Xeeladaha dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee la xidhiidha falcelinta cuna-qabatinka iyo ku qanacsanaanta qamaarka dhibaatada leh, kuwa sigaarka cabba culeyska iyo koontaroolka caafimaadka leh: falanqaynta FMRI (2010)

Maqaalkani wuxuu ahaa ku qeexay maqaalada kale ee PMC.

aan la taaban karin

Fal-celinta aan caadi ahayn ee dabiiciga ah waa sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee qabatinka, oo la xidhiidha firfircoonida sii kordheysa ee dhiirrigelinta, fiirinta iyo xasuusta wareegyada maskaxda. Daraasadan kaniiniga ah, fal-celinta cambaareynta ee khamaarka dhibaatada leh (PRG) ayaa la barbardhigay fal-celinta dabiiciga ah ee sigaar-cabbayaasha culus (HSM) iyo kontroolka caafimaadka qaba (HC). Muuqaalka sawir-maskaxeed ee muuqaal-celinta miyir-qabka, oo ka kooban khamaar, sigaar-cabid iyo sawirro dhexdhexaad ah, ayaa lagu shaqeeyay 17-daaweynta aan-sigaar-cabista ee PRG, 18 aan-qamaarka HSM, iyo 17 aan khamaarin iyo aan sigaar-cabin HC. Daawashada sawirada khamaarka (oo ku xiran sawirro dhexdhexaad ah) waxay la xidhiidheen firfircooni maskaxeed oo sareeya oo ah maskax-dhaqameedka, barxadda hoose ee barxadda, parahippocampal gyrus iyo amygdala ee PRG marka la barbar dhigo HC iyo HSM. Afduubka dabiiciga ah ee PRG ayaa si wanaagsan ula xiriiray dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee koonfureed horay loo yaqaan front ventrolateral ventrolateral vollolateral and insula left. Marka la barbardhigo kooxda HSM ee labada kooxood, wax khilaaf ah oo lagama maarmaanka u ah hawlaha maskaxda oo ay sababtay sigaarcabka sigaarka ayaa la helay. Falanqaynta qeexan ee HSM ee leh heer sare ee Fagerström Test ee dhibcaha 'Nicotine Dependence Scores' (FTND M = 5.4) waxay muujisay kor u kaca maskaxda ee kore ee xuubka xayawaanka, kareemka barxadda ee kareemka, marka loo eego sawirro dhexdhexaad ah) marka loo eego koox hoosaad HSM ah oo leh dhibco yar oo FTND ah (FTND M = 2.9) iyo in ka badan sigaar cabbista HC. Nikotiin waxay ku adagtahay in ay dhexdhexaadiso xayndaabka hore ee bidixda iyo amygdala bidix marka ay daawanayaan sawirrada sigaarka ee HSM. Kordhinta jawaab-celin goboleed ee sawirrada khamaarka ee gobollada maskaxda ee ku xiran dhiirigelinta iyo wax-qabadka muuqaalku waxay ku jiraan PRG, oo la mid ah hababka neerfaha ee dib-u-habaynta cuna-qabashada ee ku-tiirsanaanta maandooriyaha. Kordhinta maskaxda maskaxda ee meelaha maskaxda maskaxda ee la xidhiidha maskaxda ayaa ku jiray HSM oo leh dhibcaha FTND ka sarreeya marka loo eego HSM oo leh dhibco hoose ee FTND.

Keywords: Cudurka, Cunto-celinta, FMRI, Xakamaynta Xakameynta, Nijotin Ku-Xoqidda

HORDHAC

Khamaarista Biyoolojiga (PG) waa cilad caadi ah oo leh qiyaastii lagu qiyaasey inuu yahay qiyaasta 1%Welte et al. 2001). PG waxay badanaa keentaa dhibaatooyinka nafsiga ah ee nafsiga ah (Petry & Kiluk 2002; xoog et al. 2002). Waqtigaan, PG waxaa lagu tilmaamayaa inuu yahay xakameyn la xakameynayo, laakiin shuruudaha lagu ogaanayo waxay u eg yihiin kuwa ku xirnaanaya walaxda. Intaa waxa dheer, daraasadihii dhowaa waxay muujiyeen iskudhexyaayada neerobiological ee udhexeeya PG iyo walxo ku xirnaansho (Petry & Kiluk 2002; xoog et al. 2002; Goudriaan et al. 2004). Sidaa awgeed, qaar ka mid ah qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen in ay dib u-eegaan PG sida takoorka akhlaaqda ee DSM-V (Petry 2006; Potenza 2006).

Ficil-celinta cuna-qabadka oo ay weheliso feejignaanta kor loogu qaadayo calaamadaha la-qabatimay ee mukhaadaraadka ayaa metelaya farsamooyin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan horumarinta dabeecadaha khatarta ah (Goldstein & Volkow 2002) waxaana laga yaabaa inay dhiirigeliso dib-u-soo-kabashada ku-tiirsanaanta walax (Cooney et al. 1997; kharashka et al. 2006; Marissen et al. 2006). Daraasado muuqaal ah oo muuqaal ah oo la adeegsanayo naqotiin, nikotiin, khamriga iyo cocaine-ku tiirsanaanta ayaa soo wariyay in kor loo qaaday kororka maskaxeed, ambalaan, amigdala, firfircoonida, iyo firfircooni-yada, gobollada maskaxda ee la xidhiidha habdhaqanka dareenka iyo dabeecadaha dhiirigelinta. Waxaa intaa dheer, xakamaynta xakamaynta iyo fahmida wareegga ayaa lagu soo rogay daraasado fal-dambiyeedyo lagu yaqaan 'neuroimaging cue', taas oo muujinaysa kororka dorsolateral horay, kortex baalal gaaban ah iyo firfircooni baraf ah (Kilts et al. 2001; Taperte et al. 2004; David et al. 2005; kharashka et al. 2006; McBride et al. 2006; Franklin et al. 2007).

