Dib-u-Celinta Isticmaalka Isticmaalka Cilmi-baarista (2015)

Yale J Biol Med. 2015 Sep; 88 (3): 295 – 302.

Waxaa lagu daabacay khadka tooska ah ee 2015 Sep 3.

PMCID: PMC4553650

Diirad saarida: Qabatinka

Tag:

aan la taaban karin

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, fikirka qabatinka cunada wuxuu helay caan iyo caan. Qaabkani wuxuu qirayaa isbarbar dhiga muuqda ee ka dhasha ciladaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha iyo xad dhaafka ah cuntooyinka aadka u fiican, kalooriga sareeya. Qayb ka mid ah wada hadaladaas waxaa ka mid ah in cuntooyinka "caloosha lagu dari karo" ay lahaan karaan awood wax ku qabatin ah sababtoo ah awood u sii kordheysa oo ay ugu wacan tahay nafaqooyinka qaarkood ama waxyaabaha lagu daro. In kasta oo fikradan ay u muuqato mid cusub, haddana cilmi baaris ku saabsan qabatinka cunnada ayaa run ahaantii lasaaraa dhowr iyo tobannaan sano, xaqiiq ah in had iyo goor aan la aqoon. Adeegsiga sayniska qabatinka Marka loo eego shukulaatada xitaa taariikhihii qarnigii 19aad. Qarnigii 20th, cilmi baarista maandooriyaha cunnada ayaa soo martay dhowr jeer ooh ore, taas oo ay kujirto in la beddelo astaamaha cudurka loo yaqaan 'anorexia nervosa', bulimia nervosa, buurnaanta, ama cilad-darrada cunnada ee xad-dhaafka ah. Markaa, ujeeddada dib-u-eegiddan ayaa ah in la sharraxo taariikhda iyo xaaladda farshaxanka cilmi baarista qabatinka cunnada iyo in la muujiyo horumarinteeda iyo hagaajinta qeexidda iyo qaababka.

Keywords: qabatinka cuntada, buurnaanta, cunitaanka xad dhaafka ah, anoreksiyada, bulimiyada, ku xirnaanshaha walaxda, shukulaatada

Hordhac

Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay, fekerka qabatinka cunada wuxuu noqday mid caan ka ah. Fikraddan waxaa ka mid ah fikradda ah in cuntooyinka qaarkood (oo sida caadiga ah howsha loo diyaariyey, aad u sarreeya, iyo cunnooyin caloric aad u sarreeya) laga yaabo inay leeyihiin awood balwad leh iyo qaabab qaarkood oo ka mid ah quudinta ayaa laga yaabaa inay u taagan tahay dabeecad qabatinka. Kororka caanka ah ee lagu caanbaxay kama muuqdo tiro badan oo ah warbixinnada warbaahinta iyo suugaanta.1,2], laakiin sidoo kale koror weyn oo ah tirada daabacadaha sayniska (Jaantuska 1) [3,4]. 2012, tusaale ahaan, buug-gacmeed dhammaystiran oo ku saabsan cuntada iyo maandooriyaha ayaa la daabacay maxaa yeelay "saynisku wuxuu gaadhay meel xasaasi ah illaa heer buugga la hagaajiyay loo damaanad qaaday" [5]. Xiisahaan kordhay wuxuu u muuqdaa inuu abuuray aragtida ah in fikirka qabatinka cunada uu kaliya ku habboonaa qarnigii 21 sababtoo ah helitaanka sii kordheysa ee cuntooyinka aadka loo warshadeeyay iyo in fikirka la qabatinka qabatinka cunnada lagu sameeyay dadaal lagu sharraxayo heerka sii kordhaya ee buurnaanta [6]. Baarayaasha qaarkood xitaa waxay tixraacaan shaqada ka wacyigelinta ee baarista maandooriyaha cuntada iyagoo sheeganaya maqaallada lagu daabacay qarnigan [7,8].

Jaantuska 1 

Tirada daabacadaha sayniska ee ku saabsan qabatinka cuntada ee sannadihii 1990-2014. Qiimayaashu waxay matalaan tirada hits ku saleysan Web raadinta sayniska ee la qabtay sannad kasta si gooni gooni ah, iyadoo la adeegsanayo ereyga raadinta "qabatinka cuntada" iyo xulashada "mowduuc" ...

Sida lagu soo bandhigi doono waraaqdan oo dhan, fikirkaan ku saabsan qabatinka cunnada ee waa fikrad cusub, oo asal ahaan ka timid sanadihii la soo dhaafay oo sharxi karta buurnida faafka, waa khalad. Sidaa darteed, maqaalkani wuxuu si kooban u soo bandhigayaa horumarka cilmi baarista maandooriyaha. Hal ujeedo ayaa ah in la muujiyo in taariikhdeeda, in kasta oo ay tahay goob cusub oo cilmi baaris ah, dhab ahaantii waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr iyo toban sano iyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya cunnada iyo qabatinka xitaa taariikhihii qarnigii 19. Qarnigii 20aad, meelaha diirada la saarayo iyo fikradaha ku saabsan qabatinka cunnada ayaa isbedel ku yimid, sida noocyada cunnooyinka iyo dhibaatooyinka cunnada ee loo soo jeediyay inay la xiriiraan qabatinka iyo qaababkii loo adeegsaday in lagu baaro dhaqanka cunnada ee aragtida balwadda (Jaantuska 2). Maqaalka hadda jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma doonayo inuu sharraxaad ka bixiyo isbarbardhigyada kala duwan ee cilladaha iyo neerfaha ee u dhexeeya cabbitaanka iyo isticmaalka maandooriyaha ama maleegayaan cawaaqibka ka dhalan kara iyo saameynta fikirka la-qabatinka cunnada ee daaweynta, ka hortagga, iyo siyaasadda guud. Dhamaan arrimahan si balaadhan ayaa looga dooday meelo kale [9-21]. Ugu dambeyntiina, maqaalkani ujeedadiisu ma ahan in la qiimeeyo ku saabsan ansaxnimada fikirka la qabatinka cunnada.

Jaantuska 2 

Meelaha qaarkood diirada lagu saaray tixraacyo la xushay taariikhda cilmi baarista qabatinka cunada.

Xilligii dambe ee 19th iyo Horraantii 20aad Qarnigii: Bilowga Koowaad

The Journal of Inebriety wuxuu ka mid ahaa joornaalada qabatinka koowaad waxaana la daabacay laga bilaabo 1876 illaa 1914 [22]. Muddadan, shuruudo kala duwan ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qeexo isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee khamriga iyo daroogada (tusaale ahaan, sakhraannimo caado ah, sakhraannimo, cuqdad, dipsomania, narcomania, oinomania, khamri cabitaan, iyo qabatinka). Waxa xiiso leh, ereyga qabatinka sida loo adeegsaday Journal of Inebriety ugu horrayn loo tixraaco ku tiirsanaanta daroogada aan ahayn aalkolada oo marka hore u muuqday 1890 iyada oo loo tixraacayo shukulaatada [22]. Intaa ka dib, astaamaha qabatinka ee cuntooyinka 'kicinta' ayaa sidoo kale lagu xusay qodobbada kale ee joornaalada [17]. Tusaale ahaan, Clouston [23] wuxuu sheegay in markii “maskaxdu ku tiirsan tahay kicinta cuntada iyo cabitaanka dib-u-soo-kabashadeeda markay daalan tahay, waxaa jira baahi aad u daran oo aan loo adkeyn karin oo loo dejiyey cunnooyinkaas iyo cabitaanka kiciya mar kasta oo ay daal dhacdo.”

1932, Mosche Wulff, oo ka mid ah hormuudka ka ah cilmu-nafsiga ayaa daabacay maqaal af Jarmal ah, cinwaankaas oo loo tarjumi karo "On Astaanta Calaamadaha Afka ee Xiisaha Leh iyo Xiriirkeeda La-Tagaaga"24]. Xilli dambe, Thorner [25] Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa shaqadan, isagoo sheegaya "Wulff wuxuu xiriiriyaa xad-dhaafka, kaasoo uu ugu yeerayo qabatin cunno, oo leh dastuur afka ah oo wuxuu kaga duwan yahay melancholia insofar maaddaama cuntadu ay si fudud u xanbaarsan tahay galmada halka xiriirka taranka halka melancholic ay ku jirto murugo iyo qaab burburin. ”In kasta oo aragtidan nafsaani ah ee ku saabsan ka takhalusidda khamri ahaanta ay tahay mid waqtigeedu dhammaaday oo ay umuuqato jahawareer maalmahan, si kastaba ha ahaatee waa wax la yaab leh in la arko in fikradda ah sharraxa xad dhaafka ah ee balwadda ay horayba uga jirtay 1930s.

