Saameyn Waxtar leh ee Cuntada La Qiimeeyay ee Dhaqanka iyo Neerarka Dhibaatooyinka ee ay soo jiidatay waaya-aragnimadii hore ee Naf-badbaadinta Nafaqada ee Jinsiyada Dheddigga (2015)

Int J Biol Sci. 2015; 11 (10): 1150 – 1159.

Waxaa lagu soo daabacay internetka 2015 Aug 1. doi:  10.7150 / ijbs.12044

PMCID: PMC4551751

Tag:

aan la taaban karin

Daraasadani waxay baaris ku sameysay saameynta cunnooyinka aadka u wanaagsan xilliyada qaangaarka ee ku saabsan jahwareerka maskaxda iyo shucuurta neerfaha ee ka dhasha waayo-aragnimada welwelka nolosha hore ee jiirka dumarka. Labada nooc ee loo yaqaan 'Sprague-Dawley pups' waxaa loo kala soocay biyo-xireen 3 h maalin kasta labadii toddobaad ee ugu horreeyay ee dhalashada (MS) ama bidix la'aan (NH). Ragga dumarka ah ee MS waxay heleen helitaan bilaash ah cookies-ka shukulaatada marka lagu daro ad libitum chow laga bilaabo maalinta dhalmada ka hor 28. Koorsooyinka waxaa lagu qaaday imtixaannada dabeecadda inta ay yaraayeen. Jawaabta Plasma corticosterone ee walaaca daran, ΔFosB iyo heerarka maskaxda ka soo baxda (BDNF) ee gobollada maskaxda ayaa la falanqeeyay. Wadarta qaadashada kalori iyo miisaanka jirka inta lagu gudajiray waqtiga tijaabada oo dhan kuma kala duwana kooxaha tijaabada. Helitaanka cookie muddada qaan-gaarka iyo dhalinyarada waxay wanaajisay walaac- / niyad jab-dabeecado u eg waayo-aragnimada MS. ExpressionFosB muujinta ayaa hoos u dhacday, laakiin BDNF ayaa ku kordhay xaddiga nudaha unugyada haweenka ee MS, iyo muujinta ΔFosB waa mid caadi ah BDNFna waa sii kordhay ka dib helitaanka cookie. Jawaabta Corticosterone ee la xiriirta walaaca daran ayaa waxaa ku dhacay khibradda MS iyo helitaanka cookie ma aysan wanaajinin. Natiijooyinka ayaa soo jeedinaya in helitaanka cookie-ka inta lagu jiro qaan-gaarka ay wanaajineyso jahwareerka maskaxda-nafsadda ee haweenka MS, iyo muujinta ΔFosB iyo / ama muujinta BDNF ee unugyada Nucleus-ka ayaa laga yaabaa inay door ka ciyaaraan farsamooyinka neerfaha ee asaasiga ah.

Keywords: Nolosha hore ee walbahaarka, cuntada aadka u wanaagsan, Quwada Nucleus, Dheddig

Hordhac

Waxaa jira jir kor u kaca oo caddeymo ah in khalkhal galinta cuntada oo isku mid ah ay lahaan karto jawaabo kala duwanaan ah oo u dhexeeya labada jinsi. Heerka molikalikada, waxaa la muujiyey inay jiraan jawaabo galmada dimorphic transcriptome ah oo u dhexeeya jiirka labka iyo dheddigga ee loo soo bandhigo cunno isku mid ah 1. Heerka dheef-shiid kiimikaadka / neuroendocrine, jiirka dheddigga ayaa muujinaya jawaabo kala duwan oo hypothalamic neuropeptide ah oo ku saabsan cuntada dufanka badan ee dheereeya. 2 iyo awood ka sarreysa tan lab si ay u magdhabaan qulqulka lipid ee sare 3. Dumarka qaangaarka ah ee dufanka leh ee dufanka badan ayaa hoos u dhigay heerarka glucocorticoid receptor mRNA-ga ee hippocampus iyo heerarkooda hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) ayaa si ka duwan uga jawaaba ragga marka loo eego walaaca ku xiga. 4, 5. Heerka akhlaaqda, mudada gaaban ee feylasha dadka waaweyn ee cunnooyinka dufanka leh waxay yareysaa welwelka waxayna kordhisaa sahaminta ragga, halka ay saameyn xun ku yeelato dumarka. 6. Baaluqnimadu waa xilli horumarineed oo muhiim ah oo lagu garto caaga-kordhinta endocrine-ka iyo isbeddelada jawaab-celinta walaaca 7. Daraasaduhu waxay soo jeediyeen in ka dambeysa naas-nuujinta cunnada dufanka badan ay wax ka beddeli karto howlaha gundhigga u ah 'HPA' iyo jawaab celinta endocrine ee walaaca ba'an iyadoo saameyn ku yeelanaysa walaaca iyo dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha dheef-shiidka labadaba qaab galmada 8, 9. Waxaan hore u ogaanay in isticmaalka cuntada dheer ee cuntada aadka u sarreeya inta lagu jiro qaan-gaarka ay kordhineyso walwal- iyo dabeecad-xumada-sida dabeecadaha jiirka ragga, laakiin aan ku jirin jiirka dumarka.s 10. Isticmaalka muddada dheer ee kafeega cuntada ee dufanku ku badan yahay (32% baruurta dufanka) wanaajinta dabeecadaha labka iyo dheddigga kuwaas oo loo geeyay hab isku mid ah hooyada (MS) oo loo adeegsaday daraasaddan, oo leh faa'iidooyin aad u weyn xagga ragga. 11. Dhibaatooyinka anshaxeed iyo neuroendocrine ee lagu arkay dheddiggeena MS 12 waxay u muuqdeen inay ka duwan yihiin kuwa ku jira jiirka MS 13, 14.

