Khamaarista khamaarka ayaa saadaalisay jawaab celin dariin ah oo ku saabsan natiijooyinka dhow ee maqnaanshaha (2010)

J Neurosci. 2010 May 5;30(18):6180-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5758-09.2010.

Daacad HW1, Clark L.

Macluumaadka qora

  • 1Iskuulka cilmi-nafsiga, Jaamacadda Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska.

aan la taaban karin

Khamaaristu waa waxqabadyo madadaalo ah oo caadi ah oo shaqeynaya shaqsiyaadka, oo leh DSM 'khamaarista pathological' oo loo tixgeliyo qaabka ugu daran. Inta lagu jiro khamaarka, ciyaartoydu waxay la kulmaan waxyaabo badan oo ah garashada fahamka taasoo kor u qaadeysa qiyaasta fursadaha guusha. Natiijooyinka ku dhowaad seegay waxaa loo maleynayaa in ay shidaal u rogaan. Waxaan horey u aragnaa in meelaha ku dhow dhow ay ku shaqeeyeen wareegga wareegga ah ee guulaha lacageed ee daraasad ku jirta mutadawiciimo caafimaad leh (Clark et al. 2009).

Daraasadani waxay raadineysay in ay sii dheeraato eegitaankaas ee khamaarayaasha joogtada ah waxayna la xiriiraan jawaabaha maskaxda si ay u muujiyaan darajada khamaarka khamaarka. Labaatan gamblers oo joogto ah, kuwaas oo kala duwanaa ka qaybgalka ciyaartoyda madadaalada ee loo yaqaan 'gamblers pathologists', ayaa lagu sawiray iyadoo la fulinayo hawl fudud oo mashiinka ah oo macaamiisha ah oo bixiya guulaha lacageed ee marmar ah, iyo sidoo kale soo dhawaansho la'aan iyo natiijooyin aan dhammeystirneyn oo aan guulaysan. Dhammaan koox ahaan, natiijooyinka maqan ee dhowaan la xidhiidha waxa ay la xidhiidhaan jawaab muhiim ah oo ku jirta qaybta muraayadaha, kaas oo sidoo kale lagu shaqaaleeyay guulo lacageed. Khamaarista khamaarka, oo lagu qiyaasay Koofurta Oakamkaro Khamaarista, waxay saadaalisay jawaab weyn oo ka jirta dallamarka dopaminergic ilaa natiijooyinka ku dhow. Tani waxay saameyn ku yeelaneysaa kantaroolka xannuunada bukaan-socodka ee ka jiray qamaarlayda caadiga ah. Qamaarka khamaarku ma saadaaliyo jawaab-celinta la xiriirta khadka dhexe ama meelo kale.

Natiijooyinkan waxay muujinayaan in dhacdooyinka dhow ee dhacaya inta lagu jiro ciyaaraha khamaarka si ay u qoraan wareegga maskaxda ee abaalmarinta maskaxda ee ciyaartoyda joogtada ah. Ururrada leh khamaarka khamaarka ee fiidiyowga ayaa muujinaya in natiijooyinka dhowaan la waayo ay kor u qaadi karaan isu-gudbinta dopamine ee khamaarka aan khalkhalka ahayn, kaas oo kordhiya calaamadaha neurobiinka ee u dhaxeeya khamaarka cudurada qamaarka iyo daroogada.

Keywords: Khamaarka, Cognitive, Maandooriye, Dopamine, Striatum, Dareemo

Hordhac

Khamaarisku waa nooc ka mid ah madadaalada oo noqon kara shaqeyn aan shaqeyn karin: 'khamaarista pathologic' waa DSM-IV Xakamaynta Xakameynta Darxumada (Ururka cilmi-nafsiga ee Mareykanka, 2000) leh calaamado ay ka mid yihiin ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka (Potenza, 2006). Macluumaadka isku-uruurinta ayaa muujinaya isbeddelada neurobiinka ee nidaamka abaal-marinta maskaxda ee qamaarka dhibaatada leh (Reuter et al., 2005, Tanabe iyo al., 2007, Potenza, 2008). Tusaale ahaan, daraasad fMRI ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo shaqo ujeedo leh guulo lacageed iyo khasaaro ayaa la helay in la xakameynayo waxqabadka ku-guuleysiga ee ku yaal gogoldhigga ventral iyo koontada hore ee isgaadhsiinta (PFC)Reuter et al., 2005). Isbedeladaas oo kale ayaa lagu sharraxay dadka isticmaala daroogada (Goldstein et al., 2007, Wrase et al., 2007), waxaana loo maleynayaa inay muujineyso hoos u dhac ku yimaada waxqabadka dopaminergic ee dhismayaashaas. Ka qayb qaadashada cudurka 'Dopaminergic' ee khamaarka waxaa taageera warbixino ku saabsan dhibaatada khamaarka iyada oo daawo ahaan ay saameyn ku yeelanayso bukaanada qaba cudurka Parkinson (Dodd et al., 2005, Steeves et al., 2009).

Baaritaanka neuroimaging ee dhibaatada khamaarka ilaa taariikhda ayaa dayacday garashada adag ee khamaaristu marar badan la kulmaan (Ladouceur iyo Walker, 1996). Fursadaha ciyaarta sida roulette ama bakhtiyaa-nasiibka, khamaaristu waxay badanaa dareemaan kaqaybgalka heerarka farsamooyinka xirfadeed ("illusion of control") (Langer, 1975). Dhibaatooyinka garashada ee maqalku waxay ku badan yihiin kuwa khamaarayaasha ah (Miller iyo Currie, 2008) waxayna si toos ah u xoojiyaan sifooyinka qaarkood ee ciyaaraha khamaarka (Griffiths, 1993), oo ay ka mid yihiin joogitaanka dhawaansho la'aan: natiijooyinka aan guuleysaneyn ee u dhow jackpot. Dhibaatooyinka dhow waxay awoodaan inay dhiirrigeliyaan khamaarka sii socdo inkastoo ay ujeedadoodu tahay mid aan guulaysan (lumay) (Kassinove iyo Schare, 2001, Cote et al., 2003). Nidaamka maskaxda ah ee lagu daboolayo saamaynta dhow ee ka maqnaata ayaa leh isugeyn dheellitiran fahamka barashada xoojinta: cayaaraha xirfad (sida kubadda cagta), isdhaafsashada (tusaale, garaacidda boostada) waxay bixisaa calaamad sax ah oo ku saabsan helitaanka xirfad iyo abaalmarin dhow, Nidaamka xoojinta barbaarinta ayaa faa'iido u leh in lagu qiimeeyo natiijooyinka natiijooyinkan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, ciyaaraha fursadaha, ku-dhawaanshahoodu ma muujinayaan guusha mustaqbalka, awooddooda waxay soo jeedineysaa in ciyaaraha khamaarka ay xakameyn karaan hababka maskaxda ee dabiiciga ah ee xaaladaha xirfadeed (Clark, 2010).