1950s: Quudinta muddada 'Cunto qabatinka Cunnada'

Erayga Cunto qaadashada cuntada waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu soo bandhigay suugaanta sayniska ee Theron Randolph ee 1956 [26]. Wuxuu ku tilmaamay inay tahay "la qabsi gaar ah oo loogu talagalay hal ama in ka badan oo ah cuntooyin si joogto ah loo cuno oo qofku aad u nugul [kaasoo] soo saaraya astaamo guud oo astaamo u eg oo la mid ah kuwa geedi socodka balwadaha kale." Wuxuu sidoo kale xusay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in "inta badan had iyo jeer waxa ku jira hadhuudhka, qamadiga, qaxwada, caanaha, ukunta, baradhada iyo cunnooyinka kale ee had iyo jeer la cuno. ”aragtidan ayaa is bedeshay, iyada oo maalmahan cuntooyinka aadka loo warshadeeyey ee sonkorta badan iyo / ama dufanka badan ay ka wada hadlayaan in ay yihiin kuwa la qabatimay [27].

Randolph ma ahayn kan keliya ee adeegsanayay ereyga cunto qabatinka wakhtigan. Maqaal lagu daabacay 1959, dood kooxeed oo ka weecatay kaalintii deegaanka iyo shaqsiyad ahaaneed ee maamulka sonkorowga ayaa la soo sheegay [28]. Intii lagu guda jiray dooddan, Albert J. Stunkard (1922-2014) [29], dhakhtar cilmu-nafsi kaas oo maqaalkiisii ​​uu ugu horreeyay ku tilmaamay cilad-darro cunnida (BED) isla sanadkaas waxaa la daabacay [30], ayaa la wareystay. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la waydiiyey, “Mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu caansan iyo kuwa adag ee ina haysta waa waa qabatinka cuntada, labadaba hiddo-side ee sonkorowga iyo daaweynta. Ma jiraan qodobo jir ahaaneed oo ku lug leh farsamadan ama dhammaantood ma cilmi nafsi baa? Waa maxay xiriirka ay la leedahay qabatinka aalkolada iyo qabatinka maandooriyaha? ”[28]. Stunkard wuxuu ku jawaabay inuusan u maleyneynin in ereyga "qabatinka cunnada" uu yahay mid xaq ah marka loo eego waxa aan ka ognahay ku saabsan qabatinka aalkolada iyo maandooriyaha. "Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxa ugu muhiimsan baarista taariikhiga ah ee maqaallada hadda jira waa inuu sidoo kale caddeeyay in muddada qabatinka cuntada ayaa si balaadhan loo isticmaalaa, kaas oo sii taageeraya in fikirka qabatinka cunada uu si fiican u yaqaanay saynisyahano iyo dadweynaha guud ahaan sidii 1950s.

1960s iyo 1970s: Qulqulatooyinka aan caadiga aheyn ee Xusuus-qorka iyo Xilliyada Musiibada

Overeaters Anonymous (OA), oo ah urur iskaa wax u qabso ah oo ku saleysan barnaamijka '12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous', ayaa lagu aasaasay 1960. Sidaas darteed, OA waxay u dooddaa qaabka balwadda ee xad-dhaafka ah, iyo ujeedka ugu weyn ee kooxdu waa in laga fogaado isticmaalka maandooriyaha la aqoonsaday (tusaale, cuntooyinka qaarkood). Baaris yar ayaa lagu sameeyay OA jiritaankeeda in kabadan 50 sano jiritaanka, iyo in kasta oo kaqeybgalayaashu ay isku raaceen in OA ay caawin laheyd iyaga, ma jiro wax isku raacsan oo ku saabsan sida OA ay u shaqeyso [31,32]. Si kastaba ha noqotee, OA kuma sii nagaan doonto hay'ad iskeed iscaawisa oo leh aragtida balwadda ee ku saabsan xad-dhaafka, maadaama kooxo iskaa wax u qabso ah la aasaasay tobanaan sano kadib17].

Daraasad cilmiyeysan oo ku saabsan fikirka la qabatinka cunada, si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay ahayd mid aan jirin oo ku jirtay 1960s iyo 1970s, laakiin cilmi-baarayaashan qaar ayaa si aan kala go 'lahayn ereyga ugu isticmaalay qodobbadooda. Tusaale ahaan, qabatinka cuntada ayaa lagu xusay oo ay la socdaan dhibaatooyinka kale ee isticmaalka maandooriyaha ee laba waraaqood oo uu qoray Bell ee 1960s [33,34] waxaana lagu sheegay macnaha xasaasiyadda cuntada iyo warbaahinta otitis ee 1966 [35]. 1970, Swanson iyo Dinello waxay tixraaceen qabatinka cuntada marka loo eego duruufaha heerarka sare ee culeyska ayaa dib u soo kabanaya kadib markii miisaan lumis ay ku sameeyeen shaqsiyaadka aadka u buurnida ah [36]. Si loo soo gabagabeeyo, in kasta oo aysan jirin wax dadaal ah oo si nidaamsan loogu baarayo aragtida ku-qabatinka cunnada ee 1960s iyo 1970s, waxaa horay u adeegsan jiray kooxo iskaa wax u qabso ah iyada oo ujeeddadu tahay yareynta xad-dhaafka iyo loo adeegsaday maqaallada sayniska ee macnaha guud ama xitaa a ereyga buurnida ee buurnida.

1980s: Diirad saarida Anorexia iyo Bulimia Nervosa

1980-yada, cilmi-baarayaashu qaar waxay isku dayeen inay ku qeexaan xaddidaadda cunnada ee ay soo bandhigeen shakhsiyaadka qaba anorexia nervosa (AN) oo ah dhaqan qabatin ah (ama "ku tiirsanaanta gaajada") [37]. Tusaale ahaan, Szmukler iyo Tantam [38] ku dooday in “bukaanada qaba AN ay kuxiran yihiin cilmi nafsi ahaan iyo suurogal ahaan jir ahaaneed ee gaajada. Kordhinta culeyska miisaanka ayaa ka dhasha dulqaad iyo gaajo ubaahan cunno xadeyn weyn oo cunno ah si loo helo saameyntii la rabay, iyo horumarka dambe ee astaamaha 'ka bixitaanka' xunxun ee cunista. ”Fikirkaan markii dambe waxaa fududeeyay daahfurka doorka nidaamyada opioid-ga ee rikoodhada ee AN [39,40]. Xusuusnow, si kastaba ha noqotee, doorka endorphins sidoo kale waxaa looga wada hadlay xaaladda ka soo horjeedda, taas oo ah, buurnaanta [41,42]. Sidoo kale, cayilka ayaa lagu baaray qaabdhismeedka qabatinka cuntada ee daraasad lagu daabacay 1989, taas oo dadka cayilan ay isbarbar dhigayaan marka la barbar dhigo kontoroolada culeyska caadiga ah ee heerkooda "matalaha sheyga" [43].

Waxa kale oo jiray daraasado qaarkood oo ku saabsan bulimia nervosa (BN) marka loo eego aragtida balwadda, oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda cilmiga nafsiga. Daraasadahaani waxaa ka horreeyay laba maqaal oo ka socda 1979, kuwaas oo soo sheegay natiijooyin kor u kacay oo ku saabsan cabbir shaqsiyaadka qabatinka leh ee shakhsiyaadka aadka u waaweyn [44] laakiin dhibcaha hoose ee shakhsiyaadka aan caadiga ahayn ee dufanka badan iyo buurnida marka loo eego kuwa sigaarka cabba [45]. Daraasado isbarbardhigaya oo u dhexeeya kooxo ka mid ah maandooriyaha ku tiirsan walaxda iyo bukaannada bulim-ka ayaa sidoo kale soo saaray natiijooyin is-waafaqaya, iyadoo daraasadaha qaar lagu helayo buundooyin isku mid ah oo ku saabsan cabbirka shakhsiyadeed ee kooxaha iyo daraasadaha qaarkood lagu helo kala duwanaansho [46-49]. Daraasadahaan ku saabsan shakhsiyaadka balwada leh ee BN waxaa weheliyey kiis daraasad, taas oo ku xadgudubka mukhaadaraadka loo arkay inay tahay tusaale qiimo u leh daaweynta BN [50] iyo horumarinta “Barnaamijka Daweynta Kooxda Foodaholics Group” [51].