Daraasaddeena hore, helitaan dheeri ah oo loogu talagalay cuntada aadka u sarreeya, cunto dufan dhexdhexaad ah (~ 21% baruur) 6, 15, inta lagu guda jiro qaan-gaarka iyo dhalinyarada waxay wanaajiyeen astaamaha walaaca la xiriira walaaca iyo cillad galmada HPA ee ku dhaca ragga ee MS 14. Daraasaduhu waxay soo jeediyeen in wax ka beddelida shaqadda walwalka culeyska uu ku lug leeyahay dabeecadaha shucuurta qumman ee cunnada aadka u wanaagsan. Taasi waa; soo-gaadhista cuntada aadka loo doorbido oo dufanka badan leh ayaa la soo jeediyey in la dhimo dareenka walaaca 16; shaqsiyaadka la siinayo cuntada aadka loo jecel yahay waxay leeyihiin shucuur aad u wanaagsan sida qanacsanaanta, raaxada, iyo rabitaanka 17 iyo isticmaalka cunnooyinka la cuni karo ayaa hoos u dhacay jawaabihii naxariis darradu soo food saartay kadib markii culays nafsi ah iyo mid xagga jidhka ahi ka yimid 18, heerarka hoormoonka walaaca ee xannibaadda kadib 19 iyo dabeecadaha walwalka-welwelka leh inta lagu gudajiro imtixaanka kacsan iyo galmada ee jiirka 20. Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasaddan, cunnada dufanka dhexdhexaad ah (~ 21% dufanka) inta lagu guda jiro qaan-gaarka iyo dhalinyarada ma hagaajin karin heerka hiddaha ee HPA ee haweenka MS, in kasta oo ay hagaajisay ma ahan kaliya walaac-laakiin sidoo kale dabeecadaha niyad-jabka.

Si loo baaro hababka neural-ga ee salka ku haya saameynta nafsiyan-shucuur ahaan ee helitaanka cunnooyinka aadka u sarreeya ee haweenka haweenka ah, waxaan baarnay maskaxda maskaxda ka soo baxda (BDNF) iyo ΔFosB-ga heerka qanjirada Nucleus-ka (NAc). NAc, qaab dhismeedka saldhiga hore ee saldhiga aasaasiga ah ee loo yaqaan 'mesolimbic dopaminergic way', wuxuu leeyahay door abaalmarin, dhiirigelin, iyo xoojin 21. Horumarinta cudurka 'anhedonia', oo ah astaamaha asaasiga ah ee murugada weyn, ayaa loo habeeyay inuu ku dhammaaday dariiqii abaalmarinta, taas oo NAc ay door muhiim ah ka cayaarto 22, 23. NAP neurons-ka ayaa la hawlgeliyaa iyada oo laga jawaabayo astaamaha walaaca dabeecadda 24, 25, waxaana lagu soo qaatay ciladaha walaaca 26, 27. Waxqabadka mesolimbic dopaminergic firfircoon iyo firfircoonida culeyska culeyska ee NAc neurons ayaa ku dhacay feeraha labka ah ee ragga ee MS kaasoo muujiyey walaac iyo dabeecado niyad-jab ah. 13, 28. BDNF ayaa loo soo jeediyay inay ku lug yeelato quudinta hedonic iyada oo loo marayo modulation nidaamka mesolimbic dopamine 29, 30, iyo u soo bandhigida cuntada la arki karo waxay kordhisay heerarka BDNF iyo ΔFosB iyo dhakhaatiirta loo yaqaan 'D1 recepor DXNUMX' 16, 31, 32.

Qalabka iyo Dariiqooyinka

Xayawaanka

Jiirka Sprague-Dawley ayaa la iibsaday (Samtako Bio, Osan, Korea), waxaana lagu daryeelay aag xanniban oo gaar ah oo xakameynaya heerkulka joogtada ah (22 ± 1 ℃), qoyaan (55%), iyo 12 / 12 hr wareegga iftiinka / mugdiga (nalalka-07: 00 AM). Cuntada shaybaarka caadiga ah (Purina Rodent Chow, Purina Co., Seoul, Korea) iyo xuubka sifeeyay la nadiifiyey ayaa la heli karay ad libitum. Xayawaanka waxaa loo daryeelay sida ku xusan Xeerka Tijaabooyinka Xayawaanka, 2000, oo ay dajisay Akademiyada Kuuriyada Woqooyi ee Sayniska Caafimaadka, taas oo la jaan qaada Tilmaamaha NIH ee Daryeelka iyo Adeegsiga Xayawaanka Shaybaarka, oo dib loo eegay 1996. Dhammaan tijaabooyinka xayawaanka waxaa ansixiyay Guddiga Daryeelka iyo Adeegsiga Xayawaanka Shaybaarka ee Jaamacadda Qaranka ee Seoul.

Borotokoolka tijaabada

Dheddigga nabaad-guurka ah iyo ragga taranka ee la caddeeyay ayaa loo adeegsaday taranka shaybaarka xarunta xayawaanka, iyo koorsooyinka waxaa loo soo saaray hab lagu kontoroolo si loo yareeyo loona jaangooyo kicinta deegaanka ee aan loo baahnayn ee utero nolosha. Laba iyo toban saacadood ka dib xaqiijinta dhalmada [maalinta ka dambaysa dhalashada (PND) 1], koobab ayaa loo maareeyay sidii aan horayba u sharaxnay 13, 14, 33 - 35. Qashin kastaa waxaa loo qoondeeyay kooxda hooyada kala go'aysa (MS) ama kooxda aan gacanta ku haynin (NH). MS pups ayaa laga soo saaray biyo xireenkoodii iyo qafiskii gurigooda waxaana si aad ah isugu soo xirmay qafis cusub oo lagu seexiyay alwaax (Aspen xiirid, Animal JS Bedding, Cheongyang, Korea) intii lagu jiray 9:00 h - 12:00 h, ka dibna ku laabtay gurigooda qafis iyo biyo xidheen Ma lahan daaweyn dheeri ah si ay ubadka u diiriso inta lagu jiro mudada kala tagga. MS waxaa la samayn jiray maalin kasta laga bilaabo PND 1 ilaa 14, ka dibna ardaydii waxaa loo daayay biyo xireenkooda oo aan la carqaladeynin ilaa ay naas ka joojiso PND 22. Kooxda NH way ku mashquulsanaayeen ilaa naasnuujinta laga reebo marka laga reebo nadiifinta qafiska caadiga ah ee la sameeyo laba jeer usbuucii. Maalintii naaska laga jaray, 2 NH iyo 4 MS ah oo arday ah ayaa si aan kala sooc lahayn looga xushay NH kasta ama qashin-qubka MS, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxaana la dhigay 2 NH ama 2 arday oo MS ah qafis kasta. Laba dumar ah oo arday ah oo MS ah oo wada degan ayaa helay helitaan bilaash ah cunno aad u macaan (HPF) (Oreo cookie, Kraft Foods Global, Inc., East Hanover, NJ, USA), marka lagu daro ad libitum chow ka PND 28 (MS + HPF group), iyo inta hartay ee xirmooyinka dheddigga ah ee 2 ee qashin walba (kooxda MS) iyo NH pups (kooxda NH) ayaa heley shaandheynta caadiga ah oo keliya. Qaaciddada nafaqada ee cowska caadiga ah iyo cookie Oreo waxaa lagu muujiyey jadwalka Table1.1. Cunto qaadashada maalinlaha ah iyo korodhka miisaanka ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay PND 29. Qiimaynta ku saabsan qaadashada cuntada ee 24 h, qadarka horay loo qorsheeyay ee digirta iyo buskudka ayaa lasiiyay, maalinta ku xigta, qaddarka bidix ee digirta iyo buskudka ayaa laga miisaamay oo laga gooyay qiimahii la bixiyay maalintii hore. Waxaa si gaar ah loo taxadaray si loogu daro daadinta Qaadashada kalooriga waxaa loo xisaabiyaa iyadoo loo eegayo qaab dhismeedyada nafaqada ee jiiska iyo buskudka. Wadarta xaddiga cuntada ah ee ay ku cunteen labada kursi ee qafis kasta ayaa waxaa loo qeybiyay tirada goolasha ku jira qafis kasta oo qiime kasta oo loo xisaabiyo waxaa loo tixgeliyey n = 1. Biyo si xor ah ayey u heli jireen dhammaan kooxaha tijaabada ku jiray, xaaladaha cunnadana way sii wadeen muddada tijaabada oo dhan. Shaxanka shaxanka ee hab-maamuuska tijaabada waxaa lagu bixiyay Jaantus Jaantus11.

