Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Jun 16; 9: 356. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2015.00356. eCollection 2015.
Lin F1, Zhou Y2, Du Y3, Zhao Z3, Qin L2, Xu J2, Lei H1.
Qaab dhismeedka aan caadiga ahayn iyo shaqada ka dhex jirta kiliyaha iyo hormoonka hore (PFC) ayaa laga muujiyay ciladda Internetka ee balwadda (IAD). Si kastaba ha noqotee, wax yar baa laga ogyahay wixii ku saabsan isbedelada wareegga corticostriatal functional ee ku shaqeeya IAD. Ujeedada daraasadani waxay ahayd in la baaro hufnaanta qulqulka shaqooyinka corticostriatal iyo xiriirkooda talaabooyinka neuropsychological ee IAD iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku xirnaanta howlaha gobolka ee nasashada (FC). Afar iyo toban dhalinyaro ah oo IAD ah iyo kontaroolo caafimaad qabta ah oo loo yaqaan '15' oo baaritaano caafimaad ka hooseeya lagu sameeyay baarista fMRI-ga. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo lix gobol oo hore loo sii cayimay oo xiisado dano-dan-gaar ah leh, khariidadaha is-waafajinta xikmadda ayaa la isbarbar dhigay oo isbarbar dhiga kooxaha. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya isbedelada isku xirnaanta corticostriatal iyo cabiraada kiliinikada ayaa lagu baaray kooxda IAD. Marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada, maaddooyinka IAD waxay muujiyeen isku xirnaanta hoos udhaca heerka hoose ee maskaxda iyo madaxa caudate laba geesoodka ah, isugeynta hoose ee cingulate cortex (ACC), iyo korantada dambe ee dambe, iyo inta udhaxeysa marinka sare ee marinka mareenka iyo marinka laba-geesoodka / roondada ACC, marinka wejiga hore ee thalamus, iyo putamen / pallidum / insula / liitada wajiga hore (IFG), iyo inta udhaxeysa gorsal caudate iyo gorsal / rostral ACC, thalamus, iyo IFG, iyo inta udhaxeysa bidix bidca rostral putamen iyo IFG midig. Maaddooyinka IAD sidoo kale waxay muujiyeen isku xirnaanta kordhaysa ee udhaxeysa bidix bidix ee afka bidix iyo caudal labada dhinac ah oo mideysan aagga mootada. Waxaa intaa dheer, in la beddelo wareegyada shaqada ee cotricostriatal ayaa si weyn loola xiriiriyay tallaabooyinka neerfaha. Daraasadani waxay si toos ah u siineysaa caddeyn ah in IAD uu la xiriiro wax ka beddelka wareegga corticostriatal functional wareegyada ku lug leh saameynta iyo dhiirrigelinta maareynta, iyo xakameynta garashada. Natiijooyinkaas waxay muujinayaan in isku xirnaanta waxqabadka ee wareegga corticostriatal-ka ay isku dheelitiran yihiin waddammo saameyn ku yeelan kara / dhiirrigelin / is-faham ah waxayna sii soo jeedin karaan in IAD laga yaabo inay caadi u tahay isbeddellada noocaas ah ee shabakaddan.
Hordhac
Cudurka balwadda ee internetka (IAD), oo ah walaaca caafimaadka maskaxda ee adduunka oo dhan, ayaa soo jiidatay indhaha bulshada iyo bulshada cilmiga leh (Spada, 2014). Qaybta dambe ee Buug-yaraha cusub ee la sii daayay iyo Cilladaha Maskaxda ee Cudurka Maskaxda, daabacaadda shanaad (DSM-5), cilad-darrada ciyaaraha internetka, oo ah nooc weyn oo IAD ah, ayaa lagu qoray inay tahay cilad u baahan daraasad dheeri ah (Petry et al., 2014). IAD waxay u horseedaa cawaaqib xumo nolol maalmeedka; si kastaba ha noqotee, wax yar baa laga ogyahay waxyaabaha ku saabsan biomarkers, jiritaanka, koorsada iyo natiijooyinka daaweynta ee la xiriira IAD.
Si loo fahmo hababka neerfaha ee ka hooseeya IAD, daraasadaha sawirka ayaa la sameeyay si loo baaro qaab dhismeedka iyo shaqooyinka aan caadiga aheyn ee la xiriira IAD. Isbeddellada qaab-dhismeedka iyo waxqabadka maskaxda ee la xiriira IAD ayaa lagu eegay daraasadihii hore meelo kale (Kuss iyo Griffiths, 2012; Ko et al., 2015; Lin iyo Lei, 2015). Marka la soo koobo, waxaa si isdaba joog ah loo muujiyaa in kilkilaha hore (PFC) iyo striatum lagu xardhay IAD. Maaddooyinka leh IAD waxay yareeyeen cufnaanta maadada / mugga (Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Weng et al., 2013), dhumuc isku dhafan (Hong et al., 2013a; Yuan et al., 2013), dheef-shiidka gulukooska (Tian iyo al., 2014) iyo wax ka bedelka maskaxdaDong et al., 2013a; Ko et al., 2014) gudaha PFC oo ay kujirto dorsolateral PFC, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) iyo cortex-ka afka hore (ACC). Qabatinka IAD ayaa sidoo kale la helay inay leeyihiin heer hoose oo ah dhakhaatiirta dopamine D2Kim et al., 2011; Hou et al., 2012), wax ka beddelidda hab-dhiska gulukooska (Park et al., 2010a) iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda (Ko et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014-isay) Xariga. Natiijooyinkaas waxay la jaanqaadayaan moodal hadda jira oo ku nuuxnuuxsanaya doorka caanka ah ee loo yaqaan 'striatum iyo PFC' ee dhibaatooyinka balwadaha (Goldstein iyo Volkow, 2011; Limbrick-Oldfield et al., 2013).
Iskuxirka howlaha gobolka nasashada (FC), cabirida xiriirka udhexeeya gobolka ee dhaqdhaqaaqa isdaba joogga ah ee maskaxda ee calaamadaha heerka oksijiinta dhiiga kujira (BOLD) astaamaha firfircoonaanta magnetic (MRI), si balaaran ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo baaro howlqabadka / isku xirnaanta maskaxda. Farsamadan, cadeyntu waxay soo jeedineysaa in wareegga corticostriatal functional wareegyada ay muhiim u yihiin soo ifbaxyada dabeecadaha soo noqnoqda iyo khasabka ah, dabeecada dhaqanka, abaalmarinta-raadinta iyo dabeecadaha cusub ee raadinta, iyo akhlaaqda balwada leh (Feil et al., 2010; Shepherd, 2013). Waxaa intaa dheer, in la beddelo wareegyada shaqada ee corticostriatal-ka ayaa laga helay Autism-ka (Di Martino et al., 2011), disorder Waswaaska khasban (Harrison et al., 2009; Posner et al., 2014; Burguière et al., 2015), iyo jahwareerka weyn (Furman et al., 2011). Shabakadda 'corticostriatal network' oo khalkhalsan ayaa sidoo kale laga soo sheegay in isticmaaleyaasha qaawan ee soo noqnoqda ee ku lug lahaa abaal marin la xiriira iyo dabeecado la qabatimo (Kühn iyo Gallinat, 2014). Daraasadaha sawirka waxay sidoo kale muujiyeen isku xirnaan adag oo ka dhexeeya ciladaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha iyo cillad la’aanta ka jirta wareegga shaqo ee wareegga corticostriatal (Feil et al., 2010; Volkow et al., 2013).
