Dhaqdhaqaaqa maqaarka ee dareenka maqaarka ah ee bini'aadamka ah marka lagu soo bandhigo sawirro dareen ah oo lagu soo eedeeyay: kala duwanaanta galmada (2014)

Front Physiol. 2014; 5: 111.

Waxaa la daabacay khadka internetka ee Mar 19, 2014. doi:  10.3389 / fphys.2014.00111

aan la taaban karin

Iyadoo la og yahay in walwalka ama dareenka maskaxeed uu saameeyo dhaqdhaqaaqa maqaarka ee xasaasiga ah (SSNA), jawaabta maqaarka galvanic (GSR) ayaa ah midka ugu badan ee la isticmaalay si loo kordhiyo kororka SSNA inta lagu jiro wakhti walaaca ama dareenka dareenka. Waxaan dhawaan soo bandhignay in SSNA ay bixiso qiyaas xasaasi ah oo ka mid ah xaaladda dareenka ee ka jawaab celinta jawaabaha jirka. Ujeedada daraasaddan xaadirka ah waxay tahay in la qiimeeyo in ay jiraan kala duwanaanta jinsiga ee jawaabaha SSNA iyo xuduudaha kale ee jirka sida sida cadaadiska dhiigga, heerka garaaca wadnaha, socodka dhiigga iyo dhididka oo dhidid ah, halka mawduucyada muujiyay sawirro dhexdhexaad ah ama dareen muuqaal ah oo ka socda Caalamka Nidaamka Sawirka Sawir leh (IAPS). Isbeddelada SSNA waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo microneurography ee 20 (10 lab iyo dheddig 10). Sawirro muuqaal ah (erotica) ama sawiro xun (shilin) ​​ayaa lagu soo bandhigay qaab-tartiib ah, ka dib xaywaanka sawirro dhexdhexaad ah, oo leh xaafad kasta oo ay ku jiraan sawirada 15 iyo 2 min. Sawirada labada erotic iyo gudniinka labadaba waxay sababeen kor u kaca SSNA, iyada oo kor u qaadaysa in ay ka weynaato ragga ay arkeen erotica iyo ka weyn haweenka daaweynaya naafaynta. Kordhinta SSNA badanaa waxay la socotay dhididka dhididka ah iyo walxo xoqan; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, calaamadahani ma aysan kala duwaneyn kuwa soo saaray iyadoo la eegayo sawirro dhexdhexaad ah oo aaney had iyo goorba la socon SSNA. Waxaanu ku soo gabagabeyneynaa in SSNA ay kor u qaadayso sawirro muuqaal leh oo si xun u dacaayad leh iyo lacag la'aan ah, hase yeeshee khilaafka galmada ayaa jira.

Keywords: maqaarka, dareenka, dareenka galmada, dhididka dhididka, microneurography

Hordhac

Dareenka bani-aadmiga ayaa muddo dheer la baranayey, oo leh aragtiyo badan oo la soo jeediyey iyo habab kala duwan oo loo isticmaalo in lagu baaro dareen-celinta dareenka iyo falanqaynta. Mid ka mid ah fikradaha ugu horreeya dareenka ee ku salaysan cilmi baaris xeeldheer waa aragtida James-Lange, oo soo jeedinaysa in dareenka la abuuray natiijooyinka jir ahaaneed; qofku wuxuu dareemaa murugo maxaa yeelay, waxay u ooyaan oo aan ahayn habka kale (Yacquub, 1884; Lange, 1885). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, su'aasha keenista, iyo sidoo kale aqoonta cusub ee ku saabsan habka dareenka, ayaa macnaheedu yahay in aragtida badanaa laga tagay (Golightly, 1953). Waxaa jira horumar joogto ah oo ah aragti dareen ah, inkastoo ay hadda cadahay in wax ka bedelidda waxqabadka xubnaha ay gacanta ku hayaan nidaamka dareenka madaxbannaan (ANS) ay ku lug leeyihiin isbeddelada isbedelka shucuureed (Lacey iyo Lacey, 1970), sida marka neef-qabashada (vododilatation) uu ku dhaco wejiga qofka wajahaya marka uu qofku ka xishoodo.

Waxqabadka ANS iyo noocyada kala duwan ee ficil-celinta jirka ayaa si baaxadleh loo baranayaa inta lagu jiro xaaladaha kala duwan ee dareenka ama caqabadaha, laakiin khilaafka ayaa weli jira oo ku saabsan natiijada ka soo baxday baaritaannadan (Hare et al., 1970; Callister et al., 1992; Lang et al., 1993; Fox, 2002; Ritz et al., 2005; Carter et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2012). Waxaa jira aragti guud oo ah in khilaafka jinsiga iyo dareenka jira ay jiraan. Xaqiiqdii, waxaa jira caddaynta soocda kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee farsamooyinka dareenka, iyada oo dheddigga loo arko in ay dareen ahaan dareemaan dareenkooda iyo dareenkooda dareenka leh isdaba marin iyo xoojin ka badan ragga (Whittle et al., 2011), haddana waxaa jira qoraallo kooban oo sahaminta galmada iyo dareenka. In kastoo la og yahay in ay jiraan farqi weyn oo jinsi ah ee ka dhexjirta xanuunka dysregulation (Gater et al., 1998), waxaa jira natiijooyin isku dhafan oo loogu talagalay cilmi-baarisyada ku kordhay kala-duwanaanta jinsiga iyaga oo tixgelinaya hababka dareenka ee gaarka ah (Bradley et al., 2001; McRae et al., 2008; Domes et al., 2010; Lithari et al., 2010; Bianchin iyo Angrilli, 2012).

