Faallooyinka: Sida daraasadaha ka hor, baaritaanada maskaxda waxay muujiyeen isbedelo qaab-dhismeedka u eg kuwa balwadaha internetka. Cilladaha aan caadiga ahayn ee arrimaha cad iyo cawlan waxaa sidoo kale laga helaa kuwa qabatimay maandooriyaha.
Background
Cudurka balwadda ee Internetka (IAD) ayaa hadda noqoneysa arrin culus oo caafimaadka maskaxda ka dhacda adduunka oo dhan. Daraasadihii hore ee quseeya IAD inta badan waxaa diirada lagu saaray baaritaanno cilmi nafsi la xiriira. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jira daraasado yar oo ku saabsan qaabdhismeedka maskaxda iyo shaqada ku saabsan IAD. Daraasaddan, waxaan adeegsannay muuqaallo baahsan (DTI) si loo baaro daacadnimada arrimaha caddaanka ah ee kurayda qaangaarka ah ee qaba IAD.
Muujinta / Aaladaha Aasaasiga ah
Toddoba iyo toban maadooyinka IAD iyo lix iyo toban kontaroolo caafimaad leh oo aan lahayn IAD ayaa kaqeyb qaatay daraasaddan. Falanqaynta guud ee maskaxda ee 'anisotropy fractional anisotropy' (FA) waxaa lagu sameeyay tirakoobyada ku saleysan mareenka (TBSS) si loo ogaado gobollada arrimaha aan caadiga ahayn ee u dhexeeya kooxaha. TBSS waxay muujisay in IAD uu si aad ah uga hooseeyo FA-ga marka loo eego koontaroolka maskaxda oo dhan, oo ay kujiraan arinta orbito-frontal white, corpus callosum, cingulum, lius fronto-occipital fasciculus, iyo corona radiation, capsules gudaha iyo dibada, iyadoo aan lasoo bandhigin aagag ka sareeya heerka sare ee FA. Falanqaynta Volume-of interest (VOI) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu ogaado isbeddelada indices-yada baahinta ee gobollada muujinaya cilladaha FA. Inta badan VOI-yada, dhimista FA-ga waxaa sababay kororka faafitaanka shucaaca halka aan wax isbeddel ah lagu sameynin faafitaanka axial. Falanqaynta isku xirnaanta ayaa loo sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya FA iyo tallaabooyinka habdhaqanka ee kooxda IAD. Xidhiidhno aan fiicnayn ayaa laga helay inta udhaxeysa qiyamka FA-ga ee bidixda dhabta ah ee loo yaqaan 'corpus callosum' iyo 'Shaashadda Ciladaha Dareenka ee La Xiriira Carruurta, iyo inta udhaxeysa qiyamka FA-ga ee kaabaska bidix ee bidix iyo cabirka qabatinka internetka ee' Young '.
Gabagabada
Natiijooyinkayagu waxay soo jeedinayaan in IAD ay muujisay hoos u dhac baahsan oo ah FA-da wadooyinka waaweyn ee cad iyo qaab dhismeedka arrimaha aan caadiga aheyn ee noocaan ah waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku xirnaadaan cilado xagga dabeecadda ah. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, sharafta arrinta caddaanka ah waxay u adeegsan kartaa sidii bartilmaameed cusub oo daaweyn ah FA-ga wuxuu noqon karaa aqoonyahan biomarker ah oo aqoon u leh qaababka dhaawaca ee dhaawaca ama u qiimeeya waxqabadka waxqabadyada hore ee gaarka ah ee IAD.
Tixraac: Lin F, Zhou Y, Du Y, Qin L, Zhao Z, et al. (2012) Dareenka Caadiga ah ee Caadiga ah ee Dhallinta qaangaarka ah ee Dhibaatada Maandooriyaha Internetka: Daraasad Daraasad Isweydaarsi Ku Saabsan Meelaha. KA HORTAGO HAL 7 (1): e30253. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0030253
Tifatiraha: Martin Gerbert Frasch, Université de Montréal, Canada
La helay: Oktoobar 4, 2011; La aqbalay: Diseembar 15, 2011; La daabacay: Janaayo 11, 2012
Xuquuqda daabacaadda: © 2012 Lin et al. Kani waa maqaal marin-u-helid furan oo lagu qaybiyay shuruudaha Liisanka Bixinta Hal-abuurka 'Creative Commons Attribution License', kaas oo u oggolaanaya isticmaalka aan xadidnayn, qaybinta, iyo taranka nooc kasta oo ay tahay, iyadoo la siinayo qoraaga asalka ah iyo halka laga soo xigtay
Maalgelinta: Shaqadan waxaa qayb ahaan taageeray Aasaaska Sayniska Dabiiciga ah ee Shiinaha (Tirooyinka 30800252 iyo 20921004), Barnaamijka Cilmi-baarista Aasaasiga ah ee Shiinaha (Barnaamijka 973) Grant No. 2011CB707802, iyo Barnaamijka Hal-abuurka Aqoonta ee Akadeemiyada Shiinaha ee Sayniska, iyo Dhakhaatiir heer sare ah Barnaamijka qoraalka ee Akadeemiyada Shiinaha ee Sayniska. Maalgeliyeyaashu wax door ah kuma lahan naqshadeynta daraasadda, xog ururinta iyo falanqaynta, go'aanka daabacaadda, ama diyaarinta qoraalka.
Danaha tartamaya: Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen in aysan jirin dano tartamaya.
* E-mail: [emailka waa la ilaaliyay] (JX); [emailka waa la ilaaliyay] (HL)
# Qorayaashani waxay si siman ugu qayb qaateen hawshan.
Ciladaha qabatinka internetka (IAD), oo sidoo kale loogu yeero isticmaalka internetka ee dhibaatada leh ama cudurada keena, waxaa lagu gartaa qofka oo aan awood u laheyn inuu xakameeyo isticmaalkiisa internetka, taas oo ugu dambeynti sababi karta dhibaato culeys iyo naafonimo xagga nolosha ah sida waxqabadka tacliimeed, isdhexgalka, xiisaha shaqada iyo dhibaatooyinka habdhaqanka [1]. Tilmaanta ku saabsan IAD waxay salka ku haysaa qeexitaanka ku tiirsanaanta walaxda ama khamaarka cudurada, kaasoo wadaaga astaamaha ku tiirsanaanta walaxda sida feejignaanta, isbedelka niyadda, dulqaadka, kala-baxa, isku buuqa iyo naafanimada waxqabadka. [2], [3]. Iyada oo tirada sii kordhaysa ee dadka isticmaala internetka, dhibaatada IAD ay hadda soo jiidatay fiiro badan oo ka timid dhakhaatiirta maskaxda, barayaasha iyo dadweynaha; sidaa darteed IAD waxay noqoneysaa arin culus oo caafimaadka maskaxda ka dhacda aduunka oo dhan [4], [5], [6].