1990s: Shukulaatada iyo Calaamadaha Halista ah

Ka dib isku dayyadan koowaad ee lagu qeexayo dhibaatooyinka cunnooyinka inay tahay qabatinka, waxaa jiray dib u eegisyo dhameystiran oo lagu daabacay 1990s iyo 2000, kaas oo moodalka balwadda ah ee dhibaatooyinka cunnada si weyn loogu falanqeeyey iyadoo lagu saleynayo fikradda, jir ahaaneed, iyo tixgelinno kale [52-55]. Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka laga reebo qodobo kooban, laba oo shaqsiyaadka qabatimay ee shakhsiyaadka qaba dhibaatooyinka cunnada ama buurnaanta la baaro [56,57] iyo laba xaaladood oo aan caadi ahayn oo la mid ah isticmaalka karooto-sida karooto ah loo soo sheegay [58,59], daraasad cusub oo diirada saareysa ayaa umuuqatay inay soo baxday: shukulaato.

Shukulaatada waa cuntada inta badan lagu jecelyahay bulshada reer galbeedka, gaar ahaan haweenka [60,61], iyo cuntada ay dadku inta badan dhibaato ku qabaan xakameynta isticmaalka [27,62]. Horey ayaa loogu xusay 1989 in shukulaatada ay ku jirto dufan aad u sarreysa iyo sonkor aad u sarreysa, taas oo ka dhigaysa "walax dabiici ku habboon" [63] - fikrad la mid ah qiyaasaha ku saabsan cuntooyinka qabatinka leh 'hyperpalatable' qaar ka mid ah 25 sano kadib [3,27]. Marka lagu daro isku-darka shukulaatada ee macdanta, waxyaabaha kale ee ay ka midka yihiin astaamaha dareenka ama waxyaabaha maanka dooriya sida kafeynka iyo theromromine ayaa sidoo kale laga wada hadlay inay qayb ka geystaan ​​dabeecadda u-jecel shukulaatada [64,65]. Si kastaba ha noqotee, saameynta ku saleysan xanbaarta shukulaatada ayaa loo arkay inaysan u badneyn inay sharrax ka dhigto sida shukulaatada ama isticmaalkeeda ay u egtahay [61].

Daraasado yar ayaa la sameeyay taas oo loogu yeero "chocoholics" ama "qabatinka shukulaatada" la baarey. Mid wuxuu ahaa sharraxaadda daraasadda sharaxaadda ee damacsanaanta iyo qaababka isticmaalka ee doorsoomayaasha kale [66]; mid kale marka la barbar dhigo cabbirro la mid ah kan “qabatinka shukulaatada” iyo kontaroolada [67]; iyo hal daraasad marka la barbar dhigo kooxaha noocaas ah oo ku saabsan jawaabaha maadada iyo jir ahaaneed ee muuqaalka shukulaatada [68]. Yaraanshaha ugu weyn ee daraasadani waxay ahayd, si kastaba ha noqotee, in "qabatinka shukulaatada" xaaladdu ay ku saleysan tahay is-aqoonsi, oo u nugul takoorka iyo ansaxnimada oo ay xaddidan tahay xaqiiqda ah in kaqeybgalayaasha aan khibrada laheyn badankood aysan laheyn qeexitaan sax ah ee balwadda. Ugu dambeyntiina, laba daraasadood ayaa baaray ururada u dhexeeya “qabatinka shukulaatada” iyo qabatinka maandooriyaha iyo dabeecadaha kale waxayna arkeen natiijo fiican, laakiin aad u yar, xiriirka [69,70].

2000s: Moodeellada xayawaanka iyo neerfaha

Horraantii 2000s - ku dhowaad 40 sano kadib OA oo la aasaasey - daraasad tijaabo ah ayaa lagu daabacay taas oo lagu daaweynayo bukaannada bulsh-ka iyo buurnida leh ee leh barnaamijka tallaabada '12-tallaabo'71]. Habkaan daaweynta ka sokow, si kastaba ha noqotee, diiradda tobanka sano waxay ahayd baaritaanka qaababka neural-ka ee salka ku haya xad dhaafka iyo buurnida taas oo isbarbar dhigi karta natiijooyinka laga helo ku xirnaanshaha maandooriyaha. Bini’aadamka, hababkan neural-ga ah waxaa markii hore lagu baadhay tomografi-ka hawada ka soo baxda iyo sawir-qaadashada sumadda magnetic. Tusaale ahaan, maqaal muhiim ah oo uu qoray Wang iyo asxaabtiisa [72] waxaa laga soo sheegay dopamine-ka hoose ee maqaarka D2 helitaanka receptor shaqsiyaadka cayilan marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada, taas oo qorayaashu ku fasireen inay tahay isku xirnaan “astaamihiisa yaraanta abaal marin” la mid ah waxa laga helay shaqsiyaadka ku tiirsan walaxda [73,74]. Daraasado kale, tusaale ahaan, waxay ogaadeen in aagagga maskaxda ee lamid ah la dhaqdhaqaaqayo inta lagu gudajiro khibradda cunno iyo daroogada, iyo daraasadaha lagu sameeyo jawaabaha neural-ka ee kicinta cuntada kalooriga ah ee sareysa ayaa lagu ogaadey in shakhsiyaadka qaba BN iyo BED ay muujinayaan firfircooni sare xagga abaalmarinta. aagagga maskaxda marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada, sida shaqsiyaadka ku tiirsan ku tiirsanaanta maandooriyaha waxay muujinayaan nashaad abaalmarino la xiriira oo ka jawaabaya tilmaamaha la xiriira maandooriyaha [75,76].

Xariiq kale oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah cilmi baarista maandooriyaha cunugga ee tobankan sano ayaa ah moodallo wanaagsan. Mid ka mid ah qaababkan, jiirka ayaa ah cunno laga xayuubiyo maalin kasta 12 saacadood ka dibna la siiyaa 12-saac helitaan labadaba xalka sonkorta iyo karooyinka [77]. Rats ee maray jadwalkaan marinka isku midka ah ee sonkorta iyo urta muddo toddobaadyo ah ayaa laga helay inay soo bandhigaan astaamo dabeecadeed oo balwadda ah sida ka bixitaanka markii sonkorta laga saaray, waxayna sidoo kale muujiyeen isbeddelo dareemayaal ah [77,78]. Daraasado kale ayaa lagu ogaaday in jiirka lasiiyay cunto kafee kafee-kafeega ah oo ka badan “kafateeriya” culeyskiisu kordhay, oo ay weheliso hoos u dhac ku yimaadda dawada loo yaqaan'atatpaline dopamine D '2 soo-uruuriyayaasha iyo sii waditaanka cunnooyinka cuntooyinka la cuni karo in kasta oo cawaaqib xumada ay leedahay [79]. Si loo soo gabagabeeyo, daraasadahaani waxay soo jeedinayaan in isticmaalka sonkor aad u badan ay runtii horseedi karto dabeecad qabatinka iyo, oo ay weheliso qaadashada dufanka badan, in culeysku ku bato jiirka.80] iyo in isku-wareegeyaasha wareegga neural-ku ay ku lug leeyihiin ka baaraandegidda tixraacyada cuntada- iyo daroogada la xiriira iyo xakamaynta dhaqanka cunnada iyo isticmaalka maandooriyaha, siday u kala horreeyaan.