Jaantuska 1 

Borotokoolka tijaabada.
Shaxda 1 

Waxyaabaha nafaqada leh (%) ee ku jira hilibka loo yaqaan 'chow iyo cookie Oreo'

Waxqabadka Ambulatory

Haweenka NH, MS iyo MS + HPF (n = 8 oo ka soo jeeda 4 qashin-kala-duwanaanta koox kasta; wadarta 24 qaadashooyinka qashin-kala duwanaanta 8) waxaa lagu soo rogay tijaabada ambalaaska ee PND 54. Maxkamad kasta, jiirka ayaa la dhigay bartamaha qolka waxqabadka (43.2 cm dherer ahaan, cm cm cm, iyo dherer ah 42.2 cm, MED Associates, VT, USA), qol yar oo hufan oo hufan oo ku rakiban laba diyaaradood oo toosan Laba-labo nooc sawir-qaade oo sawir-qaade ah ayaa la dhex dhigay x, y cabbir, kala dheereyn ah 2.5 cm, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqiisa ambalaasiga ah waxaa kormeerayey nidaamka kumbuyuutareedka loogu talagalay '30 min'. Xaaladda khafiifka ah ee qolka imtixaanka waxaa lagu ilaaliyay isla xoojinta qolalka xayawaanka ee ku hoos jira xaalada iftiinka maalintii. Waxqabadka Ambulatory-ka waxaa lagu cabiray isugeynta tirinta kala goynta alwaaxyada xasaasiga jiifa inta lagu jiro fadhi kasta oo isku xiga oo ah 5 min. Waxqabadka guuritaanka, culeyska fecal boli, inta lagu gudajiro tijaabada xasilida ee jiir kasta ayaa sidoo kale la dhaliyay. Waxqabadka guuritaanka ayaa la sii falanqeeyay; tusaale ahaan, gogosha hore iyo gogosha madaxa waxaa loo qaddarin jiray sida duugista wareega, iyo jirka, lugaha, iyo dabada / guurka xubnaha taranka 36. Qolka waxqabadka ayaa lagu nadiifiyay 70% ethanol ka dib isticmaal kasta si loo baabi'iyo wax kasta oo sumcad ku leh jiirkii hore loo tijaabiyay.

Sare u kaco Maze

Laba maalmood ka dib imtixaanka waxqabadka ambulaasta (PND 56), jiirka ayaa hoos loogu dhigay qiimaynta dabeecadda oo lagu daray dheelitaan dheeri ah, isku darka xarkaha loo yaqaan 'acryl' oo leh laba gacmood furan oo iska soo horjeedda (50 cm dherer ahaan iyo 10 cm ballac) hubka (50 cm dherer, 10 cm oo ballac ah, iyo dherer ah 31 cm), oo ka soo baxda aag dhexe (10 cm x 10 cm). Qalabka oo dhan wuxuu ka sarreeyay dabaqa 50 cm. Habka tijaabada ayaa loo raacay sidii hore loo sharxay 37. Jiir kasta waxaa la dhigayaa bartamaha meeraha oo wajahaysa mid ka mid ah hubka furan, ka dibna loo oggolaaday inuu sahammo gacmaha furan ama xiran ee guntinka min min 5 min. Waqtigii lagu qaatay hubka kala duwan ayaa la duubay. Afarta addin waa inay kujiraan xariiqda laga soo galo gacanta, taas oo calaamad u ah bilowga waqtigii lagu qaatay gacanta gaarka ah, ka dibna waqtiga dhamaadka ayaa la duubay markii afarta addin ay mar kale dibedda ka baxsan yihiin. Xanjada waxaa lagu nadiifiyay 70% ethanol ka dib baaritaan kasta si looga hortago saameynta jiirka hore loo tijaabiyay.

Tijaabada Dabaasha Xoogsaaran

Saddex maalmood ka dib imtixaanka sare ee lagu daray galmada (PND 59), jiir ayaa hoos loogu dhigay imtixaanka dabaasha qasabka ah, sida ku xusan habka horey loo sharxay 38. Jiir kasta waxaa loo oggolaaday inuu ku dabaalan karo silsilad dhalo ah (dhererkiisu yahay 54 cm iyo 24 cm dhexroor ah) oo ay ka buuxsantay biyo dhererkeedu yahay 40 cm oo qoto dheer (23-25 ​​℃) muddo 5 daqiiqo ah, kulamada tijaabada waxaa duubay kaamiro fiidiyoow ah dhinaca dhululubada. Muddada dhaqdhaqaaqa jiirka ee biyaha waxaa laga keenay cajaladaha fiidiyaha iyadoo la isticmaalayo saacad-saacad. Dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa lagu qeexay inuu yahay gobolka jiirka lagu xukumay inuu sameynayo kaliya dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagama maarmaanka u ah si madaxooda looga ilaaliyo dusha sare ee biyaha.