Sidaa darteed, ujeeddada daraasaddan ayaa ahayd in la ballaariyo daraasadihii hore (Brown et al., 2012) si loo eego in khilaafka galmada uu saameyn ku yeeshay jawaabaha madaxbannaan inta lagu jiro soo bandhiga dareenka muuqaalka dhexdhexaadka ahuli. Iyadoo la raacayo maskaxeed maskaxeed oo si xawli ah ah waxaan ka fogeynay aragtida garashada ee cilmi-baarista iyadoo la adeegsanayo cadaadis maskaxeed, sida baaritaanka ereyga Stroop-word ama arithmetic maskaxeed. Waxaan rabnay in aan isticmaalno xogta tooska ah ee maqaarka ee maqaarka (SSNA) iyo isbarbardhig si wax looga qabto jawaabaha jirka sida cadaadiska dhiigga, heerka garaaca wadnaha, neefsashada, iyo gaar ahaan dhididka dhididka iyo socodka dhiigga, iyadoo la tusayo maadooyinka dhexdhexaadka ah ama dareen ahaan sawirrada Nidaamka Abuuritaanka Caalamiga ah (IAPS) - oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalay habdhaqan muuqaal ah (Lang et al., 1997). Waxaa si cad u muuqata in dareenka dareenka ahi uu soo daayo dhidid dhidid ah oo uu yaraynayo socodka dhiigga (sida dhididka qabow), iyo sidoo kale inuu timaha kor u kaco (goosebumps); jawaabaha jirka ee waxtarka leh waxaa lagu soo saaraa isku-duubid lagu sameeyo waloconstrictor cufan, sudomotor, iyo dareemayaasha batomotorotor. Inkasta oo rikoodhada halbeegga ah ee jaranjaroolka jarjaraha iyo sudomotor neurons (Macefield iyo Wallin, 1996, 1999), inkasta oo aanay ahayn dareenka dareenka, diiwaanka tooska ah ee SSNA waa qoraallo badan oo badan-tani waxay bixisaa faa'iidada ah in guud ahaan ciriiri u socoto meelaha maqaarka la qiyaasi karo. Sida dhoofinta dhididka ayaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa in la kordhiyo kororka ciriiriga marka la baranayo dareenka iyo dareenka, waxaanna ka ogaan karnaa daraasadihii hore in xiriirka u dhexeeya SSNA iyo dhididka uu sii daayo waa mid sabool ah, ujeeddad kale oo ah daraasadddu waxay ahayd mid sii kordhinaysa fikradda tooska ah diiwaanka SSNA wuxuu bixiyaa qiyaas aad u xoogan oo ah isugeyn buuxda oo maqaarka ah ka dibna dhidid la sii daayo kaligiis.

Dariiqooyinka

Nidaamyada guud

Daraasado waxaa lagu sameeyay 10 lab iyo 10 maaddo caafimaad leh oo dumar ah (da'da 20-46) Maaddo kasta waxay bixisay ogolaansho qoraal ah oo la soo gudbiyey kahor inta aysan ka qaybgelin daraasadda, waxaana loo sheegay inay ka bixi karaan tijaabinta wakhti kasta, iyada oo lagu ogaaday in waxay arki doonaan sawirro naxdin leh. Daraasaddan waxaa lagu ansixiyey Guddiga Anshaxa Cilmi Baadhista Insaanka ee Jaamacadda Western Sydney, waxayna ku qancisay Baaqa Helsinki. Mawduucyada ayaa si fudud ugu raaxeysanaya kursi ku yaal jagad isku dhafan oo leh lugaha taageeraya qadar ahaan. Daryeelka ayaa loo qaaday si loo hubiyo jawi dagan oo degan si loo yareeyo jawaab-celinta arooska. Heerkulka caadiga ah ee amniga ah ayaa sidoo kale la ilaaliyey (22 ° C), maaddaama soo bixitaanka maqaarka ee maqaarka uu u nugul yahay isbedelka heerkulka gudaha. ECG (0.3-1.0 kHz) waxaa lagu diiwaangeliyey qalabka korontada ee Ag Ag Agri ee xabadka, laga soo qaaday 2 kHz, oo lagu keydiyay kombiyuutarada iyadoo la adeegsanayo doorsoomayaal kale oo nafsi ah iyada oo la adeegsanayo nidaam ku salaysan xogta kombuyuutarka iyo nidaamka falanqaynta (PowerLab 16SP hardware iyo LabChart 7 software ; ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). Cadaadiska dhiigga ayaa si joogto ah loo diiwaangeliyey iyada oo la isticmaalayo qalabka feymiska ee faleebada (Finometer Pro, Nidaamka Caafimaadka ee Finapres, Nederland) waxaana lagu tijaabiyay 400 Hz. Neefsashada (DC-100 Hz) ayaa la duubay iyada oo la adeegsanayo cirbaddal-celiye (Pneumotrace, UFI, Morro Bay CA, USA) oo ku xiray laabta. Isbeddelka mugga dhiigga maqaarka ayaa la kormeeray iyada oo loo marayo qalabka isugudbida ee piezoelectric loo isticmaalo suunka farta; laga bilaabo qiyaasta garaaca wadnaha oo lagu qiyaaso isticmaalka Qalabka Ciladda Cyclic ee barnaamijka LabChart 7. Hoos-u-dhac ku yimaadda qiyaasta garaaca wadnaha ayaa loo adeegsaday si loo muujiyo hoos u dhaca socodka dhiigga. Maqnaanshaha maqaarka (0.1-10 Hz; BioAmp, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia) ayaa lagu qiyaasay dhammaan calaacalka iyo dhirta gacanta; Isbeddelka ku dhaca maqaarku waxay muujinaysaa dhididka dhididka