Anatomically, striatum waa qaab dhismeed kala geddisan oo loo kala qaybin karo hoosaadyo, kuwaas oo ku lug leh shaqooyin kala geddisan oo kala-soocyo ah oo loo yaqaan 'corticostriatal'Alexander et al., 1986; Choi et al., 2012; Gordon et al., 2015; Manza et al., 2015). Tusaale ahaan, iyada oo loo qaybiyo saddexda qaybood, siday u kala horreeyaan, Di Martino et al. (2008) loo qeexay qaababka faahfaahsan ee wareegga shaqada corticostriatal ee ku lug leh saameyn, dhiirigelin, garasho iyo geedi socodka wadooyinka (Di Martino et al., 2008). Waxaa lagu muujiyey daraasado hore in isku xirnaanta waxqabadka / waxqabadka udhaxeysa striatum iyo cortex ay hoos u dhacday maadooyinka IAD (Hong et al., 2013b, 2015; Li et al., 2014; Wee et al., 2014). Si kastaba ha noqotee, inta badan daraasadahan ma aysan baarin sida ay u saameyso wareegga corticostriatal-ka firfircoon ee firfircoon ee hoos yimaadda mawduucyada 'striatum'.
Sidaa daraadeed, daraasada hada jirta, waxaan adeegsanay go'an la ansixiyay oo ah lix abuurka laba geesood oo laba geesood ah (seddex abuur oo kujira caudate iyo seddex miino oo ku jira goamen) si aan u sahamino bedellada wareegga unugyada shaqeynta gaarka ah ee dhalinyarada ee IAD. Ujeeddooyinka ayaa ah: (1) si loo baaro kala duwanaanta ku aaddan qeybinta topographic ee wareegga shaqeynta corticostriatal ee u dhexeeya dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee leh IAD iyo kontaroolo caafimaad leh oo aan lahayn IAD; iyo (2) si loo iftiimiyo cilaaqaadka ka dhexeeya isku-wareegga shaqooyinka wareegga dhiigga iyo tallaabooyinka neuropsychological ee maadooyinka IAD.
Qalabka iyo Dariiqooyinka
maadooyinka
Daraasaddan ayaa waxaa ansixiyay guddiga anshaxa ee Isbitaalka RenJi ee Isbitaalka Caafimaadka ee Jaamacadda Shanghai Jiao Tong. Kaqeybgalayaasha iyo waalidkood waxay bixiyeen ogolaansho qoraal ah oo qoraal ah kahor intaan baaritaannada MRI.
Sideed iyo toban dhalinyaro ah oo midig ah oo leh IAD iyo 18 Midig midig, da ', jinsi, iyo kontaroolo caafimaad u dhigma ayaa kaqaybqaatay daraasaddan. Heerka ogaanshaha cudurka IAD waxaa lagu aasaasay foomka su'aalaha ogaanta ee da 'yarta ee wax laga beddelo ee shuruudaha qabatinka internetka ee Beard iyo Wolf (Gadhka iyo Wolf, 2001). Dhammaan maaddooyinka oo dhan waxaa laga baaray cilladaha nafsadda ee wareysiga Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview ee Carruurta iyo Dhallin-yarada (MINI-KID; Sheehan et al., 2010). Shuruudaha ka saarida waxaa ka mid ah taariikhda isticmaalka maandooriyaha ama ku tiirsanaanta; taariikh xanuunnada dhimirka ee ugu waaweyn, sida shisoofrani, niyad-jabka, jahwareerka welwelka, marxaladaha nafsadda, ama isbitaal loogu talagalay xanuunnada dhimirka. Maadooyinka IAD ma helin wax daaweyn ah halka tiro yar oo ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka IAD ay heleen teraabiyada cilmu-nafsiga. Xogta qaabdhismeedka iyo baahinta MRI ee maaddooyinkaan ayaa loo adeegsaday daraasadihii aan horay u sameynay (Zhou et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2012). Daraasaddan, xogta r-fMRI ee ka socota saddex kontarool iyo afar mowduuc IAD ayaa loo tuuray dhaqdhaqaaqa weyn ee madaxa (eeg Qaybta Ka Hortagga). Sidaas darteed, wadarta shan iyo toban kontarool iyo afar iyo toban maaddo IAD ayaa loo adeegsaday daraasadda. Macluumaadka tirakoobka dadka oo faahfaahsan dhammaan maaddooyinka dhammaantood waxay ku taxan yihiin Jadwalka 1.
Shaxda 1. Astaamaha dadka iyo dabeecadeed ee maaddooyinka loo adeegsaday daraasaddan.
Qiimaynta neerfaha
Lix su'aalood, oo ay ku jiraan Miisaanka Internetka ee Maandooriyaha Da 'yarta ah (YIAS; Young, 1996), Su'aalaha iyo Su'aalaha Dhibaatada (SDQ) Goodman, 1997), Miisaaniyada Maaraynta Maaraynta Waqtiga (TMDS; Huang iyo Zhang, 2001), Barratt impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS; Patton et al., 1995), Baadhitaanka Dhibaatooyinka Maskaxeed ee La Xidhiidha Ilmaha (SCARED; Birmaher et al., 1997) Aaladda Qiimeynta Qoyska (FAD; Epstein et al., 1983), waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiimeeyo kaqeybgalayaasha astaamaha 'neuropsychological'.
Aqoonsashada sawirada
Tirakoobka nasiinada-gobolka fMRI waxaa lagu sameeyay sawirka echo-planar oo ku saabsan iskaanka caafimaad ee 3.0 Tesla Phillips Achieva oo leh cabbirrada soo socda: waqtiga celceliska = 2000 ms; echo time = 30 ms; xagal flip = 90 °; soo iibsashada matrix = 64 × 64; beerta aragtida = 230 × 230 mm2; dhumucdiisuna cad = 4 mm oo aan lahayn farqi. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah mugga maskaxda wuxuu ka kooban yahay jeex jeexjeexyada 34 oo socod walba wuxuu kujiraa mugga 220. Intii lagu guda jiray helitaanka xogta, dhammaan maaddooyinka waxaa la faray inay nastaan, indhahoodana xirnaadaan, oo ayan ka fikirin wax gaar ah.