2010s: Qiimaynta Maandooriyaha Cuntada Aadanaha iyo horumarka Cilmi baarista Xayawaanka

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, cilmi baarayaashu waxay isku dayeen inay si sax ah u qeexaan una qiimeeyaan qabatinka cuntada. Tusaale ahaan, Cassin iyo von Ranson [81] beddelay tixraacyo "walax" oo leh "cunno xad dhaaf ah" wareysiga qaabeysan ee shuruudaha ku-tiirsanaanta walaxda ee dib-u-fiirinta afaraad ee Buug-tilmaameedka iyo Macluumaadka Isticmaalka Dhimirka Maskaxda (DSM-IV) oo lagu ogaadey in boqolkiiba 92 kaqeybgaleyaasha BED ay buuxiyeen shuruudaha buuxa ee ku tiirsanaanta maandooriyaha. Qaab kale ayaa ah horumarinta Qiyaasta Cabbirka Maandooriyaha ee Yale (YFAS), oo ah cabirka iskiis ee warbixin loogu talagalay qiimeynta astaamaha qabatinka cunnada ee ku saleysan shuruudaha cudurka ee ku tiirsanaanta walaxda ee DSM-IV.82]. Gaar ahaan, YFAS waxay cabirtaa toddobada astaamood ee ku tiirsanaanta maandooriyaha sida lagu sheegay DSM-IV iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhammaan walxaha tixraacaya cuntada iyo cunitaanka: 1) qaadashada walaxda si xad dhaaf ah ama muddo dheer sidii loogu talagalay (tusaale, "Waxaan u arkaa inaan sii wado) in la cuno cunnooyin gaar ah inkasta oo aanan wali gaajaysanayn. ”); 2) rabitaan joogto ah ama iskudayyo aan lagu guuleysan oo lagu guuleysto si loo joojiyo (tusaale, "Cunida noocyo ka mid ah cuntada ama gooynta noocyada cuntada qaarkood waa wax aan ka walwalo."); 3) waqti badan ayaan ku lumiyaa sidii aan ku heli lahaa ama u isticmaali lahaa maaddada ama uga soo kaban lahaa waxyeelooyinkiisii ​​(tusaale, "Waxaan ogaadey in marka cuntooyinka qaar aan la heli karin, aan jidkeyga uga bixi doono si aan u helo. Tusaale ahaan, waxaan u kaxayn doonaa bakhaarka si aan u iibsado cunooyin qaarkood in kastoo aan haysto guryo kale oo gurigeyga ku diyaarsan. ”); 4) joojinta muhiimka ah ee bulshada, shaqada, ama nashaadaadka madadaalada sabab la xiriirta isticmaalka maandooriyaha (tus., “Waxaa jiray waqtiyo aan cuno cunnooyin gaar ah marar badan ama tiro aad u badan oo aan bilaabay inaan cuno cunno halkii aan shaqeyn lahaa, oo aan waqti la qaadan lahaa qoyska ama asxaabta, ama ku lug yeelashada nashaadyo kale oo muhiim ah ama nashaadaadyo madadaalo oo aan ku raaxeysto. ”); 5) sii wadida isticmaalka maandooriyaha inkasta oo ay jiraan dhibaatooyin nafsaani ama jir ahaaneed (tus., "Waxaan sii waday cunida noocyo cunto oo isku mid ah ama cunto la mid ah inkasta oo aan qabay dhibaatooyin xagga shucuurta iyo / ama jir ahaaneed."); 6) dulqaadasho (tusaale ahaan, "Waqti ka dib, waxaan ogaaday inaan u baahanahay inaan cuno cunno badan si aan u helo dareenka aan doonayo, sida yareynta shucuurta taban ama raaxada oo korortay."); iyo 7) astaamaha ka bixitaanka (tus., "Waxaan lahaa astaamo ka bixitaan sida cuqdad, walaac, ama astaamo kale oo muuqaal ah markii aan jaray ama aan joojiyay cunitaannadii cunnooyinka qaarkood."). Laba shay oo dheeri ah ayaa qiimeeya jiritaanka cillad caafimaad ama murugo weyn oo ka dhalatay xad-dhaafka. Si la mid ah DSM-IV, qabatinka cunnada waa la “ogaan karaa” haddii ugu yaraan saddex astaamood la buuxiyo oo ay jirto cillad caafimaad ama murugo weyn oo jirta [82,83].

YFAS waxaa loo shaqeeyey tiro fara badan oo daraasado ah sanadihii 6 sano ee la soo dhaafay, taas oo muujineysa in shaqsiyaadka qaba qabatinka cunnada "ogaanshaha" laga sooci karo kuwa aan laheyn "ogaanshaha" ku saabsan kaladuwanaansho fara badan oo ka soo baxa cabbiraadaha is-sheegashada ee cudurka cilladda. , cilminafsiyeedka cilminafsiga, xakamaynta shucuurta, ama u jihaynta tillaabooyinka jir ahaaneed iyo dabeecadaha sida muuqaalka hiddo-wadayaasha badan ee la xidhiidha calaamadda dopaminergic ama jawaabta mootada ee ka-digista cuntada-kalori ee aadka u sarreysa [62]. In kasta oo YFAS ay cadeysay inay tahay aalad waxtar u leh baaritaanka baarista balwadaha-wax la cuno, hadana, dabcan, maahan mid hagaagsan oo ansaxnimadiisa ayaa wax laga weydiiyay [84]. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la ogaadey in ku dhawaad ​​boqolkiiba 50 dadka waaweyn ee buuran ee qaba BED ay helaan ogaanshaha YFAS iyo in shaqsiyaadkani ay muujiyaan cunto ka sareysa cunno iyo cilmi nafsi guud marka loo eego dadka waaweyn ee buurnaanta leh ee BED ee aan helin ogaanshaha YFAS [85,86]. Marka la eego natiijooyinkaan, waxaa lagu dooday in qabatinka cunnada sida lagu cabiray YFAS laga yaabo inuu kaliya metelayo nooc ka sii xun oo BED ah.87,88]. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, moodalka cuntada lagu daro ayaa wali ah mawduuc si weyn looga dooday iyada oo qaar ka mid ah baarayaasha ay si xoogan u taageersan yihiin ansaxnimadiisa [3,7,21,89-91], halka qaar kalena ay ku murmaan iyada oo ku saleysan saamaynta jir ahaaneed ee daroogada si xun u isticmaalka iyo nafaqooyinka gaarka ah sida sonkorta, tixgelinta fikradda, iyo arrimo kale [84,92-97]. Dhowaan, waxaa la soo jeediyey in xitaa haddii uu jiro nooc cuno cunno ah oo lagu magacaabi karo qabatin, erayga qabatinka cunnada waa mid la marin habaabiyay maaddaama aysan jirin wax balwad leh balwadda, iyo, sidaa darteed, waa in loo tixgaliyaa dhaqan ahaan qabatinka (tusaale ahaan, "qabatinka cunitaanka") [98].

Baadhitaanka xayawaanka ee ku saabsan qabatinka cunnada ayaa sidoo kale u socday sannadihii ugu dambeeyay sidoo kale. Tan waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, nooc ka mid ah daraasadaha muujinaya saamaynta kala duwan ee qaybaha nafaqada gaar ah (tusaale, cuntada dufanka badan, cuntada sonkorta badan, isku-darka dufanka iyo sonkorta badan, ama cuntada borotiin sarreysa) ee ku saabsan dhaqanka cunnada iyo neerfaha99,100]. Daraasado kale ayaa muujinaya in nidaamyada cunnooyinka qaarkood ay sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelan karaan farcannada jiirka. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa laga helay in utero soo-gaadhista cuntada aadka u liidata ay saamayneyso doorbidyada cuntada, dysregulation-ka shaqeynta, shaqada abaalmarinta maskaxda, iyo halista buurnida [99,101]. Tusaalayaal cusub oo loogu talagalay qiimeynta dabeecadda balwadaha-la mid ah ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay, kuwaas oo cabbira, tusaale ahaan, qaadashada cuntada ee qasabka ah marka loo eego duruufaha wax iska beddela [102]. Ugu dambayntiina, isticmaalka dawooyinka qaarkood, oo yaraynaysa isticmaalka maandooriyaha ee jiirka, ayaa la ogaaday inay yareynayaan qaadashada balwadaha u eg cunnooyinka waaweyn103].

Gabagabada iyo Tilmaamaha mustaqbalka

Ereyga qabatinka ayaa mar horeba loo adeegsaday tixraaca cuntada dhammaadka qarnigii 19aad. Bartamihii qarnigii 20aad, erayga qabatinka cunada ayaa si balaaran loo isticmaalay, ma ahan oo kaliya dhexdhaxaadka laakiin sidoo kale saynisyahano. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sidoo kale si liidata (haddii dhan) loo qeexay, erayga badiyaa waxaa loo isticmaalaa iyada oo aan baaritaan lagu jirin. Maqaallada muhimka ah ee ujeeddadoodu tahay ansaxinta fikradda ah qabatinka cunnada ee bini-aadamka ayaa ka maqnaa sannadihii ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 20th, iyo qaabka balwadda ee dhibaatooyinka cunnada iyo buurnaanta ayaa si aad ah looga dooday dhammaadka qarnigii. Cilmi baarista qabatinka cunnada ayaa soo martay dhowr jeer oo isbeddello muuqaal ah, kuwaas oo ku lug leh, tusaale ahaan, diiradda la saaray buurnida badhtamihii qarnigii 20, diiradda lagu saaray AN iyo BN ee 1980s, diiradda lagu saaray shukulaatada ku jirta 1990s, iyo diiradda saarta BED iyo - mar labaad - buurnaanta ku jirta 2000s marka loo eego natiijooyinka ka soo baxay daraasadaha xayawaannada iyo dareemayaasha.

