Kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee Jawaab-celinta Muuqaalka Galmada: Dib-u-eegid (2008)

Heather A. Rupp, Ph.D.^1,2 iyo Kim Wallen, Ph.D.³

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Maqaalkani wuxuu dib u eegayaa waxa hadda la og yahay sida ragga iyo haweenku uga jawaabaan soo bandhigida dareenka muuqaalka galmada. Inkasta oo ay maleeshiyee in ragga ay wax badan ka jawaabaan dareenka jinsiga ee muuqaal ahaan guud ahaan si loo taageero, warbixinnadii hore ee kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ayaa lagu wareersan yahay maaddada isbeddelka ee lagu soo bandhigay farsamooyinka la soo bandhigay iyo farsamooyinka cabbiraadda. Waxaan soo jeedineynaa in marxaladda waxqabadka fahamka ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka galmada ay tahay marxaladda koowaad ee khilaafaadka galmada ay dhacaan. Kala duwanaanshaha ragga iyo dumarka waxaa la soo jeediyey in ay dhacaan waqtigaan, waxay ka muuqdaan kala duwanaanta hawlgelinta nudaha, waxayna gacan ka geysataa kala duwanaanta jinsiga la soo sheegey ee ka soo baxa jawaabaha nafsaaniga ah ee hooseeya iyo warbixinnada asaasiga ah ee jinsiga. Waxaa intaa sii dheer, dib-u-eegidani waxay ka hadlaysaa arrimaha keenaya isbeddelka kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee la arkay iyagoo ka jawaabaya dareenka jinsiga. Calaamadaha waxaa ka mid ah doorsoomayaasha ka qaybgalayaasha, sida hormoonada hormoonka iyo habdhaqanka galmada bulsheed, iyo sidoo kale doorsoomayaal gaar ah oo ku saabsan waxyaabaha la soo bandhigay ee ku saabsan kicinta. Iyadoo lagu saleynayo suugaanta dib-u-eegista, waxaannu ku soo gabagabeynaynaa in astaamaha ku-xirnaantu ay ka duwanaan karaan heerarka sare ee galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka. Gaar ahaan, ragga ayaa u muuqda inay saameyn ku yeeshaan jinsiga ka mid ah jilayaasha lagu sawiray dhiirigelinta iyada oo jawaabta haweenku ay ku kala duwanaan karto macnaha guud. Dhiirigelinta jinsiga, aragtida jinsi ahaaneed, iyo habdhaqanka galmada waa saameyn suurtogal ah. Khilaafaadkaasi waa muhiimada ugu muhiimsan ee cilmi-baarista mustaqbalka ee kufsiga jinsiga kaas oo ujeedkiisu yahay isticmaalka kicinta tijaabada ah ee la barbardhigi karo ragga iyo haweenka iyo sidoo kale fahamka guud ee kala duwanaanta fahamka jinsiga.

Arousal Sexual

Si aad u fahamto si buuxda farqiga ujeeda galmada ee ka jawaabista dareenka jinsiga, muuqaalka ugu horeeya ee lagama maarmaanka u ah in la soo bandhigo qaab dhismeedka qeexidda qawaaniinta kala duwan ee aan aaminsanahay in ay lug ku leeyihiin soo saarista jawaab-celinta jinsiga. Waxaan u tixgelineynaa arimaha jinsiga, ama ka jawaabista dareenka jinsiga ee muuqaalka ah, sida badeecada soo baxda ee wadashaqeyneed iyo dabiiciga jirka ee shakhsi ahaaneed (Basson, 2002; Heiman, 1980; Janssen, Everaerd, Spiering, & Janssen, 2000; Palace & Gorzalka, 1992). Kaalinta garashada garashada garashada galmada looma ogaanayo, laakiin waxay ku lug leedahay qiimeynta iyo qiimeynta kicinta, kala soocista kicinta sida kicinta galmada, iyo jawaabcelin waxtar leh (Basson, 2002; Janssen et al., 2000; Redoute et al., 2000; Stoleru et al., 1999). Qaybta nafleyda ee jinsiga galmada waxaa ka mid ah isbeddelka ku yimaada waxqabadka wadnaha, neefsashada, iyo jawaabcelinta xubinta taranka, ragga ragga, iyo dumokongestion ee haweenka (Basson, 2002; Janssen et al., 2000; Korff & Geer, 1983; Laan, Everaerd, Van der Velde, & Geer, 1995). Marka mawduucyada la eego dareenka jinsiga, jawaabaha jirka, sida xaddiga garaaca wadnaha, cadaadiska dhiigga, neefsashada, kacsanaanta, iyo isbedelka maskaxda, waxay inta badan isku dhafan yihiin aragtida shakhsi ahaaneed ee udubdhexaadka ah ee jinsiga, gaar ahaan haweenka (Chivers, Reiger, Latty, & Bailey, 2004; Laan iyo al., 1994; Wincze, Hoon, & Hoon, 1977). Xasaasiyadda u dhaxeysa tallaabooyinka nafsiga ah iyo warbixinnada ku saabsan dabeecada galmada ee shucuureed ayaa laga yaabaa inay soo jeediso in isbedelka nafsiyadeed ee naftooda aysan ahayn mawduucyada keliya ee loo adeegsado qiimeynta dareenka jinsiga. Waxaa intaa sii dheer, ma cadda in khilaafkan uu yahay mid ku kooban xaasaska, sida ragga sida caadiga ah muujiyaan in ka badan, inkastoo aysan dhammeystirneyn, udhexeeya jawaabahooda guurka iyo qiimaynta shilalka ee arousal (Chivers et al. 2004; Hall, Binik, & Di Tomasso, 1985). Sidaa awgeed, weli ma ogaanno xiriirka dhabta ah ee udhaxeeya jinsiga iyo muuqaalka jinsiga, taas oo ah geedi socod kakan oo soo baxaya oo ka imanaya qaybo badan oo garasho iyo jireed. Waxaa suurtogal ah in qaabkani garashada iyo jirku uu ku shaqeeyo habab kala duwan iyo wareega, inkasta oo ay u badan tahay in ay si isku mid ah u saameynayaan (Janssen et al., 2000).

Hannaankeena maskaxeed wuxuu ku fekeraa in maskaxda maskaxda ee maskaxda, oo ay ku jirto xusuusta, dareenka, iyo dareenka, ay dejiyaan qaabka gudaha ee calaamadaha muuqaalka, iyo sidoo kale jawaabaha jirka ee dambe ee jirka, waxaa loo fasiraa galmo. Qaabka garashada garashada ee dareenka muuqaalka jinsiga ee la arko ayaa dhexdhexaadinaya jawaab gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dareenka muuqaalka jinsiga. Nidaamka ra'yi-celinta, natiijooyinka jinsiga ee jinsiga ah wuxuu ka yimaadaa isdhexgalka u dhexeeya garashada garashada iyo khibradaha, sida dawlad-wanaaga, khibrad hore, iyo xaaladaha bulsheed ee hadda jira, kuwaas oo dejiyey shuruudaha soo saarista falceliska jirka nafsadeed, oo markaa jawaab celin lagu sameeyo saameynta garashada garashada si ay u kiciso, taasoo keentay dareenka jinsiga galmada, taas oo markaa saameyn ku yeelata xajmiga nafsiga ah. Nidaamkan isdhexgalka ahi wuxuu u gudbi karaa dhowr marxaladood, kordhinta arousal leh marin kasta iyada oo loo marayo looyaraha garasho-jireed. Haddii hababka garashada bilowga ah ee miyir-qabka ah ama miyir-la'aanta aan la xalin, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah baarayaashu ay xoogga saarayaan jawaab-celinta ugu horreeysa ee jireed ee ku aaddan dareenka jinsiga iyada oo ah mid muhiim u ah maskaxda nafsadda (Basson, 2002; Laan iyo al., 1995). Waxaa suurtagal ah in isbeddel jinsi ah sida saxda ah ee caqabadaha u saameeya arooska jinsiga, laakiin ragga iyo haweenka labaduba waxay go'aamiyaan dabeecadda jinsiga oo ah sheyga jimicsiga jinsi ahaaneed ee ku jira xaaladda hadda garashada.

Baaritaanadii hore ee jimicsiga galmoodka ayaa diiradda saarey dhibcaha ugu dambeeya ee muuqaalka ama jir ahaaneed, sida erection ama isbedelka xubinta taranka, oo si naadir ah u baaray falanqaynta garashada ee jimicsiga galmada, oo ay ku jirto fiiro gaar ah iyo qiimeyn kobcin. Qeybta garashada ee arimaha jinsiga ah ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka jinsiga ee muuqaalku waa arrin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan jawaab-celinta galmada ee dadka oo u baahan baaritaan dheeraad ah. Farogelinta jinsiga waxay u badan tahay in la ogaado arrimaha saameynaya, iyo muhiimada ay leedahay, garashada garashada guud ee jinsiga galmada. Sidaa daraadeed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la baaro labadaba dhinacyada jidhka iyo garashada ee jimicsiga galmada si ay si buuxda u fahmaan khilaafaadka galmada ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka jinsiga. Dib-u-eegiddan ayaa ka hadlaysa natiijooyinkii hore ee khuseeya kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee ka jawaabista dareenka galmada, oo ay ku jiraan daraaseynta qiyaasaha dabiiciga ah iyo dabiiciga jirka ee jimicsiga galmada, iyo sidoo kale daraasadaha lagu cabbiro dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfaha ee ka jawaabista dareenka jinsiga. Baadhitaanka kala duwanaanta jinsiga ee ka jawaabista dareenka jinsiga ee muuqaalka ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo habab kala duwan ayaa sii wadi kara fahamkeena isdhexgalka adag ee u dhaxeeya garashada garashada iyo jiritaanka jirka si loo soo saaro arimaha jinsiga.

Kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee ku salaysan qiimaynta maaddada jinsiga

Kala duwanaanshaha ugu wanaagsan ee galmada ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka jinsiga ayaa isticmaala darajada muuqaalka jinsiga ee galmada iyo xiisaha ka jawaab celinta dareenka galmada. Marka la soo bandhigo kicinta isku mid ah, ragga iyo dumarkuba waxay badanaa soo sheegaan heerar kala duwan oo ku saabsan jinsiga iyo habboonaanta jinsiga, iyo sidoo kale qiimeynta jacaylka jinsiga ee jilayaasha, iyada oo ku xidhan sifooyinka dareenka. Daraasadaha intooda badan oo ragga iyo dumarku ay heerarka jimicsiga ee jilitaanka jinsiga ahi muujin waayaan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si nidaamsan ayaa loo gartey faahfaahinta xayiraadaha soo saari kara farqiga u dhexeeya jinsiga ama jilitaanka (Bancroft, 1978).

Daraasado kooban oo sharraxaya dhinacyada gaarka ah ee dareenka galmada ee ragga iyo dumarku ay doorbidaan inay helaan sifooyin badan oo saameyn ku yeelan kara jawaabta ragga iyo dumarka. Haddii ragga iyo dumarka abuuray dareenka waa dabeecad saameysa mawduucyada ka jawaaba dareenka galmada. Dumarka ka soo horjeeda filimooyinka filimka ah ee haweenka ama ragga ay soo bandhigeen ayaa muujiyay heerarka sare ee galmada ee haweenka haweenka ah (Laan iyo al., 1994). Si kastaba ha noqotee, jawaabahooda rasmiga ah kama muuqdaan jawaabahooda jir ahaaneed, iyaga oo muujinaya jawaabta guurka ee lamaanaha iyo haweenka soo saaray. Isku khilaafkan waxaa laga yaabaa inuu ka turjumo in haweenkani ay sidoo kale soo sheegaan dareen diidmo badan, sida iska-horimaad, dembi, iyo ceeb, si ay uga jawaabaan ninkii la abuuray marka loo eego filimyada haweenka ee abuuray. Dareenkan xun waxaa laga yaabaa inay ka dhalato xaqiiqada ah in filimada ay sameeyeen dadku aysan ku jirin wax digniin ah oo ay diirada saaraan galmada iyada oo haweeneyda ay abuurtay filim ka mid ah afar ka mid ah 11-daqiiqado ah oo loogu talagalay foreplay. Ma cadda in haddii tani ay ka turjumeyso jawaabta ay haweenku siiyaan filimada haweenka iyo dumarka, ama raaxo badan oo leh sawirro muujinaya in ka badan galmo. Tani waxa kaliya lagu xallin karaa iyada oo la isticmaalayo filimada waxyaabaha la midka ah, laakiin waxaa sameeyay rag ama dumar. Muuqaalka indhaha ee udhaxeeya maskaxda iyo jirka ayaa laga yaabaa in uu la xiriiro dareenka xun ee keena maadooyinka dumarka inay u yeeraan farsamooyinka kale ee garashada, sida aqbalaadda bulshada ee muuqaalka jinsiga, taasoo keentay in la joojiyo ama faafreeyo warbixinta shakhsi ahaaneed, laakiin waxay ka tagayaan jawaabtooda jireed aan waxba laga qaban. Kala duwanaanshahan waxaa sidoo kale lagu sharxi karaa xaqiiqda ah in haweenku ay sheegaan heerarka sare ee dabeecad xumo leh oo leh saameyn waxtar leh laakiin mararka qaarkood waxay muujinayaan in korodhka arooska oo kordhay saameyn xun (Peterson & Janssen, saxaafadeed). Haddii warbixinta asaasiga ah ama jawaabcelinta xubinta taranka ay tahay "dhabta ah" qiyaasta jinsiga galmada aan la xalin.

Daraasaddan la xidhiidha Janssen, Carpenter, iyo Graham (2003), markii rag iyo dumar la soo bandhigay filimyo qalafsan oo ay doorteen shaqaale rag ah ama haween ah oo cilmi baaris ah, waxay sheegeen in heerarka sare ee dabiiciga ah ee filimka ay doorteen xubno ka mid ah jinsiyaddooda. Ragga waxay leeyihiin darajo sare marka loo eego haweenka dhammaan filimooyinka, laakiin waxay leeyihiin qiimeyntooda ugu sarreeya filimka labka ah. Haweenku waxay sheegeen in heerarka hoose ee galmada ee dhammaan filimooyinka ay ka badan yihiin ragga, laakiin waxa ay sheegeen in heerarka sare ee haweenka uurka leh - marka loo eego filimada labka ah ee labka ah. Farqiga udhexeeya waxa uu ahaa mid yar oo ragguna wali waxay leeyihiin heerar ka sareeya haweenka xitaa haweenka xushay filimada. Wadajir ahaan, xogtaasi waxay muujiyeen in ragga ay ka jawaab celinayaan dareenka jinsiga ee muuqaalka ka badan intii ay haweenku ahaayeen, iyo kala duwanaanta jinsiga ayaa la xoojiyay haddii xayawaanka la doortay nin. Waa wax xiiso leh in ragga ay u muuqdaan kuwo aad u saameyn ku yeeshay haweenka iyaga oo jinsiga cilmi-baarayaasha doortay filimka. Tani waxay soo jeedineysaa in haweenku ay si yar u takooraan jawaabahooda ku saabsan cirridka jinsiga ah sida ragga.

Inkastoo daraasadda lagu sharraxay kor ku xusan waxay muujineysaa inay jiraan qaybo ka mid ah filimyada labka ah ee la doortay oo saameeyay jawaabaha ka qaybgalayaasha ee filimaan, daraasadda ma bixisay caddayn ah sida filimada ay doorteen ragga ay ka duwanyihiin filimada ay doorteen haweenka. Inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in filimadani ay yihiin kuwo lagu qiyaaso inta jeer ee ku lug leh jilitaanka, galmada afka, iyo galmada, raga iyo dumarku weli waxay isku raaceen wax, taas oo kala duwanaa jinsiga xulashada filimyada, waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u yar ama yar. Awoodda haweenka ee naftooda u maleynaya sida haweeneyda filimka ah ayaa ah qodobka keliya ee si xooggan u xaddhaafay arooska. Ragga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ku qiimeeyeen soo jiidashada haweenka haweenka iyo awoodda ay u leeyihiin in ay ilaaliyaan haweenka muhiimka u ah filimkooda filimka marka lagu daro in ay isu sawiraan xaaladda. Natiijooyinkaa waxay soo jeedinayaan in inkastoo rag iyo dumar labadaba ay u maleynayaan in ay ku jiraan dhacdooyinka, ragga ayaa laga yaabaa inay u badan tahay inay ka dhaadhiciyaan jilayaasha ka dhexjirta (Lacagta & Ehrhardt, 1972). Sidaa darteed, waxay u muuqataa in ragga iyo dumarku ay leeyihiin xeelado kala duwan marka ay daawanayaan dareenkooda jinsiga ah (Calaamadaha, 1979); Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sifooyinka khaaska ah ee dhiirigelinta laga yaabo inay kor u qaadaan ama ka saarto awoodda maadooyinka si ay u isticmaalaan istiraatiijiyadooda ay doorbidayaan weli lama yaqaan.

Dabeecad suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan dareenka jinsiga ah ee ragga iyo dumarku ay u kala qaybsanaan karaan si kala duwan waa muuqaalka muuqaalka ama faahfaahinta aan la xariirin ee xayawaanka. Tani waxaa lagu taageeray daraasad raadin indho-indhayn oo cusub oo muujinaysa qaabab kala duwan oo ragga iyo dumarka ah oo daawanaya sawirrada galmoodka ah ee jinsiga ah (Rupp & Wallen, 2007). Inkasta oo dhamaan ka qaybgalayaashu ay inta badan daawadeen fiirsashada xubnaha taranka, wajiyada dumarka, iyo xubnaha dheddigga ee sawirrada, haweenka isticmaalaya uur-qaadidda hormoonnada hormoonnada ayaa u muuqday kuwo marar badan sawirka iyo dharka intii ay ragga ahaayeen. Daraasaddan ayaa sidoo kale lagu ogaaday in nimanku ay marar badan ka eegeen wejiyada haweenka ee sawirada marka loo eego haweenka. Sababta oo ah ragga iyo dumarka daraasaddan ku kala duwan kuma qiyaasaan sida jinsi ahaan soo jiidashada ah ay u heleen sawirrada, aragtida dumarka ee ku aaddan qaababka xuduudaha ah ee xajinta, gaar ahaan dharka iyo asalka, uma muuqan inay la xidhiidhaan qiimeyn wanaagsan sawirada. Tani waxay la socotaa daraasad kale oo indho-indhayn-raadin ah oo ragga iyo haweenku ay ku muujiyeen sawirro muuqaal jinsi ah iyagoo si siman u soo kacaya inkastoo kala duwanaantooda ay kala duwan yihiin (Lykins et al., 2006). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadda Rupp iyo Wallen, si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasaddan raadraaca indhaha ma aysan helin farqi jinsi ah oo ku saabsan dareenka asaasiga ah ee dareenka erotic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Lykins et al. Daraasadu ma aysan kala duwanayn in dumarku tijaabiyeen isticmaalkooda kiniiniga afka laga qaato, inkastoo natiijada ka soo baxday daraasad horay loo ogaaday in farqiga galmada ee dareenka muuqaalku uu ku xidhan yahay isticmaalka uur-qaadidda haweenka. Wadajir ahaan, natiijooyinkani waxay soo jeedinayaan in ragga iyo dumarku ay leeyihiin kala duwanaansho garasho oo kala duwan kuwaas oo kor u qaadi kara heerarka ugu fiican ee xiisaha ee dareenkooda jinsiga ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, illaa mustaqbalka shaqada indhaha ee mustaqbalka waxa ay isticmaalaan cabbiraadda isku midka ah ee dabeecada galmada, ma aha mid gebi ahaanba caddaynaya waxyaabaha asaasiga ah ee muuqaalka galmoodka ah uu kor u qaadayo arooska galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka.