Ka Hortagga Xogta
Ka hortagga xogta waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo SPM8.1 Tirada ugu horreysay ee 10 ee maado kasta ayaa la tuuray si looga fogaado saamaynta xasilloonida nidaamka. Muuqaalada 210 ee haray ayaa la saxay dib u dhaca waqtiga iibka oo loo habeeyay mugga koowaad. Maaddooyinka leh baro-kaca ugu badan ee jihada ka weyn 2.0 mm ama wareegga madaxa ee ka weyn 2.0 ° waa laga saaray daraasaddan. Sidaas darteed, macluumaadka afar maaddooyinka IAD iyo saddex kontarool ayaa laga saaray. Natiijooyinka waxay muujiyeen inaysan jirin wax faraq ah oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa madaxa ee u dhexeeya laba kooxood (p = 0.55 loogu talagalay mooshinka tarjumida iyo p = 0.43 oo loogu talagalay dhaqdhaqaaqa wareegga). Sawirada sawirada saxda ah ayaa markaa kadib si caadi ah udhexeeyay Xarunta Macdanta Neerfaha ee Montreal waxaana dib loogu shaandheeyay xNUMX mm isotropic voxel. Sawirrada caadiga ah waxaa lagu dhex rogay xNUMX-mm ballac buuxa oo ah kala badh isotropic Gaussian kernel iyo dhowr ilo oo kala duwanaansho kiciya oo ay ka mid yihiin cabirrada madaxa-dhaqdhaqaaqa, qulqulka qallafsan, calaamadaha BOLD caalami ah, iyo calaamadaha BOLD ee arrimaha cad iyo dareeraha cerebro-spinal waxay ahaayeen laga saaray khadadka qadka. Ugu dambeyntii, shaandhaynta ku-meelgaarka ah ee ku-meel-gaarka ah (3 – 6 Hz) waxaa lagu qabtay waqtiga taxanaha codkastoo kasta iyadoo la adeegsanayo daaqadda leydi ku habboon.
Falanqaynta Falanqaynta Waxqabadka
Waxaan shaqaaleysiinay lix gobol oo horay loo ansaxiyay dano laba geesood ah oo dano ah ("abuur"); Di Martino et al., 2008). Abuurka Caudate waxaa ka mid ah 'ventral striatum' ee hooseeya (VSi, oo u dhigma isu-dheellitirka nucleus; ± 9, 9, −8), kaadinta sare ee loo yaqaan 'VNUMX; ). Abuurka Putamen waxaa ka mid ah ventral rostral putamen (VRP; ± 10, 15, −0), dorsal rostral putamen (DRP; ± 13, 15, 9), iyo dorsal caudal putamen (DCP; ± 20, 12, 3). Shucaaca farcan kasta waa 25 mm. Isku duwaha abuurka hemisfhere midig iyo bidix waxaa lagu qeexay booska MNI. Abuurkaas waxaa lagu ansaxiyay salka ku haya qaab hoosaadyo iyo hawleed qaybo kala duwan, iyo qaababka isku xirnaantooda ayaa si madaxbanaan loo soosaaray (Di Martino et al., 2008, 2011; Harrison et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2012; Gabbay et al., 2013; Gordon et al., 2015; Manza et al., 2015).
Mawduuc kasta, khariidad iskuxirid iskuxir ah oo abuurkasta ah ayaa markii uguhoreysay laga helay xisaabinta iskudhexitirka isku xirnaanta inta udhaxeysa koorsooyinka waqtiga celcelis ahaan ee farcankii isugeynta iyo midka codkastoo maskaxda oo dhan ah iyadoo lasaarayo saameynta dhaqdhaqaaqa madaxa, xariiqda. qulqulaya, iyo waxqabadka maskaxda ee dareeraha maskaxda ka soo baxa iyo arrinta cad. Ka dibna khariidadda isku xidhka isku xidhka ee isku xidhka ayaa loo beddelay z-uji khariidadaha khariidadda Fisher ee r-to-z si ay ugu dhowaato qeybinta caadiga ah. The zkhariidadaha -values waxaa loo galay hal muunad oo xikmad leh t tijaabin si loo go'aamiyo khariidadaha koox koox oo leh dhererp <0.001) iyo xaddiga (p <0.001) marinnada laga saxo heerka maskaxda oo dhan (Greicius et al., 2007). Khariidadaha kooxda FC ee labada maadood ee IAD iyo kontaroolada caafimaadka leh waxaa la isku daray iyadoo la adeegsanayo hawlgal "AMA" si loo abuuro maaskaro isku-dhafan, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu xakameeyo falanqaynta kooxeed ee soo socota. Markaa z-muuqday khariidadaha kujira maaskaradan waxaa loo galay laba nooc muunad ah t tijaabi da'da iyo jinsiga sida covariates si loo qiimeeyo kooxda-u dhaxaysa farqiga FC. Isku-darka wadajirka ah ee p <0.005 cabbir kasta oo cuf iyo cluster ah oo ah 351-405 mm3 (bidix (l) VSi): 351 mm3; midig (r) VSi: 378 mm3; lVSs: 405 mm3; rVSs: 378 mm3; lDC: 405 mm3; rDC: 405 mm3; lDRP: 378 mm3; rDRP: 405 mm3; lDCP: 405 mm3; rDCP: 432 mm3; lVRP: 405 mm3; rVRP: 405 mm3), u dhigma mid la saxay p <0.05 ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo helo koox muhiim ah oo udhaxeysa khariidadaha farqiga u dhexeeya FC. Sixitaankan waxaa lagu xaddiday maaskaro isku dhafan waxaana lagu go'aamiyey jilitaanka 5000 Monte Carlo iyadoo la adeegsanayo barnaamijka AFNI AlphaSim.2
Ururada dhaqanka maskaxda
Daraasad xikmad badan oo falanqeyn leh ayaa lagu falanqeynayaa awooda kooxda FC celcelis ahaan gobollada oo muujinaya kooxda-udhexeeya farqiyada FC sida kuleylka isku midka ah iyo da'da, jinsiga, waxbarashada, YIAS, SDQ, SCARED, FAD, TMDS, iyo BIS iyadoo isbadal madax banaan la sameeyay si loo hubiyo in Wareegyada shaqada ee la beddelay ayaa xiriir la leh buundooyinka habdhaqanka.
Natiijooyinka
Tallaabooyinka Dadka iyo Dabeecadda
Kaqeybgalayaasha kooxda IAD iyo kooxda kantaroolka caadiga ayaa la isbarbar dhigay da'da, jinsiga iyo sannadaha waxbarashada. Ma jirin farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya TMDS iyo BIS ee u dhexeeya labada kooxood halka maadooyinka IAD ay ka badnaayeen YIAS (p <0.0001), SDQ (p <0.0001), BAQDAY (p <0.001) iyo FAD (p = 0.017) dhibcaha ka badan kontaroolada. Astaamaha dadka iyo cabiraada habdhaqanka ee IAD iyo maaddooyinka xakamaynta ayaa lagu soo qoray Jadwalka 1.