Rats waxaa la dhigay qolka imtixaanka ugu yaraan 2 h kahor baaritaan kasta si loo yareeyo saameynta walaaca aan loo baahnayn, iyo dhammaan qiimeynta habdhaqanka ayaa la qabtay inta u dhaxaysa 9: 00 AM iyo 12: 00 PM ee maalinta si looga fogaado saameynta kala duwanaanshaha ku dhaca circaden. Gooldhalinta dabeecadda waxaa lagu sameeyay indho-indheelaha indha indheeynta daaweynta jiirka.

Plasma corticosterone assay

Toddobaad kadib dhammaadka kalfadhiyada habdhaqanka, jiirka waxaa la dhigay sanduuqa xakamaynta ee 2 h, taas oo jiirku awood u yeeshay inuu dhaqaajiyo afartooda addin laakiin uusan beddelin jihada jirkooda. Dhiigga dabada waxaa lagu soo uruuriyay 0, 30, 60 iyo 120 daqiiqo waqtiga dhibcaha inta lagu gudajiray mudada xakamaynta, waxaana lagu xakumay 2,000 rpm 20 min. Shaybaarka plasma-ka waxaa lagu qaboojiyey nitrogen dareere ah, waxaana lagu keydiyay - 80 ° C illaa loo isticmaalo baaritaanka. Heerarka Plasma ee corticosterone waxaa go'aamiyay radioimmunoassay iyadoo la adeegsanayo 125Qalabka 'Astaatiga Coat-A-Count' (Siemens, CA, USA). Dareenka kalsoonida assay waxay ahayd 5.7ng / ml. Isugeynta isugeynta-isweydaarsiga kala duwanaanshaha wuxuu ahaa 4-12.2%.

Falanqaynta gobalada galbeedka

Jiirka ka khafiifsan tijaabooyinka habdhaqanka (n = 6 laga bilaabo 3 qashin oo kala duwan koox kasta; wadar ahaan 18 arday oo ka kala yimid 6 qashin oo kala duwan) ayaa loogu sadqeeyay PND 62 falanqaynta dhibta galbeedka ee heerarka ΔFosB iyo BDNF ee gobollada maskaxda. Suufyada baruurta ee 'Retroperitoneal fat pads' ayaa la soo uruuriyay waqtiga allabariga maskaxdana si dhaqso leh ayaa looga soo saaray ka dib goos gooska. Tijaabooyinka unugyada ee Nucleus accumbens (NAc) iyo hippocampus ayaa si dhakhso ah loogu kala soocay baraf, lagu qaboojiyey nitrogen dareere ah oo lagu keydiyay - 80 ° C ilaa la isticmaalayo. Kala soocida unugyada NAc waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo daab ganaax ah iyadoo loo eegayo habka loo adeegsaday daraasadihii hore 28, 39; si kastaba ha noqotee, suurtagal in lagu daro marinka marinka ventro-medial striatum ee ka agdhow lama ilaalin karo. Unugyada ayaa loo kala saaray hal saabuun ah oo lagu sharraxay (50 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 150 mM NaCl; 1% Triton X-100; protease iyo phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 0.5%) ka dibna waxaa lagu xoojiyay 13,000 g for 20 min at 4oC. Supertatants-ka loo wareejiyay tuubooyin cusub waxaa lagu cabiray nuxurka borotiinka iyadoo la isticmaalayo xirmo tijaabo ah oo la yiraahdo (Biorad DC, Biorad, Inc., Hercules, CA), oo loo qoondeeyay aaladda 80 μg / 20 μl ee ku jirta lysis buffer, laguna keydiyay - 80 ° C, haddii kale loo isticmaalo isla maalintaas. Shaybaarada waxaa lagu qasay baarka wax lagu rakibo (100 mM Tris, pH 6.8; 200 mM dithiothreitol; 4% SDS; 20% glycerol; 0.2% bromophenol blue) at 1: 1 dilution, la kariyey 5 daqiiqo, si dhakhso ah loogu qaboojiyey baraf, ka dibna electrophorazed on 12% SDS-polyacrylamide jellada Tris-glycine. Borotiinada loo wareejiyay xuubka nitrocellulose (Hybond-C, Amersham, Bucks, UK) waxaa lagu daaweeyay 5% caano qalalan oo aan dufan lahayn oo ku jira 1X Tris-salfal saline-Tween (10 mM C4H11MAYA3; 0.145 M NaCl; 0.2% SDS; 0.1% Tween 20) habeenki 40C. Xuubka waxaa lagu falceliyey bakaylaha loo yaqaan 'polyclonal bakayle anti-∆FosB' (1: 1000 khafiifin; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) ama anti-BDNF (1: 500 qallajin; Millipore, Temecula, CA, USA), iyo Kahortaga jirka ee xiran ayaa lagu ogaadey kiimikada sida ku xusan tilmaamaha soo saaraha (Lumi-light substrate blotting substrate, Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA), waxaana lagu qiyaasey iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaamka falanqaynta muuqaalka dhijitaalka ah (LAS-1000, Filimka Fuji, Tokyo, Japan). Qiyamyada tiradeysan ee muunad kasta ayaa caadi looga dhigay xakamaynta rarka β-actin, ka dibna dhammaan qiimayaashu waxaa loo beddelay qiime u dhigma qiimaha celceliska kooxda NH.

Falanqaynta tirakoobka

Xogta waxaa lagu falanqeeyay hal ama laba-xog ah [corticosterone data; daaweynta (maaraynta ama xaaladda cuntada, heerarka 2 midkasta) X waqtiga (heerarka 4)] falanqaynta kala duwanaanshaha (ANOVA), iyo isbarbardhiga la qorsheeyay ee u dhexeeya kooxaha waxaa fuliyay hose ah Tijaabada 'Fisher's PLSD' markii loo baahdo, iyadoo la adeegsanayo barnaamijka StatView (Abacus, Berkeley, CA, USA). Xogta miisaanka jirka iyo qaadashada cuntada waxaa lagu sii falanqeeyay tallaabooyin soo noqnoqday ANOVA, oo ay ku xigto saxitaanka Bonferroni ee P hagaajinta qiimaha. Heerka ahmiyada ayaa loo dejiyay at P <0.05, iyo dhammaan qiimayaasha waxaa loo soo bandhigay macnaheedu yahay ± SEM