Caddeynta daraasadaha baadhista habdhaqanka ee dareenka galmada waxay bixisaa caddeyn dheeraad ah oo sheegaya in ragga iyo dumarku ay qiimeeyaan dareenka jinsiga iyadoo la adeegsanayo xeelado kala duwan. Soo noqoshada marxaladaha galmada ee raga iyo haweenka waxay caadi ahaan soo saartaa hab nololeedka nafsaaniga ah iyo dabiiciga ah ee raga uurka ku jira (Koukounas & Over, 2001; O'Donohue & Geer, 1985), laakiin natiijooyinka aan fiicnayn ee haweenka. Hal baadhitaan oo lagu ogaaday in haweenku aanay ku habboonayn marka ay si joogta ah u fiirsanayaan isla bogagga, oo ay muujinayaan tallaabooyinka cirridka iyo dabeecada ee arousal, wareysiyada tijaabada kadib waxay ogaadeen istiraatiijiyad istiraatiiji ah oo ay haweenku u adeegsadeen si ay u ilaaliyaan danaha (Laan & Everaerd, 1995). Boqolkiiba sagaashan boqolkiiba maadada haweenka ayaa sheegay in markii ay soo noqnoqonayeen ay soo noqnoqonayaan faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan faahfaahinta xiriirka iyo falsafadda ee dareenka, sida xogta asalka ah ama tilmaamaha ku saabsan xiriirka jilayaasha. Waxaa macquul ah in, guud ahaan, haweenku waxay bixin karaan feejignaan dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan ficil ahaan iyo faahfaahin la'aanta xiisadaha jinsiga ah marka loo eego ragga. Joogitaanka waxyaalaha asaasiga ah ee dareenka jinsiga ayaa laga yaabaa inay xitaa u oggolaadaan in hogaaminta haweenku ay kor u qaadaan aroosyada haweenka, iyagoo taageeraya xaqiiqda ah in haweenku ay soo bandhigeen falcelin fara badan oo sumcadeed oo ay sameeyaan filimyada ganacsiga ee ragga. (Kinsey et al., 1953).

Daraasaddan oo ay rag iyo dumarba u badnaayeen soo bandhigid soo noqnoqoshada dareenka jinsiga, farqiga galmada ee dabeecadda caadiga ah ayaa lagu arkay mawduucyo dhiirigelin ah oo dib u soo celiyay jawaabta dareenka galmada kadib (Kelley & Musialowski, 1986). Daraasaddan, raga iyo dumarku waxay filanayeen filim shimbir ah oo la mid ah afar maalmood oo isku xigta, raga iyo haweenkuba waxay muujinayaan hab-nololeedka jirka iyo dabeecad xumada. Maalintii shanaad, maadooyinka waxaa la soo bandhigay filim oo sawiraya isla jilayaasha sameeya falalka jinsiga ah ama filim lamid ah jilayaasha cusub ee ku lug leh dabeecadaha lagu arkay filimadii asalka ahaa. Ragga waxaa lagu soo warramey heerarka dabeecadda ee dabeecadda ee shanaad maalintii oo u dhiganta tan ugu horreysa ee filimyada ay jilayaasha cusubi ku hawlan yihiin dabeecadaha galmada ee hore loo arkay. Taa beddelkeeda, korodhka shucuurta ee haweenku waxay ku soo noqdeen heerarka maalinlaha ee kaliya marka ay daawanayaan filimada ay jilayaasha asalkoodu ku hawlan yihiin dabeecado cusub. Xogtaas waxaa loo tarjumay sida ragga ay u muujinayaan rabitaanka dareenka jinsiga ah ee dadka cusub, halka haweenku ay si fiican uga jawaabaan dareenada tilmaamaya xasilloonida iyo amniga lamaanaha joogtada ah. Waxay caadi ahaan u maleeyeen in haweenku door bidaan in ay muujiyaan xidhiidhada raaxada ah ee raaxada ah inkastoo aragtidan uu leeyahay taageero yar oo xooggan. Tusaale ahaan, markii ragga iyo dumarka la weydiistay inay akhriyaan mid ka mid ah laba sheekooyin oo ku saabsan khibradda jinsiga ah ee udhexeeya lamaanaha heterosexual, oo ka duwan heerka heerka jacaylka ee udhaxeeya jilayaasha, ragga iyo haweenka labaduba waxay ku qiimeeyeen sheekada si heerar badan oo jacayl iyo sida galmo badan oo galmo ah (Schmidt, Sigusch, & Schafer, 1973). The Kelley iyo Musialowski (1986) Daraasadu waxay sidoo kale ka tarjumaysaa in haweenku ay aad ugu badan yihiin ragga si ay naftooda u galaan filimka, sidaas awgeedna xasilloonida lamaanuhu waxay noqon kartaa mid shakhsi ahaan abaalmarin ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, saadaalinta xaalad kicin, ama la nuugo, ayaa sidoo kale lagu muujiyaa ragga si ay si wanaagsan ula xiriiraan arooska galmada, inkastoo aysan caddayn shuruudaha ragga ee istaraatiijiyadan.

Mabda'du waxay abuurtay kala duwanaanta jinsiga ee doorbididda mawduuc gaar ah ee dareenka jinsiga ayaa ah in dabeecaduhu muujiyaan lamaanayaasha isku-jinsiga ah ama kuwa ka soo horjeeda. Guud ahaan, ragga ragga qaba ayaa waxay muujiyaan dareenka isku-dhafka isku-jinsiga oo ka hooseeya haweenka sawirrada dumarka kale. Markii ragga iyo haweenka shahaadada hoose lagu soo bandhigay sawirro ragga iyo haweenkoodu ku raaxaysteen, raggii ayaa soo bandhigay falcelin aan fiicnayn oo sawirada ragga ka badan haweenka (Schmidt, 1975). Taas bedelkeeda, haweenku waxay ku qiimeeyeen sawiro labadaba u dhigma labadaba. Iyadoo la raacayo natiijooyinkan, Costa, Braun, iyo Birbaumer (2003) heerarka isku midka ah ee dabeecadda udhexeeya ee dumarka inay sawirtaan sawirro isku jinsi ah iyo jaangooyo jinsi ah oo ka soo horjeeda, halka raggu ku qiimeeyeen jinsiyada kale ee ka soo horjeeda. Noocyo isku mid ah ayaa la arkay marka maadooyinka lagu soo bandhigay filimo ah labadaba hawlo jinsi ah ama qaniisiin ah (Steinman et al., 1981). Ragga ayaa muujiyay heer aad u hooseeya oo ah isdaba-marinta isutaagga ah ee isboortiga lagu soo bandhigay filimyo ay muujinayaan laba nin oo ka badan intii ay sameeyeen filimka heterosexual ama lesbian. Dumarka, marka loo eego, ma muujin wax isbeddel ah kufsiga jinsiga ku saabsan ee u dhaxeeya heterosexual ama haweenka khaniisiinta ah. Warbixinnada dabiiciga ahi waxay ku salaysan yihiin daraasadaha raadraaca indhaha ee dhawaan la adeegsanayay iyaga oo adeegsanaya gobollo kala duwan oo sawirro ah sida tallaabooyin aan dulqaad lahayn (Lykins, Meana, & Strauss, 2007; Rupp & Wallen, 2007). Daraasooyinkan, rag iyo dumarba labaduba waxay ku qaadeen waqti dheer inay eegaan gabadha marka la barbardhigo sawirka ragga ee sawirada sawirada galmada.

Shaqadii hore waxay soo jeedineysaa in ragga ka soo horjeeda galmada ee ka soo horjeeda galmada ay ku tiirsan yihiin galmadooda, sida raggu u leeyihiin khiyaamo gaar ah xagga bartilmaameedkooda jinsiga, inkastoo haweenku aysan (Chivers et al., 2004). Markii ragga iyo dumarku daawanayeen filim ah qaniisyada qaniis yahay ama galmoodka ah, tallaabooyinka taranka haweenka iyo warbixinnada asaasiga ahi waxay muujiyeen in nimanku ay uga jawaabeen filimka ugu badan ee galmada la sawiray xubin jinsi ah oo ay soo jiidatay. Mawduucani wuxuu ahaa mid run ah dhammaan maadooyinka laga soo qaaday muunad ay ka mid yihiin ragga iyo dumarka ragga ah, ragga khaniisiinta ah, iyo labka ama dheddig-lab ah. Dumarka, si lid ku ah, maskaxda galmada xubnaha taranka ma aysan kala duwanayn jinsiga ee jilayaasha ku hawlan falalka galmada. Chivers et al. tarjumay natiijooyinkan si ay u soo jeediyaan in raga iyo dumarka aroosyada jinsiga ay u habaysan yihiin si ka duwan raggaasi waa nooc gaar ah iyada oo haweenku aanay ahayn. Fasiraaddan waxaa taageersan daraasad dabagal ah oo haweenku, laakiin aaney ragga ahayn, waxay muujiyaan jawaab celin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan bini'aadanka aadanaha (lab iyo dheddig ah) ee isdhexgalka galmada marka la barbar dhigo kicinta dhexdhexaad ah,Chivers & Bailey, 2005).