Corticostriatal Functional Circuits
Iyada oo la raacayo shaqooyinki hore, falanqaynta abuur ku saleysan FC ayaa bixiyay khariidado faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan wareegga shaqo ee kala duwan ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah lixda qaybood ee ku yaal halbeeggiiba. Qaabka FC for the caudate iyo miraha putamen waxaa lagu muujiyey Sawirro 1, 2, siday u kala horreeyaan. Natiijooyinkayaga waxay dib u milicsadeen daraasadihii horeDi Martino et al., 2008, 2011; Harrison et al., 2009; Kelly et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2012; Gabbay et al., 2013; Gordon et al., 2015; Manza et al., 2015) oo ay la jaan qaadayeen isku xirnaanta jirka la yaqaan (War, 2003) iyo firfircoonaanta firfircoonaanta oo laga soo qaatay falanqaynta kooban ee suugaanta loo xilsaaray (Postuma iyo Dagher, 2006). In kasta oo hannaanka loo yaqaan 'striatal FC' ee mawduucyada IAD iyo kontaroolada caadiga ah ay la mid yihiin mid kasta oo ka mid ah lixda shinnil ee loo yaqaan 'striatal', geyiga kooxda IAD waa la yareeyay markii la barbar dhigo kuwa kooxda xakamaynta. Natiijooyin gaar ah ayaa lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 3; Miis 2 waxaana lagu sharaxay hoosta.
Sawirka 1. Iskuxirka waxqabadka (FC) khariidadaha abuurka buudhadda koox kasta. Khariidadaha FC ee loogu talagalay ciladaha balwadda internetka (IAD) ee dhalinyarada (gaduud) iyo kontaroolada caadiga ah (HC; jaalaha) ayaa loo soo saaray si gooni gooni ah ka dibna waxaa loo wada xiray ujeedooyin muujineed; Midabka khafiifka ah ee guduudka ahi wuxuu muujinayaa aagagga isku xidhan ee labada koox. Tiirka bidix (midig) wuxuu muujinayaa khariidadaha kooxda FC ee ay ka soo baxaan abuuridda bidix (midig). Safka dhexe wuxuu muujinayaa abuurka caudate. Dhanka bidix ee sawirka waxay u dhigantaa heerarka bidix ee maskaxda. VSi, marinka hoose ee ventral striatum; VSs, marinka ventral striatum; DC, dorsal caudate.
Sawirka 2. Iskuxirka waxqabadka (FC) khariidadaha abuurka 'putamen' koox kasta. Khariidadaha FC ee loogu talagalay dhalinyarada da 'yarta ah ee loo yaqaan' IAD '(casaan) iyo kontaroolada caadiga ah (HC; jaalaha) ayaa loo soo saaray si gooni gooni ah ka dibna isku darka loogu talagalay ujeedooyinka soo bandhiga; Midabka khafiifka ah ee guduudka ahi wuxuu muujinayaa aagagga isku xidhan ee labada koox. Tiirka bidix (midig) wuxuu muujinayaa khariidadaha kooxda FC ee ay ka soo baxeen miraha bidix (bidix). Safka dhexe wuxuu muujinayaa miraha putamen. Dhanka bidix ee sawirka waxay u dhigantaa heerarka bidix ee maskaxda. VRP, ventral rostral putamen; DRP, dorsal rostral putamen; DCP, dorsal caudal putamen.
Sawirka 3. Meelaha maskaxdu waxay muujiyeen kala duwanaansho weyn oo u dhexeeya kooxaha qaangaarka ah ee qaba IAD iyo isbarbardhiga kontaroolada caadiga ahp <0.05, AlphaSim ayaa la saxay), markii gobollada abuurka ay ku yaalliin (A) lVSi, (B) rVSi, (C) lVSs, (D) rVSs, (E) lDC, (F) rDC, (G) lVRP, iyo (H) lDCP. Faahfaahin dheeraad ah, fiiri Shaxda 2. Midabada kulul iyo qabow waxay muujinayaan kororka iyo hoos udhaca IAD marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada.
Shaxda 2. Gobollada muujinaya kala duwanaansho isku xirnaan shaqo oo udhexeysa dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee qaba cillada qabatinka Internetka (IAD) iyo maadooyinka kontaroolada iswaafajinta (p <0.05, AlphaSim ayaa la saxay).
Inentior Ventral Vriral Striatum-ka Weyn iyo Sare
Labada kooxba waxay soo bandhigeen heerka hoose ee FC laga bilaabo ventromedial ilaa qeybaha kaladuwan ee hordhaca ah iyo ACC oo ka socota VSi ilaa VSs. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, VSi waxay muujisay xiriir wanaagsan oo muhiim ah oo ka dhexeeya kortex luqadda luqadda 'PCC'. Markii la isbarbar dhigay khariidadaha FC inta u dhexeysa kooxaha, farqi weyn ayaa loo arkay VSi iyo VS-yada. Marka loo eego VSi, dhallinyarda IAD waxay muujiyeen hoos u dhac aad u hooseeya oo ay leeyihiin kooxda madax iyo xisaab hoosaadka labada dhinac. Sidoo kale hoos udhaca FC ayaa isna laga helay inta u dhaxaysa bidix VSi iyo PCC labada dhinac. Dhanka farciga VSs, maaddooyinka IAD waxay soo bandhigeen kooxda hoose ee FC oo leh shaybaar / rostral ACC iyo qeybta hoose ee lafdhabarta thalamus laba-geesood, iyo aagagga hoose ee bidix oo ay ku jiraan putamen, pallidum, insula iyo horusocod liidata (IFG).
Dorsal Caudate
Labada maaddadood ee IAD iyo kontaroolada caafimaadka leh, DC waxay muujisay cilaaqaad wanaagsan gobollada maskaxda ee ku lug leh xakameynta garashada. Isbarbardhiga kooxda tooska ah ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in IAD ay soo bandhigtay hoos udhaca FC ee u dhexeeya DC iyo dorsal / rostral ACC labada dhinac. Qeybta bidix DC waxay kaloo muujisay hoos udhaca FC leh qaybta bidix ee qaybta dambe ee thalamus, sidoo kale DC dhinaca midig waxay soo bandhigtay xiriir hoose oo hooseeya IFG qeybta IAD.
Dorsal Caudal iyo Dorsal Rostral Putamen
Iyada oo la raacayo doorkooda xakamaynta dhaqdhaqaaqa, abuurka 'putamen' dorsen abuurka ah waxay muujiyeen cilaaqaad wanaagsan oo muhiim ah oo ka dhexeeya aagagga aasaaska sare iyo sare ee labadaba IAD iyo maadooyinka caafimaadka qaba. Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka loo eego kontaroolada caafimaadka leh, IAD wuxuu muujiyey kororka FC inta udhaxeysa bidix ee DCP iyo caudal murugada mootada labada dhinac.
Ventral Rostral Putamen
Abuurka VRP wuxuu si wanaagsan ula xiriiray rostral ACC iyo gorsal lateral PFC oo inta badan laxiriira kormeerka isku dhaca iyo howlaha qaladka. In kasta oo IAD ay muujisay wax ka yar jibbaarada FC ee leh maskaxda kale ee gobolka, kaliya FC inta u dhaxaysa bidix VRP iyo midigta IFG waxay muujisay kala duwanaansho weyn oo u dhexeeya kooxaha.