Isticmaalidda hawsha mashiinka ah ee iskaa wax u qabso ku shaqeeya ee mutadawiciin caafimaad leh, waxaynu ogaannay in dhawaqyada dhowaan lala xiriiriyay hawlo firfircoon gobollada maskaxda (ventral striatum, insula anterior) oo ka jawaab celiyay guulaha lacagta (Clark et al., 2009). Daraasadani waxay ujeeddadeedu tahay in lagu kordhiyo indho-indhayntan koox ka mid ah qamaarayaasha caadiga ah. Ugu horreyntii, waxaannu ku talo jirnaa in aan xaqiijinno helitaankeenna in natiijooyinka dhow ee maqan ay qori doonaan qaybaha nidaamka abaal-marinta maskaxda ee khamaarayaasha caadiga ah. Marka labaad, waxaanu dooneynay inaanu aqoonsano meelaha ku yaal nidaamkaan oo dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda inta lagu jiro khamaarka uu la xiriiray khamaarka khamaarka. Inkasta oo daraasadihii hore ee FMRI ay sahamiyeen khamaarka dhibaatada iyadoo la adeegsanayo naqshadaha kiisaska xakamaynta, waxaa sii kordhaya in la ogaaday in khamaarka qallafsan uu yahay qaab dabiiciga ah: Khamaarayaasha aan buuxin shuruudaha DSM waxay si joogto ah u qeexaan waxyeelooyinka khamaarka ee khamaarka (sida deynta, khilaafka dadka dhexdooda), iyo kuwan Waxyeellada waxay si joogto ah u kordhisaa ka-qaybgalka khamaarka (tusaale, xad-dhaafka kharashka ama kharashka) (Currie et al., 2006). Si aan u muujinno sii wadashada khamaarka aan khasaare ahayn, waxaan isticmaalnay qalabka is-qabsashada ee qumman ee loo yaqaan 'voxel regression' si loo ogaado meelaha maskaxda ah ee halkaa lagu guuleysto- iyo hawlaha dhawaanta la xidhiidha waxaa lagu saadaaliyay isbedel shakhsi ahaaneed ee khamaarka khamaarka.

Dariiqooyinka

Ka qaybgalayaashu

Khamaarayaasha joogtada ah (n = 24, 3 dumar ah) ayaa lagu shaqaaleeyay xayeysiinta. Afar maaddo ayaa laga reebay falanqaynta sababo la xiriira dhaqdhaqaaq xad dhaaf ah inta lagu gudajiray iskaanka, iyadoo laga tagay koox la soo sheegay oo dhan 20 (2 dumar ah). Mawduucyada ayaa kaqeyb galay kulan fMRI ah oo lagu baarayay Xarunta Sawirka Sawirka ee Wolfson Brain, Cambridge, UK. Hab-maamuuska waxaa ansixiyay Guddiga Anshaxa Cilmi-baarista ee Norfolk & Norwich (COREC 06 / Q0101 / 69) dhammaan mutadawiciintuna waxay bixiyeen oggolaansho qoraal ah oo la ogeysiiyey. Tabaruceyaasha waxaa loo soo celiyey £ 40 kaqeybgalka, waxayna fursad uheleen inay ku guuleystaan ​​lacag dheeri ah hawsha (maadooyinka aan laga warqabin, tani waxay ahayd qaddar go'an oo ah £ 15).

Habdhaqanka khamaarka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay isticmaalka SOGS (Lesieur iyo Blume, 1987), 16-item qiyaasta is-sheegida isha lagu qiimeeyo astaamaha muhiimka ah iyo cawaaqibyada xun ee khamaarka (tusaale, lumitaanka, lacag karinta, been sheegidda khamaarka, khilaafka qoyska). Ka hor inta aan la helin baaritaanka, maadooyinka ayaa ka qaybgalay fadhiga baaritaanka oo ku lug leh wareysi maskaxeed oo habeysan oo lala yeeshay dhakhtar cilmi nafsi ah (Wareysi Qaabilan ee Caafimaadka ee DSM-IV Ijimadka Iisidaha; SCID) (Marka hore, alwaaxa, 1996). Iyadoo la tixgelinayo isku-buuqa sare ee u dhexeeya khamaarka dhibaatada iyo dhibaatooyinka kale ee caafimaadka maskaxda (Kessler et al., 2008), waxaannu doorannay inaan u dulqaadanno cudurrada nafsiga ah ee cudurrada dhimirka si aan uga dheeraanno xulashada shaybaar aan shaki lahayn. Cudurka dhimirku waa sida soo socota: Dysthymia iyo / ama Xanuunka Niyadeed ee la xiriira Daroogada (n = 5), Nolosha weyn ee niyadjabka ah (n = 4), cudurka dhimirka ee haatan jira (n = 1), walwalka ama xanuunka argagaxa (n = 2 ), ku-tiirsanaanta daawada nolosha (n = 3), khamriga / daroogada daroogada hadda (n = 8), ku-tiirsanaanta khamriga hadda (n = 1). Saddex maaddo ayaa hadda hela daawada nafsaaniga ah (dawada antidepressant n = 2, benzodiazepine n = 1). Waxaa intaa dheer, kaadida (SureStep ™, Bedford, UK) maalinta sawirka taranka fMRI ayaa lagu ogaaday baadhitaano wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay cannabis (THC) ka qaybgalayaasha 4. Tallaabooyinka xog-ogeysiis ah ee is-diiwaangelinta ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu caddeeyo calaamadaha dhimirka ee hadda jira: Beck Depression Inventory (version 2) (Beck et al., 1996), Beck Walaaca Daawada (BAI) (Beck et al., 1988), Adult ADHD Is-Beddelka Is-Qorshaynta (Kessler et al., 2005), Padua Inventory ee calaamadaha OCD (Burns et al., 1996), iyo Su'aalaha Isticmaalka Aalkolada (AUQ) (Townshend iyo Duka, 2002).

Nidaamka

Intii lagu guda jiray baarista FMRI, maadooyinka waxay dhameeyeen 3 qaybaha 60 ee kudhaqaaqa Hawlaha Mashiinka Xirmada (Clark et al., 2009), oo soconaya qiyaasta 45. Mawduucyada waxaa lagu dhaqmaa hawsha (10 tijaabooyinka leh 2 khudbada qiyaasta) ka hor intaanan galin tarjubaanka, iyo inta lagu jiro baaritaanka, jawaabaha ayaa la diiwaangeliyey iyada oo la adeegsanayo sanduuqa sanduuqa. Dhismaha tijaabada iyo shaashadda bandhigga ayaa lagu soo bandhigaa Jaantuska 1. Maxkamad walba, laba cajaladood ayaa lagu soo bandhigayaa shaashadda, iyada oo loo yaqaan 'payline' oo loo yaqaan 'payline' oo loo yaqaan 'centralline'. Lix sir ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigaa xaraf kasta oo isku mid ah oo isku mid ah. Lixda tiirar ayaa laga soo xulay hababka 16 bilawga hawsha baaritaanka, si loo kordhiyo dareenka ka qaybgalka.

Jaantuska 1 

Naqshadda Hawlaha. Qalabka mashiinka mashiinka wuxuu soo bandhigayaa laba rikoodh, oo leh lixda ciyaarood ee isku midka ah ee lagu soo bandhigo hindise kasta, iyo 'mushahar siman' oo ku wareegsan bartamaha shaashadda. Dhibaatooyinka ku saleysan asalka muraayadaha cad (sida soo bandhigay), tabaruce ...