Soo koobid, oo ku saleysan suugaanta kor ku xusan, kala duwanaanta jinsiga ayaa laga ogaaday habka loo dejiyo jawaabaha dareenka jinsiga. Dumarku waxay u muuqdaan inay si haboon u falcelinayaan dareenkooda u oggolaanaya inay naftooda u huraan xaalada marka raga ay doorbidaan dareemo awood u siinaya inay ka hadlaan jilayaasha (Lacagta & Ehrhardt, 1972). Tani waxay gacan ka geysan kartaa ragga raga ah in ay kala takooraan xayawaanka isku-jinsiga ah iyo kuwa ka soo horjeeda iyadoo ay haweenku u sheegaan heerar isku mid ah labada arousal. Gaar ahaan, haddii haweenku ay isku mashquuliyaan dareenkooda ah inay noqdaan "noqdaan" haweenka haweenka ah ee xajinta, waxay markaas markaa ku dhiiri galinayaan inay sameeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqyo isku mid ah. Waxaa intaa dheer, haweenku waxay doorbidi karaan dareenka muujinaya xaaladaha daggan iyadoo ragga ay doorbidaan casriga. Sababta ka dambeysa kala duwanaanta jinsiga ee doorbididda kicinta ayaa ah mid aan caddayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la eego noocyada noocyada kala duwan ee ragga ay rag badani muujinayaan doorbidida haweenka riyooyinka si ay u xoojiyaan guusha taranka (Calaamadaha, 1979), midna waxa uu muujin karaa falanqayn isbedel ah oo ku saabsan isbeddelkan galmoodka ah ee doorbididda casriga ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ayaa laga yaabaa in ay ka tarjumaan istiraatiijiyado taranka taranka biological ku salaysan ee guusha dheddig-jinsiga ee haweenka la kordhiyo haddii ay leedahay qof muddo dheer la isku halleyn karo si loogu caawiyo daryeelka dhallinyarada, saameynta ciyaalka, ama labadaba. Waxa ugu muhiimsan ee ku saabsan daraasaddan waa soo jeedinta ah in ragga iyo dumarku ay u qiimeeyaan isla sinjiga isku midka ah. Kala duwanaanshahaan qiimaynta waxaa laga yaabaa inay hoosta ka xariiqdo kala duwanaanta jinsiga la arkay ee kufsiga arooska. Haddii ragga iyo dumarku ay qiimeeyaan kicinta si ka duwan bilawga, ugu dambaynta, farqiga jinsiga ee kufsiga jinsiga ayaa la filayaa waxaana laga yaabaa inay ka tarjuntaan isbeddelkan bilawga ah ee qiimeynta kicinta. Qaybta xigta waxay bixisaa caddeyn ah in kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee lagu arkay warbixinnada asaasiga ah ee aroosyada jinsiga ayaa noqon kara waxyaallaha kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee habka garashada ee dareemaha, oo ka muuqda farqiga neceybka dhaqdhaqaaqa.

Kala duwanaansho galmada ee Jawaabta Neural ee Jawaabka Galmada

Taariikh ahaan, daraasado ku saabsan ka qaybqaadashada neerfaha ee jawaabta dareenka jinsiga ayaa ku tiirsanaa daraasadaha lesion ee moodooyinka xayawaanka. Inkasta oo daraasaddan ay muujisay xog muhiim ah, sida doorka muhimka ah ee Hypothalamus iyo amygdala ee ku saabsan dhiirigelinta jinsiga iyo muujinta dhaqdhaqaaqa xayawaanka, laguma soo koobi karo ka qaybgalayaasha bini'aadamka mana aha inay gebi ahaanba awoodaan inay wax ka qabtaan jawaabaha culus ee garashada jinsiga waxaa laga yaabaa inay muhiim u tahay fahamka arooska jinsiga. Inkastoo qaababka xayawaanka ee dabeecadaha galmada iyo doorbididdu ay leeyihiin waxyaabo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay fahamkayaga dabeecadaha galmada aadanaha (Pfaus, Kippin, & Genaro, 2003), waxay ka wayn yihiin baaxadda dib-u-eegista. Bini'aadamka, farsamooyinka cusub ee dareemayaasha ayaa baadhitaan ku sameeya sida maskaxdu uga jawaabto dareenka jinsiga. PET iyo fMRI labadaba waa farsamooyin sawir ah oo isticmaala isbeddel ku yimaada socodka dhiigga si loo helo khilaafaadka gobollada nadaafadda. PET, sababtoo ah waxay isticmaashaa raasumaalka raadiyaha raadiyaha, waxay si aad ah ugu xiran tahay waxqabadka neerfuurta iyo, ka duwan fMRI, waxay ogaan karaan kor u kaca iyo kor u qaadista hawlaha neuralada. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo fMRI, waxaa kaliya oo la og yahay in dhaqdhaqaaqa isbeddelay, laakiin ma aha jihada isbedelka. Labada farsamoodba waxay ku tiirsan yihiin in isbeddelka dhiigga ee isticmaalka dhiiggu ay muujinayaan dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfaha ee kordhaya inkastoo nidaamka saxda ah ee hoosta udhaca xiriirkaan aan cadeyn.

Daraasado sawir leh ayaa muujinaya, in jawaabta dareenka galmada, ragga iyo haweenka labaduba muujiyaan firfircoonida goobo badan oo isku mid ah oo maskaxda ka mid ah oo loo maleynayo inay lug ku leeyihiin jawaab-celinta muuqaal jinsi ah, oo ay ku jiraan thalamus, amygdala, lebiska hoose ee lafaha, kortex hore, Kortex doorbid, xajin kortex, insula, callonum corpus, lobe jimicsiga oo hooseeya, fusiformka gyrus, lippototisporal lobe, striatum, caudate, iyo globus pallidus. Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay oo si gaar ah u eegaya kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee jawaabta isku midka ah ee dareenka jinsiga ayaa ogaaday, iyadoo ka jawaabeysa filimooyinka erotic, ragga iyo dumarku waxay muujiyeen meelo badan oo iskudhaf ah oo ka jawaab celinaya dareenka jinsiga ee xuubka hore, kortelka hore ee saxda ah, koontada hore ee orbital , insula, amygdala, thalamus, iyo qanjirka (ventral striatum)Karama iyo al., 2002; Ponseti et al., 2006). Si kastaba ha noqotee, ragga kaliya waxay muujiyeen korodhka kor u kaca hypothalamus inta lagu jiro soo bandhigidda dareenka galmada iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyadeeda si aad ah u xidhiidhsan raga warbixinta ee ragga. Mid ka mid ah sharaxaadda suurtogalka ah ee farqiga isu galmoodkani waa in hypothalamus laga yaabo inuu ku lug yeesho fal-celinta jirka ee ku saabsan ciladda jinsiga, sida dhirta, ama jimicsiga galmada waxay u dhaqaajisaa xuubka gawracatada hypothalamic, taasoo keentay in dheecaanka steroid-ka kordhiyay ragga ka dib hawshooda galmada (Stoleru, Ennaji, Cournot, & Spira, 1993). Daraasad by Hamann, Herman, Nolan, iyo Wallen (2004), iyadoo la adeegsanayo fMRI iyo sawirro, waxay heleen farqi jinsi oo la mid ah ficil-celinta hypothalamic ee ka jawaab celinta sawirrada muuqaalka galmada ee hawlaha heterosexual. Raggu waxay sidoo kale muujiyeen firfircooni guud oo waxtar leh ka jawaabista dareenka galmada marka loo eego haweenka ku jira amygdale inkastoo ragga iyo dumarku aanu u sheegin heerar shakhsiyeed oo jimicsi ah.

Waxaa muhiim ah in la kala saaro haddii kala duwanaansho galmoodka lagu arkay ficilka neerfaha uu ka tarjumaa farqiga u dhexeeya ragga iyo haweenka ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka jinsiga ama kala duwanaanta khilaafaadka sababtoo ah khilaafaadka jismi ahaaneed ee jirka ama jir ahaaneed. Tusaale ahaan, kororka hypothalamic ee lagu arkay ragga ayaa laga yaabaa inay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in ragga ay heli karaan qalab iyo tan isbadelisa dhaqdhaqaaqa hypothalamic. Uma maleyneyno in tani ay tahay, hase yeeshee, sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee waxqabadka neerfaha ee hypothalamus iyo amygdala ayaa lagu arkay kaliya marka la eego soocista muuqaalka jinsiga ee muuqaalka ah iyo ma ahan inta lagu guda jiro orgida (Holstege & Georgiadis, 2004). Dhab ahaan, orgasm, waxaa jira amygdala deactivation iyo orgasmka, gaar ahaan ragga, waxaa ku xiga xilli xiiso leh dareenka galmada. Sidaa darteed, firfircoonida galmada ee jinsiga ah inta lagu jiro galmoodka jinsiga ah ee ka horeysa orgoymka ayaa u muuqata inay ka dhigan tahay inuu ka tarjumo fekerka fekerka ee dareenka jinsiga, sida dhiirigelinta iyo rabitaanka, halkii uu ka soo jeedo dabeecadda jirka.