Muuqaalka Muuqaalka

Dareeraha caadiga ah ee peroneal wuxuu ku yaalaa madaxa fibula oo lagu dhejiyo kicin iyo koronto koronto oo aad u sareeya iyada oo loo marayo baaritaanka dusha sare (3-10 mA, 0.2 ms, 1 Hz) adoo isticmaalaya ilo joogto ah oo joogto ah (Stimulus Isolator, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). Tungsten microelectrode (FHC, Maine, USA) ayaa loo geliyay si joogta ah dareerka iyo manhajka sare ee farta fiiqan ee dareenka iyadoo la keenayo dufan koronto oo daciif ah (0.01-1 mA, 0.2 ms, 1 Hz). Unugyo yar-yar oo "microelectrode" ah ayaa loo adeegsaday sida korantada tixraaca ee loo yaqaan "electrode" iyo aaladda Ag-AgCl ee lugta ku leh lugta sida dhulka korontada. Fikrado cadaan ah ayaa lagu qeexay sida haddii kicinta duuganka ku soo baxday qashin-xayawaan aan lahayn muruqyada muruqyada ee dareerayaasha dareeraha ee ka hooseeya ama ka hooseeya 0.02 mA. Marka fannaanka la geliyo foornada, hawlaha neerfaha ayaa la kordhiyay (hela 104, bandpass 0.3-5.0 kHz) adoo adeegsanaya buuq yar, koronto go'doon ah, cinwaan (NeuroAmpEx, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). Aqoonsiga 'fascicle' waxaa lagu xaqiijiyay iyadoo la dhaqaajinayo makhaayado-marin-hooseeya-maqaarka maqaarka dhulka faaqidaadda fascicular. Mawqifka caarada microelectrode ayaa markaa si toos ah gacanta loogu hagaajiyay illaa iyo qaraxyada isdaba jooga ah ee SSNA. Ujeeddooyinka aqoonsiga awgeed, qaraxyada shakhsiga ah ee SSNA waxaa loo sameeyay iyadoo la weydiinayo mawduuca inuu qaado qashin uris ah ama, iyadoo mawduuca indhuhu xiran yihiin, oo keenaya kicinta lama filaan ah - sida sanka oo la garaaco ama dhawaaq dheer. Dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfaha ayaa la helay (tijaabada 10 kHz), iyo waxqabadka dareemayaasha naxariista leh ayaa loo soo bandhigay sidii RMS-loo shaqeynayay (root celcelis ahaan celcelis ahaan, celcelis ahaan celcelis ahaan joogto ah 200 ms) oo lagu falanqeeyay kombiyuutarka iyadoo la adeegsanayo barnaamijka LabChart 7. In kasta oo taraafikada dareemayaasha naxariista leh ee tooska ah iyo qulqulka dhiigga dhimashadiisa iyo sii deynta dhididka lagu cabiray aagag kala duwan oo jirka ah, haddana waxaa la ogyahay in qaraxyada SSNA guud ahaan ay ka muuqdaan qaab isbarbardhiga labada dhinac ee neerfaha gacanta iyo lugta, iyo in uu jiro fiditaan ballaaran. firfircoonaanta vasoconstrictor iyo sudomotor nidaamyada ka jawaab celinta kicinta kicinta (Bini et al., 1980).

Kicinta dareenka

Isbeddelada is-beddelka shucuurta ayaa la soo saaray iyadoo la eegayo sawirada caadiga ah Nidaamka Abuuritaanka Sawirrada Caalamiga ah (IAPS: Lang et al., 1997). Sawir kasta oo loo isticmaalo nidaamka ayaa si ballaaran loo baaray waxaana loo qiimeeyay qiimaha (waxtarkeeda shakhsi ahaaneed, laga bilaabo aad u xun si aad u fiican) iyo arousal. Daraasaddeena, dareenka wanaagsan ayaa la soo gudbiyey iyadoo la eegayo sawirada erotica oo leh qiimeyn heer sare ah oo qiimo leh, halka dareenka xun lagu soo tuuray iyadoo la eegayo sawirrada naafanimada leh qiimo xun; Labada kooxoodba waxay leeyihiin qiimeyn heer sare ah. Marka goobta kuhaboon oo ku habboon SSNA la helay oo mawduucuna ay nasteen, 2-daqiiqo nasasho ayaa la duubay, ka dib oo mawduuca lagu muujiyay sawirro dhexdhexaad ah, sawir kasta oo xajistay 30 s, wadar ahaan 8 min. Tani waxaa soo raaca xayndaab ah 4 sawirro (erotica ama naafon) oo soconaya 15-min. Sawirada erotica ama gudniinka ayaa lagu soo bandhigay qaab shisheeye ah oo aan la garaneynin maadooyinka aan la aqoon maadooyinka, oo leh xin kasta oo 2-min ah oo ah sawirro dareen ah oo dusha laga qaaday kadib markii 2-min ay kudhowday sawirro dhexdhexaad ah. Wadar ahaan, maaddo kasta waxay eegtey qaybaha 2 ee eroticica iyo 3 qaybaha naafanimada leh 3 oo dhexgalaya sawirro dhexdhexaad ah. Dhammaan maadooyinka waxay ahaayeen nasiib u ah sawirada IAPS.