Sidaas darteed, in kasta oo cilmi baarista ku saabsan qabatinka cunnada ay si weyn u kordhay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, mana aha fikrad cusub mana aha mid la macno ah in lagu sharraxo heerka korodhka buurnaanta. Ujeeddada maqaalkani waa in la kordhiyo wacyiga taariikhda dheer ee fikirka la qabatinka cunnada iyo isbeddelka isbeddelka muuqaallada sayniska iyo hababka. Haddii cilmi baarayaashu ka fekeraan taariikhdan, way fududaan kartaa in la helo isafgarad ku saabsan waxa dhab ahaan loola jeedo qabatinka cunnada waxayna dhiiri gelin kartaa talaabooyinka xiga ee muhiimka ah ee ay tahay in la qaado, iyo, sidaa darteed, horumarka cilmi-baaristaan ​​waa la fududeyn doonaa [104].

Tusaale ahaan, mowduucyo badan oo soo nooleeyay labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay ayaa horay looga wada hadlay dhowr sano kahor. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, daraasado ku saabsan shakhsiyaadka balwadda leh ee salka ku haya cabbitaanka iyo isticmaalka mukhaadaraadka [105,106] ama fikirka tixgelinta AN ee balwadda [107,108], iyada oo labada mawduucba la soo bandhigo sida ugu horreysa ee loo yaqaan '1980s'. Fikradda ah in loo tixgeliyo BN sidii balwadda ah [109] sidoo kale taariikhdu waxay ku soo noqotay sannado badan. Markaa, waxay umuuqataa in diirada la saaray buurnida marka loo eego xaalada qabatinka cunada ee sanadihii la soo dhaafay (tusaale ahaan, [13,110]) waxay umuuqataa xoogaa si qaldan looxisay, iyadoo tixgalineysa in cilmibaarayaashu ay cadeeyeen tobanaan sano kahor in cunitaanka sida balwadu aysan ku xaddidneyn shaqsiyaadka buurnaanta iyo buurnaanta lamanaqli karo qabatinka cunada [28,50].

Mawduuc kale oo soo noqnoqonaya ayaa u muuqda inay ka walaacsan tahay cabbiraadda maandooriyaha cuntada. Sida kor lagu soo sheegay, waxaa jiray daraasado qaar ka mid ah 1990s taas oo qabatinka cunnada uu ku saleysan yahay is-aqoonsi. Arrintan ayaa mar kale lagu soo qaatay daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay, kuwaas oo muujinaya in uu jiro khilaaf aad u weyn oo ka dhexeeya kala-saarista cuntada qabatinka cuntada ee ku saleysan YFAS iyo cunsur u aragtida cuntada [111,112], taas oo muujineysa qeexitaanka shaqsiyadeed u gaarka ah ama khibradda cuntada qabatinka aysan la jaanqaadi karin muunadda isticmaalka maandooriyaha 'YFAS'. In kasta oo cilmi-baarayaashu aysan ku raacsaneyn qeexitaanka saxda ah ee calaamadaha qabatinka cunnada wali [84,113], waxay umuuqataa talaabooyin la dejiyay sida YFAS inay lagama maarmaan tahay si looga hortago kala-soocidda cuno qabatinka. In kasta oo fikradda ka dambaysa YFAS, oo ah ka tarjumidda cabbirka ku-tiirsanaanta walaxda ee loo yaqaan 'DSM' cunnada iyo cunidda, ay tahay mid toos ah, ayaa sidoo kale lagu dhaleeceeyay madaama ay kaga duwan tahay qeexitaanka ay cilmi-baadhayaashu kale ka qabaan qabatinka [93,98]. Markaa, jihada mustaqbalka ee muhiimka ah waxay noqon kartaa haddii iyo sida cuntada lagu cabiro karo bina aadamka marka laga reebo YFAS.

Haddii cilmi baarista maandooriyaha ay hagi doonto tarjumaadda shuruudaha ku tiirsanaanta walaxda DSM ee cunnada iyo cunidda mustaqbalka, su'aal muhiim ah waxay noqon doontaa saameynta ka imaan doonta isbeddelada shuruudaha baarista ee ku xirnaanshaha maandooriyaha shanaad ee DSM ee cuntada. qabatinka [114]. Tusaale ahaan, dhammaan shuruudaha qabatinka maandooriyaha (sida lagu sharaxay DSM-5) si la mid ah ma u qusaysaa dhaqanka cunnada? Haddaysan ahayn sidaas, kani miyuu baabi'inayaa fikirka qabatinka cuntada?

Ka sokow su’aalahan aasaasiga ah ee ku saabsan qeexidda iyo cabirka balwadda cuntada, habab kale oo muhiim u ah cilmi-baarista mustaqbalka waxaa ka mid noqon kara, laakiin aan ku xaddidnayn: Sidee bay ugu habboon tahay fikradda qabatinka cunnada ee daweynta buurnaanta ama cunidda xad-dhaafka ah iyo samaynta siyaasadaha guud? Haddii ay habboon tahay, sidee sida ugu wanaagsan loogu fulin karaa17,91]? Waa maxay faa'iido darrooyinka (haddii ay jiraan) fikirka ah qabatinka cunnada [115-119]? Sidee qaababka xayawaanka ee balwadda-u cunta cunista sida loogu hagaajiyaa si qaas ah uga tarjumaya geedi socodka laxiriirta bina aadamka [120]? Cuno qabatinka-sida la cuno runtii waa loo yareeyn karaa qabatinka balwadaha ee hal ama in ka badan maandooriye ama waa in “qabatinka cuntada” lagu beddelaa “qabatinka cunitaanka” [98]?

In kasta oo qabatinka cunnada looga hadlay bulshada sayniska muddo tobanaan sano ah, wali waa mowduuc aad u muran badan oo si weyn looga dooday, kaas oo dabcan ka dhigaya goob cilmi baaris xiiso leh. Marka loo eego wax soo saarka sayniska ee mowduucan si dhakhso leh u kordhay labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay, baaritaankiisa nidaamsan ayaa wali ku jira dhallaanka, iyo, sidaa darteed, dadaallada cilmi baarista ayaa inta badan kordhi doona sannadaha soo socda.

Mahadnaq

Qoraaga waxaa lagu taageerayaa deeq ka timid Golaha Cilmi baarista Yurub (ERC-StG-2014 639445 NewEat).