Daraasadaha hadda jira ee ku saabsan IAD waxay diiradda saareen kiisaska soo koobaya, qaybaha dabeecadda, cawaaqib xumada ka dhalata nolol maalmeedka, oo ay weheliso ogaanshaha kiliinikada, cudurrada faafa, arrimo la xiriira nafsaani-bulsho, maareynta astaamaha, sumcadda maskaxda iyo natiijada daaweynta. [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. Daraasadahaani waxay inta badan ku saleysan yihiin su'aalo-is-sheegid nafsiyeed oo is-sheegis ah waxayna si isdaba joog ah u soo tebiyeen in isticmaalka internetka ee culus uu saameyn ku yeelan karo dhibaatooyinka shakhsiyadeed ee shakhsiyadeed iyo cilladaha garashada.
Ilaa hada, kaliya daraasado yar oo neuroimaging ah ayaa la qabtay si loo baaro qaabdhismeedka maskaxda iyo isbeddelada shaqo ee la xiriira IAD. Daraasad hore oo ku saleysan 'vephophoryry based based vephophoryry' (VBM) ayaa lagu soo warramey in hoos udhaca cufnaanta cirridka bidix ee ciriiriga kore ee cingulate cortex, isbadala korkiisa, coladeedka dambe, cillad galmada iyo lugaha laba-cirifoodka ee dhalinyarada da 'yarta IAD. [12]. Yuan iyo asxaabtiisaba waxay ogaadeen in maadooyinka IAD ay isbedelo badan oo qaab dhismeedka maskaxda ah ku dhaca, isbedelada noocaas ahna waxay si weyn ula xiriiraan mudada qabatinka Internetka. [13]. Hal daraasad-gobolka functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) daraasad ayaa muujisay in ardayda kulliyadda IAD ay kordheen is-dhexgalka gobolka ee dhowr gobol oo maskaxda ah oo ay ka mid yihiin cerebellum, maskaxda, limbic lobe, garabka hore iyo garaaca apical lobe [14]. Laba daraasad oo fMRI ah oo laxiriira shaqsiyaadka leh ciyaarta ciyaaraha qabatinka ah ee internetka waxay muujiyeen in firfircoonaan firfircoonaan u leh ka jawaab celinta ciyaarta fiidiyowga ee internetka waxay la mid tahay tii lagu arkay inta lagu gudajiray soo bandhigga sheeko ee dadka ku tiirsanaanta walaxda ama khamaarka cudurka. [15], [16]. Dong et al. [17]waxay soo wariyeen in ardayda IAD ay ku dhaqaaqeen hoos udhaca heerka ogaanshaha isku dhaca, waxayna muujiyeen karti yar xaga macluumaadka iyo xakamaynta kicinta yar marka loo eego kontaroolada caadiga ah iyagoo duubaya awoodaha la xiriira maskaxda dhacdooyinka inta lagu gudajiro howlaha Go / No-Go. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, daraasad sawir-qaadis ah oo loo yaqaan 'positron emission tomography (PET)' ayaa lagu ogaadey in isticmaalka internetka ee isticmaalka internetka uu la wadaago habab nafsaani ah iyo hababka neerfaha ee noocyada kale ee cilladaha xakamaynta niyad-jabka iyo maandooriyaha aan la xiriirin maandooriyaha. [18]. Isku soo wada duuboo, natiijooyinkaan waxay muujinayaan in maadooyinka IAD ay laxiriiraan isbadal qaab dhismeedka iyo shaqeynta ee maskaxda maskaxda oo ay kujiraan socodsiinta shucuurta, feejignaanta fulinta, go'aan sameynta iyo xakameynta garashada.
Waxaan qiyaasahay in maadooyinka IAD ay sidoo kale laxiriirayaan cillad la’aanta fiiloyinka cad ee isku xira gobolladaas iyo isbeddelada noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu ogaan karaa farsamooyinka fidinta tensor tensor (DTI), oo ah farsamo aan lagaraneyn MRI oo leh awood cabbiraad cabir leh waxyeelo arrin cad. [19]. DTI waxay xasaasi u tahay astaamaha ku-faafidda biyaha waxaana loo soo saaray aalad loo adeegsado baaritaanka astaamaha maskaxda ee maskaxda [20]. Afar cabir oo kala-duwan oo cabbirro baahsan oo cabbirro badan ah ayaa laga soo qaadan karaa xogta DTI: 1) anisotropy fractional (FA), oo ka tarjumaysa jihada kala-qaybsanaanta biyaha iyo isku-duubnaanta mawduucyada maaddada cad-cad; 2) waxaa loola jeedaa kala-goynta (MD), iyadoo la caddeeynayo baaxadda guud ee kala-baxa biyaha; 3) baahinta axial (Da) cabirida weynaanta baahinta baahsan ee weheliso jihada kala fidinta mabda'a; iyo 4) shucaaca radial (Dr) oo ka tarjumaysa baaxadda baahinta baahsan ee loo yaqaan 'jeedinta baahinta jihada [21],[22]. Tallaabooyinkani waxay la xidhiidhaan hay'adda dhismaha kaabayaasha ee arrinta cad oo loo adeegsaday in lagu jajabiyo astaamaha qaabdhismeedka jawiga deegaanka.
Daraasaddan, waxaan u adeegsannay DTI si aan u baarno daacadnimada arrinta caddaanka ah ee kurayda qaangaarka ah ee leh IAD. Hab xisaabeed ku saleysan taranka oo ku saleysan goobjoogayaasha-madaxbannaan (TBSS) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu falanqeeyo xogta DTI. Qaabkani wuxuu xajinayaa awoodaha falanqaynta ku saleysan codka halka uu kahadlayo qaar ka mid ah dib u dhacyadiisa, sida iskudarka sawirada maadooyinka badan iyo xallinta khilaafaadka doorashada jilicsanaanta guud. [23]. Ujeeddooyinka daraasaddu waa 1) in la baaro kala duwanaanta qaab-dhismeedka muuqaalka guud ee caddaaladda ee u dhexeeya dhallinta qaangaarka ah ee leh IAD iyo kontaroolada caafimaadka qaba ee aan lahayn IAD, iyadoo aan wax fikrad ah laga siinaynin fikradaha la xiriira meesha ay ka jiraan cilladaha suurtagalka ah, iyo 2) si loo ogaado haddii ay jiraan wax xiriirka ka dhexeeya sharafta arrinta cad iyo tallaabooyinka neurophysiological ee maadooyinka IAD.
maadooyinka
Sideed iyo toban dhalinyaro ah oo la socda IAD ayaa laga qortay Waaxda Cilmu-nafsiga Carruurta iyo Dhallinyarada, Xarunta Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Shanghai, dhammaantoodna waxay la kulmeen su'aalaha baaritaanka cudurka ee 'Young's' ee lagu ogaanayo waxyaabaha qabatinka u ah internetka ee Beard iyo Wolf [2]. Sideed iyo toban jir, lab iyo dhedig iyo hanaan waxbarasho oo u dhigma maaddooyinka caadiga ah oo aan lahayn IAD ayaa loo doortay inay noqdaan kontaroolayaal. Dhammaan maaddooyinka dhammaantood waxay ahaayeen kuwo gacanta midig ah sida ay u qiimeeyeen foomka su'aalaha sida ku xusan agabka gacanta ee Edinburgh [24]. Xogta qaab dhismeedka MRI ee maadooyinkan ayaa loo adeegsaday daraasaddeena hore ee VBM [12]. Daraasaddan, xogta sawirka ee laba kontarool iyo hal mowduuc IAD waa in la tuuraa sababtoo ah farsamooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa waaweyn. Natiija ahaan, wadar ahaan lix iyo kontarool kontarool ah (kala duwanaanta da'da: 15 – 24) iyo maaddo 17 iyo IAD ah (kala duwanaanta da'da: 14 – 24). Macluumaadka tirakoobka ee maaddooyinka lagu soo daray waxay ku qoran yihiin Shaxda 1.