Falanqaynta

Xajmiga qiyaasta ee SSNA, oo lagu qiyaasay wareegga 1 ee isku xigxigay, oo ay weheliso wadarta tirada guud ee ciriiriga ah, ayaa lagu qiyaasay mid kasta oo 2 min min. Kormeerka sawirada, oo ay weheliyaan aqoonsiga maqalka ee calaamada caanka ah, waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu aqoonsado shakhsiyaadka shucaaca ee SSNA. Waxaa intaa dheer, asaasiga waxaa lagu qeexay gacan-ku-sheegid RMS-ka shaqeynaya, kombiyuutarkuna wuxuu xisaabiyay xajmiga ugu badan ee kor ku xusan. Falanqaynta garaacis-garaaca ayaa lagu sameeyay xaddiga garaaca wadnaha, cadaadiska dhiigga, socodka dhiigga, haragga maqaarka, iyo sicirka neefsashada ee 2-min kasta iyo qiimaha celceliska ee qayb kasta ee mawduuc kasta. Qiimaha kooxda celceliska ee koox kasta 2-min kasta ayaa laga yaabaa in la xisaabiyo oo isbeddel buuxa la helo. Isbeddellada dhabta ah ee ku yimaadda maqaarka iyo socodka dhiigga ee maqaarka ayaa caadi ahaan caadi u ahaa qiimaha celceliska khidmooyinka dadka. Marka laga soo tago isbeddelada isbeddelka ee 2-min kasta, isbeddelada qaraabada oo caadi ahaan dhexdhexaad u ah dhexdhexaadinta ayaa loo xisaabiyey muddada nasashada iyo sawirro muuqda iyo tabanba ah - celceliska qeeyb kasta oo dhexdhexaad ah waxaa lagu qeexay 100% sidaa daraadeed qiimayaasha kale ee sawirrada ayaa lagu qeexay qiyamkaas. Falanqaynta ayaa lagu qabtey xogta la ururiyey, iyo sidoo kale ka dib markii xogta loo qaybiyay kooxo rag iyo dumar ah. Taxanaha Taxanaha Falanqaynta Noocyada kala duwan ee fiisiyoolajiyadeed ee saddexda xaaladood ee kicinta, oo ay weheliso imtixaanka Newman-Keuls ee isbarbardhigga isbarbardhigga ah, ayaa loo isticmaalay falanqaynta tirakoobka xogta (Prism 5 ee Mac, GraphPad Software Inc, USA). Intaa waxaa dheer, la duubay t- Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu barbardhigo isbeddelada isbedelka (caadi ahaan dhexdhexaad ah) oo ku saabsan qaababka kala duwan ee jireed ee loogu talagalay qalabka xogta erotic iyo naafeynta, iyo kooxaha rag iyo dumarba. Heerka qiimeynta tirakoobka ayaa la dhigay p <0.05.

Natiijooyinka

Diiwaanka tijaabada ah ee ka soo baxay 21 lab ah oo lab ah, sawirro muuqaal ah oo erotic iyo naafonimo, waxaa lagu muujiyey Jaantuska Jaantus1.1. Waxaa loo arki karaa in SSNA si cad u kordhay inta lagu jiray labadaba, inkastoo jawaabta erotica ay ka weyn tahay.

Jaantuska 1  

Diiwaanka tijaabada ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa niyadda ee maqaarka, oo lagu soo bandhigay astaamaha caanaha (dareemaha) iyo naqshadeeynta RMS-naqshadeynta (RMS nerve), laga soo qaatay maadada 21 oo lab ah oo maado ah iyadoo la eegayo sawirrada naafaynta (A) ama erotica (B). Ogsoonow in calaamadaha caan ah ...

Marka la eego daraasaddeena hore (4), marka labka iyo dheddiguhu ay isku wada jiraan, qiimaha buuxa ee cadaadiska dhiigga, heerka garaaca wadnaha, nukliyeerka, socodka dhiigga, iyo dhididka dhididka ma muujin isbeddel weyn marka la eegayo sawirrada maskaxda lagu hayo, marka la barbardhigo daawashada sawirro dhexdhexaad ah ama nasasho. SSNA si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay muujisay koror ballaaran marka la eegayo sawirrada erotic ama naafonimada marka la barbar dhigo wejiyada nasashada iyo dhexdhexaadka ah, inkastoo tani ay ahayd tii ugu xumayd oo keliya (p <0.05), maaha baaxad weyn. Qiyamyada saxda ah ee cadaadiska dhiigga, garaaca wadnaha, xaddiga neefsashada iyo wadarta guud ee tirada SSNA ee nasashada (sawirro malahan), marka la daawanayo sawirro dhexdhexaad ah iyo marka la daawanayo sawirrada erotica ama naafaynta, ayaa lagu muujiyey Jaantuska Jaantus2.2. Sidoo kale, isbeddelada qaraabada oo caadi ahaan dhexdhexaad ah waxay muujiyeen natiijooyin isku mid ah daraasadihii hore, iyada oo farqiga u dhexeeya ee SSNA ay ku weyn tahay (erotica) p = 0.044; nacayb p = 0.028) iyo joogtaynta (erotica p <0.0001; karaahiyo p = 0.002) inta lagu jiro daaweynta sawirrada wanaagsan iyo kuwa aan wanaagsaneyn.

Jaantuska 2  

Xaqiiqda ± SE qiimaha qiyaasta cadaadiska dhiigga (A), garaaca wadnaha (B), heerka neefsashada (C), iyo wadarta guud ee qarxan ee maqaarka dareenka maqaarka (D) dhammaan xaaladaha. Sida la arki karo, maya kala duwanaanshaha tirakoobka marka laga reebo SSNA ...