Inkasta oo shabakadaha guud ee neerfaha ee jimicsiga galmada ay isku mid yihiin ragga iyo dumarka, wareegyadaas ayaa laga yaabaa inay si kala duwan u firfircoonaadaan iyada oo ku saleysan sifooyinka dareenka jinsiga la soo bandhigay. Sida hore loo sharraxay, waxaa jira kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ah ee noocyada dhiirigelinta ragga iyo haweenka u sheegaan in ay yihiin jinsi soo jiidasho leh oo soo jiidasho leh (Janssen et al., 2003; Kelley & Musialowski, 1986; Schmidt, 1975). Shaqada dhow waxay taageertaa fikradda ah in maskaxda ragga iyo dumarku ay si kala duwan uga jawaabaan dareenka jinsiga ah ee ku jira mawduuca dareenka. Waxaa jira faraqyo jinsi ah oo ku saabsan firfircoonaanta neerfaha ee u dhexeeya ragga iyo dumarka iyadoo ku xiran jinsiga qofka jilicsan (Rupp, Herman, Hamann, & Wallen, 2004). Intii lagu jiray tarjumaha FMRI, mawduucyada ayaa muujiyay sawirro muujinaya ragga labka ah, dumarka dheddigga, xaalad dhexdhexaad ah, ama farsamo, oo lagu soo bandhigay naqshad xannibaad. Dhaqdhaqaaqa dareenka jinsiga ayaa la barbardhigey hawlgelinta inta lagu jiro xaalad dhexdhexaad ah. Faa'iidada ballaaran ee ka soo horjeeda kicinta jinsiga marka la barbardhigo dareenka jinsiga ee isku midka ah ayaa lagu arkay ragga oo ku jira laaluushka jilicsan iyo jilicsanaanta. Dumarku muu muujin meelo firfircooni kor u kaca oo ka soo horjeeda galmada marka loo eego dareenka jinsiga. Ragga waxay muujiyeen kala-duwanaansho kala-duwan oo maskaxeed oo ku lug leh haweenta galmada marka loo eego haweenka, oo ay ku jiraan amygdala, hippocampus, ganglia basal, iyo meelaha qaar ka mid ah koontooyinka hore. Dumarku ma aysan muujin kala duwanaanshahan, iyaga oo soo jeedinaya in haweenku aanay ku takoorin jinsiga ka soo horjeeda iyo dareenka jinsi isku midka ah sida ay raggu u sameeyaan. Dumarku waxay muujiyeen kobcinta firfircoonida isku jinsi isku midka ah marka la barbar dhigo nacaybka ka soo horjeeda jinsiga ee goobaha muuqaalka ah Khilaafaadkaasi waxay ka turjumayaan istiraatiijiyado kala duwan oo haweenka ku jira habdhaqanka garashada garashada, gaar ahaan sida haweenku ay diiradda u saaraan dareenka galmada. Kordhinta dhaqdhaqaaqa haweenka ee xeryahaas ayaa laga yaabaa in ay ka tarjumaan habka ugu adag ee dareenka jinsiga ah ee diiradda saaraya oo keliya dhinacyada jinsiga ee kicinta, laakiin sidoo kale waxyaabo aan macquul aheyn oo laga yaabo inay jiraan xaalado xaddidan (Rupp & Wallen, 2007).

Cilmi-baadhisyo xaddidaya bartilmaameedyada dareenka jinsiga ee muuqaalku waxay wax ka qabtaan suurtagalnimada in raga iyo dumarku ay ku kala duwan yihiin istiraatiijiyadooda garashada garashada garashada fikirka marka la soo bandhigo dareen jinsi oo muuqaal ah si loo soo saaro khilaafaadka la arko ee ka dhexjirta naqshadaha nadaafadda Daraasad cusub oo neuroimaging ah (Ponseti et al., 2006) waxay ogaatay in marka xayiraadaha xuduudaha ee aan caadiga ahayn ee ragga, dumarka, iyada oo aan loo eegin doorbididda galmada, waxay muujiyaan astaamaha isku midka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfaha iyagoo ka jawaabaya dareenka muuqaalka jinsiga. Daraasaddan, ragga iyo dumarka khaniisiinta ah iyo labka dheddig-laboodka ah ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah loogu arkay sawirrada xubinta taranka ee galmada iyada oo aan jirin qaybo kale oo jidhka ka mid ah ama macnaha guud. Qorayaashu waxay muujinayaan in raga iyo dumarku aysan ka gedisan guud ahaan jawaabtooda neuronal ee dareenka galmada (sida marka la barbardhigo IAPS xakamaynta sawirada qiimaha macmilaan iyo arousal) iyaga oo ka jawaabaya muuqaallada aan macquul ahayn. Maxaa ka duwanaa, hase yeeshee, waxay ahayd nooca dhiirigelinta ee soo saarey kor u kaca firfircoonida meelaha la xidhiidha abaalmarinta, gaar ahaan qaybta taranka iyo saldhigga dhexe. Labada rag iyo dumarba labadaba raga iyo dumarka labadaba, habka abaalmarinta nidaamka abaal-marinta ayaa ahaa kii ugu sarreeyey marka la fiiriyo sawirrada galmada ay doorbidayaan. Daraasadani waxay taageertaa aragtida nooca ragga iyo dumarku aysan ku kala duwanayn jidadka neerfaha ee kufsiga jinsiga, laakiin kaliya hal-ku-dhegayaasha iyo istaraatijiyadaha ka shaqeeya nidaamka.

Baaritaan ku saabsan jawaabta EEG-ka ee ka soo horjeeda midabtakoorka jinsiga ee raga iyo haweenka waxay taageeraan natiijooyinka sawirrada waxayna soo jeedinayaan in dumarku ay ka yaryihiin inta u dhaxaysa ragga iyo dumarka ka soo horjeeda jinsiga marka loo eego raga (Costell, Lunde, Kopell, & Wittner, 1972). Costell et al. ayaa qiyaastay qiyaasta kala duwanaanta ee isbeddelka isbeddel la'aanta (CNV). Qaybtan EEG waxay ka dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa soojeedinta digniinta iyo bartilmaameedyada yoolalka iyo waxaa loo maleynayaa in ay ka tarjumayso heerarka rajada iyo kor u qaadka. Kicitaanka bartilmaameedku wuxuu sawir ka ahaa lab ama dheddig lab ah, ama sawir aan caadi ahayn oo shakhsi ah. Kicinta digniinta waxay ahayd horudhac 500 msec oo ka mid ah 10-ka xayiraadda ujeeddadeeda. Ragga iyo dumarkaba labaduba waxay muujiyeen badh ka mid ah CNV-ta si looga hortago xayawaanka jinsiga oo ka yimaada dareenka dhexdhexaadka ah. Hase yeeshee, haweenka oo keliya, waxay muujiyeen koror ku yimid jawaab-celinta istiraatiijiyad isku mid ah marka loo eego dhexdhexaad. Xogtaasi waxay soo jeedineysaa in heerarka neerfaha, oo la mid ah kuwa lagu arkay heerka dabeecadda, ragga way ka duwan yihiin dumarka ka soo horjeeda iyo dareenka jinsi isku mid ah.

Waxaannu u maleynaynaa in raga iyo dumarku ay ku kala duwanaan karaan noocyada dareenka jinsiga ah ee bilaaba damaca jinsiga iyo jimicsiga. Gaar ahaan, sifooyinka kala duwan ee dareenka jinsiga muuqaalka, sida jinsiga ee jilayaasha ama macluumaadka xaaladaha ku jira, waxaa laga yaabaa inay noqdaan kuwo si wax ku ool ah u adeegsan kara dhalmada galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka. Sidaa darteed, sida kor ku xusan, heerka garashada garashada galmada ee ragga iyo dumarku ay qiimeynayaan dareenka galmada waxay noqon kartaa mid muhiim u ah kala-duwanaansho oo soo saara khilaafaadka galmoodka lagu arkay ee ka jawaabaya dareenka galmada.

Saameynta Saamiyada

Suugaanta dib loo eegay waxay caddaynaysaa in ay jiraan kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka jinsiga. Asalka asalka jinsi-takoorka kala duwan ee wax-ka-qabashada jinsiga ayaa lama garanayo. Waxyaabaha suurtogalka ah ee suurtagalka ah waxay noqon karaan mid bulshadeed, dhaqdhaqaaq, jir ahaaneed, maskaxiyan, ama u badan tahay in la isku daro. Isbedelada dareenka bulsheed waxay u muuqdaan inay kaalin muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan kala duwanaanta galmada la arkay ee ku saabsan warbixinnada jinsiga galmada. Qaar ka mid ah cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ku doodaan in galmadu ay tahay dhacdad bulsho ahaaneed (Reiss, 1986). Taariikh ahaan, dhaqanka Reer Galbeedku wuxuu ragga siiyay xoriyad jinsi ah iyo dumar culus oo dheeraad ah oo muujinaya dhiirigelinta jinsiga ama xiisaha jinsiga, laba jaango oo labadaba jira xitaa illaa heerkulka maanta (Crawford & Popp, 2003; Murnen & Stockton, 1997). Falanqaynta faahfaahinta tiknoolajiyadda caanka ah waxay muujineysaa muujinta astaamaha da'doodu tahay 12-22 sannadkii la ogaaday in ay jireen cawaaqib xun oo bulshadeed iyo shucuureed oo ka muuqda goobaha haweenku bilaabeen dhaqdhaqaaqyo jinsi ah marka loo eego ragga (Aubrey, 2004). Ma aha oo kaliya telefishanka caanka ah, laakiin sidoo kale filimyada loo isticmaalo waxbarashada jinsiga ee 1990 ilaa 2000 waxaa lagu ogaadey in ay muujinayaan heer jinsi lab ah oo dhiirigelinaya baaxada haweenka iyo taxadar (Hartley & Drew, 2001). Barashada bulsheed ee ay la kulmaan ragga iyo haweenka noloshooda oo dhan waxay dhexdhexaadin karaan dareenkooda asaasiga ah ee kufsiga jinsiga ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka galmada. In ay jiraan kala duwanaansho dhaqameed ee habdhaqanka galmada waxay soo jeedinayaan in saameynta bulshadu ay gacan ka geysato farqiga udhaxeeya dabeecadaha galmada iyo dabeecada (Reiss, 1986; Widmer, Treas, & Newcomb, 1998). Sidoo kale, ka qaybgalka kaniisadaha iyo aqoonsiga diinta ayaa la xidhiidhaa ruqsadda galmada ee hoos u dhacda (Haerich, 1992; Jensen, Newell, & Holman, 1990). Haddii waxbarashooyinka diimeed ay dhaleeceynayaan jinsiga dumarka, tani waxay saameyn ku yeelan kartaa habdhaqanka galmada haweenka iyo dabeecadaha, iyo si xun ula dhaqmida jawaabahooda la soo sheegay ee ku saabsan dareenka galmada. Dumarka, inkastoo raggii ragga ahaa ay guud ahaan kufsadeen rabitaan jacayl badan oo ka soo horjeeda isdhexgalka bulsheed ee ka soo horjeeda bulshada, marka loo eego haweenka, farqiga udhexaadka ah ee dumarku waxa ay hoos u dhigeen ragga oo leh khatar dheeraad ah haweenka, khibrad wadaag ah, iyo kaalinta jinsiga oo yar (Koukounas & Letch, 2001). Wadajir ahaan, suugaanta hore waxay soo jeedinaysaa in farqiga u dhexeeya ragga iyo dumarka waayo-aragnimadooda ah, doorka jinsiga ah, iyo dareenka ku saabsan jinsi ahaaneed ay soo saari karaan heerar shakhsiyeed oo kala duwan.