Natiijooyinka

Cunto qaadashada iyo culeyska jirka

Dumar MS waxay u muuqdeen inay ka fudud yihiin dheddigga da'da u dhigma NH illaa PND 39 iyo farqiga miisaanka lama arag markaa ka dib (Jaantus (Figure2A) .2A). Kala duwanaansho xagga xisaabeed oo muhiim ah (P<0.05) inta udhaxeysa dumarka NH iyo MS waxaa la arkay intii lagu jiray PND 32 - 39, marka laga reebo PND 36 iyo 37. Helitaanka cuntada la kariyey waxay hoos u dhigtay kala duwanaanshaha miisaanka ee khibrada MS, iyo muhiimada tirakoobka ee u dhaxeysa NH iyo MS + HPF ayaa la waayey ka dib PND 36. Ku celcelinta Qiyaasaha ANOVA ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in miisaanka jirka oo kordha waqti ka dib ay ku kala duwan yihiin MS iyo MS + HPFF(1,780) = 2.146; P= 0.0008], laakiin ma aha inta u dhaxaysa NH iyo MS. Qaadashada maalinlaha ee haweenka dheddigga ah MS kama duwana dheddigga NH-da'da u dhigma (Jaantuska (Sawirka2B) .2B). Helitaanka cookie-ka ayaa la xakameynayaa qaadashada maalinlaha ah ee haweenka MS, laakiin qaadashada kalooriga maalinlaha ah waxay u muuqatay in lagu kordhiyay marinka cookie iyada oo aan la helin muhiimad tirakoob. Falanqaynta qaadashada kalooriga oo leh tallaabooyin soo noqnoqday ANOVA ayaa shaaca ka qaaday wax saameyn ah oo ku saabsan kala tagga hooyada iyo xaaladda cuntada. Wadarta qaadashada kalooriga intii lagu jiray muddadii tijaabada oo dhan (PND 28 - 62) kuma kala duwanaan kooxaha tijaabada ah (Jaantus (Sawirka2C) .2C). Qiyaastii 40% wadarta guud ee kalooriyeyaasha ay cuneen haweenka MS + HPF waxay ka soo jeedaan buskudka (3259.921 ± 211.657 kcal laga soo gooyo, 2184.641 ± 186.077 kcal laga soo bilaabo cookies). Suunka 'Retroperitoneal bar pad' ee haweenka MS ee PND 62 kama duwana dheddigga NH-da'da u dhigma, waxaana la moodayay in lagu kordhiyo galaangalka cookie iyada oo aan la macno ahaan tirakoob (P= 0.0833, MS vs. MS + HPF) (Jaantus (Jaantus22D).

Jaantuska 2Jaantuska 2Jaantuska 2 

Miisaan qaadida jirka (A), qaadashada maalinlaha ee cowska iyo kalorika (B), wadarta qaadashada kalori (C), iyo culeyska baruurta retroperitoneal (D). NH; aan gacanta lagu qabin oo lagu adeego kaliya, MS; kala-soocidda hooyada oo lagu quudin jiray chow oo keliya, MS + HPF; kala-soocidda hooyada oo lagu quudiyay chow ...

Qiimaynta dhaqanka

Hawlaha ambalaaska ee haweenka, MS iyo MS + HPF dheddigga waxaa lagu cabiray qolka waxqabadka kumbuyuutarka ee PND 54. Tirada bukaan-socodka ee dheddigga MS intii lagu jiray kii ugu horreeyay (0 - 15 daqiiqo) iyo kal-fadhigii dambe (15 - 30 daqiiqo) ayaa si aad ah hoos ugu dhacay oo leh dheddigga NH; hase yeeshe, hoos u dhac weyn (P<0.05) marka loo fiiriyo NH waxaa la arkay kaliya inta lagu gudajiray kalfadhigii dambe kooxda MS + HPF (Jaantus (Figure3A) .3A). Wadarta masaafada u safray intii lagu jiray kalfadhigii ugu horreeyay ee 15 ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay MS (P<0.05), laakiin kuma jiraan MS + HPF, marka la barbar dhigo NH (Jaantus (Sawirka3B) .3B). Dabeecadda qolka jiifka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa guuritaanka ayaa la dhaliyay intii lagu gudajiray imtixaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa ambalaaska (Jaantus (Sawirka3C3C & D). Khibradda MS waxay si weyn u kordhisay qurxintaP<0.05, NH vs. MS) halka marinka cookie-ga uu yareeyay (P<0.05, MS iyo MS + HPF) (Jaantus (Sawirka3C) .3C). Niyad jabinta haweenka MS wuxuu u ekaa inuu sii kordhayo marka loo eego NH iyadoo aan loo eegin muhiimad rasmi ah, iyo helitaanka buskudku si weyn ayuu u dhimay (P<0.05, MS iyo MS + HPF) (Jaantus (Jaantus33D).

Jaantuska 3 

Tijaabada waxqabadka Ambulatory ee lagu sameeyay PND 54. Tirinta Ambulatory waxay dhalisay isku xigxiga kulan kasta 5 min. Dabeecadaha qolka jiifka iyo waxqabadka go'itaanka inta lagu jiro 30 min ee tijaabada waxqabadka ambulaasta ayaa la dhaliyay. Wadarta tirada ambalaasyada (A) waana safray ...

Si loo sii qiimeeyo dabeecadaha walaaca-la mid ah, jiirka waxaa lagu soo rogay imtixaan sare oo dheeri ah oo lagu daray 2 maalmood ka dib imtixaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa ambalaaska (PND 56). Waqtigii lagu qaatay gacmaha furan ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay haweenka MS (P <0.05), laakiin kuma jirto MS + HPF, marka la barbar dhigo NH (Jaantus (Figure4A) .4A). Boqolkiiba gacan furan furan kuma kala duwan kooxaha tijaabinta (Jaantus (Sawirka4B) .4B). Si loo qiimeeyo dabeecadaha niyad-jabka ah, jiirku wuxuu ku dhacay imtixaan dabaasha qasab ah 3 maalmood ka dib imtixaankii sareeyay ee lagu daray (PND 59). Muddada aan awoodda lahayn inta lagu gudajiray daqiiqaddii '5 min' ee imtixaanka dabaasha qasabka ah ayaa si weyn loogu batay haweenka MS (P <0.05) marka la barbardhigo NH, iyo dhibcaha dhaqaaq la'aanta haweenka MS + HPF kama duwanaan NH (Jaantus (Jaantus44C).