Soo Gaabiyey

ANanorexia nervosa
 
BNbulimia nervosa
 
BEDCuncunka cunista cuntada
 
DSMBuug-tilmaameedka iyo Macluumaadka Isticmaalka Dhimirka Maskaxda
 
OAQulqulatooyinka aan xad lahayn
 
YFASYale Cuntada Cuntada
 

tixraacyada

  1. Tarman V, Werdell P. Junkies Food: Runta ku saabsan qabatinka cuntada. Toronto, Canada: Dundurn; 2014.
  2. Avena NM, Talbott JR. Maxay cuntada u fashilantay (maxaa yeelay waxaad qabatimtay sonkor) New York: Tobanka Xawaare Saxaafadeed; 2014.
  3. Gearhardt AN, Davis C, Kuschner R, Brownell KD. Awoodda balwadda ee cuntooyinka aan la xakamayn karin. Xadgudubka daroogada ee Curr Rev. 2011; 4: 140 – 145. [PubMed]
  4. Krashes MJ, Kravitz AV. Indho-indheeynta loo yaqaan 'Optogenetic iyo chemogenetic' ee ku saabsan fikirka cuntada qabatinka maandooriyaha Behav Neurosci. 2014; 8 (57): 1 – 9. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  5. Brownell KD, Dahabka MS. Cunto iyo qabatin - buug-gacmeed dhammaystiran New York: Jaamacadda Oxford Press; 2012. bog. xxii.
  6. Cocores JA, Dahabka MS. Qiimaynta Maandooriyaha Cuntada Salaan waxaa laga yaabaa inay sharraxdo xad-dhaafka iyo buurnida. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 73: 892 – 899. [PubMed]
  7. Shriner R, Dahabka dahabka M. Qabatinka cunnada: isbeddello saynis ah oo aan toos ahayn. Nafaqada. 2014; 6: 5370 – 5391. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  8. Shriner RL. Qabatinka cuntada: ka-fogaanta iyo ka fogaanshaha dib-baa loo sharraxay? Exp Gerontol. 2013; 48: 1068 – 1074. [PubMed]
  9. Ifland JR, Preuss HG, Marcus MT, Rourk KM, Taylor WC, Burau K. et al. Laxiriira cuntada qabatinka: walax cillad isticmaal caadi ah. Med Hypotheses. 2009; 72: 518 – 526. [PubMed]
  10. Thornley S, McRobbie H, Eyles H, Walker N, Simmons G. Faafida buurnida: ma mid glycemic index ayaa fure u ah furitaanka balwadda qarsoon? Med Hypotheses. 2008; 71: 709 – 714. [PubMed]
  11. Pelchat ML. Qabatinka cuntada ee dadka. J Nutr. 2009; 139: 620 – 622. [PubMed]
  12. Corsica JA, Pelchat ML. Qabatinka cuntada: run mise been? Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010; 26 (2): 165 – 169. [PubMed]
  13. Barry D, Clarke M, Petry NM. Cayil xad dhaaf ah iyo xiriirka ay la leedahay maandooriyaha: miyaa laga badiyaa qaab dabeecado qabatin ah? Am J Addict. 2009; 18: 439 – 451. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  14. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Cabbirka xad dhaafka ah ee buurnaanta. Biol Psychiatry. 2013; 73: 811 – 818. [PubMed]
  15. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Cayilnaanta iyo qabatinka: isku-buuqa dareemayaasha. Obes Rev. 2013; 14: 2 – 18. [PubMed]
  16. Davis C, Carter JC. Maqnaanshaha miro-barsi ahaan sida xanuunka maandooriyaha. Dib u eegida aragtida iyo caddaynta. Rabitaanka. 2009; 53: 1-8. [PubMed]
  17. Davis C, Carter JC. Haddii cuntooyinka qaarkood ay yihiin kuwo balwad leh, sidee kani kani u badali karaa daaweynta xad-dhaafka ah ee cayilka iyo buurnaanta? Xaraashka Curr Add. 2014; 1: 89 – 95.
  18. Lee NM, Carter A, Owen N, Hall WD. Cilmiga neerfaha ee xad-dhaafka ah. Embo Rep. 2012; 13: 785 – 790. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  19. Gearhardt AN, Bragg MA, Pearl RL, Schvey NA, Roberto CA, Brownell KD. Cayilnaanta iyo siyaasada guud. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2012; 8: 405 – 430. [PubMed]
  20. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Cunto qabatinka - baaritaanka shuruudaha ogaanshaha ee ku tiirsanaanta. J Addict Med. 2009; 3: 1-7. [PubMed]
  21. Gearhardt AN, Grilo CM, Corbin WR, DiLeone RJ, Brownell KD, Potenza MN. Cunto ma noqon kartaa wax balwad leh? Caafimaadka bulshada iyo saameynta siyaasadeed. Qabatinka. 2011; 106: 1208 – 1212. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  22. Weiner B, White W. Journal of Inebriety (1876-1914): taariikhda, falanqaynta mowduuca, iyo sawirrada sawirrada. Qabatinka. 2007; 102: 15 – 23. [PubMed]
  23. Clouston TS. Rabitaannada cudurka iyo xakamaynta curyaanka: dipsomania; morphinomania; chloralism; cocainism. J Inebr. 1890; 12: 203 – 245.
  24. Wulff M. Über einen interessanten oralen Symptomenkomplex und seine Beziehungen zur Sucht. Int Z Psychoanal. 1932; 18: 281 – 302.
  25. Thorner HA. Cunnida khasabka ah J Psychsom Res. 1970; 14: 321 – 325. [PubMed]
  26. Randolph TG. Astaamaha sharraxa ee qabatinka cunnada: cunitaanka iyo cabbitaanka khamriga. Khamriga Studiyaha Khamriga. 1956; 17: 198 – 224. [PubMed]
  27. Schulte EM, Avena NM, Gearhardt AN. Cuntooyinkee ayaa laga yaabaa inay qabatimaan? Doorarka socodsiinta, dufanka buuran, iyo culayska glycemic. CAYAARAHA HALKAAN. 2015; 10 (2): e0117959. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  28. Hinkle LE, Knowles HC, Fischer A, Stunkard AJ. Doorka deegaanka iyo shakhsiyadda ee maaraynta bukaanka adag ee qaba cudurka macaanka - dood wadahadal. Sonkorowga. 1959; 8: 371-378. [PubMed]
  29. Allison KC, Berkowitz RI, Brownell KD, Foster GD, Wadden TA. Albert J. (“Mickey”) Stunkard, MD Cayil. 2014; 22: 1937 – 1938. [PubMed]
  30. Stunkard AJ. Qaababka cunida iyo buurnaanta. Psychiatr Q. 1959; 33: 284 – 295. [PubMed]
  31. Russel-Mayhew S, von Ranson KM, Masson PC. Sidee Overeaters Anonymous u caawiyaa xubnaheeda? Falanqaynta tayada. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2010; 18: 33 – 42. [PubMed]
  32. Weiner S. Qabatinka xad-dhaafka ah: kooxo iskaa wax u qabso ah sidii tusaalooyin daaweyn ah. J Clin Psychol. 1998; 54: 163 – 167. [PubMed]
  33. Bell RG. Qaabka jihaynta caafimaad ee qabatinka khamriga. Can Med Assoc J. 1960; 83: 1346 – 1352. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  34. Bell RG. Fikrad difaac ah ee balwadaha khamriga. Can Med Assoc J. 1965; 92: 228 – 231. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  35. Clemis JD, Shambaugh GE Jr., Derlacki EL. Joojinta fal-celinta ee balwadda cunnada ee daba-dheeraata ee la xiriirta warbaahinta qarsoon ee otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1966; 75: 793 – 797. [PubMed]
  36. Swanson DW, Dinello FA. Dabagalka bukaanka ee cayilka badan. Psychosom Med. 1970; 32: 209 – 214. [PubMed]
  37. Scott DW. Khamriga iyo cunno xumida: isbarbardhigyada qaarkood. Br J Addict. 1983; 78: 339 – 349. [PubMed]
  38. Szmukler GI, Tantam D. Anorexia nervosa: Ku tiirsanaanta gaajada. Br J Med Psychol. 1984; 57: 303 – 310. [PubMed]
  39. Marrazzi MA, Luby ED. Moodhiska opioid ee is-qabatinka ee anorexia nervosa ee daba-dheeraada. lnt J Cun Disord. 1986; 5: 191 – 208.
  40. Marrazzi MA, Mullingsbritton J, Stack L, Powers RJ, Lawhorn J, Graham V. et al. Nidaamyada opioid-ga ee dabiiciga ah ee jiirka ee laxiriira moodada opioid ee is-qurxinta ee anorexia nervosa. Nolosha Sci. 1990; 47: 1427 – 1435. [PubMed]
  41. Dahabka MS, Sternbach HA. Endorphins ee cayilnaanta iyo nidaaminta rabitaanka cuntada iyo culeyska. Integr Psychiatry. 1984; 2: 203 – 207.
  42. Caqli leh J. Endorphins iyo xakameynta dheef-shiid kiimikaad ee buurnida: hab loogu talagalay qabatinka cuntada. J Obes Weight Reg. 1981; 1: 165 – 181.
  43. Raynes E, Auerbach C, Botyanski NC. Heerka mataalka shayga iyo hoos u dhaca qaab dhismeedka maskaxda ee dadka cayilan. Psychol Rep. 1989; 64: 291 – 294. [PubMed]