Marka maadooyinka loo kala saaro labka iyo dheddigga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay cadeeyeen in ay jireen farqi jinsi ah oo ku saabsan falcelinta ciilqabta. Iyadoo cadaadiska dhiigga, heerka garaaca wadnaha, dhiigga qulqulka, iyo dhididka dhididka aan muujin farqi weyn oo udhaxeeya labada kooxood, SSNA qiyaasta qiyaasta iyo jaangooyooyinka waxay si aad ah uga duwan yihiin ragga iyo dumarka. SSNA waxay udhaxeysaa qiyaasta, marka la barbar dhigo heerarka SSNA marka la eego sawirada dhexdhexaadka ah ragga waxay muujiyeen koror weyn marka la eego sawirada wanaagsanp = 0.048), halka dumarku ay kor u kaceen kororka sawirada xun xunp = 0.03). Si SSNA u dhacdo isbeddel, mar kale kooxda ragga waxay muujiyeen koror weyn marka la eegayo sawirada wanaagsan (p = 0.0006). Hase yeeshee, haweenku hadda waxay muujiyeen korodh weyn xaga labadaba (p = 0.0064) iyo sawirro xun oo lacag la'aan ah (p = 0.0005), inkastoo kororka muuqaalka sawir-qaadista uu ka weyn yahay tan eroticica. Isbeddelada qaraabada ee SSNA isku dhufashada tirada iyo korodhka, caadi ahaan xaalad dhexdhexaad ah, ayaa lagu muujiyay labadaba rag iyo dumar labadaba Jaantus33.

Jaantuska 3  

Cunto-= SE wuxuu isbeddelaa qiyaasta qiyaasta dhererka (A, C) iyo qiyaasta (B, D) ee maqaarka dareenka maqaarka, muddada nasashada, sawirada wanaagsan, iyo sawirada taban, dhammaantood waxay u egtahay xaalad dhexdhexaad ah, oo loo qaybiyay kooxo rag iyo dumar ah. Erotica ...

Dood

Daraasadani waxay muujisay in kala duwanaanshaha jinsiyadu ay ka jiraan jawaabaha cilaaqaadka ee dareenka muuqaalka dareenka muuqda, inkasta oo kaliya marka SSNA-lagu cabiray tirada guud ee qarxa iyo sidoo kale qiyaasta qiyaasta qiyaasta-toos ayaa loo qiyaasaa. Wax isbeddel ah oo muuqaal ah laguma sameynin xuduudaha kale ee jirka, sida cadaadiska dhiigga, heerka garaaca wadnaha, ama neefsiga ayaa laga helay kooxaha. Inkasta oo daraasaddeena hore ay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee muujiso kororka SSNA guud ahaan marka la eegayo sawirro muuqda iyo kuwo aan wanaagsaneyn, Daraasaddan ayaa muujinaysa in kororka SSNA ay aad u caan u yihiin ragga marka ay daawanayaan sawirada erotica, halka dumarku ay ka jawaab celinayaan sawirrada gudniinka. Inkastoo daraasadani ay xaqiijinayso in kororka SSNA lagu daadin karo kicinta dareenka muuqaalka ah (iyada oo aan loo eegin qiimaha), waxay muujineysaa in ay jiraan farqi jinsi ah jawaabta iyadoo ku xiran nooca dhiirigelinta. Laga yaabee tani ma ahan wax la yaab leh, laakiin khilaafyadaas lama ogaan karin marka ay fiirinayaan calaamadaha aan tooska ahayn ee ciriiriga. Intaa waxaa dheer, in aysan jirin isbeddello muhiim ah oo ku yimaada socodka dhiigga ama dhididka ee dhididka ayaa xooga saaraya xasaasiga ugu weyn ee diiwaangelinta dareenka tooska ah ee qiimeynta maqnaashaha niyadjabka maqaarka ilaa intii aan si toos ah loo qaadan karin waxqabadyo qallafsan.

Inkasta oo fikradda guud ee la qabto waxaa jira kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee koritaanka maskaxeed iyo habdhiska dareenka (haweenku waa kuwo aad u firfircoon, dareenkooda, oo muujinaya dareenka ay ka leeyihiin raga), inta badan caddaynta ayaa la bixiyaa iyada oo loo marayo xogta is-sheegtey. Waxa kaliya oo dhowaan ah, iyada oo loo marayo cilmi-baaris cilmi-baariseed oo culus, aragtidani waxay u muuqataa inay saldhig u tahay runta (Kring iyo Vanderbilt, 1998; Bradley et al., 2001). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay taasi sii yaraanayso in khilaafaadka galmada iyo jawaabta ANS ee jawaabta dareenka ay joogaan, haddana weli ma jiraan caddayn cad oo ah in lagu kala duwanaan karo kala-duwanaanta jinsiga, haddii loo eego si toos ah ama aan toos ahayn. Isticmaalka qiyaasaha aan tooska ahayn ee dhaqdhaqaaqa niyadda, sida dhididka dhididka, inta lagu jiro dareenka dareenka ayaa keeney natiijooyin waxtar leh iyo mid xun. Bradley et al. (2001) waxay ogaadeen in jawaabaha maqaarku ay muujiyeen ragga ragga ay ka reactive ka badan yihiin dumarka sawirrada erotica, iyadoo Kring iyo Vanderbilt (1998) in la ogaado in haweenku ay ka roonaadaan ragga, labaduba waxay muujinayaan erayo togan iyo kuwa xun. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Bianchin iyo Angrilli (2012) waxay heleen hoos u dhac weyn oo wadnaha wadnaha ah ee haweenka loogu talagalay dhiirigelinta muuqaalka leh, wax kala duwanaansho galmo ah ayaa laga helay jawaabcelinta maqaarka. Sidoo kale, Lithari et al. (2010) waxay eegeen jawaab-celinta maqaarka iyo wax-qabadka EEG-da ee dhacdooyinka (ERP) oo waxay ogaadeen in haweenku ay ka xoog badanyihiin marka loo eego qaababka ERP-ga ee kufsi-xumo ama sare u kacsan ee ragga, balse aan helin kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee jawaab-celinta maqaarka. Tani waxay ku haboon tahay daraasaddeena hadda, halkaasoo aan sidoo kale ogaanay in cabirada aan tooska ahayn sida xayiraadda dhididka aysan kala saari karin inta u dhaxeysa jinsiyada leh sawiro ama wax xun. Intaa waxaa dheer, in ay si kalsooni leh u kala duwanaato kala duwanaanshaha iyo dareenka, Vrana iyo Rollock (2002) waxay daraasad ku sameeyeen jawaabaha shucuureed ee kaqeybgalayaasha caddaanka iyo madow ee (African-American), waxayna heleen kala duwanaanshaha galmada oo kaliya ka qaybgalayaasha cad. Inkastoo daraasaddeenna aan loo qorsheynin inay wax ka qabato khilaafaadka jinsiga ah, daraasaddan hadda, iyo sidoo kale daraasaddeena hore (Brown et al., 2012), dhammaan kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ahaayeen Cafciya, Mediterranean ama Aasiya; midna looma baahna dadka asaliga ah ama African-American ah.

