamay balwado badan ay u sheegeen inay ahayd balwadda ugu adag ee ay ka gudbaan. Balwadaha daroogada, in kasta oo ay awood badan yihiin, haddana waa kuwo aan firfircoonayn qaab "feker", halka daawashada filimada qaawan, gaar ahaan internetka, ay tahay hab aad u firfircoon oo neerfaha ah. Raadinta joogtada ah iyo qiimeynta sawir kasta ama muuqaal kasta oo loo soo saaro awood iyo saameyn waa jimicsi ku saabsan barashada neerfaha iyo dib-u-hagaajinta.
Heerka ugu sarreeya ee galmada aadanaha wuxuu adeegsadaa waddooyin abaalmarin la mid ah kuwa la abaabulo inta lagu jiro kacsiga heroin. [21] Haddii aan ku guuldareysanno inaan fahanno saameynta awoodda sawir-gacmeedyada qaawan ee dib-u-habaynta maskaxda qaab-dhismeedka, neerfaha, iyo dheef-shiid kiimikaadka, waxaan isku hallaynaynaa inaan sii wadno inaan ku guuldareysanno daaweynta cudurkan halista ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aan siinno abaalmarintan dabiiciga ah ee awoodda leh diiradda iyo xoogga ku habboon waxaan ka caawin karnaa dad badan oo hadda ku xayiran balwadda iyo quusta inay helaan nabad iyo rajo.
[1] Constance Holden, "Baarista Dhaqanka: Ma Jiraan? Sayniska , 294 (5544) 2 Noofambar 2001, 980.
[2] Xidid.
[3] Eric J. Nestler, "Ma jiraa waddo molecular oo caadi ah oo loogu talagalay balwadda?" Nature Neuroscience 9(11):1445-9, Noofambar 2005
[4] Teresa R. Franklin, Paul D. Acton, Joseph A Maldjian, Jason D. Gray, Jason R. Croft, Charles A. Dackis, Charles P. O'Brien, iyo Anna Rose Childress, "Hoos u dhaca Xoogga Maaddada Cawlan ee ku jira Insular, Orbitofrontal, Cingulate, iyo Temporal Cortices ee Bukaannada Kookaha," Cilmi-nafsiga Bayoolajiga (51)2, Janaayo 15, 2002, 134-142.
[5] Paul M. Thompson, Kikralee M. Hayashi, Sara L. Simon, Jennifer A. Geaga, Michael S. Hong, Yihong Sui, Jessica Y. Lee, Arthur W. Toga, Walter Ling, iyo Edythe D. London, “Cillado aan caadi ahayn oo ku dhaca maskaxda dadka aadanaha ah ee isticmaala Methamphetamine,” Joornaalka Cilmi-nafsiga , 24(26) Juun 30 2004;6028-6036.
[6] Nicola Pannacciulli, Angelo Del Parigi, Kewei Chen, Dec Son NT Le, Eric M. Reiman iyo Pietro A. Tataranni. Neuroimage 31 (4) Luulyo 15 2006, 1419-1425.
[7] Boris Schiffer, Thomas Peschel, Thomas Paul, Elke Gizewshi, Michael Forshing, Norbert Leygraf, Manfred Schedlowske, iyo Tillmann HC Krueger, “Cilladaha Maskaxda ee Qaabdhismeedka ee Nidaamka Frontostriatal iyo Cerebellum ee Pedophilia,” Joornaalka Cilmi-baarista Dhimirka (41)9, Noofambar 2007, 754-762.
[8] M. Bourke, A. Hernandez, 'Daraasadda Butner' Redux: Warbixin ku saabsan Dhacdooyinka Dhibanayaasha Gacan-ku-haynta Carruurta ee Dembiilayaasha Filimada Fiidiyowga Carruurta. Joornaalka Rabshadaha Qoyska 24(3) 2009, 183-191.
[9] H. Mouras, S. Stole4ru, V. Moulier, M Pelegrini-Issac, R. Rouxel, B Grandjean, D. Glutron, J Bittoun, Firfircoonida nidaamka muraayadda-neuron iyadoo la adeegsanayo muuqaallo galmo ah ayaa saadaaliyay heerka kacsiga la kiciyay: daraasad fMRI ah. NeuroImage 42 (2008) 1142-1150.
[10] Michael H. Miner, Nancy Raymond, BryonA. Meuller, Martin Lloyd, Kelvin Ol Lim, “Baaritaan hordhac ah oo ku saabsan astaamaha kicinta iyo neerfaha ee dhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah.” Cilmi-baarista Dhimirka ee Neuroimaging Volume 174, Cadadka 2, Noofambar 30 2009, Boggaga 146-151.
[11] Bruce E. Wexler, Christopher H. Gottschalk, Robert K. Fulbright, Isak Prohovnik, Cheryl M. Lacadie, Bruce J. Rounsaville, iyo John C. Gore, “Sawirka Maqalka ee Shaqada leh ee Rabitaanka Kookaha,” Joornaalka Mareykanka ee Cilmi-nafsiga , 158, 2001, 86-95.
[12] Jan Reuter, Thomas Raedler, Michael Rose, Iver Hand, Jan Glascher, iyo Christian Buchel, “Khamaarka cudurku wuxuu la xiriiraa hoos u dhaca dhaqdhaqaaqa nidaamka abaalmarinta mesolimbic,” Nature Neuroscience 8, Janaayo 2005, 147-148.
[13] Gene-Jack Wang, Nora D. Volkow, Jean Logan, Naomi R. Pappas, Christopher T. Wong, Wei Zhu, Noelwah Netusil, Joanna S Fowler, “Dopamine-ka maskaxda iyo cayilka,” Lancet 357(9253) Febraayo 3 2001, 354-357.
[14] J. Michael Bostwick iyo Jeffrey A. Bucci, “Baarista Galmada Internetka ee lagu Daweeyay Naltrexone.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings , 2008, 83(2):226-230.
[15] Marc N. Potenza, “Neerfaha cilmiga khamaarka iyo balwadda daroogada: dulmar guud iyo natiijooyin cusub,” Falsafadda Bulshada Boqortooyada , 363, 2008, 3181-3190..
[16] Nora D. Volkow, Gene-Jack Wang, Joanna S. Fowler, Frank Telang, “Isku-darka wareegyada neerfaha ee balwadda iyo cayilka: caddaynta cudurrada nidaamyada,” Falsafadda Bulshada Boqortooyada , 363, 2008, 3191-3200.
[16] Eric J. Nestler, “Hababka qoraalka ah ee balwadda: doorka DFosB,” Falsafadda Bulshada Boqortooyada , 363, 2008, 3245-3256.
[18] DL Wallace, et al, Saamaynta DFosB ee Nucleus-ka ayaa ku soo ururta Dhaqanka la xiriira abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah, Joornaalka Cilmi-nafsiga , 28(4): Oktoobar 8, 2008, 10272-10277,
[19] Sayniska 6 Luulyo 2007:?Mugga 317. lambarka 5834, bogga 23
[20] Julie A. Kauer, Robert C. Malenka, “Synaptic Plasticity iyo Balwadda,” Dib u Eegista Dabeecadda Neuroscience, 8, 8440858 Noofambar 2007, 844-858.
[21] Gert Holstege, Janniko R. Georgiadis, Anne MJ Paans, Linda C. Meiners, Ferdinand HCE van der Graaf, iyo AAT Simone Reinders.