Ururada dhaqanka maskaxda ee IAD
Maadooyinka IAD, dhibco badan oo YIAS ah ayaa saadaaliyay xoog hooseysa FC inta u dhaxaysa VSs saxda ah iyo labajibbaarada caloosha.r = −0.560; p = 0.038; Jaantuska 4A). Intaa waxaa dheer, natiijooyinka sareeya ee 'SCARED' ayaa saadaaliyay awoodda hoose ee u dhaxaysa VS-yada saxda ah iyo laba geesoodka ah ee laba geesoodka ah ee ACC (r = −0.540; p = 0.046; Jaantuska 4B), inta u dhaxaysa bidix DC iyo labada lugood / rostral ACC (r = −0.566; p = 0.035; Jaantuska 4C), iyo inta u dhaxaysa bidix VRP iyo midigta IFG (r = −0.609; p = 0.021; Jaantuska 4D). Waxaan sidoo kale u adeegsanay isuduwaha mashiinka si loo ogaado xiriirka ka dhexeeya kooxda isbeddelay ee FC iyo qiyaasta dhaqanka. Natiijooyinka ka soo horjeedda dagaalyahannada waxay la mid ahaayeen kuwa kaydinta toosan. YIAS waxay xiriir la leedahay awooda FC inta u dhaxaysa VSs-ka midigta iyo caudate-ka labada dhinac.r = −0.594; p = 0.025). Dhibcaha SCARED waxay la xiriireen awoodda FC inta u dhaxaysa VSs saxda ah iyo labada dhinac ee loo yaqaan 'rostral ACC'r = −0.548; p = 0.042), iyo inta udhaxeysa bidix VRP iyo midigta IFG (r = −0.666; p = 0.009). Dhibcaha SCARED waxay leeyihiin xiriir isbadal leh oo ku saabsan awooda FC inta u dhaxaysa bidix DC iyo labajibbaarada gacanta / rostral ACC (r = −0.464; p = 0.095).
Sawirka 4. Falanqaynta asluubta ee udhaxeysa awooda kooxda FC iyo cabirka dabeecada ee kooxda IAD. (A) Xeerarka u dhexeeya xoogga FC (celcelis ahaan waa la muujiyey z qiimaha) ee saxda ah ee kaadida sare (rVSs) ee koritaanka caloosha iyo qiyaasta maandooriyaha internetka ee Young's (YIAS; r = -0.560, p = 0.038). (B) Xeerarka u dhexeeya xoogga FC (celcelis ahaan waa la muujiyey z Qiimaha) RVS-ga ee loo yaqaan 'costex corect' rostral anterior crtate cortex (ACC) iyo shaashadda loogu talagalay welwelka carruurta ee la xiriira cilado maskaxeed (SCARED; r = -0.540, p = 0.046). (C) Xeerarka u dhexeeya xoogga FC (celcelis ahaan waa la muujiyey z qiimaha) ee bidix-dhaafka caloosha (lDC) ee loo yaqaan 'rostral / dorsal ACC iyo' SCARED '; (r = -0.566, p = 0.035). (D) Xeerarka u dhexeeya xoogga FC (celcelis ahaan waa la muujiyey z qiimaha) ee bidix ventral rostral putamen (lVRP) dhinaca midigta hoose ee jirka (IFG) iyo SCARED (r = -0.609, p = 0.021).
Dood
Aqoonteenna, kani waa daraasaddii ugu horreysay ee lagu baaro daacadnimada shabakadaha shaqada ee corticostriatal iyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya heerka aan caadiga ahayn iyo tallaabooyinka caafimaad ee IAD. Mawduucyada IAD iyo kontaroolada labadaba, waxaan ku dhajinay natiijooyinka Di Martino et al. (2008), u kuurgalida qaababka isku xirnaanta ee la jaan qaada saamaynta hypothesized iyo dhiirigelinta (foosha hoose ee ventral striatum), garashada (ventral putamen, caloosha wadnaha, wadnaha ventral striatum) iyo matoorka (gorsal putamen) hoosaadka qaybaha striatum. Marka la barbardhigo kontaroolada, IAD waxay muujineysaa qaab isku xirnaansho oo isku mid ah laakiin waxay bedeshay awooda isku xirnaanta meel kasta oo hoosaadka ka hooseeya marka laga reebo DRP. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan helnay natiijooyinka YIAS dhib xun ayaa laxiriirta awooda isku xirnaanta ee udhaxeysa VSs saxda ah iyo xiritaanka caudate laba geesood, iyo dhibcaha SCARED waxay si aan qarsooneyn ula xiriirtay awooda isku xirnaanta ee udhaxeysa VSs saxda ah iyo xiriirka laba geesoodka ah ee ACC, inta udhaxeysa DC bidix iyo isbadalka labada geesoodka / rostral ACC iyo sidoo kale inta u dhaxaysa bidix VRP iyo midigta IFG. Xiriirradan ayaa muujinaya inay sii daran tahay qabatinka internetka, oo daciifiya awooda isku xirnaanta ee udhaxeysa gobolladaan. Natiijooyinkayagu waxay soo jeedinayaan in wareegga corticostriatal functional wareegyada loo adeegsan karo aqoon-yaqaan biomarker si loo fahmo hababka dhaawaca ee hoose ama u qiimeeya waxtarka wax-ka-qabashada hore ee gaarka ah ee IAD.
Circuits-yada Hawlaha Corticostriatal ee carqaladeysan ee IAD
Daraasadda hadda jirta, abuurkii VSi wuxuu muujiyey hoos udhaca isku xirnaanta madaxa caudate, hoosaadka ACC iyo PCC ee kooxda IAD, xiriir la yaqaanay inuu muhiim u yahay saameyn wax ku ool ah iyo socodsiin dhiirigelin ah (Johansen-Berg et al., 2008; Beckmann et al., 2009). Helitaanka isku xirnaanta hoos udhexeysa unugyada Nucleus / VSi iyo madaxa buudate waxay muujineysaa shaqooyinka la xiriira abaalmarinta ee IAD, taasoo muujineysa dadka balwada leh ee internetku inay door bidayaan inay doortaan abaalmarino yar yar oo degdeg ah (tusaale, saameyn deg deg ah) halkii ay ka heli lahaayeen abaalmarino waaweyn oo mustaqbalka dhaca. , sida caafimaad wanaagsan, xiriir wanaagsan ama guul shaqo (Irvine et al., 2013). Sida la sheegay, hoos udhaca firfircoonida houdate ka dib markii guulo isdaba joog ah lagu arkay IAD (Dong et al., 2013b). Subgenual ACC, itimaal sare oo ah isku xirnaanta unugyada Nucleus / VSi, waa xarun muhiim u ah shabakadaha la qaybiyey ee mas'uul ka ah kacsanaanta shucuurta ama sharciyeynta (Johansen-Berg et al., 2008; Rudebeck et al., 2014). Daraasadihii hore ee sawirka maskaxda waxay muujiyeen in maaddada hoose ee loo yaqaan 'ACC subualual ACC' lagu soo qaatay waayo-aragnimada xaalad-xumada niyad-xumada (Mayberg et al., 1999) iyo subgenual ACC waa bartilmaameed leh dhiirigalin qoto dheer oo maskaxda loogu talagalay daaweynta niyadjabka (Liston et al., 2014). Daraasadaha cilmiga neerfaha ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in heerar sare oo walaac iyo jahwareer ah laga helay maadooyinka leh IAD (Bozkurt et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2013). PCC, waa xarunta dhexe ee maskaxda ee shabakadda habka toosan, waxaa lagu gartaa howlaha is-tixraaca (Vogt et al., 2006). Cufnaanta aan caadi ahayn ee cawlan (Zhou et al., 2011) iyo kaabayaasha sheyga cad (Dong et al., 2012a) PCC-da waxaa laga soo sheegay shakhsiyaadka IAD. Daraasadaha cilmu-nafsiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu ogaaday in ardayda jaamacadda ku-sumowga internetka ee ardayda ay leeyihiin isku-hagitaan hoose iyo buundooyinka iskaashiga.Dalbudak et al., 2013a), soo jeedinta in maadooyinka IAD ay leeyihiin shahaado hoose ee shaqooyinka is-tixraaca. Isku soo wada duuboo, natiijada ka soo baxda isku xirnaanta hoos udhexeysa VSi iyo madaxa isku duubnaanta, hoosaadka ACC iyo PCC waxay muujinayaan in dhallinta IAD ay muujinayaan saameyn aan caadi aheyn iyo socodsiin dhiirigelin ah.