Maxkamad waliba waxay socotay sida soo socota: inta lagu jiro marxaladda xulashada, mid ka mid ah lixda tiirar ayaa loo doortay dhinaca bidixda (marxaladda xulashada; 5s wakhti go'an). Kadib xulashada, qodobka saxda ah ayaa loo duubay 2.8-6s (wajiga rajada), waxayna hoos u dhacdey xannibaad, bilowgii marxaladda natiijada (4s ayaa go'an). Dhammaadka tijaabada kasta, waxaa jirey isku-dhex-dhex-dhex-dhexaad ah oo isbedbeddel ah (2-7s). Mashruuca ka qaybgalka isku shaandhaynta Howlaha UNHCR-ka waxaa ka mid ah: Dhammaan natiijooyinka kale waxba kuma guulaysan. Mucjisooyinka halkaasoo midigtu istaagay hal meel oo ka sarreeya ama ka hooseeya kharashka ayaa loo qoondeeyey 'ku dhowaad waayeel'. Tijaabooyin aan ku guuleysan halkaasoo go'aanka la joojiyay mid ka mid ah saddexda boos ee soo hartay (tusaale ahaan in ka badan hal boos oo lacag bixinta) ayaa loo qoondeeyey 'buux-buuxa'. Inta lagu jiro marxaladda xulashada, tijaabooyinka asalka ah ee sawirka cad, ka qaybgale wuxuu doortay icon icon iyadoo la adeegsanayo labo badhitaan si uu ugu socdo qaababka, iyo badhanka saddexaad si loo xaqiijiyo xulasho (tijaabooyinka la doorto) gudaha daaqada 5s. Imtixaannada asalka ah ee muraayadda madow, kombuyuutarku wuxuu doortay icon icon, mawduucana waxaa looga baahan yahay inuu xaqiijiyo xulashada adigoo riixaya badhanka sadexaad ee ku yaal xayeysiiska 5s (tijaabooyinka kombiyuutarada la doortay). Ka-qaybqaataha la doorto (n = 90) iyo tijaabooyinka kombiyuutarada la doortay (n = 90) ayaa lagu soo bandhigay amar diidmo ah oo rasmi ah. Haddii xulasho / xaqiijin aan lagu dhammeynin daaqada 5s, fariin ah "Fariin Too!" Waa la soo bandhigay, kadibna waxaa la socda dhexgalka inter-trialka. Natiijooyinka waxaa loo adeegsadey si loo hubiyo tiro guul ah oo guul ah (1 / 6, wadarta 30 = £ 15), xitaa khibradaha (2 / 6, wadarta 60) iyo cillad buuxda (3 / 6, wadarta 90).

Tijaabooyin 1/3 ah, qiimeyn shaqsiyadeed ayaa laga helay laba dhibcood intii lagu jiray tijaabada, iyadoo la adeegsanayo shaashad shaashad muuqaal ah oo 21-dhibcood ah. Xulashada ka dib, maaddooyinka lagu qiimeeyay "Sideed u qiimeysaa fursadahaaga guuleysiga?" iyo kadib natiijada, maadooyinka lagu qiimeeyay "Immisa ayaad dooneysaa inaad ciyaarta sii wadato?". Looma xadidin waqti cayiman qiimeynta shaqsiga ah. Xogta ka soo baxda qiimeynta shakhsiga ah waxaa loo beddelay dhibco z lagu jaangooyay, iyada oo ku saleysan qof walba celceliskiisa iyo weecnaanta heerka ee qiimeyntaas, si loogu xisaabtamo kala duwanaanta ku xirnaanta maadooyinka. Qiimeynta mowduuca waxaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo labo tijaabo oo tijaabo ah ('fursadaha guuleysiga') iyo falanqaynta cabbiraadaha soo noqnoqda ee kala duwanaanta ('sii wad ciyaarta') natiijada (3 heerar: guuleysi, dhow-seeg, maqnaansho buuxda) iyo xakameyn ( 2 heer: ka-qaybgale-la xushay, kumbuyuutar la xushay) arrimo ahaan.

Nidaamka Imtixaanka

Tijaabinta waxaa lagu sameeyay mareegta Siemens TimTrio 3 Tesla Tesla iyadoo la adeegsanayo wareegga xinjirta 32, oo leh wakhti ku-celcelis ah 2s, xagal wareega 30 °, qiyaasta qiyaasta xNUMX × 78 3.1mm, cabirka qiyaasta 3.1 3.0, 64mm × 64mm, xawaaraha xaddiga 201Hz / Px). Saddex wadiiqadood oo tijaabo ah 201 ayaa la dhameeyay (2232 ku celcelin), iyada oo baaritaannada 60 lagu tirtiro bilawga kiniin kasta si ay u saamaxdo saamaynta isbeddelka. Qodobka sare ee magnetization-diyaarinta oo si degdeg ah u diyaargaroobaya nidaamka xajmiga-codka ah (MP-RAGE) qaab dhismeedka qaabka ayaa la heley ka dib markii farsamadu u socoto isticmaalka habka caadiga ah.

Xogta FMRI waxaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo SPM5 (Mapping Statistics Parametric, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). Hordhaca hore wuxuu ka koobnaa sixitaanka waqtiga gogo ', dib u habeynta mawduuca, isu dheelitirnaanta goobaha, iyo isku hagaajinta goobaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo 10mm Gaussian kernel. Mawduucyada 'dhaqdhaqaaqa mawduucyada waxaa lagu baaray dhaqdhaqaaq xad-dhaaf ah (oo lagu qeexay> 5mm gudaha socod), taasoo keentay ka-reebitaanka 4 kaqeybgalayaasha (1 haween ah) dhammaan falanqaynta. Waqtiga taxanaha ayaa ahaa marin sare oo la sifeeyay (128s). Mugayaasha ayaa caadi looga dhigay qaab-dhismeedka Caalamiga ah ee Khariidaynta Maskaxda (ICBM) oo qiyaastii ku dhow Talairach & Tournoux (1988) bannaan, adigoo isticmaalaya qariirad lagu xisaabinayo habka caadiga ah MP-RAGE qaab dhismeedka qaab-dhismeedka maaddo kasta iyada oo loo marayo ICBM gray iyo mawduucyada caddadka cad.