Xilliyadii ugu dambeeyay, isticmaalka neuroim-wareerka maskaxda ayaa soo baxay sidii farsamo si loo qiimeeyo dareenka shucuurta. Gaar ahaan, baaritaanka kala duwanaanta jinsiga ee ku lug leh hawlaha neural ee la xidhiidha geeddi-socodka dareenka ayaa kordhay, inkastoo natiijooyinka ma aha mid had iyo jeer joogto ah oo wax-barashada ayaa jira (Wrase et al., 2003; Schienle et al., 2005; McRae et al., 2008; Domes et al., 2010). Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jira qaabab kala duwan oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanta jinsiga, iyada oo dheddigga loo arko in ay dareen ahaan dareemaan dareenkooda iyo dareenkooda dareenka leh xaddiga iyo xoogga badan marka loo eego raga, halka ragga ay u maleynayaan inay ahmiyad sare u leeyihiin xeerka dareenka (Whittle et al., 2011). Iyada oo jawaab celinta dareenka dareenka ah, waxaa si ballaaran loo aqbalaa in ragga ay si aad ah ugu jawaabaan haweenta kufsiga galmada marka loo eego dumarka, taasna waxaa lagu soo warramey labadaba daraasadaha neerfaha iyo sidoo kale cilmi-nafsiga cilmiga (Hamann et al., 2004; Allen et al., 2007). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo ay si wayn u aqbalaan, si liidata ayaa loo diiwaangeliyay, inkasta oo daraasaddan cilmibaarista lagu arkay faraqa u dhexeeya jinsiga ayaa u muuqda mid u dhaxeeya sawirro wanaagsan oo aan wax danbi ah lahayn. Koox ahaan ma jirin farqi u dhaxeeya jawaabaha SSNA ee u dhaxeeya sawirro wanaagsan oo lagu soo eedeeyay iyo kuwo aan xumaan lahayn, weli-sida dumarka kor ku xusan waxay ka jawaab celiyeen ragga ka muuqda sawirrada naafaynta, halka raggu ay uga jawaabeen sawirada erotic ah. Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa isticmaalka qiyaasta tooska ah ee SSNA, ee laga helo microneurography, waxay soo saari kartaa natiijooyin ballaadhan oo dhammeystiran marka loo eego kaliya iyada oo la adeegsanayo tallaabooyin aan toos ahayn, sida xaddiga wadnaha, cadaadiska dhiigga, dhididka dhididka iyo socodka dhiigga.

Xaddidaadda

Inkasta oo isbedellada isbeddelka ah sida mawduucyada iyo shakhsiyadda, iyo sidoo kale kala duwanaanta dhaqameed, had iyo jeer waxay noqonaysaa xaddidaad laga yaabo in lagu baraarujiyo dareenka, inta badan mawduucyada ku jira daraasadda hadda waxay ka kooban yihiin shakhsiyaadka aan ahayn oo kaliya naqshadaha muuqaalka IAPS laakiin ayaa sidoo kale soo sheegey saameyn la mid ah sawirada. Marka la waydiiyo halka ay ka dhacayaan falcelinta dhammaadka tijaabooyinka, mawduucyada oo idil waxay sheegeen in ay dhib u geysteen sawirada gudniinka, halka intooda badani ay dareemeen dhexdhexaad ah muuqaallada eroticada, iyada oo aan maaddo aysan ka xumeyn erotica. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khilaafaadka udhaxeeya waxay leeyihiin karti ay ku yeelan karaan heerarka jawaabcelinta ka dhexaysa shakhsiyaadka.