Jaantuska 4 

Waqtiga lagu galay iyo soo galitaanka gacmaha furan inta lagu gudajirey imtixaanka qiiqa oo kacsan (A, B) iyo kacsanaanta inta lagu gudajiray imtixaanka dabaasha qasabka ah (C). Rats waxaa lagu qaaday imtixaanka kor u kaca ah oo lagu daray cowska 'PND 56' iyo tijaabada dabbaasha ee qasabka ah PND 59. NH; aan gacan la siinaynin oo lagu kariyo chow oo keliya, ...

Noocyada Plasma corticosterone

Toddobaad ka dib tijaabada dabaasha, jiirku wuxuu helay culeys xakameyn iyo dhiiga dabada ayaa laga soo ururiyay 0, 30, 60 iyo 120 min daqiiqado waqtiga 2 h ee xakamaynta xakamaynta, waxaana loo isticmaalay plasma corticosterone assay (Jaantus. (Figure5) .5). Heerarka aasaasiga ah ee loo yaqaan 'salal corticosterone' (Xilliga 0 waqtiga) kuma kala duwanayn kooxaha; si kastaba ha noqotee, kororka culeyska walaaca ee heerka corticosterone ayaa ka hooseeyay dheddigga MS marka loo eego kuwa NH saacadaha 30 iyo 60 min min dhibcood ka dib bilawga walaaca (P<0.05, NH iyo MS markasta oo dhibic la gaaro). Heerarka 'plasma corticosterone' ee MS + HPF kama duwanaan NH at 30 min ka dib bilawga walaaca, laakiin waxay ka hooseeyeen NH at 60 min time point (P <0.05; 394.29 ± 38.35 ng / ml gudaha NH vs. 247.48 ± 24.57 ng / ml gudaha MS + HPF). Falanqaynta heerarka corticosterone ee culeyska fekerka leh ee leh 2-way ANOVA ayaa shaaca ka qaaday saameynta ugu weyn ee kala tagga hooyada [F(1,56) = 8.814, P= 0.0045] iyo waqtiga [F(3,56) = 9.335, P<0.0001], iyo wax saameyn ah kuma laha xaaladda cuntada. Is dhexgal muhiim ah oo udhaxeeya hooyada kala tagga iyo waqtiga ama inta udhaxeysa xaalada cuntada iyo waqtiga lama helin.

Jaantuska 5 

Heerarka Plasma corticosterone inta lagu gudajiray 2 h ee xakamaynta xakamaynta. Rats waxaa loo haystay culeys xakameyn ah ka dib toddobaad ka soo kabsashada tijaabada dabaasha qasabka ah. Xaaladda quudinta ayaa sii socota inta lagu gudajiray muddada soo kabashada. Jiirka ayaa la dhigay sanduuqa xakamaynta ...

ΔFosB iyo BDNF irbadaha galbeedka

LevelsFosB iyo BDNF heerarka NAc waxaa lagu baaray falanqaynta gogosha galbeedka (Jaantus (Figure6) .6). ΔFosB si weyn ayaa loo dhimay, laakiin BDNF ayaa ku kordhay NAC ee haweenka MS (P <0.05) marka la barbar dhigo NH (Jaantus (Jaantus6A6A & B). Heerka ΔFosB ee NAc ee dumarka MS waxaa caadi ku ahaa marinka cookie; yacni farqiga u dhexeeya NH iyo MS + HPF, iyo heerka BDNF ayaa sii kordhay (P <0.05, MS iyo MS + HPF). Heerarka BDNF ee hippocampus ee haweenka MS ayaa si muuqata hoos ugu dhacay marka loo eego NH (P <0.05) oo laguma soo ceshanin marinka cookie (Jaantus (Jaantus66C).

Jaantuska 6 

Falanqaynta 'Western blot' ee heerarka ΔFosB iyo BDNF ee NAC (A, B) iyo heerka BDNF ee hippocampus (C). Jiirka ka soo jeeda tijaabooyinka habdhaqanka ayaa loo huray PND 62 si ay u ururiyaan saamballada unugyada ee falanqaynta unugyada reer galbeedka. NH; ...

Dood

Helitaanka cuntada ee Palatable waxay wanaajisay dabeecadaha-nafsi ahaanta ee haweenka MS

Daraasaddan, buundooyinka habdhaqanka ee matalaya welwelka iyo niyad-jabka, sida dhaqdhaqaaqa ambalaaska, duugista rostral iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa kala-goynta inta lagu jiro imtixaanka waxqabadka; gacmo furan inta lagu gudajiro imtixaanka kacsan; kacsanaanta inta lagu gudajiray imtixaanka dabaasha qasabka ah, waxaa lagu wanaajiyey haweenka MS oo leh marin bilaash ah oo loogu talo galay cookies-ka Oreo inta lagu jiro qaan-gaarka iyo dhalinyarada. Jawaabta corticosterone ee ku saabsan walaaca daran ayaa kudhacay haweenka MS, sida lagu soo sheegay ragga MS 14. Jawaabta corticosterone ee daahsoon waxay umuuqataa inay tahay cawaaqibta waayo aragnimada MS; tusaale ahaan waayo-aragnimada buufiska soo noqnoqda, maadaama jawaabta saxda ah ee HPA ay ka bixisay culeyska degdega ah waxay u muuqatay mid laga gaabiyey ka dib khibradaha buufiska soo noqnoqda. 40, 41. Daraasaduhu waxay soo jeediyeen in soo bandhigida cuntada aadka loo doorbido ee dufanka badan waxay wax ka beddeli kartaa howlaha aasaaska u ah HPA iyo jawaabta endocrine ee walaaca ba'an. 9, hagaajinta jawaabaha walaaca 17, 19 iyo yareynta dabeecadaha walaaca leh 18, 20. Sidoo kale, helitaanka bilaashka ah ee buskudka Oreo (~ 21% baruurta dufanka ah; cunno dufanka dhexdhexaad ah) inta lagu jiro qaan-gaarka iyo dhalinyarada waxay caadi u noqdeen shaqada faaydhada 'HPA' iyo hagaajinta dabeecadaha walaaca ee ragga ee jiirka MS. 14. Taasi waa, waxay u badan tahay helitaanka cookie ee qaangaarka ah wuxuu horumarin karaa shaqadiisa qallafsan ee HPA ee khibradda MS, walaaca soo noqnoqda ee nolosha hore, iyo inuu xakameeyo dhibaatooyinka dabeecadda. Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasaddan, marinka cookie-ka inta lagu guda jiro qaan-gaarnimada iyo dhalinyarada ma hagaajin karin waxqabadka firfircoonaanta HPA ee ka jawaabaya culeyska degdega ah ee ku dhaca jiirka MS. Waxaa la soo jeedinayaa in habdhiska murugada iyo / ama ka hortagga murugada ee marinka cookie ee qaangaarnimada ee jiirka MS ay dhici karto inaysan la xiriirin waxqabadka HPA, in kasta oo ay kujiraan ragga Ragga MS. Jiirka lab iyo dhaddig ayaa ku kala duwan noocyo badan oo neuroendocrine ah iyo cabirro dhaqameed, iyo u nuglaanta walaaca fekerka ayaa ku tiirsan jinsiga 42, 43. Daraasad hore waxay soo bandhigtay in 7-maalin dhexdhexaad ah cunnooyinka dufanka cunnadu ay horseeddo sii-daynta corticosterone-ka lab ah ee la-sii-daayay ka dib walaac daran. 6.