Qalabka jawaab celinta 'hemodynamic' (HRF) ayaa loo qaabeeyey natiijooyinka marxaladda xulashada, marxaladda la filayo iyo wajiga natiijada ee tijaabo kasta, si loo yareeyo kala duwanaansho aan la garaneyn oo ku jira qaabka naqshadda. Si loo falanqeeyo jawaabaha maskaxda ee natiijooyinka, munaasabadaha waxaa lagu sifeeyay noocyada tijaabada ah ee 8, oo ka kooban 2 (xulasho: xulasho-xulasho, kombiyuutar loo xushay) 4 (guushii, ku-dhowaad ka maqnayd ka hor intaan la bixin, naqshadeynta farsamooyinka). Xuduudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa ka soo wareegitaanka ayaa lagu daray jaantuska naqshadaynta iyada oo loo eegayo dano xiiso leh. HRF ayaa loo isticmaalay qaab ahaan qaab muuqaal ah oo qumman, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa qiyaastii qiyaasta ee loo yaqaan 'voxel', nooc kasta oo dhacdo ah, oo muujinaysa awoodda khilaafka u dhexeeya xogta iyo HRF. Sawirada ka soo horjeeda ayaa lagu xisaabiyey qiyaasaha xajmiga ee noocyada kala duwan ee maxkamadaynta, iyo sawirrada shakhsiyadeed ee ka soo horjeeda ayaa la qaaday ka dib markii loo fiiriyo falanqaynta koox-kooxeed ee saameynta labaad.

Afar isbarbardhig ayaa loo qoondeeyay si loo qiimeeyo jawaabaha maskaxda ee la xiriira natiijada guud ee khamaarlayda caadiga ah: 1) Dhamaan guulaha lacageed (tusaale ahaan labadaba ka qaybgalayaasha iyo tijaabooyinka kombiyuutarada ee la doortay) laga reebo dhammaan natiijooyinka aan guulaysan. 2) Dhibaatooyinka dhow (labadaba labada ardayba iyo tijaabooyinka kombuyutarada la doorto) ayaa laga helaa natiijooyinka kaamil la'aanta (labada kaqeybgalayaasha iyo tijaabooyinka kombiyuutarada la doortay). 3) Ku dhowaad seegista xakamaynta shakhsi ahaaneed: goobaha kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin qulqulatooyinka dhow ee marka la barbar dhigo ficillada buuxda ee shaqaynta kaqeybgalayaasha iyo kumbuyuutarka (ie, 1, -1, -1, 1). 4) Ka faa'iideysiga hawsha tijaabada ka qaybqaadashada ee ka-qaybgalayaashu waxay ku guuleysteen waxqabadyada kumbuyuutarrada la doortay. Si loo raadiyo saameyntahani sida shaqeynta khatarta khamaarka, isbedelka qotodheer la'aanta ah ayaa la ordi doonaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhibcaha SOGS oo ah isbeddel saadal ah. Ayadoo la tixraacayo qiimeyntayada hore ee ku saabsan doorka maskaxda ee wareegga dhabta ah ee khalkhalka khamaarka iyo khamaarka dhibaatada, waxaan hirgelinnay guushii guuleysiga (dhammaan guulaha lacageed ee laga reebo dhammaan guulaha aan guuleysaneyn,FWE<.05 la saxay) daraasaddeenii hore (Clark et al., 2009) sida maaskaro ee ka soo horjeeda kuwan, iyo sidoo kale falanqaynta regression, adoo isticmaalaya qalabka PickAtlas (Maldjian iyo al., 2003). Falanqeyntan gobolka ee xiisaha leh ayaa lagu soo koobay p <.05 oo lagu saxay isbarbardhigyo badan iyadoo la adeegsanayo aragtida aagagga aan caadiga ahayn (Worsley et al., 1996), Tusaale ahaan, Feel Fiirsan Qoyska (FWE) ayaa la saxay, iyada oo xuddun kooxeed ee 10 voxels si loo yareeyo heerka waxyeellada been abuurka ah (Forman et al., 1995). Iskuduwaha kooxdan ayaa lagu soo doortay sababtoo ah gobolka ugu yar ee danaha hore (dhererka maskaxda / ventral tegmental) wuxuu leeyahay qiyaastii qiyaasta 20-25 voxels (Duzel iyo al., 2009). Isbeddelka isbeddelka waxaa laga soo saaray kaabayaasha firfircoon ee isticmaalaya qalabka MARSBAR (Brett et al., 2002) ujeeddooyinka qorsheynta xogta. Falanqaynta maskaxda oo dhan ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo bandhigaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo xadka sahaminta ee p <.001 aan la saxin.

Natiijooyinka

Kala duwanaanshaha Khamaarka Qodobka

Khamaarayaasha caadiga ah badankoodu waxay ahaayeen rag (n = 18) oo leh da'da da'da ah ee 33.7 (Sd 1.8), macneheedu waa sannado waxbarasho 14.5 (Sd 0.5) oo micnaheedu yahay NCR-ka buuxa IQ ee 111.5 (Sd 7.3). Nooca ugu caansan ee khamaarka ee kooxdu waxay ahayd ciyaaraha isboortiska oo ka baxsan (faras-farabadan ama kubadda cagta), laakiin makiinadaha gawaarida, kaararka iyo lootarada ayaa sidoo kale caadi ahaa (arag Jaantuska dhammeystiran 1). Dhammaan mooyee hal maaddo oo keliya ayaa xilligan ahaa khamaarayaal firfircoon, oo ugu yaraan usbuucii ku ciyaaraya qaab ay doorteen ee khamaarka; kaqeybgaleha aan khamaarka siijoojin wuxuu ka aamusnaa hal sano. Saddex iyo toban ka mid ah kooxdu waxay la kulmeen soohdinta 'SOGS' ee> = 5 ee Khamaarka Cudurrada Maskaxda ah (guud ahaan inta udhaxeysa 0-20, macnaheedu waa 7.25, dhexdhexaad 6.5) (eeg Jaantuska dhammeystiran 1). Kharashka ugu sarreeya hal maalin ayaa ka duwan £ £ 10- £ 100 (n = 5), £ 100- £ 1000 (n = 8), £ 1000- £ 10,000 (n = 5), in ka badan £ 10,000 (n = 2 ). Macluumaadka sharaxaadda ee tallaabooyinka xog-waraysiga ee astaamaha calaamadaha ayaa lagu soo sheegay Jaantuska dhammeystiran 2.

Qiimaynta Maadada ah inta lagu guda jiro Hawlaha Qalabka Mashiinka

Qiimeynta xulashada kadib "Sidee ayaad u qiimeyneysaa fursadahaaga guuleysiga?" aad ayey uga sarreeyeen tijaabooyinka ka-qaybgalayaasha la doortay marka la barbar dhigo tijaabooyinka kombiyuutarka la xushay (t (19) = 5.2, p <0.001). Saameyntan xakamaynta shakhsi ahaaneed waxaa loo yareeyay shaqo ahaan darnaanta khamaarka sida lagu qiyaaso SOGS (r20= -0.53, p = 0.016). Qiimeynta natiijada ka dib "Immisa ayaad dooneysaa inaad sii wadato ciyaarta?" ayaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo labada dhinac ee ANOVA si loo muujiyo saameynta ugu weyn ee jawaab celinta (F (2,38) = 40.179, p <0.001), wax saameyn ah kuma lahan wakaaladda (F (1,19) <1), iyo hay'ad ka jawaab celinta isdhexgalka (F (2,38) = 3.604, p = 0.037) (eeg Jaantuska dhammeystiran 3). Guuleystayaasha la xushay ayaa lagu qiimeeyay si ka heer sareysa kumbuyuutarrada la xushay (t (19) = 2.199, p = 0.040), laakiin xakamaynta shaqsi ahaaneed saameyn kuma yeelan qiimeynta u dhow-seegga (t (19) = - 1.272, p = 0.217 ) ama buuxa-seeg (t (19) = - 0.998, p = 0.331) natiijooyinka. Qiimeynta 'Sii wad ciyaar' ayaa ka sareysay ka dib guushoodii marka la barbar dhigo nooc kasta oo aan guul ahayn, iyadoon loo eegin xakamaynta shakhsi ahaaneed (t (19)> 3.889, p <0.002 dhammaan kiisaska), halka u dhawaanshaha iyo khaladaadka buuxa aysan ku kala duwaneyn ka qaybgalaha - tijaabooyin la xushay (t (19) = 1.104, p = 0.283) ama tijaabooyin kombiyuutar la xushay (t (19) <1). Sidaa darteed, ma jirin saameyn la ogaan karo oo ku saabsan natiijooyinka u dhow-seegga ee qiimeynta is-sheegashada ee khamaarayaasha caadiga ah.