Xaddidaad kale oo lagu baranayo saameynta nafsaaniga ah ee muuqaalka dareenka-dusha ah ayaa ah isticmaalka sawirro dhexdhexaad ah oo u dhexeeya qaybaha sawirada dareenka ah. Inkasta oo xuduudihii hore ee dhex-dhexaadyada hore loo isticmaalay si loo qiimeeyo xajmiga jawaabaha inta lagu jiro sawirada dareen-celinta, jawaab-celinta sawirrada dhexdhexaadka ah ee qaar ka mid ah shakhsiyaadka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka sarreeyaan kuwa kale iyada oo ku xiran sawirka la eego (ie, muuqaal ah diyaarad shaqsi cabsi leh oo duulaya). Sida kala duwanaanshaha galmada, wareegga dhiigga iyo saameynta ay ku leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaqa dareemayaasha niyadjabka iyo sidoo kale dareenka ayaa ah arrin kale oo u baahan in la tixgeliyo inta lagu jiro dareenka shucuurta, iyadoo farqiga u dhaxeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka intii lagu guda jiray wajiyada kala duwan ee wareegga caadada (Goldstein) et al., 2005; Carter et al., 2013). Daraasaddeena si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrintaan looma kormeerin, jawaabaha haweenkana waa la soo bandhigay iyadoon loo eegin wajiga wareegga caadada; waxaa laga yaabaa in ay noqoto mid u qalantaa in lagu baaro saameynta caadada caadada ee daraasadaha mustaqbalka.

Gabagabada

Isticmaalidda microelectrodes intradour si ay si toos ah uga diiwaangashan tahay axkaamiska xagjirka ah ee lagu hagayo maqaarka, waxaanu ku soo bandhignay gebogabaynta in khilaafaadka galmada ay jiraan jiritaanka jawaabaha neerfaha ee astaamaha muuqaalka erotica iyo gudniinka. Khilaafaadka noocan oo kale ah laguma ogaan karo tallaabooyinka aan tooska ahayn ee maqaarka cirridka iyo dhididka ee dhiigga, iyo sidoo kale tallaabooyin kale oo aan toos ahayn, sida wadnaha garaaca, cadaadiska dhiigga, iyo neefsiga.

Khilaafka dulmiga xiisaha

Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen in cilmi-baaristaan ​​lagu sameeyey maqnaansho xiriir ganacsi ama dhaqaale oo laga yaabo inay noqon karto khilaafka xiisaha leh.

Mahadnaq

Shaqadani waxaa taageertay Golaha Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista Caafimaadka iyo Caafimaadka ee Australia. Waxaannu ku faraxsannahay taageerada ay bixiyaan Elie Hammam iyo Azharuddin Fazalbhoy qaar ka mid ah tijaabooyinka.