Jadwalka 1. Tilmaamaha iyo dabeecadaha habdhaqanka ee ka qaybgalayaasha.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0030253.txt
Daraasaddan ayaa waxaa ansixiyay guddiga anshaxa ee Isbitaalka RenJi ee Isbitaalka Caafimaadka ee Jaamacadda Shanghai Jiao Tong. Kaqeybgalayaasha iyo waalidkood / ilaaliyeyaasha sharciga ayaa la ogeysiiyey ujeeddooyinka daraasaddeenna kahor baaritaanka MRI. Qoraal oggolaansho oo dhammeystiran oo qoraal ah ayaa laga helay waalidiinta / mas'uulka ka qeybgale kasta.
Shaxda Ka Qayb-qaadashada iyo Ka-saarista
Dhammaan maaddooyinka oo dhan waxaa la mariyey baaritaan sahlan oo jirka ah oo ay kujiraan cadaadiska dhiigga iyo cabirka garaaca wadnaha, waxaana wareystay dhakhaatiirta cilminafsiyeed ee quseeya taariikhdooda caafimaad ee ku saabsan neerfayaasha, dhaqdhaqaaqa, dheefshiidka, neefsashada, wareegga, endocrine, kaadida iyo nidaamyada taranka. Waxaa markaa laga baaray cudurada dhimirka wareysiga Mini International Neuropsychiatric Wareysi ee Caruurta iyo dhalinyarada (MINI-KID) [25]. Shuruudaha ka saarida waxaa ka mid ah taariikhda isticmaalka maandooriyaha ama ku tiirsanaanta; taariikh xanuunnada dhimirka ee ugu waaweyn, sida shisoofrani, niyad-jabka, jahwareerka welwelka, marxaladaha nafsadda, ama isbitaal loogu talagalay xanuunnada dhimirka. Maadooyinka IAD laguma dhaqmin wax dawooyin ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, tiro yar oo maaddooyinka IAD ah ayaa helay teraabiyada cilminafsiga.
Heerka ogaanshaha cudurka ee 'IAD' waxaa laga soo habeeyay Su'aalaha Diagnostic ee 'Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire' ee shuruudaha balwadda internetka ee Beard iyo Wolf [2]. Shuruudda oo ka kooban sideed 'haa' ama 'maya' waxaa lagu turjumay af Shiinaha. Waxaa ku jira su'aalaha soo socda: (1) Ma waxaad dareentaa inaad ku mashquulsan tahay internetka (tusaale, ka fikir firfircoonida hore ee khadka internetka ama waxaad filaysaa kalfadhiga xiga ee internetka)? (2) Ma dareentaa baahida loo qabo in lagu isticmaalo Internetka waqti xadidan si loo gaaro qanacsanaan? (3) Miyaad si isdaba joog ah u sameysay dadaallo aan lagu guuleysan si aad u xakameyso, u joojiso ama u joojiso isticmaalka internetka? (4) Ma dareentaa xasillooni darro, niyad-jab, murugo, ama xanaaq markii aad isku dayeyso inaad yareyso ama joojiso isticmaalka internetka? (5) Miyaad ku sii dheertahay khadka internetka ka dheer sidii hore? (6) Miyaad halis gelisay ama aad halis gelisay luminta xiriir muhiim ah, shaqo, waxbarasho ama fursad shaqo awgeed internetka awgeed? (7) Ma u been sheegtay xubnaha qoyska, daaweeyaha ama kuwa kale si ay u qarsadaan xaddiga ku lug lahaanshaha internetka? (8) Miyaad u isticmaashaa Internetka hab ka baxsashada dhibaatooyinka ama aad uga bogato jahwareerka (tusaale, dareenka tabar darrida, dambi, walwal, iyo niyad jab)? Kaqeybgalayaasha ka jawaabey 'haa' ashyaa '1 illaa 5 iyo ugu yaraan mid kasta oo ka mid ah saddexda shay ee haray waxaa lagu kala nacay silica IAD.
Qiimaynta dhaqanka
Lix su'aalood ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiimeeyo astaamaha habdhaqanka kaqeybgalayaasha, oo ah Qiyaasta Maandooriyaha Internetka ee Dhallinyarada (YIAS) [26], Miisaaniyadda Maaraynta Maaraynta Waqtiga (TMDS) [27], Su'aalaha iyo Su'aalaha Dhibaatada (SDQ) [28], Barratt impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS) [29], Baadhitaanka Xanuunnada Murugada La Xiriira ee Ilmaha (SCARED) [30] iyo Aaladda Qiimeynta Qoyska (FAD) [31]. Dhammaan su'aalaha weydiimaha waxaa markii hore lagu dhisay Ingiriis waxaana lagu turjumay Shiinaha.
Lahaanshaha sawirka
Sawirka kala-goosashada tensor tensor waxaa lagu sameeyay baarista caafimaadka ee 3.0-Tesla Phillips Achieva. Fidinta hal-shot echo planar baahinta sawirka culeyska iyada oo la waafajinayo diyaaradda shilalka hore-dambe ee diyaaradda ayaa la sameeyay iyada oo loo eegayo cabbirrada soo socota: waqtiga celceliska = 8,044 ms; echo time = 68 ms; SENSE factor = 2; soo iibsashada matrix = 128 × 128 eber-buuxin 256 × 256; beerta aragtida = 256 × 256 mm2; dhumucdiisuna cad = 4 mm aan lahayn farqiga. Isugeyn ka kooban qaybaha 34 ayaa daboolay maskaxda oo dhan oo ay ku jiraan cerebellum. Kala qeybsanaanta dareemeynta qeybaha ayaa lagu dabaqay jihooyinka udub dhexaadka ee 15 non-collinear oo leh b = 800 s / mm2. Hal sawir oo dheeri ah oo aan lahayn kala-jaad jaad ah (b = 0 s / mm)2) sidoo kale waa la helay. Si kor loogu qaado calaamadaha cabirka sawaxanka, sawirka saddex jeer ayaa lagu celceliyey.