Ku saabsan 50%% qamaarayaasha xannibay ee isku dayaya inay ka baxaan waayo-aragnimada dib-u-dhac ku yimaada cawaaqib xun oo xun (Hodgins & el Guebaly 2004), iyo daraasado kale waxay muujinayaan dib u soo noqosho joogta ah oo loogu talagalay dadka daaweyn-raadinaya khamaarayaasha xannibay (Ledgerwood & Petry 2006). Sababtoo ah fal-dambiyeedka cuna waa fure muhiim u ah horumarinta xanuunka addicmaalka, iyo sababta oo ah waxay la xiriirtay khatarta sare ee dib-u-qaadista ku-tiirsanaanta walaxda (Cooney et al. 1997; kharashka et al. 2006; Marissen et al. 2006), baarista hababka neurobiological ee fal-celinta cuna ee dadkan waa mid aad u haboon. Illaa iyo hadda, kaliya laba daraasad sawirada magnetic (magnetic) ee farsamada maskaxeed (fMRI) oo keliya ayaa lagu soo daabacay boodhadhka la xidhiidha khamaarka ku saabsan khamaarka noolaha ee la soo saaray (xoog et al. 2003; Crockford et al. 2005). Labada daraasadood waxay ku shaqeeyaan jajabyo muuqaal ah oo khuseeya ciyaaraha khamaarka iyo kala duwanaanta, laakiin waxay keeneen natiijooyin aan khilaaf ahayn. Daraasadii ugu horeysay ee ka mid ah khamaarayaasha xannibaadayaasha 10 iyo xakamaynta 11, Maaddooyinka PG ayaa muujiyey hoos u dhac, halkii ay ka sii kordhi lahaayeen kor u kicinta xuddunta hoose ee barxadda, kortex orbitofrontal, basal ganglia iyo thalamus inta lagu guda jiro xilliga khamaarka ee la xiriira khamaarka. Kordhinta kororka inta lagu jiro daaweynta qalabka khamaarka ee la xiriira khamaarka ayaa laga helay dharka xuubka oo keliya (xoog et al. 2003). Daraasaddan labaad ee 10 khamaarayaasha cudurada wadnaha iyo 10 ee xakamaynta caafimaadka leh (HC) (Crockford et al. 2005), Maaddooyinka PG waxay muujiyeen firfircooni maskaxeed oo sareeya iyada oo looga jawaabayo kicinta khamaarka ee koonfureedka bidixda, guska bidix ee fujiska ah, cirridka saxda ah ee parahippocampal iyo goobaha hore ee saxda ah, marka la barbar dhigo HC.

Halkaas, baadhitaanada PG waxay muujinayaan kordhinta firfircoonida gobollada maskaxda ee ku lug leh dareenka, xasuusinta iyo farsamaynta muuqaalka, ma jirto caddayn ku saabsan waxqabadka aan caadi ahayn ee dhismayaasha limbic ah intii lagu guda jiray sameynta qalitaanka khamaarka (tusaale, korodhka dhaqdhaqaaqa amygdala), oo ka duwan daraasadda neuroimaging ee cue falcelinta ku-tiirsanaanta walxaha (Kilts et al. 2004; Taperte et al. 2004; kharashka et al. 2006; McBride et al. 2006; Franklin et al. 2007). Sababaha suurtogalka ah ee isku dheelitirkaani waa isticmaalka fiidiyowga halkii sawirro iyo awood la'aani sababtoo ah tiro yar oo tirooyin ah. Intaas waxaa dheer, labadaba barashada qamaarayaasha waxaa lagu qoraa xayaysiinta, mana daraaseynin in baaritaan lagu sameeyo haddii daaweyn-doonka khamaarka dhibaatada leh (PRGs) ay ku kala duwanaan karaan falcelinta cambaareynta calaamadaha khamaarka ka yimaada kontaroolada caadiga ah. Daraasad fMRI ah oo diiradda saareysa habka abaalmarinta ee khamaarayaasha cuduradaReuter et al. 2005), jawaab celin ah oo lagu guuleystey khasaare ka soo gaaray khasaare ayaa laga helay goobaha abaal-marinta limbic ee qamaarka cudurada wadnaha iyo HC. Marka la soo bandhigayo qamaarayaasha quuska ah ee leh fiidiyowyada khamaarka, nidaamka limbicku wuxuu noqon karaa mid aan hoos loo dhigin sababtoo ah wax ka qabashada xaaladaha khamaarka ee lacagta lagu helo. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo jawaabta ku jirta faa'iidooyinka lacageed ee faa'iido lacageed, baaritaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa ah ee khamaarista khamaarka oo ka soo jeeda khadad dhexdhexaad ah oo aan ku jirin faa'iido lacageed ayaa laga yaabaa inay fikrado ku muujiso fal-dambiyeedka calaamadaha guud ee khamaarka.

Daraasaddan, waxaan dooneynay inaan wax ka qabanno arrimahan iyada oo baaraya hababka dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee khamaarka ama sigaar-cabbista sigaarka ee PRG-ga oo raadinaya daaweyn, sigaar cabbin culus (HSM) iyo kontarool aan caafimaad lahayn oo aan khamaarin (HC). Waxaan ku shaqeyneynaa muuqaal sawir leh oo la xidhiidha munaasabadda (George et al. 2001; Myrick et al. 2004; Smolka et al. 2006) sababtoo ah tani waxay bixisaa dabacsanaanta ugu wanaagsan marka la eego wakhtiyada kicinta iyo joojinta dhibaatooyinka soo bandhigi kara marka la falanqeynayo falanqaynta muuqaalka fmailka fMRI. Si loo isbarbardhigo falcelinta cu-beenta ee PRG-da si loogu jawaabo fal-celinta koox-ku-tiirsanayaal, koox la mid ah HSM ayaa lagu daray. Kooxda la talinta HSM ayaa loo doortay sababtoo ah saameynta neurotoxikada ee nikotiinta waa la xadidaa marka la barbar dhigo kuwa daroogooyinka kale ee xadgudubka ah, sida khamriga (Sullivan 2003; Mudo, Belluardo & Fuxe 2007). Iyadoo lagu saleynayo daraasado horay loo yaqaan 'cue-reactivity' ee ku saabsan ku-tiirsanaanta walaxda, waxaannu ku talineynaa in ereyada khamaarka ee PRG iyo calaamadaha sigaarka ee HSM ay ka yimaadaan fal-celin maskaxeed oo sareeya marka la barbar dhigo fal-celinta maskaxda ee kontoroolka caafimaadka aan sigaarka lagu cabbin ee gobollada maskaxda ee la xidhiidha habdhaqanka dareenka iyo habdhaqanka dhiirrigelinta sida Amygdala, Ventral striatum iyo kortex doorbidiisa, iyo feejignaanta iyo garashada garashada maskaxda ee la xidhiidha xakamaynta maskaxda sida kortex doorbidiisa hore iyo kortenska yaryar (ACC). Waxaa intaa dheer, xiriirka ka dhexeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee la xidhiidha ciqaabta maskaxeed iyo habdhaqameed xagga maskaxda ah ee PRG iyo HSM ayaa la darsay. Waxaan kufaraxsanahay in xoojinta shakhsi ahaaneed ee la xidhiidha kor u kicinta dhaqdhaqaaqyada maskaxda iyo maskaxda ee la xiriira maskaxda PRG iyo HSM.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

maadooyinka

Kudheelka afaraad ee lagu daweeyo PRG (afar bidix), 19 HSM (saddexda bidix) iyo 19 aan sigaar cabin HC (mid bidix), dhammaan ragga, ayaa ka qayb qaatay daraasaddan. Labada PRG, hal HSM iyo laba HC, malayshida maan-dooriyaha magnetka (MRI) ma noqon karto (gebi ahaan) la helay sababtoo ah scanner fail. Sidaa darteed, 17 PRG, 18 HSM iyo 17 HC waxay soo saareen saddexda kooxood ee loo adeegsado falanqaynta tirakoobka. PRG waxaa laga shaqaaleeyay laba xarumood oo lagu daweeyo nacaybka Nederlandka. HSM iyo kooxda HC waxaa loo soo shaqeeyay wargelin ku saabsan xayeeysiisyada wargeysyada.