  44. Leon GR, Eckert ED, Teed D, Buchwald H. Isbeddelka muuqaalka jirka iyo arrimo kale oo nafsi ah ka dib qalliinka mindhicirka ee buurnaanta xad dhaafka ah. J Behav Med. 1979; 2: 39 – 55. [PubMed]
  45. Leon GR, Kolotkin R, Korgeski G. MacAndrew Qabatinka Maandooriyaha iyo astaamaha kale ee loo yaqaan 'MMPI' ee la xariira buurnida, cudurka anorexia iyo dhaqanka sigaarka. Addict Behav. 1979; 4: 401 – 407. [PubMed]
  46. Feldman J, Eysenck S. Sifooyinka shakhsiyadeed ee qabatinka leh ee bukaanka bulimiska ah. Pers Indiv Diff. 1986; 7: 923 – 926.
  47. de Silva P, Eysenck S. Shakhsi ahaaneed iyo qabatinka bukaanka aashitada iyo cagajuglaynta. Pers Indiv Diff. 1987; 8: 749 – 751.
  48. Hatsukami D, Owen P, Pyle R, Mitchell J. Isku mid ahaanshaha iyo kaladuwanaanshaha MMPI ee u dhexeeya dumarka qaba bulimia iyo dumarka qaba dhibaatooyinka khamriga ama daroogada. Addict Behav. 1982; 7: 435 – 439. [PubMed]
  49. Kagan DM, Albertson LM. Dhibcaha MacAndrew Factors - Bulimics iyo dadka kale ee balwadda leh. Int J Cun Khilaaf. 1986; 5: 1095–1101.
  50. Slive A, Young F. Bulimia sida daroogada: tusaale u ah daaweynta istiraatiijiyadeed. J Strategic Syst Ther. 1986; 5: 71 – 84.
  51. Stoltz SG. Ka soo kabashada cudurka foodaholism. Shaqada Kooxda Khaaska ah. 1984; 9: 51 – 61.
  52. Vandereycken W. Qaabka balwadda ee dhibaatooyinka cunnada: qaar ka mid ah hadalada xasaasiga ah iyo buug loo xushay. Int J Cun Khiyaanada. 1990; 9: 95 – 101.
  53. Wilson GT. Qaabka balwadda ee dhibaatooyinka cunnada: falanqeyn muhiim ah. Adv Behav Res Ther. 1991; 13: 27 – 72.
  54. Wilson GT. Cunno xumida iyo balwadda. Daroogada Soc. 1999; 15: 87 – 101.
  55. Rogers PJ, Smit HJ. Cunto-raashin iyo cunto "Cudurrada": Dib-u-eegis culus ee caddaynta ka soo horjeeda xeeldheer la'aanta. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000; 66: 3-14. [PubMed]
  56. Kayloe JC. Qabatinka cuntada. Cilmi-nafsi. 1993; 30: 269 – 275.
  57. Davis C, Claridge G. Cilladaha cunnada sida qabatinka: Aragtida cilmu-nafsiga. Addict Behav. 1998; 23: 463 – 475. [PubMed]
  58. Erný L, Černý K. Karootada ma noqon karaan wax balwad leh? Nooc aan caadi ahayn oo ku tiirsanaanta daroogada. Br J Addict. 1992; 87: 1195 – 1197. [PubMed]
  59. Kaplan R. Karootada qabatinka Carrot. Aust NZJ Psychiatry. 1996; 30: 698 – 700. [PubMed]
  60. Weingarten HP, Elston D. Rabitaanka cuntada ee bulshada kulleejada ah. Rabitaanka cuntada. 1991; 17: 167 – 175. [PubMed]
  61. Rozin P, Levine E, Joojinta C. Shukulaatada shukulaatada iyo jeclaanta. Rabitaanka cuntada. 1991; 17: 199 – 212. [PubMed]
  62. Meule A, Gearhardt AN. Shan sano oo Iskeelka Cabbirka Maandooriyaha Yale: qaadashada iyo horay u soco. Xaraashka Curr Add. 2014; 1: 193 – 205.
  63. Max B. Tan iyo kan: qabatinka shukulaatada, labada dawooyinka ee loo yaqaan 'dhirrawaco', iyo aqoonta xurriyadda. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1989; 10: 390 – 393. [PubMed]
  64. Bruinsma K, Taren DL. Shukulaatada: cuntada ama dawada? J Am Diirika Assoc. 1999; 99: 1249 – 1256. [PubMed]
  65. Patterson R. Ka soo kabashada maandooriyahan runtii way macaanayd. Can Med Assoc J. 1993; 148: 1028 – 1032. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  66. Hetherington MM, Macdiarmid JI. “Qabatinka shukulaatada”: daraasad horudhac ah oo ku saabsan qeexitaankeeda iyo xiriirka ay la leedahay cunista dhibaatada. Rabitaanka cuntada. 1993; 21: 233 – 246. [PubMed]
  67. Macdiarmid JI, Hetherington MM. Wax ka beddelidda niyadda cuntada: sahaminta saameynta iyo damacyada 'qabatinka shukulaatada' Br J Clin Psychol. 1995; 34: 129 – 138. [PubMed]
  68. Tuomisto T, Hetherington MM, Morris MF, Tuomisto MT, Turjanmaa V, Lappalainen R. astaamaha cilmi nafsiga iyo jir ahaaneed ee cuntada macaan “qabatinka” Int J Eat Disord. 1999; 25: 169 – 175. [PubMed]
  69. Rozin P, Joojinta C. Ma waxaa jira u janjeera guud in la qabatimo maandooriyaha? Addict Behav. 1993; 18: 81 – 87. [PubMed]
  70. Greenberg JL, Lewis SE, Dodd DK. Is-dhaafsiga balwadaha iyo isku-kalsoonaanta ragga iyo dumarka jaamacadaha. Addict Behav. 1999; 24: 565 – 571. [PubMed]
  71. Trotzky AS. Daaweynta dhibaatooyinka cunnada sida la qabatinka ah ee haweenka qaangaarka ah. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2002; 14: 269 – 274. [PubMed]
  72. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W. et al. Brap dopamine iyo cayil. Lancet. 2001; 357: 354 – 357. [PubMed]
  73. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F. Isugeynta wareegyada neerfaha ee maandooriyaha iyo buurnaanta: caddeynta nidaamyada cudurka. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2008; 363: 3191 – 3200. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  74. Volkow ND, Wise RA. Sidee ayaa maandooriyeha ma u caawin kartaa in aan fahanno cayilku? Nat Neurosci. 2005; 8: 555-560. [PubMed]
  75. Schienle A, Schäfer A, Hermann A, Vaitl D. Cilladaha cunnada 'Binge': waa abaalmarinta xasaasiga iyo firfircoonida maskaxda ee sawirada cuntada. Biol Psychiatry. 2009; 65: 654 – 661. [PubMed]
  76. Pelchat ML, Johnson A, Chan R, Valdez J, Ragland JD. Sawirada rabitaanka: firfircoonida cuntada ee fmRI. Neuroimage. 2004; 23: 1486-1493. [PubMed]
  77. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Caddaynta sonkorowga sonkorta: saameynta habdhaqanka iyo dareemayaasha neurochemical ee sonkorowgu ku badan yahay. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008; 32: 20-39. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  78. Avena NM. Tijaabinta astaamaha-u eg-u-darka ee cunista xad-dhaafka ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo nooc xayawaan ah oo ku tiirsanaanta sonkorta. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007; 15: 481 – 491. [PubMed]
  79. Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 Reseptors ee abaalmarinta abaal-marin-liin iyo cunidda cunnida ee jiirka. Nat Neurosci. 2010; 13: 635-641. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  80. Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Sonkorta iyo qaniinyada dufanka leh waxay ku kala duwan yihiin dabeecad la mid ah waxyaabaha balwadda leh. J Nutr. 2009; 139: 623 – 628. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  81. Cassin SE, von Ranson KM. Cunnida xad-dhaafka ah miyuu khibrad u leeyahay balwadda? Rabitaanka cuntada. 2007; 49: 687 – 690. [PubMed]
  82. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Ansaxinta horudhaca ah ee Qiyaasta Qabatinka Cuntada Yale. Rabitaanka cuntada. 2009; 52: 430 – 436. [PubMed]
  83. Ururka Maanka Mareykanka. Baadhista iyo buugga tirakoobka ee cilladaha maskaxda. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Isbahaysiga Maskaxda Mareykanka 1994.
  84. Ziauddeen H, Farooqi IS, Fletcher PC. Cayilnaanta iyo maskaxda: intee la qanciyaa ayaa ah qaabkan balwadku? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012; 13: 279 – 286. [PubMed]
  85. Gearhardt AN, White MA, Masheb RM, Grilo CM. Baadhitaan ku saabsan qabatinka cuntada ee muunad kala jaad jaad ah oo kala duwan oo ah bukaanada cayilan oo qaba cilad-xumo cunno ee goobaha daryeelka aasaasiga ah. Compr Psychiatry. 2013; 54: 500 – 505. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  86. Gearhardt AN, White MA, Masheb RM, Morgan PT, Crosby RD, Grilo CM. Baadhitaan lagu samaynayo balwadda cuntada ee lagu dhisayo bukaannada cayilan ee ay ku dhacdo cilad-la’aanta cunnada ku badan. Int J Cun Khiyaanada. 2012; 45: 657 – 663. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  87. Davis C. Waajibka xad-dhaafka ah ee dabeecadda qabatinka: isku-darka inta udhaxeysa qabatinka cunnada iyo Dhibaatada Cunitaanka ee Binge. Curr Obes Rep. 2013; 2: 171 – 178.