Ka hortagga xogta
Dhammaan xogta DTI waxaa horay u sii hagaajiyay Qalabka Raadinta Fidiyaha ee 'FMRIB' (FDT) oo ku dhex yaal Maktabadda Barnaamijyada Software-ka ee FMRIB (FSL; http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl). Marka hore, qiyaasta culeyska culeyska kala-jaadka ah ayaa loo habeeyay si is le'eg oo aan miisaan lahayn-culeyskiisu yahay (b0) sawir leh isbadal muuqaal si loo naaquso carqaladeynta muuqaalka hada socda iyo in la yareeyo dhaqdhaqaaqa fudud ee madaxa. Kadib, unug maskaxeed iyo dhawaqa asalka ah ayaa laga saaray b0 sawirka iyadoo la adeegsanayo Qalabka Soo-Saarka Maskaxda. Tallaabooyinkan ka dib, tusaha kala-firidhsan ee foosha kasta waxaa lagu qiyaasey isugeynta qumman ee loo yaqaan 'altivithm', iyo matrix-ga ilbiriqsadka waxaa loo qaabeeyey si loo helo saddexdiisa lammaane ee waddaniga ah (λ1, λ2, λ3) iyo dadka deegaanka. Ka dibna qiyamka codka loo yaqaan 'voxelwise' ee FA, MD, Da (Da = λ)1) iyo Dr (Dr = (λ)2+ λ3) / 2) waa la xisaabiyay.
Falanqaynta TBSS
Falanqaynta maskaxda oo dhan ee sawirrada FA waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo TBSS [23], oo laga hirgaliyay FSL. Marka la soo koobo, khariidadaha FA ee maaddooyinka oo dhan waxaa markii hore lagu meeleeyay bartilmaameed guud ka dibna qiyaasta FA-ga ku habboon ayaa loo habeeyay '1 × 1 × 1 mm'3 Machadka Montreal Neurological (MNI152) booska caadiga ah iyada oo loo marayo sheyga FMRIB58_FA. Intaa ka dib, sawirrada diiwaangashan ee FA ee la diiwaangeliyay ayaa la celceliyay si ay u abuuraan macnaha FA-maqaal ahaan, ka dibna macnaha FA muujinta ayaa lagu dabaqay si loo abuuro lafaha FA-ga oo metelaya wadooyinka fiberka ugu muhiimsan iyo xarunta dhammaan marinnada fiberku ku badan yahay ee kooxda. Micnaha lafaha FA waxaa horay u sii xakameeyay qiime FA ah oo ah '0.2' si meesha looga saaro taraafikada durugsan halka ay jirto kala duwanaansho weyn oo maaddada ka dhexeysa iyo / ama saameynta mugga qeyb ahaan leh arrimaha cawlan. Ka dib marinka lafaha ah ee lafaha FA, xogta iskuxiran ee FA ee kaqeybgale kasta waxaa la sii odorosay qalbiga lafaha si loo abuuro khariidad qalfoof ah oo FA-ga ah, iyadoo la baarayo agagaarka qalfoofka jihada dhan kasta gaar ahaan, iyo raadinta FA ugu sarreeya ee maxalliga ah. Qiimee, ka dibna u dir qiimeyntan qaabdhismeedka lafaha ee u dhigma.
Si loo garto kala duwanaanshaha FA ee u dhexeeya maaddooyinka IAD iyo kontaroolada caadiga ah, xogta FA ee qalfoofka ah ayaa lagu daayay falanqaynta tirakoobka codka ee xikmadda leh ee ku saleysan qaab aan habeysan oo loo adeegsado aragtida imtixaanka. Imtixaankan waxaa fuliyay barnaamijka 'iska-dhaafka' ee 'FSL random program', kaas oo adeegsanaya isugeynta '5000 random permutations'. Laba isbarbardhig ayaa la qiyaasey: Maaddooyinka IAD ee ka sarreeya kontaroolada iyo kontaroolada ka weyn maaddooyinka IAD. Da'da ayaa loo galay gorfaynta si iskaashi ah si loo hubiyo in farqi kasta oo la arkay oo ka dhexeeya FA u dhexeeya kooxaha uu ka madax bannaan yahay isbeddelada da'da la xiriira. Kordhinta kutlada bilaa-bilaha ah (TFCE) [32], Beddelka marinka koox-kooxeed ee caadiga ah ee sida caadiga ah waxyeelleeya qeexitaanka aan macquul ahayn ee koox-kooxeed samaynta marinka, ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu helo kala duwanaanshaha weyn ee u dhexeeya labada koox ee p <0.01, ka dib markii lagu xisaabtamo isbarbardhigyo badan iyadoo la xakameynayo qaladka caqliga ku habboon ee qoyska. (FWE) heerka. Laga soo bilaabo natiijooyinka isbarbardhigga kooxda 'voxel-wise', gobollada qalfoofka ah ee muujinaya kala duwanaanta kooxaha dhexdooda ayaa ku yaal oo lagu calaamadeeyay anatomically iyadoo lagu sawirayo khariidadda tirakoobka ee FWE ee p <0.01 Jaamacadda Johns Hopkins (JHU) -ICBM-DTI-81 arrimaha cad (WM) ayaa ku calaamadeysan atlas iyo JHU-WM Tractography Atlas oo ku yaal booska MNI.
Falanqaynta mugga-ee-tusayaasha tusmooyinka fidinta
Si loo sahamiyo qaababka microstructural-ka ee isbeddelada FA-ga ee la arkay, falanqaynta mugga-danaha (VOI) ayaa la sameeyay si loo baaro isbeddelada indices-yada baahinta (Da, Dr iyo MD) ee gobollada muujinaya cilladaha FA. In sidaa la yeelo, maaskarada VOI ayaa markii ugu horreysay la soo saaray iyadoo lagu saleynayo kooxaha muujinaya kala duwanaanshaha FA-ga ee kooxaha dhexdooda. Maaskarada VOIs-ka ayaa markaa dib loogu saadaaliyay sawirradii asalka ahaa ee maado kasta, waxaana lagu xisaabiyey celceliska qiyamka indices-yada faafida ee ku jira VOI-yada. Ka dib markii lagu xaqiijiyo qaybinta caadiga ah ee xogta hal tijaabo Kolmogorov-Smirnov tijaabo, falanqaynta hal dhinac ee isbeddelka (ANCOVA) ee koox ahaan sida isbeddelka madaxbannaan iyo muujinta faafitaanka sida ku-beddelayaasha ku-tiirsanaanta la sameeyay, iyadoo la xakameynayo da'da maadooyinka. Heerka muhiimadda tirakoobka ee p <0.05 (Bonferroni sixitaanka isbarbardhigyo badan) ayaa la isticmaalay.
Falanqaynta isku xirnaanta Pearson waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu tijaabiyo isku xirnaanshaha u dhexeeya isbeddelada FA-ga ee ku jira VOIs iyo tallaabooyinka habdhaqanka. A p <0.05 (aan la saxareynin) waxaa loo tixgeliyey tirakoob ahaan mid muhiim ah. Falanqaynta talaabada badan ee dib-u-celinta falanqaynta leh qiyamka celceliska FA-ga ee VOIs ahaan ku-tiirsanaanta iyo da'da, waxbarashada, jinsiga, YIAS, SDQ, SCARED, FAD, TMDS iyo BIS iyada oo la adeegsanayo doorsoomayaal madax-bannaan si loo hubiyo in FA-ga hoose ee laga helay VOIs uu noqon karo saadaaliyay natiijooyinka ka soo baxa tijaabooyinka habdhaqanka.