FMRI waxay ka jawaabtaa natiijooyinka khamaarka

Gobollada maskaxda oo xasaasiyad ku leh guulaha aan la saadaalin karin ee lagu qiimeeyo waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay ka soo horjeedaan dhammaan natiijooyinka guusha ee ka soo baxay dhammaan natiijooyinka aan guuleysan, gudahood madax-bannaanida ROI ee lagu qeexay guusha guusha ee daraasadihii hore (Clark et al., 2009). Isbeddel weyn oo isbeddel ah ayaa lagu arkay meelo badan oo la xidhiidha abaalmarinta iyo xoojinta barashada: farsamoyinka saxda ah ee saxda ah (jilicsanaanta): x, y, z = 20, 10, -6, Z = 3.66, VOOLO 133, pFWE= .029) iyo Thalaus (x, y, z = 2, -6, 2; Z = 4.71, VOOLS 14, pFWE= .001), oo leh ilo-hoosaadka hoose ee striatum bidix (x, y, z = -16, 2, -6, Z = 3.39, pFWE= .065), lakabka danbe ee insula (x, y, z = 28, 20, -6, Z = 3.46, pFWE= .054; x, y, z = 36, 16, -8, Z = 3.36, pFWE= .070; x, y, z = -36, 18, -6, Z = 3.47, pFWE= .052), iyo fareemo dherer ah oo udhexeeya aaladda nigra / ventral (SN / VTA) (x, y, z = -8, -20, -14, Z = 3.36, pFWE= .071) (muuqaal ahaan Jaantus 2A, oo laga gaabiyo p <.001 ujeedooyin bandhig). Kala duwanaansho madaxbannaan ayaa lagu qiimeeyay jawaabaha maskaxda ee natiijooyinka u dhow-seegay, marka la barbar dhigo seegis buuxda. Waxaa jiray isbeddel weyn oo signaal ah oo ku yimid marinka saxda ah ee 'ventral striatum' (putamen) (x, y, z = 18, 6, −2, Z = 3.67, 52 voxels, pFWE= .032) iyo kan bidixda ee Parahippocampal gyrus (BA 28) oo xuduud la leh xarriiqda (x, y, z = -16, -2, -10, Z = 4.32, 27 voxels, pFWE= .003) (eeg Jaantus 2B). Kala duwanaanta kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ku guuleystaan ​​guulaha ay doorteen kombuyuutarrada, iyo isdhexgalka isweydaarsiga dhaqdhaqaaqa dhow ee shaqada oo shaqeynaya koontaroolka shakhsi ahaaneed, ma bixin wax dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo dhexdhexaadin ah oo ku jira maaskarada ROI.

Jaantuska 2 

A) Hawlgal laxiriira guuleysiga (guuleysto> natiijooyinka aan guuleysan) ee khamaarayaasha caadiga ah, iyadoo la adeegsanayo aag xiisaha xiisaha leh ee waxqabadka guusha ee tijaabada madaxbanaan (Clark et al. 2009). Waxqabadka waxaa lagu soo bandhigaa p <0.001 aan la sifeynin, k = 10, si loo muujiyo ...

Saameynta Khamaarka Qodobada FMRI waxay ka jawaabaan Natiijooyinka Khamaarista

Khamaarista khamaarka (SOGS) ayaa loo soo gaabiyaa sidii hal shakhsiyadeed oo keli ah oo ka soo horjeeda guulaha lacageed oo laga yareeyo dhammaan guulaha aan la gaarin, iyadoo la isticmaalayo maaskaro ROI-ga ah. Ma jirin faahfaahin muhiim ah oo ah heerka SOGS ee saadaaliyay ama midba kordhiyay ama yareynaya waxqabadka ku-guuleysiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, falanqeyn is-beddel ah oo loogu talagalay is-beddelka ku-meel-gaadhka ah ee khadka tooska ah ayaa tilmaamaya in SOGS khamaaristu ay si wanaagsan ula xiriirto maskaxda si ay uga jawaabto natiijooyinka dhow ee maqan ee mugdiga (48 voxels: x, y, z = -6, -18 , -16, Z = 4.99, pFWE<.001; x, y, z = 10, -18, −12, Z = 3.90, pFWE= .014) (eeg Jaantuska 3). Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan sidoo kale aragney darnaanta khamaarka si xun u la xiriirta jawaabta maskaxda ee natiijooyinka ku dhow ee maqnaanshaha ee caleenta bidix (x, y, z = -12, 8, 6, Z = 3.91, Voxels, XFWE= .013) Kooxdani waxay jiifsatay cirifka ugu dambeeya ee ROI, oo is dul saaran kaabsoolka gudaha, mana ogaan karno guusha- (isbarbardhiga 1) ama wax u dhow-seeg- (isbarbardhiga 2) waxqabadyada la xiriira diirad-dejintan xog-ururinta hadda, xitaa xorriyadda marinka (p <.005 aan la sixi karin) Intaa waxaa sii dheer, calaamadda laga soosaaray ventral striatum iyo kutlada dhexe ee maskaxda si wanaagsan isku xirka labadaba (r20= 0.72, p <.001) iyo natiijooyinka u dhow-seegga (r20= 0.43, p = .06), sida lagu arkay daraasado hore (D'Ardenne et al., 2008, Schott et al., 2008, Kahnt et al., 2009). Sidaa daraadeed, inkasta oo tani cakiran tani ay gaartay heerkeenna muhimka ah, waxaan ka taxaddareynaa in aan door weyn ka ciyaarno doorka gobolka ee khamaarka ku dhow ee khamaarka.

Jaantuska 3 

A) Saamaynta darnaanta khamaarka (Shaashadda Khamaarka ee South Oaks; SOGS) oo ku saabsan firfircoonida la xiriirta dhow-seegidda, ee gudaha maaskaro xiisaha leh (oo lagu soo bandhigay p <0.001 aan la saxin, k = 10). B) Calaamadda la soo saaray ee u dhow-seegga ka jarka farqiga buuxa ee maqnaanshaha ee ...