Qaybta ugu weyn ee lagu daro PRG waa daaweynta hadda ee dhibaatooyinka khamaarka. PRG waxaa lagu wareystay qaybta T ee Jadwalka Wareysiga DiintaRobins et al. 1998) si loo qiimeeyo shuruudaha cilad-sheegista ee DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of PG. Intaa waxaa dheer, Kaalmada Koonfureed ee Koonfur Oax (SOGS; Lesieur & Blume 1987) waxaa loo maamulay sidii qiyaasta dhibaatada khamaarka dhibaatada leh. Labo PRG waxay ku guul darreysteen in ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha DSM-IV-TR ee cudurka PG. Hase yeeshe, sababtoo ah waxay la kulmeen laba shuruudo PG hadda, waxay la kulmeen shuruudaha PG ee hore iyo natiijooyinkooda SOGS (7 iyo 8, siday u kala horreeyaan) waxay la mid yihiin PRG-ga oo buuxiyey shuruudaha lagu ogaanayo PG (arag Shaxda 1; macneheedu waa SOGS score = 9.6 ± 2.6), PRG waxay ku jiraan falanqaynta. Dhammaan PRG waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan ka fogeyn khamaarka ugu yaraan toddobaadkii XNUM. HSM ayaa lagu daray haddii ay sigaar cabbeen ugu yaraan Sigaar 1 maalin kasta, oo aysan ku lug lahayn hawlaha khamaarka in ka badan laba jeer sannadkii. HSM waxay ahaayeen kuwa sigaar cabba ee hadda ku jira joojinta tijaabada ah ee sigaarcabka iyada oo qayb ka ah daraasaddan. Imtixaanka Fagerström ee Ku-tiirsanaanta Nikoti (FTND) wuxuu u adeegay sidii loo muujin lahaa darnaanta ku-tiirsanaanta nicotine (Heatherton et al. 1991). Wax dhibco ah kama helin FTND ayaa looga baahnaa HSM. HSM waa inay ahaato mid habeenkii sigaar cabaya, oo laga buuxiyey su'aalo waydiintii aroortii, waxaana lagu sawiray galabtii (saacadaha 16-18). Cabsigelinta ayaa la xaqiijiyay qiyaasta qiyaasta carbon karbon monoxide subaxdii, iyadoo la adeegsanayo micro + Smokerlyzer (Bedfont Scientific, Ltd., Rochester, UK). HC waligeed sigaar cabbin, ma lahayn taariikh taariikhda khamaarka dhibaatada ah oo aan ku lug laheyn hawlaha khamaarka in ka badan laba jeer sanadkii hore.

Shaxda 1 

Tilmaamaha dadweynaha ee loogu talagalay khamaaraha dhibaatada leh, sigaar cabista culus iyo koontarool caafimaad leh

Shuruudaha ka saarista kooxaha oo idil waxay ahaayeen: da'da hoos ku xusan 18; Dhibaatada akhriska Dutch; isticmaalka daawada nafsaaniga; Cilmi-baarista nolosha ee dhimirka ee dhimirka dhimirka ama dhimir-maskaxeedka; 12-bishii oo lagu ogaanayo cudurka mania, oo lagu qiimeeyay qaybaha kala duwan ee wareysiga caalamiga ah ee wareysiga CIDI (CIDI; Heatherton et al. 1991; Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka 1997); Daaweynta hadda ee cudurada maskaxda ee aan ahayn kuwa ku jira daraasadda; Xaaladaha jireed ee loo yaqaano inay saamayn ku yeeshaan garashada ama waxqabadka gawaarida (sida: Multiple sclerosis, cudurka rheumatic); baaritaanka kaadida oo wanaagsan ee khamriga, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opioids ama kokain; isticmaalka in ka badan 21 qaybaha khamriga toddobaadkii. Kooxuhu waxay si iskood ah uga soo horjeedeen xanuunka dhimirka ee cilmi-nafsiga. Tusaale ahaan, PRG iyo HC sigaar ma cabbin (marka laga reebo hal PRG oo dhuuqo shan sigaar maalintii). Shuruudaha ka-saaris dheeraad ah ee loogu talagalay HC iyo HSM, laakiin aaney ahayn PRG, waxay joogeen xanuunka welwelka (CIDI-qaybta D), niyad-jabka (CIDI-qaybta E), xanuunka qallafsan ee qasabka ah (CIDI-qaybta K), xanuunka dhimirka ka dib ( CIDI-qaybta K) iyo ciladda feejignaanta / cillad-darrada jirka (Conners ADHD Scene Rating; Conners & Sparrow 1999). PRG qaba cudurada isdhexgalka ah lagama saarin, sababtoo ah khamaarka dhibaatadu waa mid aad u dhib badan oo ku yimaada cuduradaan. Calaamadaha xanuunka niyad-jabka ayaa loo qiimeeyay Beck Nooca Bustada (BDI-II; Beck et al. 1996). Isticmaalka khamriga ee khatarta ah waxaa lagu baari jirey Imtixaanka Aqoonsiga Cudurrada Isticmaalka Khamriga Khamriga (Isticmaalka Khamriga Isticmaalka Khamrada)Bush et al. 1998).

Marka lagu daro Hawlaha Dib-u-hagaajinta ee Cue, hawlaha waxbarasho ee dib-u-noqoshada ah, qorshe hawleed iyo shaqo-joojin joogsi ah ayaa la maamulay. Natiijooyinka ka soo baxa hawlaha waxbarasho ee soo noqoshada iyo hawsha qorshaynta ayaa lagu soo wargeliyay meelo kale (de Ruiter et al. 2009). Guddiga dib-u-eegista anshaxa ee Xarunta Caafimaadka Tacliinta ayaa ansixiyay daraasaddan iyo oggolaansho qoran oo qoraal ah la helay. Ka-qaybgalayaashu waxaa lagu soo celiyay € 50 in loo wareejiyo koontada bangiga kadib ka-qayb-galka.