Raadinteena ah isku xirnaanta hoos udhaca udhaxeysa caudate (VSs iyo DC) iyo labajibaaranaha qulqulka / rostral ACC waxay cadeyneysaa nabaad guurka xuubka maskaxda iyo maskaxda (Botvinick et al., 2004; Li iyo Sinha, 2008) IAD. Dorsal ACC waxay la xiriirtay dayactirka xusuusta shaqada, la socodka khilaafaadka iyo qalad sameynta iyo sidoo kale rostral ACC waxay ku lug leedahay howlo saameyn ku leh iyo sharciyeynta shucuurta (Bush iyo al., 2000). Sida la sheegay, cufnaanta hoose ee maqaarka ee maqaarka bidix ee loo yaqaan 'dorsal ACC' waxaa laga helay iskuduwaha xogta MRI qaab-dhismeedka daraasadihii hore (Zhou et al., 2011). Daraasad kale ayaa muujisay in IAD uu ka yaraaday mugga maadada cawlan ee rostral ACC (Yuan et al., 2011). Waxqabadka weyn ee ACC ayaa sidoo kale loo muujiyay xaalada faragelinta ee muuqaalka is daba joogga ah (Dong et al., 2012b) iyo falanqaynta metalaadku waxay muujisay in IAD uu leeyahay sicir-barar weyn xagga hore ee medial / ACC (Meng et al., 2014). Mawduucyada leh IAD waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigeen karti kormeer khaldan oo liidata marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada, taas oo laxiriirta firfircoonaanta firfircoon ee xisaabtanka ACC ee jawaabta qaladka (Dong et al., 2013a). Daraasadaha dabeecadda waxay muujiyeen in shakhsiyaadka IAD ay la xiriiraan waqti dheelitiran iyo qaladaad dheeri ah oo ka dhaca xaaladaha aan caadiga aheyn marka loo eego kontaroolada la'aan IAD (Dong et al., 2011). Isku xirnaanta hoos udhaceysa VSs iyo insula ayaa sidoo kale laga soo sheegey IAD. Cilladaha 'insula' ayaa horay loo muujiyay inay si joogto ah u shaqeynayaan inta lagu gudajiro korjoogteynta waxqabadka, waxaana modulaynaya wacyiga qaladka (Menon iyo Uddin, 2010). Daraasad yar oo ku saabsan sahaminta aaladda maskaxda ayaa soo jeedisay in insula ku hawlan tahay ka warqabka qaladka (Klein et al., 2007). Sidaa darteed, insula waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan qalad sameynta marka loo eego hagaajinta dhaqanka aadanaha. Sida la sheegay, maadooyinka IAD waxay muujiyeen cufnaanta hoose ee cirridka (Zhou et al., 2011) iyo dhumucda iskeelka 'Yuan et al., 2013-ootay) Inla. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, hoos udhaca firfircoonaanta inta lagu gudajiray qalad ayaa horay looga helay maadooyinka IAD (Ko et al., 2014). Sidaa daraadeed, sida ku tiirsanaanta walaxda, xakamaynta xakameynta garashada iyo walaaca fekerka oo ay weheliso adeegsiga internetka ee qasabka ah ayaa xudunta u ah yaraanta shaqo ee aalkolada IAD.
IAD sidoo kale waxay muujisay isku xirnaanta hoos udhexeysa xariga (VSs, DC iyo VRP) iyo IFG, xiriir la yaqaanay inuu ku lug leeyahay xakameyn xakameyn (Guryoodka et al., 2009; Dabaal et al., 2011). Khasaaraha ka jira xakamaynta xakamaynta ayaa laga yaabaa inay gacan ka geysato luminta xakameynta isticmaalkooda internetka iyo adkeysiga adeegsiga ciyaaraha tooska ah ee internetka inkasta oo khalkhal shakhsiyadeed, astaamaha ku tiirsanaanta maskaxda, iyo cawaaqib xumada kala duwan. Daraasadihii lagu sameeyay cudurka 'Epidemiological' waxay muujinayaan in dhallinta qaangaarka ah ee qaba IAD ay muujiyeen karti-xumo dheeraad ah (tusaale ahaan, hoos u dhac ku yimaadda xakamaynta jawaabta) marka la barbar dhigo xakamaynta la'aan IADCao et al., 2007; Dalbudak et al., 2013b). Hal daraasad cilmi nafsi ayaa soo bandhigtay xannibaadda xannibaadda daciifka ah ee maadooyinka leh IAD (Zhou et al., 2012). Awood kale oo laxiriirta maskaxda oo la xiriirta daraasada hawsha Go / No-Go ayaa muujisay in ardayda IAD ay leeyihiin karti yaraanta xagga macluumaadka iyo xakamaynta awoodda ka hooseysa kuwa kale ee caadiga ah (Dong et al., 2010). Waxaa intaa dheer, maaddooyinka leh cilad-xumada ciyaaraha internetka waxay muujiyeen firfircoonida maskaxda ee sarreysa markii ay ka baaraandegayaan xannibaadda dhinaca bidix ee garabka bidix marka loo eego kontaroolada (Ko et al., 2014). Isku xirnaanta hoos udhaceysa striatum (VSs iyo DC) iyo pallidum iyo thalamus ayaa sidoo kale laga helay kooxda IAD. Wareegyada corticostriatal, pallidum waa wax soo saarka striatum-ka pallidum-ku wuxuu ku xiraa thalamus kaasoo mashruuc u sameeya kiliyaha (Alexander et al., 1986). Wareegtadan waxaa loo malaynayaa inay muhiim u yihiin diiradda iyo sidii loo sii wadi lahaa dabeecadaha la doonayo iyadoo la xakameynayo dabeecadaha aan loo baahnayn (Haber iyo McFarland, 2001). Shakhsiyaadka IAD waxaa lagu yaqaanaa inay dhibaatooyin ka haystaan xakamaynta jawaabta, taas oo u badan inay gacan ka geysato dadaalkooda si ay dib ugula kulmaan jiritaanka tilmaamaha internetka. Sidaa daraadeed, natiijooyinka ayaa muujinaya in xakamaynta xakamaynta liidata, awoodda hoos u dhacday ee lagu xakameynayo dabeecadaha tooska ah iyo dhaqanka, ay ku badan tahay maadooyinka leh IAD.