Jilibka jilicsan ee jilicsan (10mm) oo lagu hirgeliyey falanqayntayada aasaasiga ah wuxuu xaddiday awooddeena aan ku xallin karno firfircoonaanta maskaxda dhexdeeda. Waxaan dib-u-qaabeynay xogta fMRI anaga oo isticmaaleyna 4mm yar yar oo jilcinaya kernel. Falanqaynta maskaxda oo dhan iyadoo la adeegsanayo xadka sahaminta (p <.001 aan la saxin), labo firfircoon oo maskaxda ka tirsan (x = -8, y = -18, z = -18, Z = 3.37, p <0.001; x = 12 , y = -16, z = -12, Z = 3.28, p = 0.001) waxay muujisay saameynta darnaanta khamaarka ee SOGS ee firfircoonida la xiriirta dhow-seegidda (oo lagu muujiyay Jaantus 4A marinka p <.005 aan la sixi karin). Hawlgalladani waxay la jaan qaadayaan isku xidhka SN / VTA signal (Duzel iyo al., 2009).

Jaantuska 4 

J) Xiriirka ka dhexeeya darnaanta khamaarka (Dhibcaha SOGS) iyo firfircoonida la xiriirta dhow (maqnaanshaha buuxa ee maqnaanshaha) bartamaha maskaxda (z = -18 iyo z = -12), iyadoo la adeegsanayo yar yar (4mm) jilicinta jilicsan. Waxqabadka lagu soo koobay p <0.005 aan la sixin ...

Khamaarayaasha joogtada ah waxay soo bandhigeen tiro ka mid ah cudurada la is-weydaarsado ee si dhexdhexaad ah ugu dhexjiray darnaanta khamaaristooda. Si loo baaro in xiriirka maskaxda dhexe uu si gaar ah ula xiriiro darnaanta khamaarka halkii laga heli lahaa cudurradaas la midka ah, waxaan ku darnay tallaabooyin isdaba joog ah oo niyad jab ah (BDI), walaac (BAI), astaamaha ADHD (ASRS), is beddel la'aan (BIS), astaamaha OCD (Padua scale) . Xaalad kasta, firfircoonaanta maskaxda ee maskaxda (peak voxel: x = −6, y = -18, z = -16) ee ururka SOGS waxaa lagu ogaan karaa tirakoobka Z ee u dhexeeya 2.20-2.56 (p = .014 to p = .005 aan la sixi) Taa bedelkeeda, xiriirka xun ee u dhexeeya SOGS iyo waxqabadka u dhow ee seegay ee caudate-ka ma uusan badbaadin xakamaynta calaamadaha niyadjabka (BDI) iyo OCD (Padua scale), ee marinka xorta ah ee p <0.05 aan la saxin.

Xogtaasi waxay muujineysaa in qaabeynta qoondejinta, jawaabo dhaadheer oo xoogan ee natiijooyinka dhowaan la maqan yahay ay la xiriiraan khamaar khafiif ah. Daraasado hore oo kantaroolka kambiyuutarada qanjirada ayaa tilmaamaya guud ahaan qaboojinta waxqabadka abaalmarintaReuter et al., 2005). Si aan u baarno kala-duwanaanshahan muuqaalka ah, waxaan qabanay baaritaan kooxo kala duwan oo isbarbardhigaya jawaab-celinta guud ee maskaxda si loo helo abaal-marin (ku guuleysato natiijooyinka aan guulaysiga ahayn) ee khamaarayaasha caadiga ah ee ka dhanka ah kuwa mutadawiciin ah oo aan ka mid ahayn daraasadihii hore (Clark et al., 2009). Tan waxaa loo sameeyay sida falanqaynta maskaxda oo dhan iyadoo la adeegsanayo xadka muhiimadda sahaminta (p <.001 aan la sifeyn). Iyadoo la raacayo Reuter et al, khamaarayaasha joogtada ah waxay soo bandhigeen jawaab celin daciif ah oo ku saabsan guulaha lacageed ee dhowr gobol oo abaal-marin xasaasi ah leh oo ay ku jiraan 'striatum' iyo 'rostral anter cortex cortex Jaantus 4B iyo Jaantuska dhammeystiran 5), ka dib markii loo fiirsado kala duwanaanta kooxeed ee da'da. Ma jirin kala duwanaansho kooxeed oo ku lug leh jawaab-celinta dhow. Nooca isku-dhafan ee ANOVA ee macluumaadka dhibcaha shakhsiyadeed ee khamaarayaasha caadiga ah iyo kuwa aan khamaarka ahayn ee caafimaad qaba ayaa muujiyay kala duwanaansho kooxeed, inkastoo si khaas ah, kooxda dhexdhexaadka ah (n = 34) waxaa jiray saameyn aan caadi aheyn ee kaqeybgalayaasha kudhow natiijooyinka si loo kordhiyo qiimeynta 'sii wadista' (t (33) = 1.87, p = .07) oo qiyamka kaqaybgalayaasha buuxa (eeg Qalabka Dheeraadka ah iyo Jadwalka Taariikhda 6).

Dood

Daraasaddan ayaa baadhay jawaabaha maskaxda intii lagu jiray hawlgal mashiinka kombiyuutarka ah ee koox ka mid ah qamaarayaasha caadiga ah kuwaas oo kala duwanaa kaqeybgalka ka soo jimicsiga cayaaraha madadaalada, dadka soogalootiga ah ilaa qamaarayaasha qulqulaya ee dhexdhexaadka ah. Guulaha aan la saadaalin Karin ee hawshu waxay shaqaaleysiisay shabakad gobolo abaal-marin leh oo ay ka mid tahay qormo-ka-baarka. Hawlgalkeennu wuxuu sii ballaadhiyay isbarbardhigga toosan dhow-maqan guulo la'aan buuxsamay guul darrooyin, iyo isbeddelkani waxa uu muujiyay jawaabta ku dhowaad ee ka maqan gobollada mudnaanta leh sidoo kale waxay u jawaabaan guulaha, inkastoo ujeedada aan guulaysan ee natiijooyinkan. Falanqaynta Tilmaame-bixiyeyaasha joogtada ah waxay kordhinayaan natiijooyinkii dhowaa ee mutadawiciinimo caafimaad leh oo ka-qaybqaadashada khafiifinta khafiifka ah (Clark et al., 2009), oo muujinaya qorista abaalmarinta abaalmarinta maskaxda oo ay soo saartay natiijooyinka dhow. Ujeedada gaarka ah ee daraasaddan soo socota waxay ahayd in lagu daro jawaabaha FMRI ee kala duwanaanshaha shakhsi ahaanshaha ee khamaarka khamaarka, si loo eego muhiimadda ka jawaabcelinta suugaantii soo baxday ee ku saabsan curyaaminta dhibaatada khamaarka (Reuter et al., 2005, Potenza, 2008). Dhibcaha ku saabsan khadkeena khamaarka khamaarka (SOGS) wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 0 ilaa 19 (arag Jaantuska dhammeystiran 1), iyadoo la eegayo dhibicda 5 oo muujinaysa khamaarista pathological ee dhici karta. Tani waxay xoojineysaa dabeecadda joogtada ah ee khatarta khamaarka ee dadka aan qalliinka ahayn (Currie et al., 2006), waxayna muujineysaa in habka farsamadu ku salaysan tahay falanqayntu ay ku habboon tahay sahaminta calaamadaha astaamaha ee khamaarka khalkhalka. Inkastoo dhibicda SOGS aysan la xiriirin jawaabta maskaxda ee guulaha lacageed, darajada khamaarka waxaa la saadaaliyay jawaabta neeriga ah ee natiijooyinka dhow ee maqnaanshaha, ee mugdiga. Hawlgalkani wuxuu ahaa mid u dhaw duska daawada dopaminergic ee SN / VTA, taas oo lagu ogaaday in ay sii socoto dib u falanqeyntii xogtayada iyadoo la adeegsanaayo yareyn (4mm) qalab isku dhafan (Bunzeck iyo Duzel, 2006, D'Ardenne et al., 2008, Murray et al., 2008, Shohamy iyo Wagner, 2008, Duzel iyo al., 2009). Intaa waxaa dheer, xiriirka ka dhexeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa farqiga u dhexeeya dhaqdhaqaaqyada iyo khamaarka khamaarka lama fududeynin calaamadaha kale ee caafimaadka (niyad-jabka, is-beddel la'aanta, OCD, isticmaalka qamriga) kuwaas oo si dhexdhexaad ah u ah qamaarayaasha caadiga ah (Kessler et al., 2008).