Helitaanka cuntada Palatable iyo shaqada neuronal ee NAC ee jiirka dhediga

Daraasadda hadda jirta waxay muujisay in 'ΔFosB muujinta' hoos loo dhigay isla markaana BDNF ay ku kordhay NAC ee jiirka dumarka marka la eego waayo-aragnimada MS. Waxaa la soo sheegay in walbahaarka maskaxda ama culeyska dheef-shiid kiimikaadka uu kordhiyo muujinta ΔFosB ee NAc 44-46. Daraasadaha ayaa soo jeediyay in qodobka 'transos factor' osFosB uu la xiriiro muujinta BDNF ee ku jirta NAC neurons 32, 47-49. Wadajirka, waxaa la soo jeedinayaa in hoos udhaca ΔFosB iyo kordhinta muujinta BDNF ee NAc ay noqon karto cawaaqib xumo mustaqbalka walaaca MS ee nolosha hore, laga yaabee in wax laga badalo shaqada NAc neuronal. Waxqabadka NAc neuronal ee NAc waxaa la soo jeediyay in lagu habeeyo muujinta dabeecadda walaaca dabeecadda 24, 25 iyo cilladdeeda ayaa ku jirtay niyad-jabka iyo jahwareerka 22, 23, 26, 27. Runtii, kororka calaamadaha BDNF ee NAc waxaa lagu soo sheegay qaabab walaac badan oo niyad jab ah 50-52, iyo saameynta walaaca ee walaaca leh ee niyadjabka leh ayaa lagu aflagaadey jiirarka si aad ah u muujinta ΔFosB gudaha 53. Sidaas awgeed, waxay u eg tahay in niyad-xumada iyo / ama dabeecadaha walaaca leh ee jiirka MS ee dumarka ah ay la xiriirto hoos u dhaca ΔFosB iyo muujinta BDNF ee NAC.

Daraasaddan, marinka cookie-ka inta lagu gudajiray xilliga qaangaarka ayaa kordhay expressionsFosB iyo muujinta BDNF ee ku jira jiirka MS. Natiijadani waxay isbarbar dhigeysaa warbixinadii hore ee muujinaya in soo bandhigista cunnooyinka la cuni karo ay ka dhasheen heerar kordhay 'ΔFosB' ee NAc 31, iyo cunada dufanka badan waxay kordhisay heerarka BDNF ee NAc ee ΔFosB -Farmarinta xad dhaafka ka badan ee lagu muujiyo 32. Tixgalinta warbixintii hore ee shaaca ka qaadday in kororka muujinta 'FosB' ee dhirtu ay muujineyso adkeysiga saamaynta niyadjabka ee ay culeyska saareyso 53, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey kordhinta 'osFosB' ee NAc ee haweenkeena MS oo leh marinka cookie; sida caadiga ah ee heerkeeda aasaasiga ah, waxaa laga yaabaa inay gacan ka geysato ka hortagga antidepressant iyo / ama waxtarka u leh xasilloonida helitaanka cookie ee qaangaarka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, ma cadda haddii ay kordhay heerka BDNF ee NAc ee haweenka MS oo leh marinka cookie ay ku lug leedahay saameynteeda murugada iyo xanaaqa, tan iyo markii ay korodhay calaamadaha BDNF ee NAc waxaa lagu soo sheegay inta badan qaabab niyad jab leh. 50-52, laakiin marar dhif ah moodooyinka lidka ku ah diiqadda. Daraasado dheeraad ah ayaa la dammaanad qaaday.

Saamaynta MS iyo HPF ee heerarka hipDambamal BDNF

Hoos udhac heerka BDNF ee ku jira hunguriga 'hippocampus' ayaa laga soo sheegay labadaba lab iyo dheddigba in loo geeyay borotokool MS la mid ah oo loo adeegsaday daraasaddan. 54, 55. Isla mar ahaantaana, heerka BDNF ayaa hoos udhac ku dhacay hilibka-hoosaadka ee haweeneyda haweenka ah ee 'MS rats' marka loo eego kontaroolada NH ee daraasaddan. Hippocampal neurogenesis waxaa lagu gartaa astaamaha walaaca iyo diiqadda 56, 57, iyo hunguriga loo yaqaan 'hippocampus' waxaa si wanaagsan loogu yaqaanaa inuu ku lug leeyahay sharciyeynta jawaab-celinta ee waxqabadka gundhigga HPA. Xusuusashada in waxqabadka HPA lagu aflagareeyay haweenkeena MS, waxay u badan tahay in hoos udhaca heerarka BDNF ee hippocampus laga yaabo inay la xiriirto walwal iyo / ama jahwareer ka yimaada waayo-aragnimada MS, laga yaabo inay la xiriirto waxqabadka HPA ee hoos u dhaca. Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya heerka BDNF hippocampal iyo waxqabadka HPA ee haweenkayaga MS waxaa sii siyaadiyey xaqiiqada ah in marinka buskudku uusan labada dhinacba ku hagaajin daraasaddan. Daraasad hore ayaa muujisay in isticmaalka dheefshiidka ee cuntada dufanka badan (32% baruurta) ay kordhiso muujinta BDNF ee ku dhaca hibiriqsiga ragga ee MS jiiris hoos u dhigay borotokoolkii MS ee la midka ahaa ee loo adeegsaday daraasaddan. 58. Saamaynta helitaanka buskudka inta lagu guda jiro qaan-gaarnimada (~ 21% baruurta) ee heerarka hipDambamal BDNF ee ragga Jiirka MS ayaa hada baaritaan ku socda.