Waxa xiisaha lihi leh, IAD waxay muujisay isku xirnaanta kordhaysa ee udhaxeysa DCP bidix iyo labada geesood ee iskuxirka mootooyinka aagagga badanaa dhaqdhaqaaqa inta lagu gudajiro dhaqdhaqaaqa gacanta fudud (Shima iyo Tanji, 1998). Marka loo eego dadka balwada leh ee internetka ku qaata waqti aad u badan khadka tooska ah oo waxay si la yaab leh u noqdeen xirfad aad u qumman oo sax ah taabashada jiirka iyo badhanka qoraalka (Kuss iyo Griffiths, 2012), waxaa suurto gal ah in howsha tababarka noocan oo kale ah ay horseedi karto isbeddelada neerfaha ee ka dhaca aagagga la xiriira gulukoolada.
Xidhiidhada Ka Dhexeeya Corticostriatal Functional Circuits iyo Habdhaqanka IAD
Daraasaddan, waxaan baarnay astaamaha dabeecadda wax ka beddelka qulqulka dhaqdhaqaaqa unugyada maskaxda ee dhalinyarada. Yaraynta awooda FC inta udhaxeysa VSs-ka saxda ah iyo labada dhinac ee maareynta maaddooyinka IAD waxay si weyn isugu xiran yihiin kororka dhibcaha YIAS; halka dhibcaha sare ee 'SCARED' ay u muuqdeen inay la xidhiidhaan awooda hoose ee FC inta u dhaxaysa VSs-ga midig iyo laba-geeska rostral ACC, inta u dhaxaysa bidix DC iyo laba-geesoodka / rostral ACC, iyo inta u dhaxaysa bidix VRP iyo midigta IFG. YIAS waa xog-waraysi si ballaaran loo adeegsado oo lagu qiimeeyo ku tiirsanaanta internetka. Daraasadihii hore ee cilmu-nafsiga waxay soo sheegeen in maadooyinka IAD ay ka sareeyaan dhibcaha YIAS marka loo eego kuwa aan lahayn IAD (Cao iyo Su, 2007). Maaddaama isku xirnaanta la dhimay loo maleynayo inay muujineyso dhib dheeri ah oo ku lug lahaanshaha wareegga marka loo baahdo, indha indheynta xiriirkan xun ee ka dhexeeya buundooyinka YIAS iyo xoogga isku xirka u dhexeeya VSs saxda ah iyo qulqulka laba geesoodka ah wuxuu cadeeyay in maadooyinka IAD ee dhibcaha sare YIAS ay u muuqdeen inay raadinayaan. kicinta sare ee internetka ee abaalmarinta dabiiciga ah. 'SCARED' waa xog-waraysi la isku halleyn karo oo la isku halleyn karo oo ansax ah oo xaqiijisa astaamaha dhibaatooyinka murugada ee carruurta (Birmaher et al., 1997). Daraasadaha neerfaha iyo cilmiga neerfaha ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in dhalinyarada da 'yarta ah ee' IAD 'ay leeyihiin dhibco aad u sareysa oo ah kuwa loo yaqaan' SCARED score 'marka loo eego kuwa aan lahayn IADXiuqin et al., 2010). Xiriirka xun ee ka dhexeeya natiijooyinka 'SCARED' iyo awooda isku xirnaanta ayaa ka soo baxa dheecaanka wareegga corticostriatal ee ku lug leh xeerarka jacaylka. Intaa waxaa dheer, natiijooyinka ka soo baxay ururo muhiim ah oo ka dhexeeya isku xirnaanta awooda isku xidhka wareegga corticostriatal iyo astaamaha dabeecadda waxay muujinayaan in shabakadaha isku-xirku ay u adeegsan karaan saadaalin laga fogaado ama bartilmaameed cusub oo daweyn xagga IAD ah.
Isbarbardhigyada Corticostriatal Functional Circuits Si aan caadi ahayn u qabatinka maandooriyaha
Daraasadaha gobolka nasashada ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay xiriir adag oo ka dhexeeya maandooriyaha maandooriyaha iyo isku-wareegga unugyada shaqooyinka aan caadiga ahayn. Tusaale ahaan, kororka FC waxaa lagu arkay inta udhaxeysa bidix bidixda bidix iyo midigta ee OFC, oo ku fiday ACC-rostroventral ACC ee maandooriyaha kocaine (Wilcox et al., 2011). Awoodda FC ee ku dhex taal 'Patat-dorsolateral PFC' waxay si wanaagsan ula xiriirtay xaddiga isticmaalka kookaha ee adeegsada kookaha, iyo isu-dheellitirka u dhexeeya 'striatal-dorsal ACC' iyo 'wareegga hore ee hormoonka / orbitofrontal cortex ee korantada ayaa si weyn loola xiriiriyay luminta xakamaynta isticmaalka maandooriyaha. (Hu et al., 2015). Xadgudubka aalkolada ee daba dheeraada ayaa sidoo kale saameyn xun ku leh shaqada ka dhexeysa wareegga korticostriatal. Tusaale ahaan, dorsal striatum-mOFC FC waa la daciifiyay (Lee et al., 2013) iyo isku xirnaanta xannibaadda hore ee wadnaha oo dhalisay go'aan aan caadi ahayn iyo abaalmarin iyo kahortagida joojinta ku tiirsanaanta khamriga (Park et al., 2010b; Courtney et al., 2013; Forbes et al., 2014). Marka laga hadlayo qabatinka nikotiinta, hoos u dhaca FC ee u dhexeeya marinka mareenka iyo shahwada dusha sare ee afka ayaa si xun loola xiriiriyaa darnaanta ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinka (Hong et al., 2009). Intaa waxaa dheer, kororka u dhexeeya kooxaha Nucleus-ka iyo ventral / rostral ACC iyo OFC, inta udhaxeysa caudate-ka midig iyo guludhaca dhexe ee garabka iyo qanjirka hore ee sareeya ayaa lagu arkay isticmaaleyaasha heroin-ga daba-dheeraada (Ma et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013). Sidaa darteed waxay u muuqataa in IAD iyo qabatinka maandooriyaha ay xiriir la leeyihiin, ilaa xad, isku-darka unugyada isku-xidhka maskaxda ee maskaxda, oo laga yaabo inay saxeexaan neceb u yihiin qaababka balwadaha.