Sababtoo ah haweenku waxay dareemi karaan is-muujin dheeraad ah oo ay uga jawaabaan dareenka jinsiga sababo la xiriira rajooyin bulsheed, waxay isku dayi karaan inay xakameyaan jawaabahooda si ay uqalmaan doorarka lammaanaha bulshada ee haweenku aysan muujin heerar sare oo galmo ah. Daraasad baadhis ku samaysay isdaba-joog ah oo ku saabsan dabeecadda galmada ee loo adeegsado habdhaqanka galmada iyo habdhaqanka akhlaaqda ee ka hooseeya saddexda xaaladood oo waxay ogaadeen in haweenku, in ka badan ragga, ay ka soo horjeedaan dabeecadahooda galmada marka aysan jirin aqoonsi aan la xaqiijin (Alexander & Fisher, 2003). Dumarku waxay sameyn karaan doorka lamaanaha ee la midka ah marka lagu soo bandhigo dareenka jinsiga. Ayadoo lid ku ah haweenka, kuwaas oo inta badan soo gudbin kara waayo-aragnimadoodii hore ee galmada si ay ula midoobaan filashooyinka bulsheed ee la filayo, ragga ayaa laga yaabaa in ay soo sheegaan waayo-aragnimadoodii hore ee galmada si ay ula midoobaan kaalintooda lamaanaha ah (Fisher, 2007). Daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa lagu ogaaday in ragga ay ku sifoobeen heerarka sare ee jinsiga iyo galmoodka aan qarsoodi ahayn ay soo sheegeenaan wada-hawlgalo badan oo galmo ah marka ay leeyihiin haween tijaabo ah oo maamula sahanka qarsoodiga, marka loo eego haddii ay leeyihiin tijaabo lab ah. Hase yeeshee, waxtarkan ayaa la ogaaday, markaa, markii bogga lagu daboolay sahanku wuxuu ku sheegayaa in haweenku dhawaan lagu muujiyay inay noqdaan kuwa ragga iyo dumarka ka badan ee ragga ah. Natiijooyinka ka soo baxa ragga oo si weyn u tilmaamaya fikradaha asaasiga ah ee maskaxdu waxay bedelaan warbixintooda marka ay jiraan farriin ku saabsan galmada jinsiga ah, iyo inay sidaas sameeyaan marka ay joogaan haween tijaabo ah oo haween ah, waxay muujineysaa saameynta adag ee caadooyinka iyo habdhaqanka bulsheed ee saxda ah warbixinnada ku saabsan dhaqanka galmada ee ragga. Daraasadahaani waxay si wadajir ah u xoojiyaan saameeynta kala duwanaanta iyo kala-soocidda ee bulshada dhexdeeda ay u muuqato in ragga iyo dumarka ay ku jiraan warbixinnada ku saabsan dhaqanka galmada, taas oo muhiim u ah in la tixgeliyo goorta baaritaanka kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee ka jawaabista dareenka galmada.

Waxyeelashadaas ama xoojinta jawaab-celinta waxay yeelan kartaa ramifications weyn, maahan oo kaliya daraasadaha lagu cabbirayo warbixinnada asaasiga ah ee dabeecadda galmada, laakiin sidoo kale baaritaannada ku saabsan arousal ama arooska. Sida laga soo xigtay qoraalkani tusaalahan, ka hortagga qiimaynta shakhsiga ee haweenku waxay hoos u dhigi doontaa jawaab celin wanaagsan oo ku saabsan dabeecada nafsiga ah si loo soo saaro heerarka hoose ee jinsiga galmada ee haweenka ku jira warbixinta sirta oo la xakameynayo. Xakameyntu waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku leedahay tallaabooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfaha, oo ay soo bandhigeen daraasad fMRI ah oo ragga loo sheegay inay daawadaan filimaadyo erotic ah ama aan lahayn wax ka qabashadooda. Ragga oo aan ka hortagayn waxay muujiyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa firfircoon ee amygdala, lakabada jimicsiga jirka, iyo hypothalamus, laakiin ragga ayaa ka horjoogsaday jawaabahooda (Beauregard, Levesque, & Bourgouin, 2001). Sidaa darteed, haddii haweenku ay u badan tahay in ay joojiyaan jawaabahooda galmoodkooda hore waxay muujiyeen heerarka hoose ee jilicsanaanta xubnaha taranka iyo jilicsanaanta ee ka jawaabista dareenka galmada waxay ka tarjumayaan isku-kalsoonidooda shakhsiyeed ee haweenka ka badan ragga.

Saamaynta habdhaqanka galmada bulsheed iyo mawduucyada mawduuca ee la barbardhigay qoraalkooda jinsiga ah ee loo arko inay rajo bulsheed ku fashilmaan ayaa sharaxaya inta badan isbeddelka lagu soo bandhigo suugaanta ku saabsan warbixinnada kufsiga jinsiga. Qiyaasta asaasiga ah ee haweenka ee jinsiga galmadu inta badan ma eheen tallaabooyinka jir ahaaneed ama arousal (Heiman, 1977; Laan iyo al., 1995; Steinman et al., 1981). Mid ka mid ah agaasimaha ayaa noqon kara habdhaqan galmo, maaddaama ay jiraan xiriiro muhiim ah oo u dhaxeeya dabeecadahaas iyo heerarka la soo sheegay ee kufsiga jinsiga. Tusaale ahaan, haweenka qaba habdhaqan galmo oo xun ayaa muujiyay heerarka guud ee jimicsiga galmada ee ka jawaabista filimooyinka erotic ah marka loo eego haweenka leh habdhaqan galmo oo wanaagsan (Kelly & Musialowski, 1986). Sidoo kale, daraasad kale ayaa laga helay inkasta oo injiilka nafsaaniga ah uu isku mid yahay si looga jawaabo laba nooc oo kala duwan oo filimaadyo ah, filim ka soo baxa dareen, xishood, ama dambiile ayaa helay dhibco hoose oo xagga jinsiga ah (Laan iyo al., 1994). Kala saaritaanka udhaxeeya dabeecadda dabiiciga ah iyo dabiiciga ah kuma koobna dabeecadaha galmoodka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay la xiriirtaa jihada galmada. Chivers et al. (2004) waxay ogaadeen in haweenku ay yeesheen isla jinni isku mid ah inay filimmo u galmoodaan qaniisyada iyo galmoodka iyadoo aan loo eegin ujeedkooda jinsi ahaaneed. Taas bedelkeed, dabeecadahooda jinsiga ah ee la soo sheegay waxay ku kala duwanyihiin inta u dhaxaysa jilitaanka iyada oo ku xiran jinsiga ee jilayaasha filimka waxayna raaceen doorashadooda jinsiga ah ee is-dhiibay. Raggu ma muujin isku mid cakiran. Tusaalooyin aad u xiisa badan oo ku saabsan haweenka udhaxeeya garashada iyo dabiiciga ah ee haweenka ayaa ah warar daaweyn ah oo ku saabsan dhibanayaasha kufsiga oo tilmaamaya arooska gudniinka inta lagu jiro dhacdada.