FMRI Paradigm: Hawlgallada Cue Reactivity

Sawir sawir oo laba sawir leh ayaa la isticmaalay (tusaale ahaan sawirada sawirrada, eeg Berdihii. 1). Sawirada waxaa loo dhigay si adag sida soo socota: tirooyin siman oo sawir guud iyo sawirro faahfaahsan ayaa loo xushay xaalad kasta (tusaale, dhowr qof oo khamaaraya, sigaar-cabid ama hadalka, iyo sawirada faahfaahsan ee gacanta ee mashiinka xargaha, gacanta sigaarka, gacanta ku hay joornaal). Marka labaad, si ay uhogasho sawir darrada iyo isbarbardhiga, sawirada oo dhan waxaa lagu qaaday goob dabiici ah oo la mid ah (sida sawirada oo idil oo dad badan la soo qaaday), ragga kaliya ayaa lagu soo daray sawirada, daryeelkana waxaa loo qaaday si loo helo sheekooyinka dareenka ee u dhexeeya sawirrada kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan sawirrada kaliya ee leh wejiyada dhexdhexaad ah. Sawirada 33aad ee khamaarka, 30 sawirro sigaar cabbid ah, 30 sawirro dhexdhexaad ah iyo sawirada hoose ee heerarka hoose ee 30 ayaa si aan kala sooc lahayn loo soo bandhigay, iyada oo la xaddidayo in dhiirrigelinta qayb ka mid ah dhiirigelinta aan la soo bandhigin wax ka badan saddex jeer oo isku xigta. Sawirrada aasaasiga ah ee hooseeya ee leh falladhooyinka tilmaamaya bidix ama midig ayaa la soo bandhigay, waxaana loo baahan yahay jawaab ama bidix ama si sax ah oo loo bixiyo, si loo barbardhigo habka sawir-maskaxeed ee adag marka la barbar dhigo wax-qabadka muuqaalka hoose. Khamaarka, sawirrada sigaarka iyo sawirrada dhexdhexaadinta, kaqeybgalayaashu waa inay riixaan badhanka jawaabta iyagoo farta bidixda bidix ah marka wajiga ay ku jiraan sawirka oo ay qasabtey in ay riixaan badhanka jawaabta ee farta calaamadsan ee saxda ah marka aysan jirin wajiga. Boqolkiiba konton dhammaan sawirada qeyb kasta oo ka mid ah waxaa ku jira waji. Sawir walbana waxaa loo soo bandhigay mudo go'an oo ah tirooyin 5 ah, waxaana kaqeybgalayaasha lagu codsaday in ay ka jawaabaan muddadan. Markii aan wax jawaab ah la sameynin ka dib wareega 5, hawshu waxay socotay. Shaandhayn fure ah oo ah 2.5-labaad ayaa lagu soo bandhigay sawir kasta. Wax jawaab ah lagama helin jawaabaha saxda ah ama khaldan. Kulanka baaritaanka ayaa socday saacado 15; mid kasta oo ka mid ah khamaarka, sawirrada sigaarcabka iyo sawirrada dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa la soo bandhigay hal mar. Mawduucyada looma dhiirigelin inay wax ka qabtaan sida ugu dhakhsaha badan. Howlaha ayaa lagu sharxay loona adeegsaday meel ka baxsan scanner iyadoo la isticmaalayo sawirro kale. Xayeysiinta waxqabad ee hawsha waxay ahayd macnaha ereyada jawaab celinta ee qaybaha kicinta.

Jaantuska 1 

Tusaalooyinka dareenka khamaarka (bidixda), kicinta sigaarka ee la xiriira sigaarka (dhexda) iyo kobcin dhexdhexaad ah (midig)

Su'aalo-waydiiso

8-shey oo su’aal weydiisasho khamaar ah, oo udhaxeysa 1-7 (MN Potenza & SS O'Malley, xog aan la daabicin) iyo 10-shey oo su'aalo weydiinta sigaar cabista ah, oo u dhaxeysa 1-7 (Tiffany & Drobes 1991), ayaa lagu daray qiimeynta khamaarka iyo nicotinein, siday u kala horreeyaan. Ka qaybgalayaashu waxay buuxiyeen su'aalaha waraysiga ka hor iyo isla markiiba ka dib baaritaanka fMRI.

Soo iibinta sawirada iyo horukac

Macluumaadka sawirada waxaa la helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo 3.0 Tesla Philips InterAmM scanner oo buuxa oo lagu qalabeeyey jaantuska SENSE RF (Quasar deg deg ah, Philips Medical Systems BV, Eindhoven, Holland) oo ku yaal Xarunta Caafimaadka ee Akademiga, Amsterdam. Inkasta oo kaqeybgalayaashu ay hawsha qabteen, T2 * -majabixiyayaal muuqaal ah oo loo yaqaan 'T35 *', oo ah dareen-celin heer-dhexaad ah oo heerka dhiigga oxygenation-bound (BOLD) isbarbar dhigtay (xinjirta xinjirta 3, xajmiga qiyaasta 3 × 3 0.3 mm, farqiga u dhexeeya 64 mm, cabirka miisaanka 64 × 90 mm, xaddiga xajmiga 35 kHz, TE 2.28 ms, marxaladdii celceliska 1), oo maskaxda oo dhan dabooli karta marka laga reebo gobollada hoose ee cerebellum. Baqshiile sagittal T1-cabiray skaanka qaabdhismeedka (qiyaasta voxel 1 × 1 170 mm, 2 slices) ayaa la sameeyey si loo diiwaangaliyo xogta fMRI. Falanqaynta sawirada waxaa la sameeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo SPM1 (Khariidadda Xisaabinta Qodobka Aqoonsiga, Qeybta Wanaagsan ee Xuurnimada Cognitive, London, UK). Sawirro ayaa la jeexjeexay, oo dib loo dhigay, isla markaana loo rogay mugga koowaad. Marka xiga, xaddiga T1-coregistered ayaa caadi ahaan loo yaqaan "SPM T12-template" (adeegsiga xignaan qumman ee 8 iyo hawlo qumman oo qumman oo qumman ku salaysan), iyo naqshad jilicsan ayaa la sameeyey iyadoo la adeegsanayo XNUMX mm FWHM Gaussian kernel.

Falanqaynta tirakoobka

Kala duwanaanshaha kooxda ee xogta dadka iyo caafimaadka ayaa la falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo falanqeyn aan kala sooc lahayn oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaha (ANOVA) iyo Tukey hose ah imtixaannada. Kala duwanaanshaha kooxeed ee heerka waxbarashada ayaa la falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo imtixaanka chi-square ee Pearson. ANOVAs waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu falanqeeyo xogta waxqabadka (waqtiga celceliska celceliska) ee koox ahaan inta udhaxeysa maaddada (PRG, HSM iyo HC), iyo qeybta kicinta (khamaarka ka soo horjeedka dhexdhexaadka, sigaar cabista la xiriirta ka soo horjeedka, ama salka hoose ee ka soo horjeedka dhexdhexaadka) Mawduuc-ku-xiran, iyadoo la adeegsanayo kala duwanaansho kooxeed. ANOVA waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu falanqeeyo qiimeynta dalabyada (micnaheedu waa khamaarista, macnaha sigaar cabista), oo leh waqti (kahor iyo kadib dhameystirka howsha) oo ah qodob maaddo ah. Dhammaan falanqaynta waxaa lagu sameeyay laba-dabo.

Dhibcaha celceliska FTND ee kooxda HSM ayaa ahaa mid hooseeya (M = 4.0; SD = 1.5) marka la barbar dhigo dhibcaha FTND ee sigaar-cabayaasha laga soo sheegey daraasadaha kale ee fanka ee falaqaynta (FMRI)Franklin et al. 2007, FTND = 4.8; McClernon et al. 2007, FTND = 6.4; McClernon, Kozink & Rose 2008, FTND = 6.5), mana jirto nikotiin lagu ogaado xanuun ku tiirsanaanta HSM, sida daraasado kale (Brody et al. 2002). Sidaa daraadeed, falanqaynta sahaminta ayaa la sameeyay, marka la barbardhigo HSM oo leh dhibco sare FTND (n = 10, FTND-koox sare M = 5.4, SD = 0.5) HSM oo leh dhibco hoose ee FTND (n = 8, FTND-hoose: M = 2.9, SD = 1.0), ka dib markii dhexdhexaad dhexdhexaad ah la sameeyay. Kooxaha PRG, ma jirin kala-jajabin u dhexeeya PRG-ga, sababtoo ah dhibaatooyinka khamaarka ee khuseeya tijaabooyinkeenna, sida loo qiimeeyay SOGS, waxay la mid tahay darnaanta laga sheegey daraasado kale oo ku saabsan khamaarayaasha daaweynta-raadinta.