Isku-dhaanta gogol-xardhan ee la arko waxay la socotaa doorka dopamine-ka ee khamaarka aan qoonsaneyn, oo tilmaamaya daraasado hore oo calaamadeyaal ciriiri ah (Bergh et al., 1997, Meyer et al., 2004) iyo ifafaalaha ku saabsan khamaarka cudurada wadnaha ee dawadu keento ee cudurka Parkinson (Dodd et al., 2005, Steeves et al., 2009). Cudurkaan wuxuu si gaar ah ugu xiran yahay D3-da daawooyinka dopamine agonist, waana muhiim in D3-reseptors ay ku badan tahay SN (Gurevich iyo Joyce, 1999). Awoodda natiijooyinka soo-dhowaanshaha ee lagu kobcin lahaa gudbinta dopamine ee khamaarka dhibaatada daran ee culus waxay hoosta ka xariiqi karaan awoodda natiijooyinkan si ay ugu celiyaan khamaarka (Kassinove iyo Schare, 2001, Cote et al., 2003, Clark et al., 2009). Daraasadaha korontada "Electrophysiological" ee laga duubo maskaxda bartilmaameedka ayaa muujiyay doorka ay si fiican u yaqaanaan nidaamkan iyagoo muujinaya abaalmarinta iyo codaynta qaladaadka khiyaamaynta abaalmarinta (Schultz, 2002, Montague et al., 2004). Daraasadaha neuroimaging ee bani'aadamka waxay xaqiijinayaan baqshiinka BOLD ee hawlaha abaal-marin lacageed (tusaale ahaan Bjork et al., 2004, D'Ardenne et al., 2008, Schott et al., 2008), taas oo xiriir la leh taxane toos ah oo lagu sii deynayo dopamine-ka ([11C] barakaca raclopride) (Schott et al., 2008). Dhab ahaantii, waxay u badan tahay in khaladaadka saadaasha abaalmarinta lagu abuuray tijaabooyinka dhow ee misspoon ee hawsha hadda jira: khaladaadka saadaalinta saxda ah wuxuu dhacaa marka uu yareeyo mawduuca iyo mowduuca uu filayo natiijada guusha. Tani waxay si deg deg ah u raaceysaa qalad xun oo saadaalinta ah, sida rukunku istaago mid ka mid ah mushaharka abaalmarinta. Xogta dhowaan waxay muujineysaa in calaamadaha dhaadheer ee BOLD ay si gaar ah ula socdaan qaladaadka saadaalinta saxda ah (D'Ardenne et al., 2008), oo la jaanqaadaya qaabka guud ee khamaarayaasha ee qiimeynta fursadaha ay ku guuleysan karaan (Ladouceur & Walker 1996). Laba qaybood oo dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah foornada dhedigga ee lagu arkay xogta farsameedka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku habboon tahay natiijooyinka iminka fMRI. Marka hore, dareemayaasha dhedigga ah waxay muujinayaan isu keenid, halkaasoo ay u gubaan kicinta oo la mid ah kuwa saadaalinta abaalmarinta (Tobler et al., 2005, Shohamy iyo Wagner, 2008). Waa shey la tijaabi karo in khamaarayaasha khatarta leh ay muujinayaan xad-dhaaf ah dareen-celinta abaal-marinta, oo dhexdhexaadinaysa faleebo-ba'an. Second, neurron-ka ba'an ayaa laga yaabaa inuu muujiyo codsiga la-qabsiga shaqada gudaheeda, halka jawaab-celintooda ugu sarreeya ay la mid tahay abaal-marinta la heli karo (Tobler et al., 2005). Tani waxay sharxi kartaa sababta aan u aragno isbahaysiga isweydaarsiga leh khamaarka khamaarka leh ee ku saabsan natiijada guuleysiga, inkastoo guud ahaan jawaabta dhexe ee guusha ay ku guuleysato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si cad ayaanan u muujineynin wax muhiim ah farqiga ee awoodda ururada SOGS-dhexe ee isbitaalada ku dhow dhow iyo tijaabooyin. Laga soo bilaabo khadka tooska ah Jaantus 3C, waxaa macquul ah in ururka SOGS-guska dhexe laga yaabo in lagu ogaado natiijada guusha ee tijaabo ka weyn.

Daraasad hore oo kantaroolka kambiyuutarada ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay qamaarayaasha cudurada dhimay Tilmaamaha BOLD ee Vangelisat iyo Iskuduwaha PFC ee ka jawaab celinta guulaha lacagta (Reuter et al., 2005). Natiijadan waxaa loo tarjumay caddaynta xisaabinta dhibcaha abaalmarinta ee khamaarka cudurada, halkaas oo nidaamka abaal-marinta qalafsan (hypothetical reward) ay ku kalsoon tahay waxyeelooyin kala duwan (Bowirrat iyo Oscar-Berman, 2005). Hawsha ku shaqeysa Reuter et al. Daraasadu waxay ahayd laba hab oo loo kala dooran karo oo lagu kala doorto oo aan laga yaabo inay ka soo baxdo jaahwareerka adag ee fekerka iyo xirfadda fikradda kuwaas oo udub dhexaad u ah dhaqanka khamaarka (Ladouceur iyo Walker, 1996, Clark, 2010). Waxaan samaynay falanqayn kooxeedyo la barbardhigay qamaarayaasha caadiga ah ee daraasaddan soo socota ee ka dhanka ah tabaruceyaasha ee ka qayb qaadashada khafiifinta khamaarka daraasaddeena hore (Clark et al., 2009). Inkasta oo wareegga wareegga ah ee ay soo iibsadeen guulaha lacageed ay si aad ah u egyihiin labada kooxood, qamaarka joogtada ah wuxuu soo bandhigay jawaab-celin la isku halleyn karo oo lagu guuleystay in uu ahaa mid muhiim u ah miisaanka iskuxirka iyo PFC-ga dhexdhexaadinta Reuter et al (2005). Xaalad ahaan, xogta hadda jirta waxay muujineysaa in xaaladdan guud ee maqnaanshaha guud ay la socoto xad-dhaaf ah qorista abaalmarinta maskaxda ee wareegga shuruudaha garashada garashada (isdhaafka dhow), taas oo u muuqata inay tahay isbedelka qamaarka khamaarka. Waxay u egtahay in labadan saameyntu joojiyeen isbarbardhigga kooxaha ka dhexeeyay waxqabadka dhow, halkaas oo aan wax kala duwanaansho ah lagu arag.