  88. Davis C. Laga soo bilaabo xad-gudub xad dhaaf ah oo ah “qabatinka cuntada”: Bandhigi qasab iyo darnaan. Cayilka ISRN. 2013; 2013 (435027): 1 – 20. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  89. Avena NM, Gearhardt AN, Gold MS, Wang GJ, Potenza MN. Ilmaha oo dharbaaxaya biyaha qubeyska ka dib? Khatarta ka iman karta in la mamnuuco isticmaalka maandooriyaha ee ku salaysan xog xadidan. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012; 13: 514. [PubMed]
  90. Avena NM, Dahabka MS. Cuntada iyo balwadda - sonkorta, dufanka iyo xad-dhaafka hedonic. Balwadda. 2011; 106: 1214-1215. [PubMed]
  91. Gearhardt AN, Brownell KD. Cuntada iyo qabatinka ma beddeli karaan ciyaarta? Biol Psychiatry. 2013; 73: 802 – 803. [PubMed]
  92. Ziauddeen H, Farooqi IS, Fletcher PC. Qabatinka cuntada: cunug ma ku jiraa biyaha qubeyska? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012; 13: 514.
  93. Ziauddeen H, Fletcher PC. Qabatinka cuntada ma yahay fikrad sax ah oo waxtar leh? Obes Rev. 2013; 14: 19 – 28. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  94. Benton D. Cudurka saareynta qabatinka sonkorta iyo doorka buurnida iyo dhibaatooyinka cunnada. Clin Nutr. 2010; 29: 288 – 303. [PubMed]
  95. Wilson GT. Cunista cunno xumida, buurnaanta iyo qabatinka. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2010; 18: 341 – 351. [PubMed]
  96. Rogers PJ. Cayilka xad dhaafka ah - qabatinka cunnada ma eedbaa Balwadda. 2011; 106: 1213-1214. [PubMed]
  97. Blundell JE, Finlayson G. Cunto qabatinka aan waxtar lahayn: qaybta hedonic - rabitaanka aan tooska ahayn - waa muhiim. Balwadda. 2011; 106: 1216-1218. [PubMed]
  98. Hebebrand J, Albayrak O, Adan R, Antel J, Dieguez C, de Jong J. et al. "Cunitaanka balwadda", halkii laga ahaan lahaa "qabatinka cuntada", waxay si fiican u qabataa dabeecadda cunitaanka ee balwada leh Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 47: 295 – 306. [PubMed]
  99. Avena NM, Gold JA, Kroll C, Gold MS. Horumarro dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan neerfayaasha neerfaha ee cuntada iyo qabatinka: cusboonaysiinta xaaladda sayniska. Nafaqada. 2012; 28: 341 – 343. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  100. Tulloch AJ, Murray S, Vaicekonyte R, Avena NM. Jawaabaha Neural for macronutrients: hababka hedonic iyo homeostatic. Gastroenterology. 2015; 148: 1205 – 1218. [PubMed]
  101. Borengasser SJ, Kang P, Faske J, Gomez-Acevedo H, Blackburn ML, Badger TM. et al. Cuntada dufanka badan iyo utero la kulanka cayilka umusha waxay carqaladeysaa laxanka wareega waxayna u horseedaa barnaamijka dheefshiidka beerka ee jiirka jiirka. CAYAARAHA HALKAAN. 2014; 9 (1): e84209. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  102. Velázquez-Sánchez C, Ferragud A, Moore CF, Everitt BJ, Sabino V, Cottone P. Astaamaha sare ee dabeecadda ayaa saadaaliyay dabeecadda cunsuriga ah ee jiirka. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014; 39: 2463 – 2472. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  103. Bocarsly ME, Hoebel BG, Paredes D, von Loga I, Murray SM, Wang M. et al. GS 455534 waxay si xarago leh u xakameyneysaa cunista cunnooyinka xad-dhaafka ah waxayna yareynaysaa sii-deynta dopamine-ka ee jiirka sonkorta badan ee sonkorta leh. Behav Pharmacol. 2014; 25: 147 – 157. [PubMed]
  104. Schulte EM, Joyner MA, Potenza MN, Grilo CM, Gearhardt A. Tixgelinnada hadda jirta ee la xiriirta qabatinka cunnada. Curr Psychiat Rep. 2015; 17 (19): 1 – 8. [PubMed]
  105. Lent MR, Swencionis C. Shakhsiyaadka qabatinka leh iyo dabeecadaha cunitaanka xun ee dadka waaweyn ee doonaya qaliinka bariatric. Cun Behav. 2012; 13: 67 – 70. [PubMed]
  106. Davis C. Dib-u-eegis sheeko oo ku saabsan cunitaanka badan iyo dabeecadaha balwadda leh: ururada wadaagga ah ee leh xilli xilliyeed iyo arrimaha shakhsiyadda. Maskaxda hore. 2013; 4 (183): 1 – 9. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  107. Barbarich-Marsteller NC, Foltin RW, Walsh BT. Cudurka loo yaqaan 'anorexia nervosa' ma u eg yahay qabatinka? Xadgudubka daroogada ee Curr Rev. 2011; 4: 197 – 200. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  108. Speranza M, Revah-Levy A, Giquel L, Loas G, Venisse JL, Jeammet P. et al. Baadhitaan ku saabsan shuruudaha khalkhalka qabatinka Goodman ee dhibaatooyinka cunnada. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2012; 20: 182-189. [PubMed]
  109. Umberg EN, Shader RI, Hsu LK, Greenblatt DJ. Laga soo bilaabo cunno xumida iyo u qabatinka qabatinka: "dawada cuntada" ee ku jirta bulimia nervosa. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012; 32: 376 – 389. [PubMed]
  110. Grosshans M, Loeber S, Kiefer F. Saameynta cilmi baarista qabatinka ee dhanka fahamka iyo daaweynta buurnaanta. Addict Biol. 2011; 16: 189 – 198. [PubMed]
  111. Hardman CA, Rogers PJ, Dallas R, Scott J, Ruddock HK, Robinson E. “Qabatinka cunnada waa mid dhab ah”. Saamaynta soo-gaadhista farriintan ayaa ku saabsan is-baarista cuntada ee balwadda iyo dhaqanka cunidda. Rabitaanka cuntada. 2015; 91: 179 – 184. [PubMed]
  112. Meadows A, Higgs S. Waxaan u maleynayaa, sidaa darteed inaan ahay? Astaamaha dadka aan isbitaalada ahayn ee dadka qabatimmada cunsurku u arko. Rabitaanka cuntada. 2013; 71: 482.
  113. Meule A, Kübler A. Tarjumida aasaaska ku tiirsanaanta walaxda dabeecadaha la xiriira cuntada: aragtiyada iyo tarjumaadaha kala duwan. Maskaxda hore. 2012; 3 (64): 1 – 2. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  114. Meule A, Gearhardt AN. Ku daridda cuntada ee iftiinka DSM-5. Nafaqada. 2014; 6: 3653 – 3671. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  115. DePierre JA, Puhl RM, Luedicke J. Aqoonsiga cusub ee magac xumada leh? Isbarbar-dhigga sumadda “addict addict” oo leh xaalado caafimaad oo kale oo liita. Aasaaska Appl Soc Psych. 2013; 35: 10 – 21.
  116. DePierre JA, Puhl RM, Luedicke J. Fikradaha dadweynaha ee qabatinka cunnada: isbarbar dhiga alkolada iyo tubaakada. J Subst Use. 2014; 19: 1 – 6.
  117. Latner JD, Puhl RM, Murakami JM, O'Brien KS. Cuntada qabatinka ah oo sabab u ah buurnida. Saameynta dhaleeceynta, eedeeynta, iyo garashada maskaxda. Rabitaanka cuntada. 2014; 77: 77 – 82. [PubMed]
  118. Lee NM, Hall WD, Lucke J, Forlini C, Carter A. Qabatinka cunnada iyo saameynta ay ku leedahay ceebta ku saleysan culeyska iyo daaweynta shaqsiyaadka cayilan ee Mareykanka iyo Australia. Nafaqada. 2014; 6: 5312 – 5326. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  119. Lee NM, Lucke J, Hall WD, Meurk C, Boyle FM, Carter A. Aragtida dadweynaha ee ku saabsan qabatinka cunnada iyo cayilka: saameynta siyaasadaha iyo daaweynta. CAYAARAHA HALKAAN. 2013; 8 (9): e74836. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]
  120. Avena NM. Daraasad ku saabsan qabatinka cuntada iyada oo la adeegsanayo moodooyinka xayawaanka ah ee cunitaanka badan. Rabitaanka cuntada. 2010; 55: 734 – 737. [Maqaallo bilaash ah PMC] [PubMed]