Xogta FMRI waxaa lagu falanqeeyay qaabka qaabka guud ee qumman, iyadoo la adeegsanayo baaxadda delta oo lagu xalliyo shaqeyn jawaab celin ah oo loo yaqaan 'hemodynamic function' si loo eego jawaabaha nooc kasta oo kicin ah. Isbarbardhig kasta ee xiisaha, sawirada mawduucyada halbeegga ah ayaa lagu galay falanqaynta heerka labaad (natiijooyinka khayaaliga). Si loo baadho hawlaha kala duwan ee taxadarka ah ee udhexeeya kooxaha dhexdooda, hal dhinac oo ANOVAs ah ayaa la sameeyay waxaana saameynta isdhexgalka ee loo qoondeeyay khamaarka iyo sawirro dhexdhexaad ah ee PRG ka soo horjeeda HC ama HSM, iyo sigaarka la xidhiidha cabista sigaarka ee HSM (guud ahaan HSM Kooxda; FTND-koox sare; Kooxda FTND-hoose) oo ka soo horjeeda PRG ama HC. Dhibaatooyinka ugu muhiimsan iyo saameynta isdhexgalka waxaa lagu falanqeeyey hal-dhinac ANOVA oo lagu fuliyay SPM2 waxaana lagu soo warramey xaddidaad xaddidan oo xaddidan oo ah xoollada 10 P <0.05 ayaa lagu saxay isbarbardhigyo fara badan iyadoo loo eegayo habka Ciladda Xikmadda Qoyska (Tiffany & Drobes 1991; Nichols & Hayasaka 2003). Isdhexgalka kooxaha ayaa lagu soo waramayaa xaddidaad xaddidan oo xaddidan oo ku saabsan xNUMX voxels at P <0.001, oo lagu daboolay saameynta ugu weyn ee ku habboon.

Khamaarka ama sawirrada sigaarka ee la xidhiidha sawirro dhexdhexaad ah ayaa loo doortay kala-duwanaanshaheenna koox-isdhexgalka, sababtoo ah tani waxay ka duwan tahay tan saamaynta cillad-celinta: falcelinta calaamadaha gaarka ah ee mukhadaraadka oo ka soo horjeeda calaamadaha aan la xidhiidhin xatooyada. Marka la barbardhigo sawirrada muusikada la xidhiidha ee ka soo horjeeda qaabka aasaasiga ah waxaa ka mid ah habab kala duwan oo aan la taaban karin (sida farsamooyinka kicinta, aqoonsiga sheyga) . Isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya sawirrada la xidhiidha mukhaadaraadka iyo mawduuca ayaa sabab u noqon kara mid yar, sababtoo ah farsamaynta muuqaalka ayaa markaa saameyn ku yeelan doonta saameynta falcelinta falcelinta. Si kastaba ha noqotee, dadyowga xad-dhaafka ah, waxaa muhiim ah in la aasaaso turjumaadda aasaasiga ah ee muuqaalka ah ee la midka ah dadka la qabatimay iyo kooxo aan sifo lahayn. Daraasad kale oo ka timid kooxdayada, waxaa la ogaadey in dadka la qabatimay ay si weyn uga jawaabeen masawirada dhexdhexaadka ah marka la barbardhigo asalka (Zijlstra et al. 2009). Sidaa daraadeed, waxaan sidoo kale soo bandhigi karnaa dhexdhexaad dhexdhexaad ah, si aan u muujinno sawirro dhexdhexaad ah oo abuuray qaab isku mid ah oo isku xirnaanta kooxaha.

Intaa waxaa dheer, saameynta ay ku yeelan karto bidixda hababka dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda waxaa lagu baari doonaa iyada oo la sameynayo falanqayn kasta oo la socdo iyo iyada oo aan ka qaybgalayaasha bidixda. Noocyada dhaqdhaqaaqa ee la helay ka dib marka laga reebo ka qaybgalayaasha bidix-ga waxay la mid yihiin kuwa helay markii ay ku jiraan ka-qaybgalayaasha bidix-iyo kuwa midigta. Sidaa darteed, qaybta Natiijada, waxaan ku soo bandhigi karnaa oo kaliya macluumaadka ku salaysan dhammaan muunadda.

Falanqaynta regression-ka ayaa loo sameeyey PRG iyo HSM si gooni gooni ah, si loo baaro in dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxeed ee ka jawaab celinta dareemayaasha la xariira isticmaalka mukhadaraadka (khamaarka iyo sigaar cabista, siday u kala horreeyaan) oo ay kasoo horjeeddo sawirro dhexdhexaad ah ayaa isbarbar socda iyada oo la soo sheegey si xor ah kadib markii la raadinayey. Falanqaynta regression ayaa sidoo kale la sameeyay si loo baaro haddii loo yaqaan 'ADHD' (ADCD) iyo 'calaamadaha' depressed '(dhibcaha BDI-II) ee la xidhiidha firfircoonida maskax-ku-xirnaanta maskaxda (sawirro la xidhiidha mukhadaraadka iyo sawirro dhexdhexaad ah) . Sababtoo ah PRG dhibco ka sarreeya CAARS, iyo wax ka sareeya BDI-II marka loo eego labada kooxood (eeg Shaxda 1), falanqayntani waxay si gooni ah u qabteen koox kasta. Afar PRG waxay qabaan xanuunada maskaxda (walaaca iyo / ama niyadjab). Sidaa darteed, isdhexgalka kooxeed ee ay ka mid yihiin PRG ayaa labadaba la falanqeeyay iyo iyada oo aan ka qaybgalayaasha wada-jir ah.

Natiijooyinka

Natiijooyinka dadweynaha iyo natiijooyinka caafimaad

Shaxda 1 wuxuu soo koobayaa sifooyinka dadweynaha iyo sifooyinka caafimaad ee saddexda kooxood. PRG waxay lahayd celcelis ahaan ku dhawaad ​​€ 60 000 ee deymaha la xiriira khamaarka. Heerarka carbon dioxigga ee carbon dioxide ayaa sare u kacay HSM, marka la barbar dhigo PRG iyo HC. PRG waxay heleen dhibco ka sareeya CAARS iyo BDI-II lababa HSM iyo HC labadaba.