Dabeecadaha dabeecadda dufanka / sonkorta ku jirta Oreo cookie

Daraasaddan, helitaanka bilaashka ah ee buskudyada Oreo waxay hagaajisay dhibaatooyinka nafsaani-nafsadeed ee ku dhaca jiirka dumarka oo leh waayo-aragnimo nolosha welwelka badan leh. Kuki Oreo waa cookie shukulaato ah, ma aha oo kaliya dufanka laakiin waxay kaloo ku badan tahay sonkorta sida lagu muujiyey Jadwalka Table1.1. Daraasadda aadanaha, cunista shukulaatada waxay yareeysay niyadda taban marka loo eego biyaha la cabbo, halka wax saameyn ah aan laga helin dhexdhexaadnimada iyo niyadda wanaagsan 59. Saamaynta kor u qaadida niyadda ee shukulaatada waxay kuxirantahay kacsiga shukulaatada (caanaha shukulaatada iyo shukulaatada cad), soo jeedinta in cunida cuntada macaan lihi waxay sare uqaadeysaa xaalad niyadda oo xun. Waxaa la soo sheegay in damaca suufku uu ku sii kordhayo xayawaanka niyad jabsan ee qaba culeyska khafiifka ah iyo caano shukulaatada caatada ah ayaa sii kordheysa gaar ahaan maaddooyinka niyad jabka qaba. 60. Doorashada xorta ah ee guro-beedka iyo / ama xayrta doofaarka dheeriga ah si ay u gooyaan dhammaan habaynnada mawduucyada walaaca ee walaaca ba'an. 61. Sidoo kale, soo-gaadhista muddada-yar ee cuntada dufanka dhexdhexaadka ah (20% saliida hadhuudhka; dufanka la midka ah ee kuxiraha Oreo) oo ay ka dhalan karto neuroendocrine iyo dabeecadda wax ka beddelka hab-dhiska galmada 4-6. Wadajirka, ayaa la soo gabagabeeyey in sonkorta iyo waxyaabaha dufanka leh ee kujira cookies Oreo laga yaabo inay gacan ka geysteen wanaajinta dhibaatooyinka dabeecadda iyo dabeecadaha ee haweenka MS. Daraasadaha dheeriga ah ayaa loo dammaanad qaaday in ay baaraan haddii isku mid ay ka mid yihiin dufanka sonkorta ama sonkorta ee helitaanka cookie-ka Oreo ay soo saari doonto horumar la mid ah haweenka haweenka lagu arkay daraasaddan.

Ugu dambeyntiina, aaladaha dib-u-soo-kaydinta dufanka ayaa ku sii kordhay haweenka dhedigga ah ee MS iyada oo la adeegsanayo habka kulka ee daraasaddan. Marka lagu daro saameynta ay ku leedahay isbeddelada culeyska shaqada, helitaanka cunno la cuni karo ayaa si weyn kor ugu kacday wareegga dhiigga iyo heerarka insulinta oo ay weheliso baruur aad u badan 15, 61. Labadaba leptin iyo insulin labadaba waxaa loo soo jeediyay inay ku shaqeyaan hab xakameyn ah nidaamka abaalmarinta meso-limbic, iyo gaar ahaan insulin kordhinta muujinta soo-saareyaasha dopamine ee aagga ventral 62, 63. Sida kor lagu soo sharraxay, nidaamka abaalmarinta meso-limbic waxaa si weyn loogu lug leeyahay cilado nafsaani-nafsi ah oo la xidhiidha shaqada culeyska fekerka fekerka. 22-27. Markaa, mowjad dejineysa, haddii ay jirto, nidaamka abaalmarinta meso-limbic oo kordhay leptin iyo / ama insulin oo ay weheliso baruur aad u korodhay ayaa la soo jeedinayaa inay door ka ciyaaraan kor u qaadida niyadda markay tahay helitaanka cuntada. Runtii, isticmaalka daba dheeraaday ee cunnada dufanka badan (32% baruurta dufanka) waxay yareeysaa dabeecadaha walaaca leh iyo kordhinta heerarka plasma leptin iyo heerka insulinta oo aad u kordhay baruurta dufanka ee jiirka dumarka oo hoos u dhigay borotokool MS la mid ah oo loo adeegsaday daraasaddan. 11. Si kastaba ha noqotee, wali ma cadda in ama ay fiicneyd hagaajinta habdhaqanka lagu arkay haweenkayaga MS ee leh helitaanka cookie (cunno dufan dhexdhexaad ah oo leh ~ 21% baruurta dufanka ah) waxay la xiriirtaa kororka dufanka badan, sababtoo ah kororka bakhaarka dufanka ee gadaal laga helo iyadoo la adeegsanayo marinka cookie ma gaadhin ahmiyad tirakoob ahaan iyo weliba sii faafin, midna wareejin leptin ama insulin laguma cabiro daraasadda hadda socota.

Gebogebadii, cillad la'aanta ka jirta guntinka HPA, neerons NAc, iyo hippocampus waxay u muuqdeen inay saameyn ku yeesheen dhibaatooyinka nafsiyeed-nafsiyeed ee jiirka MS dhallinta waayo aragnimada kala go'ida hooyada inta lagu gudajiro labada toddobaad ee ugu horreeya dhalashada. Helitaanka bilaashka ah ee cuntada aadka u fiican, cunno dufan leh oo dhexdhexaad ah, inta lagu guda jiro qaan-gaarka iyo dhalinyarada ayaa wanaajiyay welwelka- iyo dabeecadaha niyad-jabka ah ee haweenka MS iyaga oo aan saameyn ku yeelanin kor u qaadida miisaanka jirka, iyo modulation functional in NAc neurons-ka laga yaabo inay door ka ciyaaraan aasaaska habdhiska neerfaha.

Mahadnaq

Qorayaashu waxay uga mahadcelinayaan Dr. SB Yoo ka caawinta falanqaynta tirakoobka iyo Dr. JY Lee farsamooyinka tijaabada. Daraasaddan waxaa lagu taageeray deeqo ka timid Ururka Cilmibaadhista Qaranka (2013R1A1A3A04-006580) iyo Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Naafada ee Oromaxillofacial ee Waayeelka ee Jaamacadda Qaranka ee Seoul (2014050477) oo ay maalgalisay Dowladda Kuuriya (Wasaaradda Sayniska, ICT iyo Qorsheynta Mustaqbalka).

tixraacyada

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