Tallaabooyinka dadweynaha iyo habdhaqanka
Shaxda 1 wuxuu liis gareeyaa qiyaasta dadka iyo habdhaqanka ee IAD iyo maadooyinka xakamaynta. Ma jirin faraqyo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan qaybinta da'da, jinsiga iyo sannadaha waxbarashada ee u dhexeeya labada koox. Mawduucyada IAD waxay muujiyeen YIAS sare (p <0.0001), SDQ (p <0.001), SCARED (p <0.0001) iyo FAD (p = 0.016) dhibcaha ka badan kantaroolka. Wax farqi ah oo udhaxeeya dhibcaha TMDS iyo BIS lagama helin kooxaha dhexdooda.
Natiijooyinka TBSS
Qiimaha loo yaqaan '0.2' waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu hor mariyo macnaha FA-da ee lafaha sida in wadar ahaan 131962 voxels lagu galay falanqaynta tirakoobka 'smartSS-Wisdom'. Qeybinta qeybaha maskaxda ee muujineysa hoos u dhac ku yimid kooxda 'IAD' ayaa lagu soo bandhigay Berdihii. 1 iyo Shaxda 2. Marka la barbardhigo maadooyinka xakamaynta, maadooyinka IAD waxay si aad ah hoos ugu dhigeen FA (p <0.01; TFCE-saxay) arrimaha labada dhinac ee orbito-frontal white, corpus callosum, fiilooyinka ururada oo ay kujiraan ku lug lahaanshaha fasciculus-ka hooseeya ee laba-geesoodka ah iyo cingulum-ka labada dhinac, fiilooyinka saadaalinta oo ka kooban shucaaca hore, kan sare, iyo kan dambe ee corona, addinka labada dhinac ee hore ee kaabsoolka gudaha, kaabsalka labada dhinac ee dibedda, iyo bidix bidix. Ma jirin gobollo arrin cad ah oo kontaroolada ay si aad ah uga hooseeyaan qiimaha FA-ga marka la barbar dhigo ka-qaybgalayaasha IAD.
Jaantus 1. Falanqaynta TBSS ee mugga anisotropy (FA) mugga.
Aagagga guduudka waa gobollo ay FA aad uga hooseysay (p <0.01, oo lagu saxay TFCE) dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee qabatinka qabatinka internetka (IAD) marka loo eego kontaroolada caadiga ah ee aan lahayn IAD. Si loo caawiyo aragtida, gobollada muujinaya FA-ga oo yaraaday (casaan) ayaa la adkeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo qoraalka tbss_fill ee lagu hirgeliyey FSL. Natiijooyinka waxaa lagu muujiyaa inay dul saaran yihiin shaashadda MNI152-T1 iyo celceliska lafaha FA (cagaar). Dhinaca bidix ee sawirka wuxuu u dhigmaa hemisphere midig ee maskaxda.
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0030253.g001
Jadwalka 2. Gobollada Neuroanatomical ee leh FA-ga yar ee qaan-gaarka ah ee leh cilad-qabatinka internetka marka loo eego kantaroolka caadiga ah. (p <0.01, TFCE waa la saxay).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0030253.txt
Natiijooyinka VOI
Gobollada maskaxda ee 22 oo muujinaya hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid kooxda 'IAD' ayaa loo soo saaray falanqaynta ku saleysan VOI ee tilmaamaha kale ee baahinta. Natiijooyinka waxay ku qoran yihiin Shaxda 3. Toddoba iyo toban ka mid ah 22 VOIs ayaa muujiyey inuu si aad ah u kordhay Dr (p <0.05, Bonferroni hagaajinta isbarbardhiga 22). Ma jiro faraqyo muhiim ah oo laga helay Da wax ka mid ah VOIs.
Jadwalka 3. Kala duwanaanshaha kooxda ee tilmaamaha baahinta baahinta ee danaha waaweyn (ee da'da saxda ah).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0030253.txt
22 VOI-yada, falanqaynta isku xirnaanta Pearson waxay muujisay isku xirnaan aad u xun oo udhaxeysa qiyamka FA-ga ee bidixda dhabta ah ee loo yaqaan 'corpus callosum' iyo 'SCARED' (r = -0.621, p = 0.008, aan la saxin); Jaantus 2A), iyo inta udhaxeysa qiyamka FA-ga ee bidixda bidix iyo YIAS (r = -0.566, p = 0.018, aan la sixi karin;Jaantus 2B) maadooyinka IAD. Falanqeyn badan oo qunyar socod ah ayaa muujisay in saameynta SCARED ee FA-ga ee bidixda dhabta ah ee loo yaqaan 'corpus callosum' ay aheyd mid tirakoob ahaan aad u sarreysa (jaango'an β = -0.621, t = -3.07, p = 0.008), laakiin aan ahayn da'da, jinsiga, waxbarashada iyo doorsoomayaasha kale ee nafsiga ah. Falanqeyn badan oo qunyar socod ah ayaa sidoo kale muujisay in saameynta YIAS ee FA-ga ee gudaha kaabsoolka bidix ee bidix ay ahayd mid tirakoob ahaan aad u sarreysa (jaango'an β = -0.566, t = -2.66, p = 0.018), laakiin aan ahayn da'da, jinsiga, waxbarashada iyo kuwa kale doorsoomayaasha maskaxda.
Jaantus 2. Falanqaynta asluubta ee udhaxeysa falka murugada (FA) iyo tillaabooyinka dabeecadeed ee kooxda dhibaatada balwadda internetka (IAD).
Si loo caawiyo aragtida, gobollada muujinaya xiriir muhiim ah (casaan) ayaa la weyneeyey iyadoo la adeegsanayo qoraalka tbss_fill ee laga hirgaliyay FSL. Jaantus 2A waxay muujineysaa qiyamka FA-ga ee bidixda dhabta ah ee loo yaqaan 'corpus callosum' wuxuu si xun ula xiriirayaa Shaashadda Ciladaha Dareenka La Xiriira Walaaca Ilmaha (SCARED) (r = -0.621, p = 0.008). Jaantus 2B waxay muujineysaa qiyamka FA-ga ee ku jira kaabsoolka bidix ee bidix oo si xun ula jaan qaadaya cabirka qabatinka internetka ee dhalinyarada (YIAS) (r = -0.566, p = 0.018).
doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0030253.g002
Dood
Daraasaddan, waxaan u adeegsannay DTI si aan u baarno daacadnimada arrimaha cad ee dhallinta aan qaan gaarin ee 'IAD' iyadoo aan ku baaraneyno kormeeraha madaxa banaan ee maskaxda oo dhan ee cilmi baarista qaaxada (TBSS). Marka la barbar dhigo da'da, kontaroolada jinsiga iyo waxbarashada, maadooyinka IAD waxay si weyn hoos ugu dhigeen FA-ga arimahan cad ee orbito-frontal, oo ay weheliso cingulum, fiber commissural of corpus callosum, fiber ururka oo ay ka mid yihiin fasciculus-ka hore ee liita, iyo firaaqyada saadaasha. shucaaca corona, kaabsalka gudaha iyo kaabsalka dibedda (Jaantuska 1 iyo Shaxda 2). Natiijooyinkaani waxay muujinayaan cillad baahin baahsan oo ku saabsan daacadnimada arrimaha caddaanka waxayna muujinayaan carqalad ku imaanaysa abaabulidda maaddooyinka maaddada cad ee IAD.. Falanqaynta VOI waxay muujisay in hoos u dhaca FA ee lagu arkay IAD inta badan ay ka dhasheen kordhinta baahinta shucaaca (Shaxda 3), laga yaabee inay tahay muujinta duminta. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, natiijooyinka falanqaynta isfahamka ayaa muujisay FA bidixda dhabta ah ee corlosus callosum waxaa si xun loola xiriirinaayey SCARED, iyo FA-ga kabtanka bannaanka bidix waxaa si xun loola xiriirinaayey YIAS (Jaantuska 2). Natiijooyinkaas waxay soo jeedinayaan in sharafta arrinta caddaanka ah ay u adeegsan karto bartilmaameed cusub oo daaweynta oo ah IAD, iyo FA waxaa loo adeegsan karaa aqoon-yaqaan biomarker si loo fahmo hababka dhaawaca ee aasaasiga ah ama loo qiimeeyo waxtarka wax-ka-qabashada hore ee gaarka ah ee IAD.