Dhibaatada ka dhex galka bulshada dhexdeeda ee ka hortagga haweenka ee dhinacyada qaarkood ee ka jawaab celinta galmada, laakiin aaney kuwa kale ku jirin, waxay muujineysaa dhibka haweenka ee jinsiga. Waxaa jira habab badan oo garasho iyo jireed oo saameyn bulsheed saameyn ku yeelan karo, wax ka bedelida jawiga sifududeedka iyo xubnaha taranka. Muuqaal ahaan, inkastoo haweenku ay ka jawaab celiyaan xubinta taranka oo ka yar ragga (Chivers et al, 2004; Chivers & Bailey, 2005), warbixinta rasmiga ah ee asalka ahi waxay noqon kartaa mid bulsho ahaan saameyn ku leh waxayna sidaas u muuqataa inay xaddidan tahay. Dumarku waxay muujiyaan dabeecad maskaxeed oo ku salaysan dareemo kala duwan oo aan loo baahnayn inay soo sheegaan sida jinsi ahaanba galmada, sida sawirka galmada ee u dhexeeya laba xubnood oo ka mid ah jinsiga aan ka doorbiday ama xitaa kuwa aan nooleyn (Chivers et al., 2004; Chivers & Bailey, 2005). Dumarka uur-ku-jirka ah ee uur-jiifka ah waxay u muuqdaan inay ka tarjumayaan muhiimada ay leedahay dabeecadda dhabta ee jinsiga dumarka. Haddii maskaxdu ku dhacdo xayeysiinta, waxay haweenka u arkaan inay si aan caadi ahayn u jilicsan yihiin, waxay u egtahay inaysan ku galmoonayn jinsiyadaas, inkastoo ay awood u leeyihiin inay sidaa sameeyaan. Taas bedelkeeda, dareenka galmoodka yar ayaa u muuqda inaaney dhalin kicinta maskaxda, sidaas awgeed subaxnimadu, ma aha xubin taranka, arousal wuxuu noqonayaa isir muhiim ah oo lagu badalayo dhaqanka galmada haweenka. Tani waxay si aad ah uga duwan tahay raga iyo haweenka uur-jiifka ah ee aan lahayn dabeecad maskaxeed oo aan ka-hortagin dabeecad-jinsiga oo ka hortagaya dabeecadaha galmada intiisa badan, taas oo ka dhigaysa arousal jilicsan oo ah arrin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan jinsiga ragga.

Wadajir ahaan, daraasaadyadani waxay muujinayaan dumarka inay ka mid noqdaan warbixinnada nafsaaniga ah iyo ficil ahaanba ee kufsiga jinsiga. Hadday kala duwanaantu ka timaaddo arrimo bulsho ah oo lagu xakamaynayo warbixinta haweenka iyo dareenka xariirka galmada aan la xalin. Wax kasta oo ay sabab u yihiin, xakamaynta noocan oo kale ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay bedesho aragtida haweenka ee dabiiciga ah ee jidhkooda sida inayan si habsami ah uula kulmin aroosyada maskaxeed ee ku lug leh jawaabahooda guurka. Haddii kale, natiijada rajada bulshadeed ee la filayo, haweenku waxay si firfircoon u xakameyn karaan heerka jimicsiga ee ay soo sheegaan, sida in aysan ka tarjumeynin heerka arousal ee dhab ahaantii ay la kulmaan. Waa kuwee nidaamyadani u shaqeynayaan, ama haddii geedi socodka kale uu soo saaro isku-duwashada, way adag tahay in la go'aamiyo sababtoo ah weli ma ogaanno sida muhimada muhiimka ah ee haweenku u leeyihiin dareenka asaasiga ah ee haweenka kufsiga. Mawduuc muhiim ah oo cilmi-baaris mustaqbalka ah ayaa ah doorka ay bulshadu ka ciyaarayso qaabdhismeedka dabeecadaha galmada iyo sida ay u yareeyaan jawaabaha suura galka ah iyo jir ahaaneed ee dareenka jinsiga.

Saamaynta Bayoolojiyada

Marka lagu daro cadaadiska bulshada, farqiga bayoolajiga ee u dhexeeya raga iyo haweenku waxay u badanyihiin inay ka qaybqaataan kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee ka jawaabista dareenka jinsiga. Inkasta oo arrimo bulsheed ay si xoog leh u bedeli karaan ragga iyo dumarka fal-celinta jinsiga, arrimo bayooloji ah ayaa go'aamin kara inta ay le'eg tahay arrimo bulsheed ay wax ka beddeli karaan dabeecadda shakhsiyeed iyo jireedeed. Gonadal steroid hormoonada waxay u badan tahay inay u tartamaan saameynta bayoolojiga ee qaybta garashada ee jinsiga galmada, oo ay ku jiraan qiimeynta kicinta, dareenka, iyo dhiirigelinta jinsiga. Hormoonnada waxay ku dhaqmi karaan iyagoo badalaya dareenka iyo qiimaha jinsiga. Shaqadii hore waxay muujineysaa in nimanku yeeshaan dabeecad siyaado ah iyo nafsaani ah oo ku saabsan dareenka jinsiga oo leh dareen sare iyo dareen wanaagsan (Koukounas & McCabe, 2001). Feejignaanta iyo hababka kale ee fahamka ayaa saameyn kara heerarka testosterone ee ragga. Daraasadda PET waxay ogaatay in firfircoonida saxda ah ee cirridka dhexe iyo cirridka hoose ee ciriiriga ah, meelaha la xidhiidha dareenka iyo dhiirigelinta, iyadoo ka jawaabeysa kumbuyuutarada filimka erotic ah oo si fiican u dhexmuuqda heerarka testosterone ee ragga (Stoleru et al., 1999). Waxaa intaa sii dheer, ragga qaba hypogonadal, oo leh heerar aad u hooseeya ee testosterone, ma muujiyaan naqshadaha naqshadaha neerfaha ee caadiga ah ee ragga qaba heerarka testosterone caadi ah oo ka jawaabaya daawashada filimada galmada (Park et al., 2001). Si kastaba ha noqotee, ka dib saddex bilood oo kaabisid tijaabo ah, ragga qabatimay waxay muujinayaan korodhka kordhinta lafaha hore, xajin, insula, callonum corpus, thalamus, iyo globus pallidus, sida lagu arkay ragga caadiga ah ee ka jawaabaya dareenka galmada. Sababtoo ah ragga aan la daaweynin waxay awood u leeyihiin helitaanka xoqitaan marka ay daawanayaan dareenka jinsiga ee heerka u dhigma ragga ragga (Kwan, Greenleaf, Mann, Crapo, & Davidson, 1983), natiijooyinkaas waxay keenayaan testosterone jawaabta aan fiicnayn ee ku saabsan dareenka galmada. Taasi ma aysan helin wax isbeddel ah oo ku saabsan firfircoonida amygdala waxay noqon kartaa natiijo ka mid ah hababka. Kaliya dhawaanahan waxay leeyihiin feyliyeyaasha fMRI waxay xalliyeen qaraarka si ay si sax ah u cabiraan gobolkaan qotoda dheer.

Daraasado hore waxay soo jeedinayaan in testosterone ay sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelato galmada dumarka. Alexander iyo Sherwin (1993) waxay ogaatay in dareenka maqalka kufsiga maqalka ee hoose ee haweenka, oo leh heerarka hoose ee testosterone, ay la xidhiidhaan heerarka dhammaadka ah ee testosterone. Mawduucyada waxaa la weydiiyay in lagu celiyo fariin maqal ah oo lagu beegay hal dheg dheraad ah oo fariin maqal ah, oo ah nooca galmada ama aan la shaacin, oo la soo bandhigay ka dib markii dib loo dhigo maadooyinka dhegta kale. Dumarka oo dhan waxay sameeyeen khaladaad badan oo ku celiska ah farriinta bartilmaameedka ah marka ay jaahwareerku jinsi ka ahayd markii ay ahayd dareen dhexdhexaad ah. Dumarka 12 ee ku jira testosterone ugu hooseeya ayaa kordhay, laakiin aan ku jirin guud ahaan shaybaarka, cilladaha ku salaysan dareenka jinsiga ayaa la xidhiidhay testosterone, taasoo soo jeedinaysa in ay jirto xad-dhaaf ah tallaabo hoormoonka. Inkastoo natiijooyinka ay adag tahay in la tarjumo sababtoo ah astaamaha ayaa lagu arkay keliya haweenka heerarka testosterone aad u hooseeya, waxay soo jeedinayaan in testosterone ay kordhin karto dareenka jinsiga. Fikraddan waxaa taageersan daraasad u sameysay testosterone oo ka baxsan dumarka caadiga ah waxayna beddeshay jawaab-celinta ku saabsan damqashada galmada (Tuiten et al., 2000). Haweenka qaata hal qiyaas oo testosterone ah oo la soo sheego, afar saacadood oo ka dambeeya maamulka, "jacaylka galmada" ee korodhka iyo jahwareerka loo garto filimaanta erotic. Inkastoo daraasadani ay u baahan tahay in la soo celiyo, waxay soo jeedinaysaa saameyn dhaq-dhaqaaq ah oo ah tijaabo-qaadis ku saabsan fahamka garashada ee dareenka jinsiga.