Labo dhibcood oo dheeraad ah oo la barbardhigay daraasaddeena hore ayaa ah mid muhiim ah. Marka hore, daraasaddeena hore waxay soo sheegtey isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya khibradaha u dhexeeya iyo xakamaynta shakhsi ahaaneed ee PFC dhexdhexaad ah (Clark et al., 2009). Waan awoodin inaan xaqiijinno saameyntan is dhexgalka ee khamaarlayaasha joogtada ah. Xaqiiqdii, khamaarayaasha caadiga ah ma muujin qorista qoraallada muhiimka ah ee gobolkaan xataa xitaa guulaha asaasiga ah, iyo daraasadaha neerfaha cilmi baarista waxay muujinayaan caqabado gaar ah oo ku saabsan baaritaanka dhexdhexaadinta PFC ee khamaarka dhibaatada leh (Goudriaan et al., 2006, Lawrence et al., 2009). Daraasaddeena hore waxay sidoo kale ku adkeysay doorka muhiimka ah ee insulada ee saameynta dhiirigelinta ee ku dhow-seegista. Daraasadda hadda jirta, dhaqdhaqaaqa unugga ayaa lagu xaddiday isbarbardhiga guud ee guusha, oo ah heer ka hooseeya muhiimadda FWE, iyo jawaabahaas oo aan ka hor imaanin darnaanta khamaarka. Waxaan aaminsanahay in jawaabayaashu inay gudbinayaan macluumaad ku saabsan cilmiga jir-dhiska (tusaale ahaan heerka garaaca wadnaha) oo kordho inta lagu jiro khamaarka (tus Craig, 2003), waana ay adkaan kartaa in wax laga qabto kicintaan khamaarlayaasha joogtada ah ee khibrada badan u leh ciyaaraha dhiirrigelinta sare. Daraasado cilmi-nafsi ah oo ku saabsan ciyaartoyda joogtada ah ayaa muujiyey faraqa u dhexeeya qamaarka ee goobaha shaybaarka iyo dabiiciga ah (tusaale ahaan, casino).Anderson iyo Brown, 1984, Meyer et al., 2004). Shaqada mustaqbalka ee isku-xirka fMRI iyo kormeerida cilmi-nafsiga ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo qiimeeyo xiriirka udhaxeeya arousal iyo hawlaha maskaxda inta lagu jiro khamaarka (cf Critchley et al., 2001).

Qaar ka mid ah xaddidaadda daraasaddan hadda waa in la xuso. Ugu horreyn, inta aynnu u qabannay dhowr wadaag oo wadaag ah, xaaladaha qaarkood oo ku haboon oo ay ku jiraan ku-tiirsanaanta nikotiinta iyo shakhsiyadda shakhsiyeed (Cunningham-Williams et al., 1998) lama qiimeynin. Marka labaad, kooxaha isbarbar-dhigga ah ee ka soo horjeeda daraasadihii hore lama qorsheynin, kooxahana si wanaagsan uma aysan dhigin da'da iyo jinsiga. Waxaan daayeelay da'da laakiin maaha jinsiga, maadaama kooxdayada qamaarayaasha caadiga ah ay kudhowyihiin ragga. Khamaarka khalkhalka ayaa aad ugu roon ragga (Kessler et al., 2008), laakiin daraasado dheeraad ah ayaa looga baahan yahay in la baaro haddii wax-qabadkeenu ay ku-siman yihiin qamaarayaasha dumarka ah. Saddexaad, qiimeynta is-sheegashada ma aysan soo bandhigin saameyn la taaban karo oo ku saabsan dhacdooyinka dhaw ee khamaarlayaasha joogtada ah. Tani waxa ay u badan tahay in la soo saaro awoodda tirakoobka iyadoo la tixraacayo jaangooyooyinka qaabka analogga ee muuqaalka ah: daraasadeena hore, saamaynta shakhsiyadeed ayaa lagu arkay tijaabooyin dabeecadeed oo ballaadhan oo ka dhan ah mutadawacyada 40. Saameyn aan yareyn oo muhiim ah (kaqeybgale-dooro) dhawacyo si loo kordhiyo dhiirigelinta ciyaarta ayaa lagu arkay falanqaynta liidata ee labada xog ee FMRI (n = 34, arag Jaantuska dhammeystiran 6). Ugu dambeyntii, daraamidkayaga oo dopamine ku lug leh khamaarka dhawaanshaha khamaarka waa in loola dhaqmaa si taxaddar leh oo ku haboon oo lagu bixiyay habka aan tooska ahayn ee signalka BOLD iyo xaddidnaanta xaddidan ee fMRI (arag Duzel et al., 2009 dib u eegis). Waxyaabaha kale ee loo yaqaan 'neurotransmitters' ee ku lug leh dhaqanka khamaarka, oo ay ku jiraan serotonin, ayaa jooga maskaxda, waxaana u qaabeeya dhiirigelin dhiirigelin ah, in kasta oo aan lahayn jawaabo wajiga ah (Nakamura et al., 2008). Naqshadeynta loo adeegsado naqshadaha dawooyinka ayaa loo baahan doonaa in si toos ah loo baadho su'aalahan; tusaale ahaan, Zack & Poulos (2004) ayaa sheegay in daraamijka dopamine ee aan tooska ahayn, amphetamine, uu ku dhiirri-galiyay in uu qamaaro iyo indho-indheyn ku muujiyo khamaarrada khamaarka. Mid ka mid ah saameynta daaweynta ee natiijooyinka noocan ahi waa daawooyinka hoos u dhigaya gudbinta dopamine waxaa laga yaabaa in ay leeyihiin faa'iido daaweyn ah si loo yareeyo dhacdooyinka garashada ee khamaarka dhibaatada leh.

Qalabka Dheeraadka ah

Soo saare1

Mahadnaq

Waxaa lagu taageeray deeq mashruuc oo ka socota Golaha Cilmi baarista Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada iyo Masuuliyada Khamaarka Kalsoonida ee LC iyo TW Robbins (RES-164-25-0010). Waxaa lagu dhammaystirey Machadka Dabeecadda Dhaqanka iyo Kiliiniga, oo lagu taageerayo abaal-marin wadajir ah oo ka socda Golaha Cilmi-baarista Caafimaadka (UK) iyo Wellcome Trust. Waannu uga mahadnaqaynaa ka qaybgalayaasha, iyo shaqaalaha shucaaca ee Xarunta Imtixaanka Wolfson Brain, Cambridge, UK

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