Daacadnimada aan caadiga ahayn ee cad ee IAD
Cortex-ka orbito-frontal wuxuu leeyahay xiriir ballaaran oo lala yeesho prefrontal, visceromotor, iyo gobalada lugaha, iyo sidoo kale aagagga ururinta ee qaab dhismeedka dareen kasta. [33]. Waxay ka ciyaaraysaa kaalin muhiim ah oo ka mid ah farsamooyinka dareenka iyo dhacdooyinka mukhaadaraadka la xiriira, sida xuruufaha, dabeecadaha adag ee soo noqnoqonaya, iyo go'aaminta malayshiga [34], [35]. Daraasadihii hore ayaa lagu ogaaday in sharafta aan caadiga ahayn ee cadcad ee kiliyaha 'orbito-frontal cortex' ay si joogto ah loogu arkay maaddooyinka loo soo bandhigo maandooriyaha, sida aalkolada [36], kookeynta [37], [38], marijuana [39], methamphetamine [40], iyo ketamiin [41]. Soo helitaankeenna in IAD ay la xiriirto xasillooni darro xagga arrimaha caddaaladda ah oo ka jirta gobollada horudhaca ah waa mid joogto ah natiijooyinkan hore.
Kortex korantada dusha ah (ACC) waxay ku xirmeysaa muruqyada hore iyo nidaamka limbic, iyagoo door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraya xakamaynta garashada, socodsiinta shucuurta iyo damaca [42]. Daacadnimada sheyga cad ee aan caadiga ahayn ee gudaha cingulum sidoo kale si joogto ah ayaa loogu arkay noocyo kale oo balwadda ah, sida khamriga [36], ku tiirsanaanta heroin [43], iyo takoorka kookeynta [38]. Daawashada FA hoos udhaca ah ee gudaha gudaha ee mawduucyada IAD waxay la jaan qaadayaan natiijooyinkan hore iyo warbixinta ayaa sheegaya in isticmaalka internetku culus yahay.[17] wuxuu la xiriiraa kantaroolka garashada garaadka. Si aad u xiiso badan, koox isku mid ah oo ka mid ah maadooyinka IAD ayaa loo muujiyay in ay si weyn hoos ugu dhacday miisaanka cufaanka ee ACC bidix, marka la barbardhigo kantaroolka [12]. Natiijooyin isku mid ah ayaa sidoo kale ay soo gudbiyeen koox kale [13].
Qaab dhismeed kale oo weyn oo muujinaya hoos u dhaca FA ee mawduuca IAD waa kalluunka 'corpus callosum', oo ah shaybaarka cad ee ugu weyn ee isku xira neocortex ee labada hemispheres. [44]. Qeybaha kore ee corlosus callosum waxay isku xiraa goleyaasha hore, halka jirka iyo xundhurtu isku xirto parietal, kumeelgaar, iyo gogol wadareedka occipital [45]. Isku xirka isku xirka fiber ee loo yaqaan 'corlopus callosum' waa raadinta caanka ku ah maaddooyinka ku tiirsan sunta [46]. Maadooyinka ku xiran kookaha, waxay si weyn hoos ugu dhigtay FA-ga jirka dhabta ah iyo jirka [47] iyo jirka iyo haybadda camal callosum [48] ayaa la sheegay. Xadgudubyada Methamphetamine waxay muujiyeen hoos u dhaca daacadnimada arrimaha dhabta ah [49] iyo jirka rostral [50] ee callosum corpus. Alcoholism sidoo kale waxay la xiriirtaa hoos u dhac ku yimaada FA-ga dhabta, jirka iyo bilicda jirka 'corlosus callosum' [51], [52]. Dhawaan, Bora et al. [53] Waxaa la arkay hoos u dhac ku yimi FA-ga ee dhabta ah iyo isku-xidhka jirka 'corpus callosum' ee bukaan-socodka ku tiirsan. Natiijooyinkayaga ah hoos udhaca FA inta badan ee labada dhinac ee dhabta ah iyo jirka ee 'corpus callosum' ee mawduucyada IAD waxay soo jeedinayaan in isticmaalka xad dhaafka ah ee internetka, oo la mid ah maandooriyaha maandooriyaha, uu waxyeello u geysan karo macdanta cad ee maaddada 'corpus callosum'.
Marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada, maaddooyinka IAD waxay sidoo kale muujiyeen inay si weyn hoos ugu dhacday FA gudaha lugta hore ee kaabsalka gudaha, kaabsalka dibedda, shucaaca corona, horumarta hore ee occipital fasciculus iyo gyrus precentral gyrus. Mar labaad, waxyaabo aan caadi ahayn oo cad oo la mid ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu arkay qaabab kale oo balwado ah. Tusaale ahaan, wax ka beddelka arrimaha cad ee ku dhaca addinka hore ee kaabsalka gudaha iyo kaabsalka dibedda waxaa laga soo sheegay in khamri cabbin [54], [55] iyo opiate qabatinka [53]. FA wuxuu hoos udhacayaa ciribta hore ee xuubka gudaha waxaa laga yaabaa inuu muujiyo isbedelada ku dhaca wareegga hore ee subcortical. Wadadani waxay bixineysaa isku xirnaansho u dhexeeya gobollada thalamus / striatum iyo hore ee isku-dhafka waxayna ka kooban yihiin nidaam kaalin ka ciyaara abaalmarinta iyo qalliinka shucuurta [56]. Kaabsooca dibedda wuxuu ku xiraa kiliyaha xuubka marinnada marinka marinka ee jirka iyo marinka hore. Qalabka loo yaqaan 'corona radiata' wuxuu ka kooban yahay fiilooyin shaati cad ah oo isku xira xirmooyinka maskaxda ee maskaxda ku yaal gudaha iyo waxay bixiyaan xiriiryo muhiim ah oo u dhexeeya wejiga hore, parietal, ku-meel-gaar, iyo loodheegyada occipital [57]. Daacadnimada caadiga ah ee arrimaha aan caadiga ahayn ee 'corona radiata' waxaa lagu arki jiray kookaha [58]iyo xadgudubka methamphetamine [59], iyo ku tiirsanaanta aalkolada [54]. Naafada hore ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka dumarka iyo xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka dumarka iyo xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka ayaa ka mid ah xubinta hore ee xubinta taranka ka soo baxda. Marka la barbardhigo kuwa khamriga cabba, kuwa khamrigu waxay leeyihiin FA hoose [54]. Xuuraannada aan caadiga ahayn ee ka hortagga ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo warramey ku tiirsanaanta heroin [43] iyo marijuana iyo aalkolada isticmaalka-dhalinyarada [39].