Xaddidaadda
Waxaa jira dhowr xadid ah oo ay tahay in lagu xuso daraasaddan. Marka hore, ogaanshaha IAD inta badan wuxuu ku saleysan yahay natiijooyinka su’aalo is-weydiin ah, oo laga yaabo inay ku keento kala sooc qalad xaaladaha qaarkood. Sidaa daraadeed, ogaanshaha cudurka IAD wuxuu u baahan yahay in lagu nadiifiyo aaladaha lagu ogaado cudurka si loo wanaajiyo jiritaanka iyo ansaxnimada. Marka labaad, cabirka muunad ee daraasadda lagu sameeyay ayaa ahayd mid yar isla markaana guudmarin natiijooyinka sidoo kale waa inay taxaddar muujiyaan. Iyada oo la eegayo xaddidan, natiijooyinka waa in loo tixgaliyaa mid bilow ah loona baahan yahay in dib loogu noqdo daraasadaha mustaqbalka leh cabbirka muunad weyn. Marka seddexaad, waxaan ka reebbannahay kiisaska la xariira maandooriyaha iyo cudurada kale ee maskaxda, natiijooyinka waa in si taxaddar leh guud ahaan loogu ururiyaa kooxahan sida xun ula dhaqanka maandooriyaha iyo cudurada kale ee maskaxda. Marka afraad, faahfaahinta mudada jirrada laguma qorin daraasaddan. Sidaa darteed, urur kasta oo ka dhexeeya cilado ka jira wareegyada shaqada ee corticostriatal iyo muddada IAD laguma xaqiijin karo daraasaddan. Marka shanaad, annaga oo leh xaddiga xaddidan ee xaaladda xaddidan ee gobolka FMRI, waxaan baarnaa FC iyadoo lagu saleynayo tiro yar oo hoosaadyo kala duwan, taas oo horseedi karta muujinta aan dhameystirneyn ee wareegga shaqeynta 'corticostriatal functional circuit'. Sidaa daraadeed, xogta xasiloonida-sare ee gobolka FMRI xogta loo baahan yahay in loo isticmaalo in lagu xaliyo dhibaatadan daraasadaha mustaqbalka. Ugu dambeyntiina, iyada oo aan baaritaanno la saadaalin karin, cilaaqaadka sababay ee udhaxeeya cilad-ku-shaqeynta wareegga shaqada ee corticostriatal iyo IAD looma jawaabin daraasaddan. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka waa inay isku dayaan inay aqoonsadaan xiriirka sababa ee u dhexeeya IAD iyo dariiqooyinka waxqabadka ee loo yaqaan 'corticostriatal functional ways'.
Ugu Dambeyn
Marka la soo koobo, waxaan adeegsanay falanqayn ku saabsan gobolka nasiinnada si aan u baareyno naqshadaha naqshadaha wadnaha ee dhallinta IAD. Natiijooyinka ayaa muujinaya in IAD lagu garto curyaannimada wareegga shaqada ee corticostriatal ee ku lug leh saameynta iyo socodsiinta shucuurta, iyo xakameynta garashada. Natiijooyinka waxay soo jeedinayaan in IAD ay la wadaagi karto habab cilmi nafsi iyo mid neyruus noocyo kale oo ka mid ah ciladaha xakamaynta khalkhalka iyo maandooriyaha. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, ururada ka dhexeeya isku xirnaanta xoogga isku xidhka wareegga corticostriatal iyo tallaabooyinka dabeecadda waxay muujinayaan in wareegga corticostriatal uu u adeegi karo sidii bartilmaameed cusub oo daaweynta oo loogu talagalay IAD, iyo "corticostriatal FC" ayaa laga yaabaa inay qiimo ku yeeshaan bixinta macluumaadka ku saabsan saadaasha cudurka IAD. Natiijooyinkayagu waxay tilmaamayaan in corticostriatal FC aan caadiga ahayn laga yaabo inay u adeegaan sidii in vivo biomarker-ka si loo tijaabiyo cusub, uguna waxtarka badan, daaweynta dabiiciga ee balwadda internetka.
Gacan-siinta
FL, YZ, YD, JX iyo HL waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen fikradda daraasadda iyo qaabeynta. YZ, LQ iyo ZZ waxay gacan ka geysteen helitaanka xogta. FL waxay caawisay falanqaynta xogta iyo tarjumaadda natiijooyinka. FL waxay qortay qoraal gacmeed. FL iyo HL waxay bixiyeen dib u eegis xasaasi ah oo ah qoraalka gacanka oo loogu talagalay nuxurka aqooneed ee muhiimka ah. Dhammaan qoraayaashu waxay si aad ah u eegeen waxyaabaha la soo koobay iyo nooca ugu dambeeya ee la ansixiyay ee daabacaadda.
Maalgelinta
Shaqadan waxaa qayb ahaan taageeray Barnaamijka Cilmibaarista Aasaasiga ah ee Shiinaha (Barnaamijka 973) Grant No. 2011CB707802, iyo Sayniska Sayniska Dabiiciga ah ee Shiinaha (Nos. 21221064, 81171302 iyo 81171325), iyo Barnaamijka Muhiimka ah ee Teknolojiyada R&D Barnaamijka No.2007BAI17B03
Iskuduwaha Qodobka Dulsaarka
Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen in cilmi-baaristaan lagu sameeyey maqnaansho xiriir ganacsi ama dhaqaale oo laga yaabo inay noqon karto khilaafka xiisaha leh.
Qoraalada
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Erayo-fure: wareegga corticostriatal, isku xirnaanta shaqada, jahwareerka internetka ee balwadda, tallaabooyinka neuropsychological, nasashada-gobolka fMRI
Tixraac: Lin F, Zhou Y, Du Y, Zhao Z, Qin L, Xu J iyo Lei H (2015) Wareegtooyin ka-shaqeysta dabeecadaha 'corticostriatal' ee dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee qaba ciladda Internetka. Horta. Hum. Neurosci. 9: 356. doi: 10.3389 / fnhum.2015.00356
Helay: 20 Noofambar 2014; La aqbalay: 02 Juun 2015;
Waxaa lagu daabacay khadka tooska ah: 16 Juun 2015.
Edited by:
Charlotte A. Boettiger, Jaamacadda North Carolina, USA
Dib by:
Carol Seger, Jaamacadda Colorado State, USA
Sheng Zhang, Yale University, USA
Xuquuqda daabacaadda © 2015 Lin, Zhou, Du, Zhao, Qin, Xu iyo Lei. Kani waa maqaal furan oo loo qaybiyey shuruudaha Sharciga Abuuritaanka Abuurida Abuuraha (CC BY). Isticmaalidda, qaybinta iyo dhalidaada kale ee golayaasha kale waa loo ogolyahay, hadana qoraaga asalka ama shahaadada asalka ah ayaa la xisaabiyaa iyo in daabacadii asalka ahaa ee buugan lagu soo qoray, sida waafaqsan dhaqanka la aqbalay. Looma baahna isticmaalka, qaybinta ama dhalmada la oggol yahay oo aan u hoggaansanayn shuruudahan.
* Xiriiriyaha: Hao Lei, Xarunta Qaranka ee Dib-u-Muranka Magnetic ee Wuhan, Shaybaarka Fanka Muhiimka ah ee Magnetic Resonance iyo Atomic iyo Molecular Physics, Machadka Wuhan ee Xisaabta iyo Xisaabaadka, Akadeemiyada Shiinaha ee Sayniska, Galbeedka No. 30 Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, Shiinaha, [emailka waa la ilaaliyay]
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