tixraacyada

  • Allen M., Emmers-Sommer TM, D'Alessio D., Timmerman L., Hanzel A., Korus J. (2007). Xiriirka udhaxeeya falcelinta jir ahaaneed iyo cilmu-nafsiyeed ee ku aaddan astaamaha ku cad galmada: soo koobista suugaanta iyadoo la adeegsanayo falanqaynta meta. Wadaag Monogr. 74, 541-560 10.1080 / 03637750701578648 [Cross Ref]
  • Bianchin M., Angrilli A. (2012). Kala duwanaanta jinsiga ee jawaabaha dareenka: daraasad cilmi nafsiyeed. Physiol. Behav. 105, 925-932 10.1016 / j.physbeh.2011.10.031 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Bini G., Hagbarth K.-E., Hynninen P., Wallin BG (1980). Isdhexaadyada gobollada iyo khilaafaadka isweydaarsiga xargaha-iyo sudomotor-da. J. Physiol. 306, 553-565 [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  • Bradley MM, Codispoti M., Sabatinelli D., Lang PJ (2001). Dareenka iyo dhiirigelinta II: kala duwanaashaha galmada ee sawirka sawirka. Emotion 1, 300-319 10.1037 / 1528-3542.1.3.300 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Brown R., James C., Henderson L., Macefield V. (2012). Calaamadaha xasaasiga ah ee waxqabadka dareenka: maqaarka dareenka maqaarka ee bini-aadanka ah inta lagu jiro jiritaanka sawirro shucuur leh. Front. Physiol. 3: 394 10.3389 / fphys.2012.00394 [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Callister R., Suwarno NO, Seals DR (1992). Dhaqdhaqaaqa niyadjabka ayaa saameyn ku leh hawlaha adag iyo dareemidda culeyska inta lagu jiro caqabadaha maskaxda ee aadanaha. J. Physiol. 454, 373-387 [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  • Carter JR, Durocher JJ, Kern RP (2008). Jawaabaha maskaxda iyo jawaabaha wadnaha ee dareenka maskaxda ee dadka. Am. J. Physiol. Habee. Isdhexgalka. Comp. Physiol. 295, R1898-R1903 10.1152 / ajpregu.90646.2008 [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Carter JR, Fu Q., Minson CT, Joyner MJ (2013). Wareegga uurjiifka iyo calaamadaha haweenka uurka leh. Dhiirrigelinta 61, 395-399 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.202598 [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Domes G., Schulze L., Bottger M., Grossmann A., Hauenstein K., Wirtz PH, iyo al. (2010). Kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ah ee kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee ku saabsan falcelinta shucuurta iyo qawaaniinta dareenka. Hum. Maskaxda Mapp. 31, 758-769 10.1002 / hbm.20903 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Fox E. (2002). Falanqaynta wejiyada muuqaalka dareenka: doorka walaaca iyo wacyiga. Cogn. Saameyn. Behav. Neurosci. 2, 52-63 10.3758 / CABN.2.1.52 [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Gater R., Tansella M., Korten A., Tiemens BG, Mavreas VG, Olatawura MO (1998). Kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ah iyo ogaanshaha xanuunka niyadjabka iyo xanuunka welwelka ee goobaha daryeelka caafimaadka guud - ka soo warbixinta ururka caafimaadka adduunka ee cilmi baarista iskaashiga dhibaatooyinka maskaxda ee guud ahaan daryeelka caafimaadka. Kaar. Gen. Maskax ahaanshaha 55, 405-413 10.1001 / archpsyc.55.5.405 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Goldstein JM, Jerram M., Poldrack R., Ahern T., Kennedy DN, Seidman LJ, et al. (2005). Socodka Hormoonku wuxuu u bedelaa wareegga jimicsiga ee haweenka iyadoo la adeegsanayo sawir-maskaxeed magnetic. J. Neurosci. 25, 9309-9316 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.2239-05.2005 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Golightly C. (1953). Aragtida James-Lange: waa mantar gaaban oo macquul ah. Philos. Sci. 20, 286-299 10.1086 / 287282 [Cross Ref]
  • Hamann S., Herman RA, Nolan CL, Wallen K. (2004). Raga iyo dumarku way ku kala duwan yihiin jawaabta amygdala ee dareenkooda jinsiga ah. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 411-416 10.1038 / nn1208 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Hare R., Wood K., Britain S., Shadman J. (1970). Jawaab-celin mawaadiic ah oo ku saabsan kicinta dareenka muuqda. Cilmi-nafsiyaadka 7, 408-417 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.1970.tb01766.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • James W. (1884). Waa maxay dareenka? Mind 9, 188-205 10.1093 / maskax / os-IX.34.188 [Cross Ref]
  • Kring AM, Vanderbilt U. (1998). Farogelinta jinsiga ee dareenka: ereyo, khibrad, iyo cilmi nafsi. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74, 686-703 10.1037 / 0022-3514.74.3.686 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Lacey JI, Lacey BC (1970). Qaar ka mid ah nidaamyada habdhiska dareenka dhexe ee dhexdhexaad ah, ee Xirfadaha Fiyogeliga ee Dareenka, Ed Black P., Tifatiraha. (New York, NY: Press Release;), 205-227
  • Lang P., Bradley M., Cuthbert B. (1997). Nidaamka Sawirka Sawirka ee Caalamiga ah (IAPS): Buugga Tiknoolajiyada iyo Qiimaynta Waalidka. Gainsville, FL: Xarunta NIMH ee daraasadda Dareenka iyo Digniinta
  • Lang PJ, Greenwald MK, Bradley MM, Hamm AO (1993). Raadinta sawirrada: wax ku ool, waji, muuqaal, iyo falcelin anshaxeed. Cilmi-nafsiyaadka 30, 261-273 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Lange C. (1885). Dareenka: Daraasada cilmi nafsiga. Dareenka 1, 33-90
  • Lithari C., Frantzidis CA, Papadelis C., Vivas AB, Klados MA, Kourtidou-Papadeli C., iyo al. (2010). Dumarku ma ka jawaabaan dareenka dareenka? Daraasadda neurophysiological inta lagu gudajirayo cabbirada jimicsiga iyo qiimaynta. Maskaxda Topogr. 23, 27-40 10.1007 / s10548-009-0130-5 [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Macefield VG, Wallin BG (1996). Habdhaqanka ka-qaadista ee hal-ku-dhegayaasha hal-abuurka ah ee keena qanjirada aadanaha. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 61, 277-286 10.1016 / S0165-1838 (96) 00095-1 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Macefield VG, Wallin BG (1999). Qalitaanka neefsashada iyo wadnaha ee halojo-xanuunka iyo sudomotor neurones-ka ee jirka qofka. J. Physiol. 516, 303-314 10.1111 / j.1469-7793.1999.303aa.x [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • McRae K., Ochsner KN, Mauss IB, Gabrieli JJD, Wadarta JJ (2008). Kala duwanaanta jinsiga ee xeerka dareenka: cilmi baarista FMRI ee garashada garashada. Nidaamka Kooxda. Intergroup Relat. 11, 143-162 10.1177 / 1368430207088035 [Cross Ref]
  • Ritz T., Thons M., Fahrenkrug S., Dahme B. (2005). Xilliyada hawada, neefsashada, iyo qalitaanka neef-mareenka neefta inta lagu jiro sawirka sawirka. Cilmi-nafsiyaadka 42, 568-578 10.1111 / j.1469-8986.2005.00312.x [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Schienle A., Schafer A., ​​Stark R., Walter B., Vaitl D. (2005). Farogelinta jinsiga ee farsamaynta nacaybka iyo sawirada cabsida leh: daraasad fMRI ah. Neuroreport 16, 277-280 10.1097 / 00001756-200502280-00015 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Vrana SR, Rollock D. (2002). Doorka qowmiyadeed, jinsiga, nuxurka shucuurta, iyo kala duwanaanta xaaladaha ee jir ahaaneed, muujinaya, iyo jawaab-celinta niyadeed ee muuqaalka. Cogn. Emot. 16, 165-192 10.1080 / 02699930143000185 [Cross Ref]
  • Whittle S., Yucel M., Sam MBH, Allen NB (2011). Farqiga galmada ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee dareenka dareenka: caddaynta neuroimaging. Biol. Psychol. 87, 319-333 10.1016 / j.biopsycho.2011.05.003 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
  • Wrase J., Klein S., Gruesser SM, Hermann D., Flor H., Mann K., et al. (2003). Kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee ka shaqeynta dareemaha caadifadeed ee caadifadda ah ee bani-aadmiga ah: daraasad sawir-baadhista sawir-maskaxeed oo shaqaynaya. Neurosci. Lett. 348, 41-45 10.1016 / S0304-3940 (03) 00565-2 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]