Guud ahaan, natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujinayaan in IAD uu leeyahay sharaf cad oo aan caadi ahayn gobolada maskaxda oo ku lug leh jiilka shucuurta iyo socodsiinta, u fiirsashada fulinta, go'aan qaadashada iyo xakameynta garashada. Natiijooyinka sidoo kale waxay soo jeedinayaan in IAD ay la wadaagi karto habab cilmi nafsi iyo nafsi noocyo kale ee balwadda maandooriyaha iyo ciladaha xakamaynta.
Hababka macquulka ah ee hoos yimaada FA hoos u dhaca
In kasta oo hoos u dhaca FA uu yahay astaan astaan astaan u leh astaamaha curyaamiinta arrimaha cadaanka ah, macnaheeda saxda ah ee neerfayaasha ayaa wali si buuxda loo fahmi karaa. FA ee fiilooyinka / xirmooyinka waxyaabaha cad waxaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeeshaan arrimo badan oo ay ka mid yihiin isku-dheellitiridda, cabirka qumbaha iyo cufnaanta, joomateri waddada, iyo biyo ku-keyd-dhexaad ah oo u dhexeeya fiilooyinka [20]. Daraasaddan, waxaan ogaanay in dhimista FA ee maskaxda ee maaddooyinka IAD ay badanaa horseed ka ahayd kororka baahinta shucaaca, iyada oo aan isbeddelo badan lagu arag dusha sare ee faaligga.Shaxda 3). Tani waxay sidoo kale u muuqatay inay run tahay noocyo kale oo ku tiirsanaanta maandooriyaha, sida kokain [60], [61], opiate[53], iyo ku xadgudubka maandooriyaha / qabatinka maandooriyaha [62]. In kasta oo ay wali tahay mawduuc laga doodo, haddana waxaa guud ahaan la rumeysan yahay in fidinta shucaaca badiyaa waxay ka tarjumaysaa hufnaanta iyo dhumucda xaashiyaha myelin ee daboolaya geesaha [22], halka faafinta faloolka axial ay tilmaami karto qaab dhismeedka fiberka iyo daacadnimadiisa axon[63]. Haddii mala-awaalkani run u yahay kiiskeena, markaa waa la soo gabagabeyn karaa in hoos loo dhigo FA-ga maskaxda maskaxda ee maaddooyinka IAD ay u badan tahay inay tahay muujinta khalkhal go'an ee myelin gobollada maskaxda ee ay dhibaatadu saameysey.
Xiriirka ka dhexeeya FA iyo cabbirka habdhaqanka ee IAD
Qiimeynta dabeecadda ayaa muujisay in maadooyinka IAD ay leeyihiin dhibco aad u sarreeya oo YIAS, SDQ, SCARED iyo FAD, marka loo barbar dhigo xakameynta. Natiijooyinkaas waxay la mid yihiin natiijooyinka daraasadihii hore ee daraasadaha neerfaha ee ku saabsan maaddooyinka IAD [9], [64]. Fahmitaanka ururada ka dhexeeya arrimaha sharafta leh iyo astaamaha dabeecadda waxay bixisaa aragtiyo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan hababka neerfaha ee hoosta u leh astaamaha kala duwan ee calaamadaha balwadda. Tusaale ahaan, Pfefferbaum iyo asxaabta [65] wuxuu soo sheegay xiriir wanaagsan oo ka dhexeeya qiyamyada FA-ga ee splenium-ka iyo xusuusta shaqada ee aalkolada dabadheer. Cocaine ku tiirsanaanta, xiriir weyn oo xun oo ka dhaxaysa FA ee kallosum-ka saxda ah ee qalcadda iyo gulufka, iyo xiriir wanaagsan oo ka dhexeeya FA iyo takoorid ayaa la arkay [47]. FA ee qeybta hore ee maqaar-hoosaadka ee maaddooyinka ku tiirsan heroin-ka ayaa laga helay si xun xiriirkii ay lalahaayeen muddadii loo adeegsan jiray heroin-ka [43]. Xakamaynta garashada Poorer waxay la xiriirtay FA hoose oo si dhab ah u ah 'callosus callosum' ee xadgudubka methamphetamine [49].
Daraasaddan, waxaan baarnaa astaamaha dabeecadda ee dhimista FA ee gobollada maskaxda ee ay saameeyeen maaddooyinka IAD. Hoosudhigga FA ee bidixda dhabta ah ee corlosum callosum ee maadooyinka IAD waxay si weyn ula xiriirtay kororka dhibcaha 'SCARED'; halka dhibcaha sare ee YIAS ay u muuqdeen inay la xiriiraan xaalad aad u liidata xagga arrimaha caddaanka ah ee ka baxsan jagada bannaanka.
'SCARED' waa xog-waraysi la isku halleyn karo oo la isku halleyn karo oo ansax ah oo xaqiijisa astaamaha dhibaatooyinka murugada ee carruurta [30]. Daraasadaha cilmiga neerfaha ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in dhalinyarada da 'yarta ah ee' IAD 'ay leeyihiin dhibco aad u sareysa oo ka sarreeya kuwa aan haysan IAD [64]. Xiriirka aan wanaagsaneyn ee udhaxeeya dhibcaha SCARED iyo FA ee bidixda dhabta ah ee callosum corlosum wuxuu ka imaan karaa isku xirnaansho carqalad leh oo dhexmarta labada dhinac heshiisyada horudhaca ah ee ku lug leh jahwareerka welwelka. YIAS waxay qiimeyneysaa heerka isticmaalka internetka culus uu si xun u saameyn karo shaqada bulshada iyo xiriirada [26]; waana aalad si ballaaran loo isticmaalo oo lagu qiimeeyo ku tiirsanaanta internetka. Daraasadihii hore ee cilmu-nafsiga waxay muujiyeen in maadooyinka IAD ay leeyihiin dhibcaha YIAS ka sareeya kuwa aan lahayn IAD [9]. Xiriirka aan wanaagsaneyn ee u dhexeeya buundooyinka YIAS iyo qiimeyaasha FA ee kaabsoolka bannaanka bidix waxay muujineysaa in maaddooyinka IAD ee leh dhibcaha sare ee YIAS ay u muuqdeen inay leeyihiin caddaalad ka hooseysa dariiqa hore ee ku-meel-gaarka ah ee kuxiran kaabsashada dibedda.