Natiijooyinka loogu talagalay xogta waxqabadka iyo dulsaarada

Waqtiga celceliska jawaab celinta sawirada khamaarka (M: 1143 ms, SD: 340) waxay ka badan yihiin celceliska celceliska falcelinta ee sawirro dhexdhexaad ah (M: 1006 ms, SD: 311), F(1,49) = 50.1, P <0.0001; celceliska celceliska celceliska sawirada sigaar cabista (M: 929 ms, SD: 235) way ka gaabnaayeen celceliska celceliska celceliska kicinta dhexdhexaadka ah (F(1,49) = 12.9, P <0.0001; oo macnaheedu yahay waqtiyada falcelinta ee heerka aasaasiga ee heerka hoose (M: 717 ms, SD: 169) way ka gaabiyeen kicinta dhexdhexaadka ah, F(1,49) = 80.3, P <0.0001, laakiin majiro nooc kicin ah oo isdhexgal kooxeed ah (kooxda oo dhan isbarbardhiga kicinta) F qiyamka <1, NS). Xaqiijinta ayaa sareysay; celcelis ahaan khaladaadka lagu soo koobay dhammaan xaaladaha ayaa ahaa 1.2, mana jirin wax farqi ah oo u dhexeeya tirada khaladaadka u dhexeeya kooxaha ama xaaladaha la helay (F <1, NS). ANOVA waxay tilmaamtay in hamiga sigaar cabista kahor iskaanku uu ka sareeyay HSM marka loo eego HC, F(1,34) = 87.4, P <0.0001, oo lala barbardhigo PRG F(1,34) = 57.8, P <0.0001. Xadgudubku kuma kala duwanaan kooxda FTND-sare iyo kooxda FTND-hoose, F(1,17) <1, NS. Ma jiro farqi u dhexeeya sigaar cabista ka hor iyo ka dib hawsha falcelinta ee kooxda guud ee HSM F(1,17) = 1.42, P = 0.25, midna kuma jirin kooxda FTND-ka sarreysa ee kooxda FTND-hoose, F(1,16) = .29, P = 0.60 wuu jiray. Rabitaanka khamaarka wuu ka sarreeyay PRG marka loo eego HSM iyo HC, F(2,51) = 6.92, P <0.002, iyo isbeddel ku saabsan khamaarista khamaarka oo kordhay ka dib markii fal-celinta falcelinta lagu arkay PRG, F(1,16) = 3.18, P = 0.09, qayb ahaan η2 = 0.17 (oo loo qeexay cabirka saamaynta weyn, Stevens 1996).

fMRI cfadsiinta

Saameynta ugu weyn (sawirrada iyo gundhigga aasaasiga ah)

Saameynta ugu weyn ee daawashada sawirrada dhex-dhexaadnimada ah iyo sawirrada heerka hoose ee hoose waxaa lagu arkay dhammaan seddexda koox badanaaba kuwa ku jira wareegga muuqaalka ventral (occipital lobe: dhexe, liidata iyo xiisaha luqadda), iyo sidoo kale aagagga la xiriira abaalmarinta / dhiirrigelinta, iyo feejignaanta iyo xakameynta garashada; Laydhka ku meel gaadhka ah oo ay ka mid tahay amygdala, labajibbaaranaha laba-geeska prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), iyo sidoo kale thalamus-ka labaad ee dambe, arag Berdihii. 2, guddi bidix. Khamaarka iyo sawirrada gundhigga u ah iyo sawirada salka ku haya sigaarka iyo sawirrada gundhigga ah, gobollo la mid ah ayaa la aqoonsaday. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, waxaan helnay dhaqdhaqaaq laba geesood ah oo ah cortex 'prevental cortex prefrontal cortex' (VLPFC) ee qamaarka iyo sawirada la xiriira sigaarka iyo sawirada aasaaska, iyo sidoo kale dhaqdhaqaaqa cortex hore ee gogoldhigga loogu talagalay sawirrada khamaarka iyo sawirrada aasaasiga ah (Berdihii. 2, qaybaha dhexe iyo midig, siday u kala horreeyaan).

Jaantuska 2 

Qaababka dhaqdhaqaaqa kooxaha sawirada dhexdhexaadka ah iyo sawirada heerka hoose ee hoose (bidixda kore), sawirada khamaarka iyo sawirada heerka hoose (qeybta dhexe), sawirada sigaarka iyo sawirada heerka hoose (qeybta midigta sare), ...

Isdhexgalka kooxda

Sawirro dhexdhexaad ah iyo sawirro heer hoose ah, ma jiraan wax saameyn ah oo is dhexgalka kooxeed ah. Sawirrada khamaarka iyo sawirrada dhexdhexaadnimada ah, waxaan ka helnay firfircooni weyn xagga bidix occipital cortex, laba-geesoodka parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala right iyo DLPFC right in PRG qaraabada HC. Marka loo eego HSM, PRG wuxuu muujiyey kortex occipital cortex sare, laba-geesoodka parahippocampal, labada amygdala, labada DLPFC iyo bidix u shaqeynta VLPFC markii la daawanayay sawirada khamaarka iyo sawirada dhexdhexaad ah (Shaxda 2 iyo Berdihii. 3). Kala duwanaansho kooxeed ayaa la arkay markii PRG oo la socota co-morbid psychopathology laga saaray, in kasta oo kala duwanaantii ku jirtay DLPFC u shaqeynta PRG marka la barbar dhigo HC, iyo kala duwanaanshaha firfircoonaanta amygdala iyo bidix DLPFC ee PRG marka la barbar dhigo HSM oo joogsatay inay ahaato mid tirakoob ahaan muhiim ah.

Shaxda 2 

Hawsha Ficil Cue: firfircoonaanta u dhaqdhaqaaqa saamaynta ugu weyn (dhex-dhexaad / khamaar / sawirro la xiriira sigaar cabbid iyo sawirro heer hoose ah); isdhexgalka kooxda (sawirrada khamaarka iyo sawirada dhexdhexaad ah, iyo sawirada la xiriira sigaarka iyo sawirada dhexdhexaad); ...
Jaantuska 3 

Is dhexgalka kooxeed: Aagagga lagu muujiyey firfircoonaanta sare ee khamaarka dhibaatada leh (PRG) iyo kan saamiga liita ee kontaroolada caafimaadka leh (HC) iyo sigaar cabayaasha culus (HSM) iskuduwayaasha −9, 0, −18. Ka saarida PRG oo leh cudurada dhimirka la iskugu gudbiyo ...

Ma jirin koox muhiim ah oo xaaladda xaaladda isweydaarsiga lagu arkay sawirrada sigaar-cabista ee HSM marka la barbar dhigo PRG ama HC. Dhaqdhaqaaq aad u weyn ayaa laga dhex helay kort ventromedial prertal cortex (VMPFC) labada dhinac, wareega rostral ACC labada dhinac iyo bidix VLPFC ee kooxda FTND-high marka la barbar dhigo HC iyo kooxda FTND-high marka la barbar dhigo kooxda FTND-low. Saameyn la mid ah ayaa la arkay markii la barbar dhigayay kooxda FTND-ka sare ee PRG (arag Shaxda 3 iyo Berdihii. 4). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, kooxda FTND-sare, firfircoonida bidix bidix, midiglacalala iyo bidix dhexe iyo griiga kumeelgaarka ah ayaa ka badnaa kooxda FTND-hoose. Ma jirin koox muhiim ah oo xaaladda xaaladda isweydaarsiga lagu arkay kooxda FTND-hoose marka la barbar dhigo HC ama PRG midkood.