Metaboloska testosterone, gaar ahaan estrogen, ayaa sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelan kara aragtida dareenka jinsiga ee ragga iyo dumarka. Heerka aasaasiga ah, hormoonada hoormoonka indhaha (indhaha)Suzuki et al., 2001) waxaa laga yaabaa in sida dhabta ah ay u aragto jawigooda si ay ula socdaan fiiro gaar ah oo ku saabsan calaamadaha jinsiga, sida tusaale ahaan. Aqoonsiga, iyo dareenka, degaanka ayaa sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelan kara hormoonnada, laga yaabo inay si aan toos ahayn ula socdaan saameeyaha hormoonka ee dhiirigelinta galmada (Rupp & Wallen, 2007; Wallen, 1990, 2001). Daraasado badan oo dumarka ah ayaa waxay helayaan rabitaan jinsi, masturbay, iyo bilawga galmada inta lagu jiro muddada umulinta kuwaas oo isbedelaya wareegga (Harvey, 1987; Tarin & Gomez-Piquer, 2002; Wallen, 2001). Si kastaba ha noqotee, saameynta wareegga caadadu waa badanaaTarin & Gomez-Piquer, 2002) iyo daraasadaha qaarkood ma muujinayaan wax isbeddel ah heerarka maskaxeed ee wareegga wareegga wareegga ama kor u kaca kacsanaanta dibadda (Schreiner-Engel, Schiavi, Smith, & Caddaan, 1981). Natiijooyinka aan caqli-gal ahayn ee baaritaan ku sameeya hormoonnada hormoonka ee ku aaddan danaha haweenka ee dareenka jinsiga ah ayaa laga yaabaa, inay qayb ahaan ka mid yihiin, arrimaha maadooyinka. Dhibaatada ugu horreysa ee habka caadiga ah waxay tahay in cilmi-baarisyo badani ay isticmaalaan cutubyo shakhsi ahaaneed oo cabbiraya sida tilmaamayaasha xiisaha. Isticmaalka qiyaasta shakhsi ahaaneed ma aha mid si sax ah u muujinaysa saameynta hormoonka sababta oo ah su'aalahan su'aaleed ee su'aaluhu waxay inta badan ka cabanayaan mawduucyada khalkhalka iyo xakamaynta (Alexander & Fisher, 2003) oo ha ku dhejin waxyeellooyin badan oo caadada ah oo ku saabsan soo jiidashada haweenka iyo ka-hortaggooda (Travin & Gomez-Piquer, 2002). Tusaale ahaan, haweenku waxay soo sheegaan rabitaan weyn oo ah inay aadaan xafladaha oo ay la kulmaan ragga agagaarka ugxanta (Haselton & Gangestad, 2006) oo soo bandhig tufaax dheeraad ah oo isku-dhafan (Haselton, Mortezaie, Pillsworth, Bleske-Rechek, & Frederick, 2006). Arrinta labaad ee habka habka guud ee baaritaanka ah ee saameynta wareegga caadada ee danaha dumarka ee dareenka muuqaalka galmada ayaa ah isticmaalka maaddooyinka maaddooyinka dhexdooda ah. Isticmaalka isbarbardhiga maadada guud ahaan caadada haweeneyda waxay noqon kartaa mid dhibaato leh marka la fiiriyo natiijooyinka daraasad hore oo muujineysa in kacsanaanta galmada jir ahaaneed ee ka jawaab celinta dareenka muuqaalka galmada aysan ku xirneyn xaalada hormoonka waqtiga baaritaanka, laakiin halkii ay ku xirnaan laheyd xaalada hormoon ee dheddigga inta lagu gudajiray soo-bixintoodii ugu horreysay (Slob, Bax, Hop, Rowland, & van der Werff ten Bosch, 1983). Daraasaddaas, xaaladda hormoon ee kalfadhigii ugu horreeyay ee tijaabada ah ayaa lagu muujiyey inay dhexdhexaadineyso heerarka dambe ee jawaabta xubinta taranka ee dareenka galmada ee muuqaalka ah. Dumarka markii ugu horreysay ee la soo dersay dareenka muuqaalka galmada inta lagu gudajiray wajigooda luteal waxay leeyihiin heerar hoose oo jimicsi jireed markii markii dambe lagu tijaabiyay wejiyada kale ee wareegga caadadooda marka loo eego dumarka markii ugu horreysay ay soo gaareen marxalad kale. Sidan oo kale, hormoonnada ayaa laga yaabaa inay leeyihiin haween dheddig ama shardi u leh inay yeeshaan jawaabo korodhsan oo ku saabsan kicinta ay la kulmeen markii ay lahaayeen heerar sare oo rabitaan galmo ah. Sidaa darteed, shaqadii hore ee baareysay isbeddellada ku saabsan xiisaha haweenka ee dareenka galmada ee muuqaalka guud ee wareegga caadada ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku dhacdo xaaladdan murugsan ee hormoonnada markii ugu horreysay.

Marka laga reebo saameynta hormoonada ee guud ahaan xiisaha jinsiga iyo arousal, aragtida haweenka ee soo jiidashada nimanku way kala duwan tahay wareeggooda wareega. Haweenkee ayaa soo jiidasho leh marka la eego miisaaniyadda ee ragga 'wajiga isbedbeddelaya wareegga caadada (Gangestad & Simpson, 2000). Dumarku waxay muujiyaan doorbid loogu talagalay sifooyinka lab ah ee ragga inta lagu jiro marxaladooda dhalmada ee wareegga aan la fiirin marxaladaha kale (Feinberg et al., 2006; Gangestad, Simpson, Ilma adeerada, Garver-Apgar, & Christensen, 2004; Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000). Xaqiiqdii, markii la tijaabiyay marxaladda luteal, haweenku waxay helayaan waji dumar ah waji ka soo jiidasho leh marka loo eego wajiyada maskaxda (Jones iyo al., 2005). Isbeddelka doorashooyinka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka tarjumaan isbedelka mudnaanta dhalmada ee wareegga wareegga caadada (Gangestad & Simpson, 2000). In kastoo ragga leh sifooyin badan oo riyadoodu ay keeni karaan jirro leh jimicsi ka sarreeya, ragga ragga ragga ahi waxay u badanyihiin inay maal gashadaan carruurtooda (Waynforth, Delwadia, & Camm, 2005) iyo galaan xiriiro wada shaqeyn ah (van Anders & Watson, 2006). Marka qorrax-dhaca, marka rimidda ay u badan tahay, dumarku waxay mudnaanta siin karaan helitaanka gen genes-ka iyo inay soo jiidaan ragga ragga ah. Inta lagu jiro marxaladda luteal, marka la barbardhigo, marka hormoonnada ay isku diyaarinayaan uurka, waxay mudnaanta u leedahay inay isdaba-mariyaan ragga ragga ragga ah si ay u helaan lammaane deggan oo bixin kara maalgashi waalidiin badan iyo ilo. Doorashada mala-awaalku waa go'aan adag oo lagu dheellitirayo abaalmarinta suurtagalka ah ee tayada sare ee hiddaha leh khatarta daryeelka xanaanada ee yar ama cudurada galmada lagu kala qaado. Hadda lama garanayo sida ay hormoonnada hormoonadu ula xidhiidhaan door bidida dufaanta ay ku habboon tahay in ay doorbidaan doorka haweenka ee sifooyinka labka ah. Waxaa suurtogal ah in tani ay tahay saameynta dhexe ee garashada iyo in hormoonka gobolka ee shakhsi uu dejiyo jawi isbeddel ah oo ay ku haboon tahay in la qiimeeyo.

Isbeddelka guud ee kufsiga jinsiga iyo rabitaanka iyo ikhtiyaarka lammaanaha ee isbeddelka heerarka hoormoonka ee wareegga caadada ayaa laga yaabaa in ay sabab u tahay isbedelka ku yimaadda farsamaynta garashada ee dareenka galmada inta lagu gudajiro wareegga. Mala-awaalkan waxaa taageera daraasad cusub oo neuroimaging ah oo muujiyey farqiga u dhaxeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfurka ee haweenka eegaya dareenka muuqaalka jinsiga ah iyada oo ku xiran marxaladda caadada xilliga imtixaanka (Gizewski et al., 2006). Gaar ahaan, haweenku waxay lahaayeen firfircooni dheeraad ah oo ku jira maqaarka hore, laabta bidix, iyo koofiyadii orbitofrontal kaddib markii la baaray inta lagu jiro bartamahoodii dhexe marka la barbardhigo heerka dhiigga. Caddaynta tani waxay sidoo kale ka timaaddaa daraasaadka ERP ee haweenka soo bandhigaya dareenka jinsiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa ERP uu isbeddelayo heerka wareegga caadada (Krug, Plihal, Fehm, & Wuxuu dhashay, 2000). Kow iyo toban haween ah ayaa sawirro muujinaya sawirro ragga ah, sawirro dhexdhexaad ah oo dad ah, iyo dhallaanka xilliga caadada, qurxinta, iyo luteal. Kaliya marka lagu jiro marxaladda dhalmada, marka heerarka estrogen ay sare u kaceen, haweenku waxay muujinayaan kororka qaybta dambe ee (LPC) ee galmada marka loo eego dareenka dhexdhexaadka ah. LPC waxaa loo maleynayaa inay tahay mid xasaasi ah oo ku saabsan qiimeeynta iyo heerarka dareenka shucuurta. Isku-dheelitirnaanta isbeddelka LPC, haweenku waxay sheegeen inay qiimo weyn u leeyihiin astaamaha ka jawaabista dareenka galmada inta lagu jiro muddada umulinta. Waxaa macquul ah in isbedelka lagu arkay buugta ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee ka jawaabista dareenka galmada waxay noqon kartaa qayb ka mid ah isbeddellada isbeddelka ee haweenka. Qiyaas ahaan heerarka sare ee estrogen inta lagu jiro marxaladda ilaysku waxay kordhisaa dareenka dumarka iyo aragtida wanaagsan ee dareenka jinsiga ee heerarka la midka ah kuwa lagu arkay ragga hormoonnada gonadal-ka ay u kala baxsanyihiin ka yar kuwa dumarka ah.

Inkasta oo xogta ku haboon tahay waqtigan xaddidan, waxay u muuqataa in maaddada hoormoonada mawduucyada ay u badan tahay inay tahay isbedel muhiim ah oo lagu fiirsan karo marka baadhitaanka kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee ka jawaab celinta garashada ee dareenka galmada. Daraasado hore waxay isticmaaleen haweenka qaadashada uurqaadida afka (Hamann et al., 2004), ama xataa xitaa ma ogaanin mawduucyada ku jira wareegyada caadada (Chivers & Bailey, 2005; Hamann et al., 2004; Koukounas & McCabe, 2001; Ponseti et al., 2006). Dhibaatooyinka naqshadeynta ayaa cidhib-tiray arrin ay muhiim u tahay in ay noqdaan muhiima muhiim ah waxayna kordhiyaan isbeddelka natiijooyinka. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka waxay u baahanyihiin in si aad ah u baaraan saameynta hormoonnada hormoonka ee aragtida dareenka jinsiga iyo sida ay taasi ula xiriirto kala duwanaanta ragga iyo dumarka.

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