Intaa waxaa sii dheer, ururadda u dhexeeya sharafta caddaanka iyo astaamaha dabeecadda waxay muujinayaan bartilmaameed cusub oo suurtagal ah oo lagu daweyn karo maaddooyinka IAD, oo la jaan qaada wicitaanada dhawaantan la sheegayo in diiradda lagu saarayo kobcinta garashada ee dadka balwada leh oo ay ku jiraan maadooyinka IAD. [66], [67]. Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujiyeen in daaweynta jireed ama dawooyinka laga yaabo inay wanaajiso daacadnimada arrimaha cad. Tusaale ahaan, Schlaug iyo asxaabtiisuba waxay sheegeen in daaweynta jireed ay kor u qaadi karto sharafta qaddiyadda caddaaladda ee aagga luqadda saxda ah isla markaana ay wanaajiso hadalka bukaannada aphasic-da leh ee nabarro ku leh aagga luqadda bidix. [68]. Sidaa darteed, natiijooyinka ka soo baxay ururo muhiim ah oo udhaxeeya qadiyadaha cilladaysan ee caddaanka ah ee ku baahsan gobollada ballaaran iyo tillaabooyinka nugul ee saboolka ah ee mawduucyada IAD waxay soo jeedinayaan in sharafta arrinta caddaanka ay u adeegsan karto saadaalin ka-fogaansho ama bartilmaameed cusub oo daweyn xagga IAD ah.
TBSS vs. VBM
Daraasaddeenii hore waxay muujisay inaysan jirin wax cad oo sunta cad ka ah isla maaddooyinka IAD [12], tanina waxay umuuqan kartaa mid aan la jaan qaadi karin natiijooyinka daraasaddan. Cufnaanta cirridka ama caddaanka ah ee lagu cabbiro VBM waxaa lagu qeexay inay tahay isu soo uruurinta qaababka cawlan ama qaababka caddaanka ee sawirrada sida caadiga ah loo yaqaan (tusaale ahaan saamiga cirridka ama arrinta cad ee dhammaan noocyada unugyada gobolka), oo aan “lagu khaldin unugyada xirxiran cufnaanta cufnaanta cytoarchitectonically ” [69]. Falanqaynta DTI / TBSS, qiimeynta FA waxaa loo isticmaalay beddel ahaan qaab dhismeedka sharafta, oo laga yaabo inay ka timaado arrimo ay ka mid yihiin isu-dheellitiridda, cabirka qumbaha iyo cufnaanta, joometeriga waddada, iyo biyo ku-keydsan oo u dhexeeya fiilooyinka [20]. Sidaa daraadeed, cufnaanta VBM-ka iyo cufnaanta qaab dhismeedka ee ay cabbirto DTI waxay matalaan dhinacyo kala duwan oo arrimaha cad ah. Waxaa jiri kara gobolo cadaan ah oo muujinaya wax dambi ah oo VBM ah, laakiin qaab ahaan u liita sida lagu ogaadey cabbiraadaha FA-da (taasi waa runtii kiiskeena daraasaddeena IAD), iyo dhanka kale. Qaadashada natiijooyinka ka soo baxay labada daraasadood, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeyn karaa in IAD ee qaan-gaarka aysan la xiriirin isbeddelada mowduuca ah ee arrimaha cad heerka macroscopic, laakiin taa bedelkeeda ay la soo gudboonaatay waxqabadka cad ee macdanta yar-yar, taasoo loo aanayn karo inay tahay kala-goysnaan.
Xaddidaadda Daraasadda
Waxaa jira dhowr xadid ah oo ay tahay in lagu xuso daraasaddan. Marka hore, ogaanshaha IAD inta badan wuxuu ku saleysan yahay natiijooyinka su’aalo is-weydiin ah, oo sababi kara kala sooc qalad. Sidaa daraadeed, ogaanshaha cudurka IAD wuxuu u baahan yahay in lagu nadiifiyo aaladaha lagu ogaado cudurka si loo wanaajiyo jiritaanka iyo ansaxnimada. Marka labaad, in kasta oo aan isku daynay intii karaankeenna ah sidii looga fogaan lahaa walxaha maandooriyaha iyo cudurada dhimirka, waxaa la qirayaa in tan laga yaabo in aan si ku filan loo qaban (tusaale, baaritaanka kaadi ma jirin, caadooyinka hurdada iyo jadwalka iyo hurdo maalmeedka looma xakamayn naqshada tijaabada) , taas oo ah in isbedelka arrinta caddaanka ah ee la arkay aan loo qaddarin IAD halkii seb. Waxaa sidoo kale la aqbalay in tani aysan ahayn daraasad la xakameynayo oo ku saabsan saameynta isticmaalka internetka ee qaab dhismeedka maskaxda. Marka saddexaad, cabirka muunad ee daraasaddan ayaa yara yaraatay, oo laga yaabo inay yareyso awoodda muhiimada tirakoobka iyo guud ahaanba natiijooyinka. Iyada oo la eegayo xaddidan, natiijooyinkan waa in loo tixgaliyaa kuwa horudhaca ah, kuwaas oo u baahan dib-u-dhigista daraasadaha mustaqbalka leh cabbirka muunad weyn. Ugu dambeyntiina, iyada oo ah daraasad qayb-isweydaarsi ah, natiijooyinkayagu si cad uma muujinayaan haddii astaamaha cilmi nafsiga ahi ay ka horeeyaan horumarka IAD ama ay ahaayeen natiijadii isticmaalka internetka. Sidaa daraadeed, daraasadaha mustaqbalka waa inay isku dayaan inay aqoonsadaan xiriirka sababa ee u dhexeeya IAD iyo tallaabooyinka nafsaaniga ah.
Gabagabadii, waxaan u adeegsanay DTI falanqeynta TBSS si aan u baarno arima ku saabsan arrimaha cad ee ka dhex jira dhalinyarada dhallinta IAD. Natiijooyinka ayaa muujinaya in IAD lagu garto cillad la’aan xagga fiilooyinka maaddada cad ee isku xira gobollada maskaxda ee ku lug leh jiilka dareenka iyo socodsiinta, u fiirsashada fulinta, go'aan gaarista, iyo xakameynta garashada. Natiijooyinka sidoo kale waxay soo jeedinayaan in IAD ay la wadaagi karto habab cilmi nafsi iyo mid neerfaha noocyada kale ee dhibaatooyinka xakamaynta khalkhalka iyo maandooriyaha. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, ururadda udhaxeeya qiyamka FA-ga ee gobollada arrimaha cad iyo tallaabooyinka dabeecadda waxay muujinayaan in daacadnimada arrimaha caddaaladda ay u adeegsan karto bartilmaameed daweyn cusub oo loogu talagalay IAD, iyo DTI laga yaabo inay qiimo ku yeeshaan bixinta macluumaadka saadaasha IAD, iyo FA laga yaabo inay uqalmaan biomarker si loo qiimeeyo waxqabadka waxqabadyada hore ee gaarka ah ee IAD.
Mahadnaq
Waxaan uga mahadcelineynaa labada firaaqe ee qarsoodi ah hadaladoodii wax tarka lahaa iyo talooyinkooda. Waxaan sidoo kale u mahadcelineynaa ardayda iyo dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah iyo qoysaska sida wanaagsan ee uga qeyb qaatay daraasaddan.
Gacan-siinta
Waa la qabtay oo loo qaabeeyey tijaabooyinka: FL YZ YD JX HL. Tijaabisay tijaabooyinka: YZ LQ ZZ. Falanqaynta xogta: FL HL. Biyo-tabarucayaasha / agabyada / aaladaha baarista: YZ YD FL. Waraaqda ku qor: FL HL.
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