Shaxda 3 

Hawlaha dib-u-howl-galinta: dhaqdhaqaaqyada 'BOLD' ee isdhaxgalka kooxda: Sawirada la xiriira sigaar cabista iyo sawirrada dhexdhexaad ah.
Jaantuska 4 

Isdhexgalka kooxeed: Aagagga lagu muujiyey firfircoonaanta sare ee Fagerström Tijaabada Nicotine Dependence (FTND) -waxay ka duwan tahay tusaalaha liita ee kooxda 'FTND-low', khamaarlayaasha dhibaatada leh (PRG) iyo kontoroolka caafimaadka (HC) ee iskuxirka 3, −51, ...

Xeerarka u dhexeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa BOLD, rabitaanka mawduuca, BDI-II iyo CAARS

Falanqaynta falanqaynta waxay muujisay xiriir togan oo u dhexeeya rabitaanka khamaarka ka dib markii iskaanka lagu muujiyey PRG iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa BOLD ee VLPFC, bidix ka soo baxda xaggiisa dambe iyo madaxa cawda marka aad fiirineyso sawirada khamaarka iyo sawirada dhexdhexaad ah. Shaxda 2). Xiriir wanaagsan oo udhexeeya xiisaha maadada nikootiinta ka dib markii iskaanka laga qaaday HSM iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa BOLD ee VLPFC iyo bidixda amygdala inta lagu gudajirey daawashada sawirada la xiriira sigaarka iyo sawirada dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa goob joog ahaa (Shaxda 4).

Shaxda 4 

Falalka Falalka Falalka: xiriirinta udhaxeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa BOLD iyo heerarka damaca is-sheegashada ee khamaarka dhibaatada leh iyo sigaar cabayaasha culus

Ma jiro xiriir muhiim ah oo ka dhexeeya buundooyinka 'BDI-II' ama natiijooyinka 'CAARS' iyo isbeddelka qulqulka dhiigga ee heer gobol inta lagu gudajiro daawashada khamaarka ama sawirada la xiriira sigaarka iyo sawirrada dhexdhexaadnimada ah kama jirin PRG, HSM ama HC.

DHIBAATOOYINKA

Tani waa daraasaddii ugu horreysay ee baaris falgal ah oo ku saabsan falgal falcelin khamaar ku leh dhiirrigelinta daaweynta-PRG marka la barbar dhigo HSM iyo HC, iyadoo la adeegsanayo muuqaal sawir la xiriira fMRI. PRG waxay muujisay dhaqdhaqaaq maskaxeed oo sarreeya marka la barbar dhigo HC iyo HSM markii la daawanayay sawirada khamaarka (marka la barbar dhigo sawirro dhexdhexaad ah) qaybaha maskaxda ee laxiriira macluumaadka maqalka iyo xusuusta (labada dhinac occipital cortex, parahippocampal gyrus), iyo shucuur iyo dhiirigelin (amygdala gobolka, VLPFC). Gaar ahaan, kor-u-qaadista aagagga maareynta macluumaadka aragga waxay la xiriirtay beddelka gudbinta dopaminergic ee nidaamyada neural-ka ee ku tiirsan ku-tiirsanaanta walaxda: (1) shucuur / dhiirrigelin iyo xusuusta / wareegga barashada, oo ay kujirto orbitofrontal, kilkilaha korantada, amygdala iyo hippocampus; iyo (2) wareegga feejignaanta / xakameynta, oo ay ku jiraan marinka hore ee hore iyo ACC (Breiter & Rosen 1999; Goldstein & Volkow 2002; Kalivas & Volkow 2005). Firfircoonida sare ee PG ee aagagga ay ka kooban tahay maareynta macluumaadka ayaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto sarraynta sarreysa ee kicinta khamaarka, iyada oo la adeegsanayo wadooyinka qulqulka dopamine laga soo bilaabo unugyada qanjirada maskaxda, aagga mareenka iyo aagga limbic illaa nidaamkan muuqaalka. Meelaha maskaxda ee la midka ah waxaa laga helay in lagu hawlgeliyo daraasadaha fal-celinta ee fMRI ee dadka sigaarka cabba iyo dadka aalkolada ku tiirsan.George et al. 2001; Sababta et al. 2002; Myrick et al. 2004). Firfircoonida sare ee gobolka amygdala iyo paraperpocampal gyrus waxay muujineysaa in sawirada khamaarka ay ku dhaqaaqeen shucuurta / dhiirrigelinta iyo xusuusta la xiriirta xusuusta in ka badan PRG marka loo eego HSM iyo HC. Paraperpocampal gyrus wuxuu ku lug leeyahay habeynta macluumaadka muuqaalka adag, wuxuu ka helaa talooyin laga helo qulqulka Nucleus-ka iyo amygdala, waana waddo muhiim ah oo loo maro wadada loo yaqaan 'hippocampus'. Daraasadaha fal-celinta ee fal-dambiyeedka khamaarka, ku tiirsanaanta aalkolada iyo ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta ayaa sidoo kale laga soo wariyey dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee burooyinka parahippocampal (Crockford et al. 2005; Smolka et al. 2006; Park et al. 2007). Daraasaddan ayaa ah tii ugu horreysay ee muujiso ku lug lahaanshaha gobolka amygdala ee daraasadda fal-celinta ah ee PRG, iyo in la indho indheeyo in firfircoonaanta aagagga maskaxda sida kortex cortex iyo caudate nucleus ay la xiriirto damac khamaar is-sheegis ah. Natiijooyinkaasi waxay tilmaamayaan jiritaanka shucuurta ee joogtada ah ee kicinta khamaarka bukaanka hada ku jira daaweynta dhibaatooyinka khamaarka.

Dhamaan PRG waxaa lagu daaweeyay PG markay kaqeybqaadanayeen daraasada, waxayna soo sheegeen celcelis ahaan mudada dhibaatada khamaarka ee XXX sano (xog aan lasoo bandhigin). Labada daraasadood ee fal-celinta ee fMRI ee PG ayaa ku jira suugaanta (xoog et al. 2003; Crockford et al. 2005) wuxuu diiradda saaray barnaamijka bulshada ee la qoro ee PRG, mana soo sheegin amygdala, kortex cortex ama firfircoonida loo yaqaan 'nukud nucleus'. Natiijooyinka daraasaddan waxay soo jeedinayaan in falcelinta falcelinta ee PRGs raaga ee raadinta daaweynta laga yaabo inay si aad ah ugu xirnaato falcelinta maskaxda ee dhaqdhaqaaqa shucuurta iyo dhiirrigelinta marka loo eego falgalka fal-gal ee aan-joogtada ahayn ee PRG-yada aan ku jirin daaweynta.

Kala duwanaanshaha qaababka dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee sawirrada sigaar cabista ee u dhexeeya dadka sigaarka cabba ee FTND-ka ah iyo HC ama PRG waxay si joogto ah uga dhex muuqan jireen VLPFC, VMPFC iyo rostral ACC, iyagoo la jaan qaadaya daraasadihii hore ee fMRI cue reac dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka sigaarka cabba (David et al. 2005; Lee et al. 2005; McClernon et al. 2005, 2008). La'aanta saamaynta falgal-fal-celinta ee kooxda 'FTND-low HSM' marka la barbar dhigo PRG ama kooxda HC waxay u badan tahay inay la xiriirto heerka hoose ee ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta koox hoosaadkan. Waxaa la soo sheegay in dhibcaha FTND ay si wanaagsan ula shaqeeyaan reeraha maskaxda ee gobolka ee ku aadan tilmaamaha sigaar cabista (Smolka et al. 2006; McClernon et al. 2008). Sidaa daraadeed, daraasadaha mustaqbalka, xulashada koox ka mid ah dadka sigaarka cabba, oo leh dhibco ugu yar ee FTND ama baaritaanka rasmiga ah ee 'DSM-IV ND' ayaa lagu talinayaa.

Marka lagu daro natiijooyinkayaga ku saabsan firfircoonida maskaxda ee sare ee VMPFC iyo rostral ACC ee sigaar cabista-FTND-ka marka la barbar dhigo kooxaha kale, waxaan ogaanay in cabitaanka sigaarka ee HSM uu xiriir fiican la leeyahay dhaqdhaqaaqa ka socda qaybaha maskaxda ee la xiriira shucuurta iyo abaalmarinta / dhiirrigelinta dhiirrigelinta (amygdala) iyo VLPFC), aagagga hore looga xusey rabitaanka sigaar cabista (David et al. 2005; McClernon et al. 2008).

Xaddidaadda

In kasta oo aan aragnay dhaqdhaqaaq maskaxeed oo kordhay oo ka jawaabaya sawirada khamaarka ee PRG iyo aragtida sigaar cabista ee kooxda 'FTND-high HSM', aragtida sawiradaan waxay u horseedday uun isbeddel heer sare ah oo ah in qofku iskiis u liito ee PRG, halka HSM aysan wax saameyn ah ku yeelan karin falcelinta ficil ahaan. hawsha joojinta guuxa sigaarka ayaa jiray. Isbeddelka ku yimid jecleysiga mawduuca ka hor iyo ka dib howsha ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku koobnaadaan daraasaddeena sababta oo ah waqtiga cabbiraadda: warqad warqad iyo qalin jecleysiga ayaa la buuxiyay ka dib markii laga saaray scanner-ka, marka saamaynta degdegga ah ee hawshu ku yeelato damaca ayaa laga yaabaa inay hoos u dhacdo. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka, talaabooyinka damaca kumbuyuutarka ee lagu isticmaalo scanner-ka, kalabarka ama isla markiiba shaqada falcelinta falsafadeedka, ayaa sidaas darteed la doorbidayaa.

Markii la shaqaaleysiiyay kooxda HSM, waxaa cadaatay in dhibcaha FTND ay aad ugu kala duwan yihiin kooxdan. Sidaa darteed, hose ah isbarbar dhig ayaa lagu sameeyay laba koox hoosaad HSM: koox FTND-sareysa iyo koox FTND-hoose ah. Natiijooyinka kaladuwan ee kooxaha 'FTND-high' iyo kooxaha FTND-hoose waxay muujinayaan inay muhiim tahay in lagu daro cabbir darraanta ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta ee daraasadaha falcelinta ee dadka sigaarka cabba, marka lagu daro xulashada sigaar cabbayaasha iyadoo lagu saleynayo tirada sigaarka ay cabbaan. Tirada kooxda ee kooxda 'FTND' way yaryihiin (n = 10 iyo n = 8, siday u kala horreeyaan), sidaa darteedna natiijooyinka la xiriira koox hoosaadyadan waa in si taxaddar leh loo fasiro. Daraasadaha kooxaha waaweyn ee dadka sigaarka cabba ee ku kala duwan buundooyinka 'FTND' waa in la sameeyaa si dib loogu noqdo natiijooyinka horudhaca ah.

Ugu Dambeyn

Daraasadani waxay muujineysaa in daawashada sawirada khamaarka (sida ka soo horjeedda sawirrada dhexdhexaad) ay la xiriirto firfircoonida maskaxda ee weyn ee ku saabsan maareynta aragga, shucuur-kicinta iyo feejignaanta xakamaynta maskaxda ee daaweynta-raadinta PRG, marka la barbar dhigo HC iyo HSM, iyo in firfircoonaantaani ay tahay si togan ula xidhiidha qamaarka. Saameyntani waxay la jaan qaadayaan kuwa lagu arkay dadka maandooriyaha ku tiirsan (George et al. 2001; Myrick et al. 2004; Franklin et al. 2007). Daraasadda hadda jirta, waxaan aragnay kororka firfircoonaanta maskaxda ee cabista sigaarka ee dadka qaba natiijooyinka FTND ee tilmaamaya ku-tiirsanaanta nikotiyaha dhexdhexaadka ah marka loo eego HC, laakiin kama helin kala duwanaanshaha dadka dhibcaha FTND ee muujinaya ku-tiirsanaanta nikotiinta ee hooseeya. Sigaar cabista aadka u sarreysa ee HSM waxay la xiriirtay firfircoonida kordhay ee abaalmarinta iyo aagagga maskaxda ku xiran. Cilmibaarista mustaqbalku waxay u baahan tahay inay ogaato bal in saameynta muddada dheer ee khamaarka lagu muujiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee PRG ee daaweynta waxay la xiriirtaa soo noqoshada khamaarka dhibaatada.

Mahadnaq

Daraasaddan ayaa qayb ahaan lagu maalgeliyey deeq ka timid Hay'adda Netherlands ee Cilmi-baarista Caafimaadka iyo Horumarinta (#31000056) ee Ururka Netherlands ee Cilmi-baarista Sayniska (NWO) ee loo yaqaan AG, DV, JO iyo WB, iyo deeqo Baarayaasha Cusub (AG, Veni) deeq) oo ka socota Ururka Sayniska ee Nederland (NWO ZonMw, #91676084, 2007 – 10). Qiimaha sahaminta waxaa qayb ahaan maalgeliyey Amsterdam Braaging Imaging Platform. AG, MR, DV, JO iyo WB wax war ah kama soo saarin iskahorimaadka danaha. Waxaan uga mahadcelineynaa Jellinek Amsterdam kaalmada ay ka geysteen qorista khamaarlayaasha dhibaatada leh.

Qodobbada Qodobbada

AG, MR, iyo DV waxay qaadaan masuuliyada daacadnimada xogta iyo saxnaanta falanqaynta xogta. Dhamaan qoraayaasha waxay marin buuxda u heleen dhammaan xogta daraasadda. AG, MR, JO, WB, iyo DV waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen fikradda daraasadda iyo qaabeynta. MR wuxuu mas'uul ka ahaa helitaanka xogta. MR, AG, iyo DV waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen falanqaynta tirakoobka iyo tarjumidda xogta. AG wuxuu diyaariyey qoraal gacmeed. MR, JO, WB iyo DV waxay bixiyeen dib u eegis xasaasi ah oo ah qoraal gacmeed ku saabsan nuxurka aqooneed ee muhiimka ah. Dhammaan qoraayaashu waxay si aad ah u eegeen waxyaabaha la soo koobay iyo nooca ugu dambeeya ee la ansixiyay ee daabacaadda. Xog hordhac ah oo daraasaddan ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay Kulankii Maqaalka Aadamiga ee Aadam Juun 15 – 19, 2008, Melbourne, Australia.

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